Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Origin of Campus Journalism
Origin of Campus Journalism
Origin of Campus Journalism
Scope of Journalism
• Journalism may be divided into three areas: written, oral, and visual
• Periodicals such as newspapers and magazines fall under written journalism. A
periodical, defined broadly, is a publication that comes out at regular intervals – daily,
weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly, annually, etc.
• A newspaper, compared to a magazine, prints more news, has no special cover, and is
printed on a special paper called newsprint. News is printed on the front page as well as
on the inside and back pages.
• A magazine, on the other hand, prints more features and human interest stories, has a
special cover usually with a big cut on it, and is often printed on bookpaper. If ever news
is printed, it is brief, featurized, and found in the inside pages.
• Periodicals, brochures, journals, books, and graphic arts are classified under print media.
Radio falls under oral journalism, while television, movies, and documentaries are under
visual journalism.
• Radio and television are examples of broadcast media while movies and documentaries
are examples of film media.
Index – a slug line indicating an important inside page story and the page where it is found
• Other things found on the Front Page: (Those with asterisk may or may not be present).
• Nameplate – The engraved or printed name of the newspaper, as the Manila Times or
PNC Torch.
• Ears – The little boxes on either side of the nameplate.
• Banner – The principal headline bearing the boldest and biggest type. It is the title of the
most important news of the day which is called banner news. It may or may not run
across the page. It id does, it may also be called a streamer.
• Running head – a head made up of two or more lines.
• Headline – The title of any news story. The word headline is used only for titles of news
stories.
• Deck – a subordinate headline placed immediately below its mother headline, also known
as bank or readout.
• Lead – The beginning of a news story. It may be a word, a group of words, a sentence, or
even a paragraph.
• News story – The whole story of an event composed of the lead and the text which is the
elaboration of the lead.
• Columns – The horizontal division into parts of a newspaper. Many national papers are
divided into eight columns while a typical school paper is divided into five columns of 12
ems each.
• Column rule – The vertical line that divides the page into columns. Most pages of
newspaper are divided into columns by a space usually one em wide. This space is called
the sunken rule.
• Fold – The imaginary horizontal line that divides the newspaper equally into two parts.
• Byline – The signature of a reporter preceding a news-feature, as By Warren Cruz.
• Box – News materials enclosed by line rules.
• Cut – A metal plate bearing a newspaper’s illustration, also known as cliché.
• Cutline – The text accompanying photos and other art work, better known as a caption.
If written above the photo just like a slugline, it is called an overline.
• Kicker – A tagline placed above but smaller than a headline, also known as teaser. If it is
bigger than the headline, it is called a hammer.
• Credit line – A line giving the source of story or illustration, as Reprinted from the
“Manila Times” or Photo by MPI.
Front Page
• Folio – Consists of the page number, date of publication, and name of the newspaper,
usually written on top of the page. This is also found in the other pages.
• Masthead – The editorial box containing the logo, names of the staff members and
position in the staff, subscription rate, the publisher, and other pertinent data about the
newspaper. A logo (a shorter word for logotype) is a cut which contains an identifying
word or words, such as the name of the newspaper or of a section.
• Editorial proper – A commentary written by any of the editors who comments or gives
the opinion of the staff or of the whole paper on various subjects. It is the stand of the
paper.
Editorial column - A personal opinion written by the columnist himself or herself. Like the
editorial proper, it may attack, teach, entertain, or appeal depending upon its purpose
• Editorial cartoon – Usually a caricature emphasizing a simple point. Usually humorous,
it has the function of the editorial. It stands by itself and is not a complement of the
editorial proper.
• Editorial liner – a short statement or quoted saying placed at the end of an editorial
column or editorial to drive home a message.
• Letter to the editor – A letter sent in by the reader giving his personal views on certain
aspects.
Sports Page
• Sports stories are classified as news stories; therefore, what may be found in the news
page may also be found in the sports section. Other things that may be found in the
sports section are the sports commentaries and sports features.
Special Features
• The modern newspaper has taken some special features and eliminated some which have
become irrelevant to the needs of the times. An example of this is the
• Society page
• Life and Leisure (The arts, Religion, Entertainment and Comics) and
• Finance and Business
• The feature page may contain home and culture, entertainment, comics, shipping,
classified ads, movie, TV and radio guides, and the comics page.
1. Culture: Student journalism must be a means of propagating culture in all its forms;
2. Freedom of the Press: it is necessary in order to insure the very existence of journalism
that full freedom of the press exists in the country in which student publications are issued
because the freedom of the press exactly reflects the liberty of opinion and expression in any
democratic country;
TRAIT 8
• Good writers rewrite. They love computer terminals, which permit maximum playfulness
during revision.
TRAIT 9
• In judging their work, good writers tend to trust their ears and their feelings more than
their eyes. Editors “look for holes in the story.” Writers want ‘to make it sing.”
TRAIT 10
• Good writers want to tell stories. They are constantly searching for the human side of the
news, for voices that enliven the writing.
TRAIT 11
• Good writers write primarily to please themselves and to meet their own exacting
standards, but they also understand that writing is a transaction between writer and
reader.
TRAIT 12
• Good writers take chances in their writing. They love the surprising and the
unconventional approach to a story.
TRAIT 13
• Good writers are lifelong readers, mostly novels, and they like movies. They collect story
ideas and forms from other genres.
TRAIT 14
• Good writers write too long, and they know it. They want their stories to be “seamless” or
“connected by a single thread” or “to flow.”
News Defined
• News is an oral or written report of a past, present, or future event. It should be factual,
truthful, accurate, unbiased, and interesting. But what is interesting to one is not always
interesting to another.
Elements of News
• Conflict –this may involve physical or mental conflict – man versus man, man versus
animals, man versus nature, or man versus himself.
• Immediacy or timeliness – This element emphasizes the newest angle of the story. The
more recent the event, the more interesting it is to the reader.
• Proximity or nearness – This may refer to geographical nearness as well as to nearness
of kinship or interest.
• Prominence – Some people are more prominent than others by reasons of wealth, social
position, or achievements.
• Significance – Whatever is significant to the life of an individual is interesting to him.
• Names – Important names make important news.
• Drama – this adds color to the story. The more picturesque the background and the more
dramatic the actions are, the more appealing the story is to the reader.
• Oddity or unusualness – This refers to strange or unnatural events, objects, persons, and
places. An odd story is interesting not because of its news value but because of the
human-interest side of it.
• Romance and adventure – The romance of Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton had
hugged headlines for many years. Romance may be experienced with other things.
There were the romance of Hemingway with the sea and of the astronauts with space.
• Sex – Since the dawn of history, sex has always interested man. Stories of sex are
usually related to stories of romance, marriage, divorce, and the varied activities of men
with women. This is not always the case
• Progress – The onward and forward march of civilization or the progress of a country is
chronicled step by step in the newspaper. The trend today is towards development
communication. Reports on the significant changes in the established order and on
scientific achievements are in order.
• Animals – Stories of animals, especially those with talents are good reading matter
because of their human-interest value.
• Number – Sweepstakes numbers, vital statistics, election results, scores in games,
casualties, fatalities, price of goods, and ages of women make good news.
• Emotion – All the other elements of news mentioned above appeal to the emotion. But
the term emotion here includes the various human responses such as the innate desire for
food, clothing, shelter; the universal interest in children, animals, and nature; and the
natural feeling of love, sympathy and generosity, of fear, hatred, and jealousy.
1. Scope or origin
• Local news – Report of events that take place within the immediate locality.
• National news – News that takes place within the country.
• Foreign news – News that takes place outside the country.
• Dateline news – News preceded by the date and place of origin or place where it was
written or filed: Tokyo, Jan. 20(AP)
2. Chronology or sequence
• Advance or anticipated – News published before its occurrence, sometimes called dope
or prognostication. The reporter foretells events expected to occur at a definite time in
the future.
• Spot news – News that is gathered and reporter on the spot. It deals with unscheduled
information demanding immediate publication. The reporter himself is an eyewitness to
the event that took place.
• Coverage news – News written from a given beat. Both spot news and coverage news
are good examples of first-hand reporting.
• Follow-up news – A sequel to a previous story. Having a new lead of its own, it is a
second, third or subsequent chapter of a serial.
3. Structure
• Straight News – News that consists of facts given straight without embellishment. Its
main aim is to inform. It uses the summary lead and is written using the inverted
pyramid structure.
• News-feature (Featurized news distinguished from a feature article) – It is also based on
facts, but it entertains more than it informs. It uses the suspended interest structure like
the narrative; thus, it cannot meet the cut-off test. In writing a news-feature, the writer
may give his impression, may describe and narrate, but without resorting to biased
opinion; i.e., without editorializing. The reporter’s by-line usually appears with his story.
• (1) Single-feature or one-incident story – The story deals with an isolated event. A single
fact is featured in the lead and is explained further in the succeeding paragraphs. The
story breaks logically at every paragraph; thus enabling the reporter to cut or lengthen it
as space dictates.
• (2) Several-feature, multiple-angled, or composite story – Several facts are included in
the lead in their order of importance. These facts are elaborated one after the other in the
body. The several-feature story aims to draw together two or more divergent aspects of
related news items separately; the writer writes them in one big story.
4. Treatment
• a. Fact story – This is a plain exposition setting forth a single situation or a series of closely
related facts that inform. It is written in the inverted pyramid design.
• b. Action story – A narrative of actions involving not mere simple facts but also of dramatic
events, description of persons and events, perhaps testimony of witnesses, as well as explanatory
data. Sports games, competitions, accidents, and war reports are examples of action stories.
• c. Speech report – A news story usually written from a public address, talks, and speeches.
• d. Quote story – Speeches, statements, and letters, and to some extent, interviews when reported,
are regarded as quote stories. All are based on
recorded information, either written or spoken, and transcribed by the reporter in the form
of news.
• 5. Content
• a. Routine story – celebrations, enrollment, graduation, election stories reported
year in and year out.
b. Police reports – accident, fire, calamity, crime stories, etc.
c. Science news
d. Developmental news
e. Sports stories
6. Minor forms
a. News brief – A short item of news interest, written like a brief telegraphic
message, giving mainly the result with details.
b. News bulletin – It is similar to the lead of a straight news story. Its aim is just to
give the gist of the news.
c. News-featurette – This is a short news feature usually used as filler, e.g.,
“Quirks in the news.”
d. Flash – A bulletin that conveys the first word of an event.