STUDY OF PRODUCTION OF BULB SHADES USING DUISPOSABLE SPOONS IN

THIKA SUB-COUNTY, KIAMBU COUNTY

PRESENTED BY

GICHIBI ANN NDUTA

INDEX NO.: 2051010196

COURSE CODE: …..

EXAM SERIES: OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2018

SCHOOL CODE: 205101

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED PRESENTED TO KENYA NATIONAL

EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF CERTIFCATE IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE

DECLARATION

I declare that this project is my own original work and it has not been presented in this or any

other institution for the award of diploma or any other course in any institution.

Signature: ………………………………… Date: ……………………………….

Name: Gichibi Ann Nduta

Index No.: 2051010196

This research project has been presented for examination with my approval as the supervisor.

Signature: ……………………………….. Date: …………………………………..

Madam Judy Githaiga

Lecturer,

Kiambu Institute of Science and Technology

i
DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my family and friends for their financial support during the period of

my studies. Their contribution towards my success is invaluable.

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge my family members and the staff at Kiambu Institute of Science and Technology

for the support and training I have received. They have impacted great knowledge in me.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION....................................................................................................................................i

DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1

1.1 Background Information....................................................................................................................1

1.2 The Problem statement......................................................................................................................3

1.3 Purpose of the study..........................................................................................................................6

1.3.1: Specific objectives.........................................................................................................................6

1.4 Limitations.........................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................7

2.1 Importance of Bulb Shade.................................................................................................................7

2.2 Effects of Lighting on Visual Performance. Behavior, and Perception............................................10

2.3 Lighting and Visual Comfort...........................................................................................................11

CHAPTER THREE: REAERCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................14

3.0 Research design...............................................................................................................................14

3.1 Procedure for preparation of bulb shade using disposable spoons...................................................15

CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS...............................................................................19

4.1: The sourcing of disposable spoons in Kenya..................................................................................19

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4.2 Reasons given by consumers for not purchasing disposable spoon products...................................19

4.3 Relationship between level of education of consumers and the frequency of purchase of disposable

spoon products.......................................................................................................................................20

Figure 4.1 The influence of level of education on purchase of disposable spoon products....................20

4.4: Challenges to development of disposable spoon products..............................................................21

Figure 4.2 Challenges to development of disposable spoon products....................................................21

CHAPTER FIVE...................................................................................................................................22

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................22

5.0: Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations................................................................22

5.1: Summary of findings......................................................................................................................22

5.2: Conclusions....................................................................................................................................23

5.3: Recommendations..........................................................................................................................24

References.............................................................................................................................................25

v
ABSTRACT

Shape and form of the bulb shade may also influence light distribution (Page et al., 1997),
especially when the bulb is used without any other type of lighting (llg, 1992). Replacing an
incandescent bulb with a CFL without considering the existing shade may be inappropriate and
may negatively affect the user's comfort and visual task performance (Essig, 1997; Page, 1998).
A fixture with CFL that produces inefficient light distribution is not desired by consumers
(Veitch, Hine, & Gifford, 1993), and may be a disadvantage over the fixture with an
incandescent bulb (Page, 1998). Consumers may not always understand current lighting
technology, systems, and applications. However, recent research shows that consumers are
increasingly attentive to the importance of lighting for their health and well-being (Institutefor
Research Construction, 1994; Veitch etal., 1993). Facility managers and building owners refused
to use compact fluorescent lights when the technology was introduced because of the high initial
cost and the uncertainty of the product's efficiency (Mekjavic & Banister, 1988; Steffy 1995).
Bulb and replacement costs have been the main concerns of consumers (Veitch et al., 1993).
According to Gardner and Hannaford (1993), "increased understanding of advantages of current
lighting options may convince consumers and building owners to use CFLs for their own
benefit" (p. 23). The choice of bulb shades and compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) that are
available in the market varies. Bulb shades and CFLs are of different geometry, size, and
material. The amount and quality of light received by the user are controlled and manipulated by
the bulb shades and the bulb(Gardner et al., 1993; Gulrajani, 1995).

vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

Whatever you might say about plastic spoons, the fact is that they are a waste that is unnecessary

for us and for the ground. It is actually so easy to wash cutlery and simply kill bacteria with hot

water. On the other hand, we all know that our world is not perfect, people are lazy and use all

inventions readily, even if they are harmful.

It is so good that ecofriendly becomes more and more trendy. Even a child knows what recycling

means. Up cycling plastic items is really popular nowadays, and people are more aware of how

important it is to reuse old stuff again and again. It is mostly thanks to the internet. I read

hundreds of comments on our Facebook every day, and I can see that plastic spoons are

particularly annoying for you like it was with this Ombre Spoons Mirror. Do you really think we

encourage people to buy more plastic!? The answer is obvious. We would like you to put a little

bit of effort to get used cutlery, bottles, caps etc., and then start with any creative project we find

for you on the web. Plastic spoons can be recycled to a number of products like Bulb shades,

Plastic spoon laurel wreath, Make plastic spoon clock, Plastic Spoon Mirror, DIY

Chrysanthemum Mirror from plastic spoons, Spoons Artwork, Plastic Spoons Wall Art created

for kitchen using acrylic paints, Anthropology vase knock off with plastic spoon flower, etc.

Yaroslav Olenev a designer is a perfect example of a person who knows how to reuse things and

turn them into marvelous, everyday objects. He even became the winner in “Ecology and

Design” nomination of the Future Now magazine in 2010 with his Spoon bulb shade. We would

like you to look closer to this project, and maybe take it up. As there are just few pictures with no

step by step guide, I’ll try to make it even easier for you by describing each step.

1
Shape and form of the bulb shade may also influence light distribution (Page et al., 1997),

especially when the bulb is used without any other type of lighting (llg, 1992). Replacing an

incandescent bulb with a CFL without considering the existing shade may be inappropriate and

may negatively affect the user's comfort and visual task performance (Essig, 1997; Page, 1998).

A fixture with CFL that produces inefficient light distribution is not desired by consumers

(Veitch, Hine, & Gifford, 1993), and may be a disadvantage over the fixture with an

incandescent bulb (Page, 1998). Consumers may not always understand current lighting

technology, systems, and applications. However, recent research shows that consumers are

increasingly attentive to the importance of lighting for their health and well-being (Institutefor

Research Construction, 1994; Veitch etal., 1993). Facility managers and building owners refused

to use compact fluorescent lights when the technology was introduced because of the high initial

cost and the uncertainty of the product's efficiency (Mekjavic & Banister, 1988; Steffy 1995).

Bulb and replacement costs have been the main concerns of consumers (Veitch et al., 1993).

According to Gardner and Hannaford (1993), "increased understanding of advantages of current

lighting options may convince consumers and building owners to use CFLs for their own

benefit" (p. 23).

Researchers and manufacturers are struggling to produce a CFL fixture that can provide

optimum consumer satisfaction with regard to users' health (Gulrajani, 1995), safety,

expenditure, and aesthetic appeal (Serres, 1995). Research regarding the orientation of the CFL

bulb position is important to develop a better bulb shade design that will increase consumer

satisfaction (Page, 1998). Manufacturers, researchers, and designers need to collaborate to solve

problems concerning compact fluorescent bulb and bulb shade effects. A bulb that consists of a

2
bulb that is oriented effectively and a shade that helps distribute the light evenly may result in

improved luminaire efficiency, visual comfort, and task performance.

1.2 The Problem statement

An extremely funky yet inexpensive look for a light shade or bush dshade can be achieved using

nothing more than plastic spoons and a plastic bottle. When assembled together, the shape of the

spoons will create a fascinating piece of artwork that you'd probably pay a fortune for from a

store. It's a simple craft project that requires patience and a bit of time but the end result is well

worth your effort.

The choice of bulb shades and compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs) that are available in the market

varies. Bulb shades and CFLs are of different geometry, size, and material. The amount and

quality of light received by the user are controlled and manipulated by the bulb shades and the

bulb(Gardner et al., 1993; Gulrajani, 1995). Varying shade reflectance, transmittance, and

geometry will produce different task illumination in a bulb system (Essig, 1997; Gardner etal.,

1993).

Candlepower distribution and task illuminance affect users psychologically and physically

(Dove, 1996; Essig, 1997). Light has a strong influence on human comfort (Veitch & Newsham,

1998) and behavior (llg, 1991; Steffy, 1995). According to Kolanowski (1992) and Tideiksaar

(1997), higher illuminance and even distribution of lighting reduces psychological discomfort

and stress. Problems such as low visual clarity associated with residential an institutional lighting

(llg, 1992; Kolanowski, 1992) may be lessened if the effects of bulb shades on light distribution

are analyzed (Page et al., 1997). Consumers need to be presented with the information on light

distribution and task illuminance of bulb shades in the purchase decision process (Page et al.,

m1997; Veitch et al., 1993). The information may help consumers select and use the luminaire

3
appropriately. To develop a better luminaire, designers of luminaires need to consider and use

research findings regarding candlepower distribution (Page et al., 1997) and task illuminance of

different bulb shades with compact fluorescent bulbs. Orienting integral-ballast CFLs base-down

decreases light output by as much as 20% compared to base-up position (Siminovitch et al.,

1995). In a bulb system, CFLs can only be installed base-down in an upright position or by

retrofitting with a Circline (base-down horizontal position). With the incorporation of a thermal

bridge assembly, a bulb may operate at 97% lumen output for many tilting positions (Venderber,

Rubinstein, & Siminovitch, 1988). However, comprehensive information on the tilting angle and

the effect on light output is needed. Page (1998) claims that the Circline CFL distributes light

more symmetrically and vertically compared to an incandescent bulb and a base-down CFL.

Circline CFLs operate base-down and horizontally. According to Page's (1998) goniometric

study, the horizontal Circline bulb sends only 64% of the light to the shade; the study

demonstrated the advantages of producing the light where it is most needed (see Appendix A).

Likewise, a Circline CFL is more efficient and has longer life than an incandescent bulb and an

upright positioned CFL. Improvements in base-down bulb performance are being developed by

bulb manufacturers and universities' research laboratories. Page et al. (1997) stated that "effects

of shade geometry, position, transmitivity, and reflectivity are being analyzed in an ongoing

study" (p. 5). Page's (1998) study demonstrated the relationship between shade, buld type, CFL

position and candlepower distribution. However, the study did not examine the relationship

between shade shape, bulb type and bulb position and human visual comfort.

Many users consider a bulb as a decorative object rather than a functional machine (Loasby,

1992). Bulb shades characterize a bulb (Loasby, 1992), and consumers will not change a shade

unless the shade causes major health and safety problems such as headache or nausea, or

4
becomes aesthetically unappealing (Veitch et al., 1998). The function of a bulb shade is to

control and manipulate light output. However, previous researchers did not consider the bulb

shade affect when testing the table bulb. Consumers may know that retrofitting a bulb with a

CFL will conserve energy. However, consumers may believe that the energy savings are not

enough to offset the initial cost of a CFL (Siminovitch et al., 1995). According to Veitch et al.,

(1998), consumers do not know enough about the development of CFL to make an appropriate

purchase decision.

Research findings in professional journals are not a typical source of information for consumers

(Veitch et al., 1993). Thus, lighting researchers and bulb designers must inform consumers

through other forms of media such as television, seminars, and lay magazines. Moreover, little

effort is made by lighting researchers to consider all the research findings in a study (Gardner et

al., 1993; Steffy, 1995), and more importantly many lighting researchers do not consider the

effect of the bulb fixture as a whole on the users (Siminovitch et al, 1995). For example,

replacing a vinyl shade for bulb with a frosted glass bulb shade may affect the bulb light output

(Loasby, 1992). Qualitative aspects of lighting such as visibility, comfort, aesthetics, and

psychological effects are essential to lighting design (Stannard, Keith, & Johnson, 1994).

Therefore, using an approach that considers the qualitative aspects of lighting to predict the

performance of an increasingly used CFL bulb system (Siminovitch et al., 1995, 1997) is

important to the users' health and comfort (Stannard et al., 1994).

Although bulb shades have been used in residential and commercial interiors for some time,

research regarding the effects of the bulb shade on the user in terms of distribution,

manipulation, and control of light have been limited. According to Siminovitch et al. (1997), the

effect of bulb shade characteristics on the emotions, physical behavior, and activities of humans

5
is not understood. Even lESNA (1993) does not provide any detailed information regarding bulb

shades and bulb lighting. Siminovitch et al. (1995) stated that "to achieve energy savings, the

bulb the ballast, and the fixture need to be treated as a one" (p. 28). The table bulb system is a

type of task lighting, and research concerning task lighting is limited. Light distribution from a

bulb system that is within the immediate visual field has a greater impact on users' perceptions

and comfort than from a more remote source (Bernecker, Davis, Webster, & Webster, 1993).

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study was to find out how to make bulb shades using disposable spoons.

1.3.1: Specific objectives

i. To identify importance of Importance of Bulb Shade

ii. To find out Effects of Lighting on Visual Performance

iii. To investigate uses of disposable spoons

iv. To find out customers knowledge on disposable products product in Kenya

1.4 Limitations

The lack of knowledge of both producers and consumers of disposable bulbs products was

expected to be a major challenge when carrying out this study. It was also expected that there

will be few dealers of disposable spoons products and its products which limits the amount of

data available for the study.

6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Importance of Bulb Shade

In a bulb system which consists of the bulb holder, the body, and the shade, light travels directly

and indirectly towards the task surfaces and the users. Indirect light from reflection occurs when

light falls on the shade and surrounding surfaces and bounces off of those surfaces in a similar or

different direction. A bulb shade can control light reflections whether the reflection is specular,

spread, diffuse, compound, selective, or nonselective (Ellis, Amos, & Kumar, 1995; lESNA,

1993; North American Philips Lighting, 1984; Stannard et al., 1994). Thus, the primary function

of a bulb shade is to control and manipulate light output. Surface reflectance of the bulb shade

interior and the surrounding planes are important considerations in a CFL table bulb system

(Steffy, 1995). Also, room interior surfaces and finishes should produce reflections that are

completely or partially diffuse (Ellis et al., 1995; Dove, 1996). Color of the bulb shade, task

surfaces and surrounding objects varies under different light sources. Light that passes through

any material (e.g., vinyl bulb shade) is controlled and manipulated by the material. Careful

consideration is important when selecting bulb shades and materials, and finishes of surrounding

objects or surfaces (Dove, 1996).

Speed and angle are altered when light enters a translucent material like glass, plastic, or fabric

(Ellis et al., 1995; lESNA, 1993; North American Philips Lighting, 1984). Quantity of

illuminance also changes depending on the density of the material, and presence of dirt,

moisture, oil, cracks, and marks.

Patterns on the translucent surfaces also influence the characteristics of light. Transmission

through translucent materials is a light property that can be spread, diffused, or mixed (lESNA,

1993; North American Philips Lighting, 1984). The degree of transmission relies on light

7
intensity, absorption and transmittance, and material thickness. Over a period of time bulb shades

may change color, and therefore may affect the light output. Thus, maintaining the bulb such as

cleaning and replacing the shade is important to assure efficient light output.

Shades are produced from various materials, and users may select different shade forms, height,

and size to suit their needs. Shades may be of different colors and of different materials (e.g.,

linen, polyester, glass, and paper mixture). Shade shapes that are typically available on the

market are cone, square, cylindrical, and polyshape.

Manufacturers produce bulb shades with different characteristics (e.g., different sizes, different

forms, and different materials) to serve consumers' needs. One conclusion yielded by neariy a

decade of research on CFLs at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory is that when the bulb, the ballast,

and the light fixture are considered as one, energy savings can be achieved (Siminovitch et al.,

1995). Likewise, consumers and interior designers need to consider the function of each part and

how the parts work together to affect lighting quality. Lighting manufacturers and lighting

researchers also need to examine the function of each part and how the parts affect the users.

Typically, consumers are not aware that simply replacing an incandescent light source with a

screw-in CFL, without considering the entire luminaire, results in a loss of light output (Page,

1998; Siminovitch et al.,1995), severe degradation of optical distribution (Page et al., 1997), and

visual discomfort caused by glare (Serres et al., 1993). Page (1988) stated that light from an

incandescent bulb is transmitted or reflected by the shade and much of the light is absorbed

adding to shade losses. Although Ji and Davis (1993), Page et al. (1997), and Serres et al. (1993)

have evaluated bulb types and the effect of bulb burning positions on candlepower distributions,

the researchers have not researched portable bulb fixtures and the effect of shades on visual

comfort.

8
Most existing residential fixtures were designed for the operation of incandescent A-bulbs with a

uniform distribution. CFL distribution is more linear and asymmetrical (Siminovitch et al.,

1997). Replacing an A-bulb with a CFL changes the optical distribution of the luminaire,

potentially reducing the perceived brightness (Goldman & Aldich, 1990) and contributing to

consumer dissatisfaction (Siminovitch et al., 1997). The relationship between the shapes of

existing bulb shades designed for an A-bulb and the new CFL needs to be examined.

Gardner et al. (1993) stated that "the performance of a portable bulb is less important if the room

is evenly lit" (p.84). However, in a room lit exclusively by a table bulb, the type of shade and

location of the light source becomes more critical (lESNA, 1993). The shape, size, and material

of the bulb shade significantly influence task illumination. Candlepower distribution that is

manipulated and controlled by the bulb shade may have a direct impact on the user's health,

safety, comfort, and performance. Working with inadequate or inappropriate lighting may lead to

eyestrain (Loasby, 1992), headache, and nausea (Sanders & McCormick, 1993; Steffy,

1995). For example, lESNA (1993) stated that "deep and narrow shades do not provide useful

task illumination and restrict downward and upward spread of light" (p.350). Opaque shades

create pools of light above and below, and the effect is visually uncomfortable. Gardner et al.

(1993) made assumptions that shades with too high transmittance and too little diffusion are

unattractive and distracting. Therefore, in searching for an appropriate shade, a customer not

only has to consider the aesthetics, durability, and cost of the shade, the customer also needs to

consider the direct effect the bulb shade or the overall fixture has on the person's health, comfort,

and performance. Compact.

9
2.2 Effects of Lighting on Visual Performance. Behavior, and Perception

The human eye consists of optical and neurological components that help convert light energy

into electrical signals for the brain. Transmittance of light into the eye varies with wavelengths

and with a person's age (lESNA, 1993). Ability to see small objects, to read fine prints, and to

adapt decreases under low illuminance (Ellis et al., 1995; lESNA, 1993) and with age. Most

people prefer higher illuminance, and as a person ages the amount of light needed to satisfy

performance increases. Users' satisfaction levels appear to increase with an increased level of

illuminance, followed by a decrease in satisfaction at a peak level (North American Philips

Lighting, 1984; Sanders et al., 1993). Individuals differ considerably in their response to task

illumination (Sanders et al., 1993). Weston (1982) assumed that subjects' visual performance

varies at different illumination levels. However, Sanders et al. (1993) did not dearly present the

relationship of demographic characteristics and responses to task illumination. Bernecker et al.'s

(1993) study found that there were differences in subjects' responses towards overhead lighting

due to sex and age. Males and older age groups tended to be less sensitive to lighting changes

(Bernecker et al., 1993). However, this study used only 16 subjects of the age of 40 and over

According to de Boer and Fisher (1991), age affects visual efficiency. As the age of an individual

increases, the relationship between task illumination and visual performance changes (de Boer et

al., 1991). The researcher found that age affects responses toward task illumination only after the

age of 50. This study used subjects between the age of 18 and 36, and de Boer et al.'s (1991)

study did not discover any effect for the subjects below the age of 40. A study that examines a

relationship between subjects' demographic characteristics and bulb lighting is needed.

Visibility of the object is influenced by the actual size of the object and the object's size as

perceived by the observer (lESNA, 1993). For example, an object may look smaller to a person's

10
eye when the object is in a dark surrounding. A white colored object may look larger when a

person's vision is blurred (llg, 1991). Visibility also varies with the lighting conditions in the

space.

Likewise, observer's age, exposure time (Dove, 1996), and visual adaptation state affect visibility

(Davidson, 1997; lESNA, 1993). The object's color and surface reflectance may also alter a

user's perception (Sanders et al., 1993) and task performance.

Light influences human behavior and gives multiple impressions to human perception. People

attract, circulate, and orient differently under varying light conditions. Lighting triggers a

subjective judgement of preference (Aspinall & Dewar, 1988), and humans may perceive

spaciousness, privacy, relaxation and pleasantness (Flynn, Spencer, Martyniuk, & Hendrick,

1979) depending on the lighting conditions.

Lighting can be designed intentionally and unintentionally to provide human visual experiences

such as helping a person to focus on an object, creating visual interest (Aspinall et al., 1988;

Gardner, 1993), and directing attention to an art work (Gardner, 1993). Lighting may also

facilitate circulation in a building (Steffy, 1990), create romantic moods in a restaurant, and

provide energy to a club setting. Increased task illumination may result in an increase of

productivity (Sanders et al., 1993) and lessen complaints associated with glare (Steffy, 1990;

Barnaby, 1989). Factors associated with user complaints such as direct glare, inadequate lighting,

and bothersome shadows need to be eliminated to increase user satisfaction and improve

working conditions (Champness, Hyland & Oliver, 1995; McMurdo & Gaskell, 1991).

2.3 Lighting and Visual Comfort

The amount of light required for the comfortable and efficient performance of a visual task is

influenced by the size, color and brightness of the object, the contrast between the object and the

11
its background, the reflectivity of the object's immediate surroundings, and the time allowed for

seeing (lESNA, 1993; Sanders et al., 1993). In addition, visual comfort and efficiency depend on

adequate illumination and the proper illumination of the field of view (Sanders et al., 1993).

Therefore, there should be no great difference of brightness between the field of central vision

and the larger surrounding. Glare, veiling reflections, surface reflectance value, reflectance area,

and visual adaptation also affect task performance (Sanders et al., 1993).

However, no studies were found that showed the effect of color temperature on human subjective

responses. Previous research indicated that a factor such as color temperature exert strong effects

on the bulb users' physical and psychological states (Fisher, Bell, & Baum, 1990; Sundstrom

&Sundstrom, 1986). Glare produces eye strain and reduces visibility (Anderson & Noell, 1994).

Glare can be minimized with proper shielding of the bulb, i.e., the use of an appropriate bulb

shade. A frosted glass bulb shade does not shield as much light as a bulb shade made of fabric.

Translucent glass bulb shades often make the light seem brighter than it really is and may result

in glare (Loasby, 1992).

Proper positioning of the bulb and appropriate shade material may reduce glare and visual

discomfort.

Lighting that is unevenly distributed bothers many bulb users (llg, 1992) and further reduces the

users' vision adaptation abilities. Inadequate lighting increases depression (Josephson, Fabacher,

& Rubenstein, 1991; Pirkl, 1994), anxiety levels (Steffy, 1995), and fatigue (Sanders et al.,

1993). Adequate lighting can provide a sense of relaxation and enhance comfort (Gardner, 1993;

Sanders et al., 1993). However, these assumptions were made based on little or no empirical

research.

12
No studies regarding the effects of bulbs on students or any other groups have been located in the

literature. However, university students spend much time indoors studying, and the lighting

conditions that the students experience may not be optimum for performing visual tasks. Task

lighting has a major impact on the students' eyes because of the close proximity of the system

(Pirkl, 1994).

Aside from energy efficiency, fluorescent bulbs flicker at twice the rate of the incandescent

bulbs, and fluorescent light sources differ in the amount of light produced at various wavelengths

(Economopoulos & Chan, 1989). However, no studies were found that investigate the effect of

flickering CFL on human.

According to Widowski, Keeling, and Duncan (1992), perceptual, physiological, and

reproductive processes are sensitive to specific features of light, and therefore, it is possible that

the different light sources may affect behavior in different ways. Findings by Widowski et al.

(1992) and Zimmerman (1988) supported the concept that different CFL light sources affect

behavior differently.

13
CHAPTER THREE: REAERCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Research design

The study undertook an exploratory cross sectional survey. This method was used as the research

topic is relatively new and has previously scarcely been studied in Kenya. People involved in

various aspects of small and medium enterprises were carefully selected using snowball

sampling as respondents to ensure a representation of their different types of experience.

Relationships between various stakeholders in the enterprises were linked and factors affecting

their activities were established.

How to Make a Light Shade With Plastic Spoons

Using sharp cutting knife, cut out the big hole in the bottom of a plastic bottle.

Before you start this step, prepare the glue gun (turn it on) and cut the handles of all your spoons.

When the glue is hot, start gluing your spoon to the bottle 

Do it over and over until the whole bottle is covered with spoons.

Now it is time to make a collar for the bottleneck to cover it. Glue the couple of spoons together

the way it is shown on the picture, then stick it to the bottle so that it fully covers the neck.

Put the cable through the bottle inside, install a lightbulb and now just find the right place to

hang your Plastic Spoon bulb shade.

It looks gorgeous when it is dark and modern during the day.

14
3.1 Procedure for preparation of bulb shade using disposable spoons

1. Find suitable plastic spoons.

Maybe you have a collection of plastic spoons already cluttering up the junk drawer––if

so, they might be just the ticket. Otherwise, plastic spoons can be purchased from dollar

stores, supermarkets and stores stocking outdoor barbecue/catering gear. It is

recommended that you stick to plain white for the first project, as white tends to work

with almost any décor and can be shifted around the house if needed. If you have your

heart set on a particular color though, be sure that all the spoons match in hue.

Choose spoons all in the same size unless you're absolutely clear how to interweave

different sizes of spoons. If you do use different sizes, plan a pattern in advance to avoid

the end result looking haphazard.

2. Disassemble the spoons.

For this project, you'll only want to use the actual spoon head or scoop, while discarding

the handle. To neatly remove the spoon head from the handle, place the spoon on a flat

surface suitable for cutting into (self-heal craft mats are an ideal surface). Using the

Exacto knife to cleanly dislodge the spoon handle from the spoon. Slide the knife neatly

across the base of the handle, aiming for an even removal. It may take a few goes before

you develop a rhythm that works––just discard any spoons that break unevenly.

3. Place the entire removed spoon heads in a pile or in a bowl.

Consider using a large container to keep the spoon heads in one place for quick access.

And don’t throw away the handles––you may decide that you'd like to use them to

garnish or enhance the shade or bulb stand later.

15
4. Prepare the light shade or bulb shade.

What shade will you use? There are two basic options, the first being an existing shade in

need of updating, the second being a repurposed plastic bottle turned into a shade. In this

article, the plastic bottle version is prepared as follows:

Clean out and dry a plastic bottle of a size suitable to form a light shade. Generally a

larger plastic bottle is more suitable (see next). Keep the lid on the bottle for the moment.

Using the Exacto knife, cut out the base of the plastic bottle. This is the part of the shade

that will hang downward. Insert the globe into the bottle to ensure that it fits without

touching the sides anywhere. If it doesn't fit, find a larger plastic bottle.

If you choose to use an existing light shade or bulb shade instead, ensure that it is clean.

A clean surface is important for good adhesion of the spoons. You can simply wipe over

the shade with a damp cloth but if you need to remove stains, mild dish soap and warm

water should do the trick. Allow to dry completely before proceeding.

5. Determine the pattern you'd like for the light shade or bulb shade.

Using the spoon heads, you can aim for a neat interlocking, shell-like pattern that allows

the spoons to rest evenly a little over each other or you could try having the spoon heads

face outward. For best results, lay out the spoons first to ensure you like the pattern, then

trial a temporary pattern on the shade itself using tape or poster tack to hold the pieces in

place. Don't be afraid to try different patterns and directions to create interesting effects––

this trial will reassure you that the pattern looks good. For the trial:

Lay the first layer or row of spoons around the bottom of the bottle. Then pile the next

spoon (tip first) over the first layer of the previously affixed spoon heads.

16
 Use a small amount of tape or poster tack to temporarily adhere each spoon to the shade.

Add enough spoon heads until you're satisfied that you have a suitable pattern ready to

go.

6. Hot glue the spoons to the shade.

Once you're happy with the pattern you've tested, fire up the hot glue gun. Work evenly

around the plastic bottle (or existing shade) to adhere the spoon heads:

Use a clean dab of glue on the top of the spoon (closest to the handle). Hold firmly

against the bottle shade for a few seconds until you are confident the spoon has adhered.

On the other hand, if you're gluing the spoons to face outward, add the glue to the back of

the spoon at the point where it will attach to the bottle.

Continue working around the entire bottle until it is completely covered and you cannot

see anything underneath the spoon heads. They should all sit around the bottle evenly. It's

important to make adjustments as you go because once the glue has dried, the spoon

heads are there for good.

At this stage, should you wish to bedazzle the light shade, you can do so by adding

costume gems, rhinestones, etc. in a neat pattern on the spoons. It's recommended that

you don't overdo this!

7. Make a circlet of spoons for the bottle neck area.

To hide the bottle neck area where the electrical cord will be placed, make a circlet of

spoons around the neck. This means placing glue into the middle inside of each spoon

and attaching the next one until a neat circle has formed. You don't have to make this

circle as tight as the bottle's neck itself; it just has to hide the bottle neck from anyone

viewing the bulb from beneath.

17
 If you're using an existing shade, the circlet may or may not be necessary. Judge it by

whatever shape the shade is.

8. Insert the electrical elements through the bottle neck as required.

It might be helpful to keep the bottle lid and pierce a hole through it to hold the electrical

cord neatly in place. Whether or not this is a useful aspect will depend on the size of the

bottle neck, the size of the cord, etc. Judge it by the sizes and need for steadiness of your

particular materials.

Image titled Make a Light Shade With Plastic Spoons Step 9

9. Hang the light shade up or assemble over a bulb base.

Switch on the light and enjoy the ambiance created as the light shines through the spoons.

18
CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.1: The sourcing of disposable spoons in Kenya

The major source of disposable spoons raw material is in hotels and restaurants, from events

where outside catering was provident, dust bins and from wastes from manufactures of plastic

spoons.

4.2 Reasons given by consumers for not purchasing disposable spoon products

Also very few consumers purchased disposable spoon products for their own reasons. This

implies that there are factors that influence on the preference for disposable spoon products on

consumers. The table below explains these factors.

Reasons for not purchasind the products

35%
30%
25%
20% 35%
30%
15% 25%
10% 10%
5%
0% Reasons for not purchasind the
products
ts ts ts rs
d uc duc duc cto
o o o a
pr pr pr lf
e e e ura
th th th lt
out lue s to Cu
b v a es
gea n ot acc
ed Do of
owl ack
Kn L
of
ack
L

19
4.3 Relationship between level of education of consumers and the frequency of purchase of

disposable spoon products.

From the data collected there is evidence that there was a relation between education levels of

consumers and their awareness of disposable spoon products. The sampled areas from which

various consumers were interviewed and their levels of education were cross tabulated and the

results are as shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 The influence of level of education on purchase of disposable spoon products.

Level of Education

70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Level of Education
20%
68%
10%
2%
0% 10%
20%
No Education
Primary School Level
Secondary School Level
Tertialy Level

From the collected data, the consumers of disposable spoon products had a level of education of

secondary and above. It is also evident that those that purchased these products more often were

had tertiary level of education. The study therefore concluded that the level of education

20
therefore had an influence in consumers’ preference for disposable spoon products maybe

because they had knowledge on disposable spoon products and their uses.

4.4: Challenges to development of disposable spoon products

The major factor preventing disposable spoon bulb shades from being used more widely is

obviously people not being aware of the products. Manufacturers, retailers and consumers alike

are not yet sufficiently aware of the variety of potential uses and applications that disposable

spoon has. But this is not the most important weakness. For many disposable spoon bulb shades

enterprises demand is low for disposable spoon products and in turn there is insufficient capital

to expand the businesses as most traders make products when an order is placed.

Figure 4.2 Challenges to development of disposable spoon products

Challenges of developing Disposable Spoons products

27%

Lack of knowledge abouth the

45% products
Insufficient capital
Technical Limitation

27%

21
CHAPTER FIVE

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0: Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations

This section summarizes the major findings, conclusions and recommendations derived from the

study. It will also recommend areas that need further enquiry as gathered by the study.

5.1: Summary of findings

The disposable spoon enterprises consist of a few workers mostly less than five, some specialize

in specific activities and most of whom multitask. Most of the enterprises did not have a secure

source of disposable spoons. They source their raw material from disposable spoons depots,

farms in neighboring towns and even residential compounds that have disposable spoons within

the town.

For most enterprises the disposable spoons products were made and sold from the same venue,

some however sold their products in market centers. There is a market for the disposable spoons

products in the town; this was indicated by the rate at which the few disposable spoons products

produced were sold. The enterprises in Thika have created employment to disposable spoons

manufacturers, disposable spoon shops and disposable spoons artisans. The sector is broad and

accommodates people with varying skills and education backgrounds. For example, the youth

with artistic skills were mainly in disposable spoons utilization, i.e., handicraft work and

designing; women were seen to be part timers in disposable spoons retailing and people with a

post-secondary school education were seen to juggle different activities in the enterprises such as

designing, marketing and overall administration of the enterprises.

22
The level of education of the workers mostly influenced the duties they had in enterprise and, as

a result, influenced their income i.e. their income rose with increase in education. The study

established that enterprises have a lot of potential for environmental conservation. Technology is

a major hindrance in the development of disposable spoons enterprises as they have less

competitive products due to their quality and appearance.

5.2: Conclusions

Disposable spoons are waste products with many uses. It has important direct and indirect

economic and ecological benefits such as providing housing and artisan products. The disposable

spoons sector is broad; at least 200 uses of disposable spoons have been identified globally.

However, In Thika and Kenya in general little is known on disposable spoons and there are very

few people engaged in the disposable spoons sector.

In Thika, the development of disposable spoons as a resource is influenced by many factors.

Economically, enterprises create employment but have poor access to credits, they are therefore

prevented from up-scaling their businesses. Sales of disposable spoons and disposable spoons

bulb sheds and other products are also highly personalized. Technologically, the disposable

spoons enterprises use hand tools (mainly different types of knives) which increases the time to

process items and leads to lower quality of disposable spoons items. Politically, the continuing

ban on plastics in Kenya is a disincentive to its local innovative use and processing into products

that are capable of generating income.

There is need to change peoples’ attitudes towards the use and production of disposable spoons

bulbs. At the same time institutional coordination and support should be key to these strategies.

23
5.3: Recommendations

1. Coordination among the disposable spoons enterprises which will improve marketing and

as stakeholders can lobby for lifting of the plastic ban and any issue which might come

up in future.

2. There is need for plastic dealers to be assisted in polishing their plastic propagation,

preservation and utilization skills; This can fall under NEMA awareness creation on

plastic products.

3. The youth in the urban areas could be trained on disposable spoons utilization and the

youth in the rural areas on disposable spoons propagation.

4. There is need for consumer education to encourage use of disposable spoons products.

5. The Government needs to be proactive in tapping opportunities in the plastic recycle

sector; it is a new addition to the SME sector in the country. This can be done by

partnering with the private financial institutions to evolve special packages for

development assistance especially in areas of machine procurement.

24
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