DPM Notes 2016

DPM
A. DIMENSIONS OF PASTORAL MINISTRY

1. Introduction to pastoral care
a. Definition, purpose and goal of pastoral care
b. Biblical basis of pastoral care
c. Principles of pastoral care
d. Types of pastoral care
e. Pastoral visitation
2. Specialized pastoral care
a. Chaplaincy in hospitals, schools, prisons, armed forces, etc
b. The healing ministry
c. Congregational groups such as: Sunday school, Youth, Women’s and Men’s groups
3. Church Administration and management
a. Accounting and integrity of the pastor
b. Finances
c. Stewardship
d. Time management and organization skills
e. Group dynamics
4. Developing skills in pastoral ministry
a. Leadership skills
b. Caring and nurturing
c. Spiritual growth
B. PASTORAL COUNSELING
1. General topic
a. Definition, purpose and goal of pastoral counseling
b. Characteristics and qualities of a counselor
c. Ethics in Counseling
d. Pastoral care for the minister’s family
e. African Tradition counseling
f. Counseling skills
g. Sexual involvement of a counselor with clients
h. A review of schools of counseling (covered earlier in DPY 101)
1) Analytical
2) Psychoanalytical
3) Humanistic
4) Behaviouristic
5) Reality
6) Rogerian, etc.
2. Counseling concerning Health, illness, dying.
a. Those with disabilities, chronic illness, HIV/AIDS.
b. The elderly and the ageing
c. Those facing death, the bereaved
d. Appropriate referral by the counselor to a medical practitioner
3. Relational Counseling: marriage and family counseling
a. Premarital relations and premarital counseling
b. Marriage and family
1) Communication between husband and wife: husband/wife relations,
finances/ property, sex, family planning, parenting
2) Marital discord: domestic violence, separation, divorce
3) Widows, widowers; remarriage
4) Single parents and single parent families
c. Particular family difficulties
Rev Jesse Mutugi Notes for DPM 2
1) Teenage sex and pregnancy, abortion
2) Alcoholics, drug users, their families
d. Counseling of caregivers of PLWA, the chronically ill, the differently abled, the
elderly, those with Alzheimer’s disease
4. Vocational counseling
a. Personal gifts
b. Loss of employment
c. Job dissatisfaction
d. Aging
e. Academic failure
5. Crisis counseling
a. Suicide
b. Victims and perpetrators of rape, domestic violence
DIMENSIONS OF PASTORAL MINISTRY
AIM
1. Introduce students to practical ministry
INTRODUCTION TO PASTORAL CARE

Definition of Pastoral Care
1. William Clebsch and Charles Jackle: “Helping acts done by representative Christians, directed
toward healing, sustaining, guiding and reconciling the troubled people.”1
1.1. Helping acts- services include visiting the sick, attending the dying, organizing marriages,
administration of sacraments…
1.2. Representative Christians= pastors (derived from shepherd), priest, deacons, church elders,
1.3. Nature of service= healing, sustaining
2. Pastoral care is a matter of care and preparation for action. Pastoral care deals with people and in
particular people in trouble. It is a shared concern.
Purpose of Pastoral Care

1. Healing/nurturing
1.1. Healing is a process that reconciles persons to self, God, others and the environment
1.2. Who? The broken hearted, the injured, the physically sick, the hopeless, the bereaved
1.3. What? Physical, mental, spiritual, social- due to hurt, accidents, homelessness, hunger, lack of
spiritual growth
1.4. How? Laying of hands on the sick, visitation, assisting or organizing transport to attend the
hospital for services,
1.5. Scriptural grounds- James 5:14,15 versus bad shepherds in Ezekiel 34.
1.6. To manage hopelessness, illness,
2. Strengthening
2.1. Who? The lowly self-esteemed, stressed, weak,
2.2. What? To free from addictive behavior in drugs, promiscuity,
2.3. How? Encouragements on self respect, building self-esteem,
2.4. Scripture- Ps 139:14
2.5. To manage stress, hopelessness, cowardice…
3. Sustaining
3.1. Who? Families, churches, KAMA, MU, youth, Sunday School, friendship, individual or group
spirituality, economy
3.2. What? To endure emotional needs (exercise self-control), to live within limits (financial base),
to make constructive choices, to manage families…
3.3. How? Providing role models, seminars, fellowships, worship, prayers, bible study,
3.4. Scripture-
3.5. To manage breakage, instability, chaos, hopelessness
4. Guiding
4.1. Who? Youth, students, couples, congregation, families…
4.2. What? To make right choices of thinking and behavior, to deal with weak in character (Rom
14:1- accepting the weak…),
4.3. How? Seminars on key topics, providing models, teaching ministry, bible study,
1
William K. Kay and Paul C. Weaver, Pastoral Care and Counseling (Suffolk: Paternoster Press, 1997), 39
4.4. Scripture- Paul and the hall at Tyrannus- Acts 19:10ff/ Heb 5:12-6:3 “feed on milk…”
4.5. Can invite professional on difficult topic like- social workers, psychologists, environmentalist,
accountants, health officers….
4.6. To manage role confusion, identity struggle, wrong choices
5. Reconciling
5.1. Who? God versus people, people versus people, families, friends,
5.2. What? Broken relationships,
5.3. How? Helping people to talk to each other, listening and guiding groups or individuals to
understand facts or the truth
5.4. To manage shame, sorrow, guilt…
Goals of Pastoral Care

1. Healthy people
2. Improved life span
3. Strong and enduring Christians
4. Liberated Christians- offer security
5. Stable families, Churches, friendship…
6. Enable Christians to belong or have a sense of belonging- join KAMA, MU, Youth, Sunday
School- any enriching group
7. To have principled Christians
8. To have Christians with self-control- live within limits
9. To inspire confidence in life
10. Restore friendship, fellowship
11. To lay down solid foundation for families…
12. To note pastoral outside the Church- i.e. those who do not come to Church
13. To obey the call
14. To note the roles or duties of a pastoral care
Biblical basis of pastoral care
1. Ministry of God in the Bible. Relationship between God (or Jesus) and the people of Israel show us
how we ought to treat the people under our care.
1.1. Isa 40:11 “He will feed his flock like a shepherd”
1.2. Ezek 34:11-15 “I will seek out my sheep and rescue them… I bring back the strayed… bind up
the crippled… strengthen the weak… the fat and strong I will watch over. I will feed them in
justice.”
1.3. NT- Jesus is the good shepherd who lays his life for his flock (John 10; cp Heb 13:20)
1.3.1. Set the pattern of shepherding- He himself was the message by his way of living,
qualities of his character, his compassion and readiness to come closure to people in need.
He was a servant. He showed this by his own life and ministry.
2. Ministry of religious (priests, prophets). The idea of a shepherd was used to describe the work of
religious leaders. They were appointed to care for his people and encourage them to keep the law.
2.1. Religious leaders led worship, taught and counseled people on religious and moral issues (Prov
2:6-8, Ps 119:105)
2.2. Ministry of prophets. When people were suffering defeat and oppression for lack of good
leadership, God raised prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah who used the idea of a shepherd in
another way. They looked forward expectantly to the coming of a new leader, the true shepherd
(Ezek 4:23, the righteous branch who will execute justice and righteousness in the land (Jer
23:5), feed the flock and gather the lambs in his arm (Isa 40:11).
3. Ministry of human leaders and political leaders (kings, judges) in Israel. In NT, the idea of human
leaders is also suggested.
3.1. Peter was commanded to feed the flock (Matt 16:18; John21:15,16).
3.2. The idea is also used by Paul to the elders of Ephesus (Acts 20:28).
3.3. Peter exhorted the leaders of the Churches in Asia Minor to tend their congregations in their
charge ‘willingly… eagerly… being examples of the flock’ (1 Peter 5:2,3)
4. The idea of bad shepherds. Shepherd who can fail in their task unless they follow the pattern of the
true shepherd.
4.1. Not all leaders led the people in the right ways. We had false prophets and worthless shepherds.
(Ezek 13:3, 34:1-10; Jer 23:1).
4.1.1.1. Enjoyed privileges ‘milk and wool’ (1 Cor 9:5) But some were irresponsible
9Ezek 34:2,3)
4.2. NT has accusations against leaders who behaved as robbers and thieves (John 10). Peter warned
against wrong ideas of leadership (1 Pet 5:2, 3).
4.3. Paul warned against false apostles and deceitful workmen (2 Cor 11:13), false brethren (Gal
2:4), or ‘the dogs… the evil workers’ (Phil 3:2).
SUMMARY
From the scripture the following is what a shepherd does:
1. Guides the flock to good pastures and safe resting places (Cp Isa 40:11)
2. He feeds the sheep and provides for all their needs (Ps 23)
3. Guards the flock and protects from wild animals, thieves, dangers, even when this involves
danger to himself (1 Sam 17:34).
4. Searches for the lost sheep until he finds it even if it means going into dangerous places, however
dark the night or bad the weather (cp Matt 18:12).
5. He knows and names each sheep, so that they too know his voice and follow when he calls (John
10:1-4)
6. Tends the is sick or weak- especially care of the nursing ewes (female sheep) and young lambs
(Gen 33:13)
NB: Early Church modeled on this pattern. It included feeding new Christians with the truth; protecting
them against error and false teaching, caring for the needy and distressed, encouraging those who had
become half-hearted in their faith, keeping order and discipline, giving guidance and spiritual (John
21:15-17, Acts 20:28-31, 1 Thess 5:2-15; 2Tim 4:1-5, 1 Pet 5:2).
Principles of pastoral care
1. Be purposeful and know what you are doing and why. You don’t need to do PC for the sake of doing
it. You need to have a purpose. Why are you doing it? What’s at the back of your mind?
2. Become reliable for the limited field of your professional responsibility
2.1. Be responsible, the office of a pastor covers all aspects of life of one’s clients
2.2. Different situations will demand different responses
2.3. Minister the love of God
3. Be responsible. You need to take responsibility of what you do and what you say. Eating habits,
eating along the road, dressing…time consciousness-i.e. when dealing with busy people, avoid
gossips,-and be wise.
4. Concern yourself with your clients problem
4.1. Be focused-avoid looking outside or yawning when he is busy narrating his problem
4.2. Jesus attitude to people was very positive-talked of abundant life, had deep concern for all
people especially those who were harassed and helpless (Mtt 9:35, 36)
5. Be Confidential such that people can trust you when they open their hearts to you. You are a doctor
to them and they are likely to let you to their private parts of their hearts.
6. Encourage sharing in your ministry. Tap talents form others within the Church.
7. Be aware of dependence. There is need to cultivate independence. Train people not to be running to
you all the time
8. Be impartial. Always try to be balanced. Avoid taking sides when cases are brought to you
9. Behave professionally
9.1. Use your ability to help but respect other people’s rights like your previous worker or
caseworker. Different opinions are bound to arise for example between a pastor and a doctor
over whether a dying person should be told that he is dying and who has the overriding right of
decision
9.2. Don’t dismiss your clients if they call on you at odd hours. Find a way to listen a little bit and
then arrange when you can see him. This shows the client that he is important
10. Be a good listener Accept being in the position of a subjective object in the client’s life, while at the
same time you keep both your feet on the ground.
10.1. Remember you have two ears to listen more and James has stated it: “Be quick to listen”
James 1:19
10.2. Note at this picture of a caretaker’s ears -
11. If the client misbehaves, the pastor must not lose patience but remember that the client cannot help
his behavior it is part of the trouble. You should not be frightened, nor should you become overcome
when your client goes mad, disintegrates, runs out in the street in a nightdress, attempts suicide and
perhaps succeeds. If murder threatens you call in the police to help not only yourself but also the
client. In all these emergencies you recognize the client’s call for help, or cry of despair because of
loss of hope of help.
11.1. Pastor’s responsibility is to give what help he can to foster growth to inner strength and
greater maturity in his client
11.2. Rely on God’s help in such situations
11.3. Must have faith and patient at all times
Types of pastoral care

1. Teaching ministry (discipling)
1.1. Involves: Bible study/seminars/workshops/production of tracts or spiritual literature/catechumen
1.2. Topics-
1.2.1. Nature- Christ centered (Jn 12:21), meet individual real needs,
1.2.2. Classroom setting -either group centered or leader centered
1.2.3. Lessons- prayer, Lords supper, family prayer, healing in Church, stewardship,
evangelism, trinity, birth control, unmarried mothers, politics, drug abuse…
1.3. Aim- edification, to have mature Christians
2. Spiritual formation ministries
2.1. Involves: Worship/fellowship/revivals/retreats/rallies/Bible studies/quiet time/fasting…
2.2. Enable Christians to worship for you cannot worship for them. “Worship the Lord your God,
and serve Him only” (Matt 4:10). The order is important. Worship comes first, service second.
Without worship service can become a burden and an extra duty to be thanklessly performed.2
When worship is enjoyed, the whole scene is transformed.
2.3. Worship involves- feeding the flock through preaching and Holy Communion (calvin3),
Baptism. Preaching is one of the glories of the Church. Early Church apostles preached at the
streets of Jerusalem,
2.4. Weekly fellowships at village or in the Church…
2
William K. Kay and Paul Weaver, Pastoral Care and Counseling (London: Paternoster Press, 1997), 74.
3
Ibid, 43. To Calvin preaching and communion went together.
2.5. Aim- to provide opportunities for spiritual growth.
3. Healing ministry
3.1. Involves: Worship/Nursing homes/NHIF/
3.2. Healing the sick and binding the injured- physical or psychological James 5:14, 15- a clue is
given: “confess your sins to each other and pray fro each other so that you may be healed” Jam
5:16.
3.3. Aim- restore the full image of God
4. Reconciliation
4.1. Involves: restoring relationships, warring parties, people with disputes
4.2. In reconciliation, the aim is:
4.2.1. Create an environment for parties to talk our their problems
4.2.2. Avoid siding with either of the group
4.2.3. Find points through which the parties can reach to an agreement
5. Management of the flock
5.1. Compares 1 Tim 3:5- pastoral management should draw parallels
5.2. Levels- emotional needs (storms must be quieted), financial requirements (priorities), competing
interests (to have English service or Kikuyu) and long-term hopes (future plans)
5.3. Enrolment for easy management- how many units? How many Christians?
5.4. Management is matter of priorities.
5.5. Aim- smooth running of the congregation
Pastoral visitation
Aim
The aim of this course is to demonstrate the purpose and how visitation should be carried out in the
ministry.
Introduction
Pastoral visitation is a method of pastoral care. It has a strong biblical base as will be reviewed below
and its purpose in the ministry is recognized force. Many issues have been resolved through pastoral
visitation. People have been reconciled, the sick encouraged, the lost found, sinners helped to confess
their sins, the un-churched attended, the nominal revived among other help. The Church that does
pastoral visitation is a strong Church.
The Ministry Of Visiting

Purpose and Biblical Basis
1. Shepherding.
1.1. In OT God is a Shepherd (Psalm 80:1). In Genesis he used to visit Adam and eve for fellowship.
In NT Jesus is the Good Shepherd (John 10:11). He spent most of his earthly doing visitations
where he healed the sick, fed the hungry and taught multitudes.
God delegates shepherding to prophets, political leaders and church elders (2 Sam 7:7; Ezek
34:1-4; Jer 25:34-38; Isaiah 44:28, Acts 20:28, 1 Peter 5:1-3;1 Peter 5:1-4) to nurture the flock.
In NT, Luke 10:1, Jesus sends out the 72 to preach and heal the sick, driving demons out. Paul
also visited the Churches he planted to encourage and teach them on Godly life. He also visited
the elders of Ephesus-house to house Acts 20:20 teaching. Therefore, the purpose of visitation is
to shepherd, which means to nurture the flock in all dimensions.
2. Search lost sheep.
2.1. Jesus came to seek and save the lost (cp Luk 19:10). We are warned in Ez 34:5-10 and Zech.
11:15-17 against neglecting this important ministry. In our society we have un churched people,
the nominal, sick, and the needy who need the attention of the man/woman of God.
3. Confession of sin.
3.1. In James 5:16 we are called to confess our sins to one another. The pastoral visit is the perfect
time to be honest and open about your problems.
4. To know the flock.
4.1. Jesus, our Master and ultimate example, said, “I am the Good Shepherd; I know my sheep and
my sheep know me.” One goal of elders is to “know” the congregation and for the congregation
to “know” them so as to have mutual relationships.
5. Encouragement
5.1. The Pastors are to develop encouragement in the context of believers' gatherings - from the
small group setting to the larger gatherings of the whole church. The pastoral role includes
finding creative ways of mobilizing the whole church pastorally.
And let us consider how we may spur one another on toward love and good deeds. Let us not
give up meeting together, as some are in the habit of doing, but let us encourage one another -
and all the more as you see the Day approaching. Hebrews 10:24-25
The goal of encouragement is to build others up according to their needs. In particular, this
means pointing them to the Lord as the answer to the deepest longings of their heart.
Do not let any unwholesome talk come out of your mouths, but only what is helpful for building
others up according to their needs, that it may benefit those who listen. Ephesians 4:29
6. Relationships
6.1. Friendship is also a vital part of care. We all need friends alongside us as we move forward in
discipleship. God commands us to become true friends of others.
A man of many companions may come to ruin, but there is a friend who sticks closer than a
brother. Proverbs 18:24
A friend loves at all times, and a brother is born for adversity. Proverbs 17:17
Jesus' ministry of discipleship was founded on friendship and a close relationship with his
disciples. I no longer call you servants, because a servant does not know his master's business.
Instead, I have called you friends, for everything that I learned from my Father I have made
known to you. John 15:15
The cell vision structures the whole church along the lines of meaningful relationships forged
through the cells. Each person is in close and open relationship with fellow cell members. The
goal is to help foster these relationships and direct them toward the goals of true discipleship.
7. Teaching
7.1. Feeding the sheep on the nourishment of God's word leads to growth and spiritual maturity.
Like newborn babies, crave pure spiritual milk, so that by it you may grow up in your salvation,
now that you have tasted that the Lord is good. 1 Peter 2:2-3
The pastoral ministry goes beyond leading someone to Christ. It helps to ground people in the
faith and lead them to maturity, including the maturity of becoming a disciple making member of
the body of Christ.
We proclaim him, admonishing and teaching everyone with all wisdom, so that we may present
everyone perfect in Christ. Colossians 1:28
8. Prayer
8.1. Prayer introduces God's power into people's lives. It releases faith that can transform them
personally, and help them deal with adverse circumstances. And pray in the Spirit on all
occasions with all kinds of prayers and requests. With this in mind, be alert and always keep on
praying for all the saints. Ephesians 6:18
Pastors will always promote prayer in their own ministry and in the church. Prayer builds up the
body of Christ. But you, dear friends, build yourselves up in your most holy faith and pray in the
Holy Spirit. Jude 1:20
9. Listening
9.1. Being able to hear the voice of God is one of the hallmarks of a true sheep of the Good
Shepherd. The pastoral ministry will help the sheep listen to and be directed by the Lord.
Pastors do not make people dependent on them but to lead individuals into closer intimacy with
the Good Shepherd. The watchman opens the gate for him, and the sheep listen to his voice. He
calls his own sheep by name and leads them out. John 10:3-4
Effective pastoral ministry also depends on the ability to listen. Giving people time and attention
is a worthwhile investment in the work of growth and discipleship. The Pastors will also be keen
to teach the people to become good listeners of one another. My dear brothers, take note of this:
Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak and slow to become angry. James 1:19
10. Admonition
10.1. Sometimes correction and admonition are needed. You must speak the truth in love.
Positive and creative confrontation given in love is a vital part of pastoral care.
Instead, speaking the truth in love, we will in all things grow up into him who is the Head, that
is, Christ. Ephesians 4:15
An important part of pastoring others is to bring correction through the word.
We proclaim him, admonishing and teaching everyone with all wisdom, so that we may present
everyone perfect in Christ. Colossians 1:28
This must also operate at congregational level. The cells are suited to the development of the
kind of quality relationships in which people can give and receive positive and creative
admonition. I myself am convinced, my brothers, that you yourselves are full of goodness,
complete in knowledge and competent to instruct one another. Romans 15:14
11. Practical help
11.1. Often the point of need is practical and the caring fellowship should meet these needs
wherever possible. Once again, a church structured in cells will be able to ensure that the
practical needs of members are being met. Pastoral visitation during times of sickness or other
difficulties, practical help in the home or family, and companionship for the lonely and isolated,
are all aspects of showing the love of Christ.
This is how we know what love is: Jesus Christ laid down his life for us. And we ought to lay
down our lives for our brothers. If anyone has material possessions and sees his brother in need
but has no pity on him, how can the love of God be in him? Dear children, let us not love with
words or tongue but with actions and in truth. 1 John 3:16-18
In Luke 10:25-37, the story of the Good Samaritan reveals the ministry of the Pastor and the
church that cares for its members. Practical care that extends even to most needy in the church is
the mark of true Christianity.
Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and
widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world. James 1:27
12. Healing- To cure troubled souls (James 5:14-15)

12.1. The healing ministry is a pastoral ministry within the church as well as an evangelistic
ministry towards those who are not yet believers. In fact, healing is an integral part of pastoral
care. God has made this pastoral provision through the elders of the church, and it must be
reflected at every level of pastoral care in the body of Christ.
Is any one of you sick? He should call the elders of the church to pray over him and anoint him
with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer offered in faith will make the sick person well;
the Lord will raise him up. If he has sinned, he will be forgiven. Therefore confess your sins to
each other and pray for each other so that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous man is
powerful and effective. James 5:14-16
Pastoral training should involve training in the healing ministry and this should also be part of
the Pastors' work of equipping the saints. The church should be the greatest healing community
on earth.
13. Counseling
13.1. Both formal and informal counseling help people grow in the Lord. It is bearing the
burdens of others by giving them God's word in a sensitive, creative and caring manner.
Brothers, if someone is caught in a sin, you who are spiritual should restore him gently. But
watch yourself, or you also may be tempted. Carry each other's burdens, and in this way you will
fulfill the law of Christ. If anyone thinks he is something when he is nothing, he deceives
himself: Each one should test his own actions. Then he can take pride in himself, without
comparing himself to somebody else, for each one should carry his own load. Galatians 6:1-5
Pastors should not only be competent to counsel their members, but leadership at every level
should also be trained to do this. All the members of the church have a role to play in counseling
each another. The word 'instruct' in Romans 15:14 is used in a counseling context, showing that
every Christian should have a level of counseling competency.
14. Support
14.1. Relationships within the body of Christ are given by the Lord as a means of mutual
encouragement and support. Accepting spiritual responsibility for one another is the key to these
loving relationships as 1 Corinthians 12:12-30 makes clear. The body is a unit, though it is made
up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body. So it is with Christ. 1
Corinthians 12:12
Irresponsible shepherds These are the qualities that God expects of pastoral ministry. It is
particularly close to his heart. It is understandable, then, that God is especially disappointed with
those who claim to be Pastors and yet do not fulfill their role faithfully and fully.
Ezekiel chapter 34 contrasts the irresponsible shepherds of Israel with the Lord, their true
shepherd. They exploited the flock out of greed and selfishness. This is a reminder of what God
considers the responsibilities of true shepherds to be. In summary, it is to teach the word, keep
the sheep faithful and loyal to the Lord, and to be examples for others to follow.
15. Pasturing one another
15.1. In common with all the Ephesians 4:11 ministries, the Pastor is called to equip the church
for ministry. As we have seen, this means to train and release the people into pastoral care for
one another. God asked Cain the penetrating question after the murder of his brother Abel,
"Where is your brother?" (Genesis 4:9).
Cain's defensive response to God was, "Am I my brother's keeper?" It invited the resounding
answer, "Yes!" In exactly the same way, we are called to care for each other in the body of
Christ. The New Testament reminds us of this responsibility over and again. We see this in such
verses as (Galatians 6:1-5; Hebrews 10:24-25; Colossians 3:16; Romans 15:14 & Jude 1:20).
Pastors, like the other ministries of Ephesians 4:11, are called to train and equip the whole body
of Christ for the work of the ministry.
16. Pastors Equipping the Saints- to make disciples (Matt 28:18-20).
16.1. The church is called to be a caring and nurturing community. New believers, like new
born babes, need care twenty-four hours every day, seven days a week! This is not possible for
one pastor or for one pastoral team. The members must take up their responsibility to be pastors
one of another and, in a cell church, every cell leader is called to be a pastor.
The true work of God is done by saints, God’s people. To exercise gifts or talents (Eph 4:11-12)
The Ephesians 4:11 gift of pastor should focus on equipping every member to care for the
spiritual well-being of their brothers and sisters in Christ. Every aspect of pastoral care should be
operating in the cells: teaching, encouragement, counseling, visitation and healing. Pastors help
create the caring environment of the church and equip the members to minister pastorally within
that environment. That is why the cells are so effective in the pastoral ministry. Every member is
in close contact and relationship with others in the cell. Their fellow cell members get to know
them well and are ideally placed to minister to their pastoral needs, under the guidance of the cell
leader. Meeting the pastoral needs of the flock is impossible from the pulpit alone. In a larger
church, people's needs can be lost in the crowd, but in a cell, they can get the close care and
attention they deserve. We are our brother's keeper and the Christian community must first learn
to look after their own.
When the world sees how the Christians love one another, care for and support one another, they
will come flocking into the church. In our modern world, such deep and committed relationships
are rare, especially where the family has broken down through sin and social disorder.
We all need to belong. We have a God-given need to be in relationship with God and with
others. Love for God and our neighbor is the sum and substance of the life we are called to as
Christians. Pastors teach these things and lead the way so that the whole body of Christ is
equipped to care.
Goals of Pastoral Visitation

1. Showing interest and concern in people
2. Listening to suggestions and complaints.
3. Determining needs that require help
4. Strengthening relationships and fellowship
5. Assisting those with problems (illness, family, grievance)
6. Comforting through prayers and Scriptures (elderly, sick, discouraged, troubled)
7. Encouraging faithful in their situations
How to Visit
Visiting is a very sensitive exercise. It can result to a lot of mess if not done well. However, done
properly it is very rewarding as noted above (Refer to purpose of pastoral visitation).
When it can be a mess
1. Visiting without a purpose can result to gossip, rumor mongering, among other odd activities
2. Visiting empty homes
3. Immorality when visiting alone
4. Using visitation as a forum for campaigns
5. Being insensitive to people privacy- revealing what you see in one home after another
How to visit
1. Visit with integrity (Ps 78:70-72). As a man of God, clarify the purpose of the visit. The purpose of
visit is guided by knowing the flock’s needs.
2. Prayer is essential-On your own pray for guidance and when visiting do pray too. Some people even
pray before knocking at the door of a client because every home is different
3. The situation must be favorable for visit. “It must be planned,” says Autrey.4
3.1. Avoid solo visiting (Mark 6:7 the 12; Luke 10:1 the 72).
3.2. Choose days and time that are suitable
4
C. E. Authrey, Basic Evangelism, (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Pub Hse, 1959), 81.
3.3. Autrey says that the visit must not be made standing on the doorsteps or outside the door of a
home. The Visitor can get into the House. If not invited, tactfully ask. Set the family at ease
with a greeting of friendliness that will reveal that you are a down-to-earth individual. Should
you pastor while TV or Radio is on?
4. Communication skill- Speak the language of the people. (Compare Jesus and the woman at the well).
Use illustrations that are familiar-mechanic? Farmer?...
5. Use of Bible. Visitors should carry a small Bible (NT). The very sight of the Large Bible under the
arm of the pastor may prejudice the prospect- Stay with one or two passages repeat them and
explain. It is confusing to turn continually through the Bible and read large number of scriptures
6. Certain mistakes to avoid
6.1. Do not argue. People are not won by argument. All men resent being outdone or out-argued. If
they persist in argument, diplomatically excuse yourself and pass on to a visit that may be more
effective BE PRFESSIONAL
6.2. Do not get frustrated. Some will manifest hostility. The visitor must always be kind. He must
never lose poise (dignity).
6.3. Do not lose your temper. No matter what anyone may say or what he may do, keep sweet. When
you leave, thank him kindly for admitting you to his home. Tell him how you appreciated the
opportunity of conversing with him
6.4. Do not become discouraged. This is when you don’t get fruits immediately. Archibald says: “No
one fails in this work except the one who does not make an attempt.”5 BE PATIENT
6.5. Do not ask for a decision too soon. Many hearts are hurt and must have the Lord’s touch. Some
of these people are stubborn, some of them in deep sin; they need to be free from the bondage of
sin BE PATIENT
6.6. Make the visit brief and with purpose
6.7. Pray for the prospect
Whom to Visit
1. Believers in the fellowship
2. Absentees
3. Sick, elderly, shut-ins, those with problems
4. Those appearing to be spiritually promising
5. Referrals may come from those in fellowship
6. Visitor register, Sunday School, youth, adult classes
7. Disabled people living in nursing homes
8. People who are hospitalized
9. Bereaved people
10. Prisoners
11. People in shelters
12. People in crisis
Visiting in Cell Groups/Pastoral Unit Groups

1. The rationale of visiting in cell groups is a product of trying to devolve pastoral ministry to all
Christians.
2. Ministry in cell groups include:
2.1. Teaching- All Christian living is based on the truth of Jesus Christ and his Word (1 John 1:4; 3
John 4)
2.2. Lifestyle- Helping people grow in the lifestyle of the kingdom of God Unconditional
acceptance, Openness, Commitment to change
5
Arthur C Archibald, New Testament Evangelism (Philadelphia: The Judson Press, 1946), 106.
2.3. Practical ministry
2.3.1. Prayer – jobs, family, health, finances
2.3.2. Practical help
2.3.3. Hospital visits
2.4. Social activities
2.5. Visitation- Missing members, Suffering members
3. Advantages of visiting in cell groups/cell ministry
3.1. Administration and management of the flock is easy
3.2. Pastoral issues are promoted
3.3. Reach many Christians at once
3.4. Members are encouraged to care for each other- TEAM ministry.
3.5. Gathering resources is easy
3.6. More talents are visible and easy to be tapped
3.7. Lay ministry is developed- they are entrusted with the leadership of the cells- lead prayers,
music, preaching…
3.8. Accountability of member attendance and participation is possible unlike in the larger church
3.9. Visits are recordable
3.10. Doing follow-up is easy
3.11. There is sharing of testimonies
4. Disadvantages of visiting in cell groups
4.1. Not possible to share personal problems
4.2. Privileges of Church facilities such as chairs, big bible, reading stand, room for meeting…
might be unavailable
NB: Visiting in cell groups is rewarding since people know each other and services are brought close to
the people. They are able to encourage each other and promotion of talents is easy.
In conclusion pastoral visitation is very important in the ministry. One is able to do various ministries in
the visit as noted above.
SPECIALIZED PASTORAL CARE

CHAPLAINCY (ARMED FORCES)
Introduction
1. Chaplaincy is the care or helping acts given to institutions such as the Armed Forces, prison,
hospitals…
2. A Chaplain is either a clergy, or a woman, or a man
3. Chaplaincy in the Armed Forces is care given to the people in the forces.
4. Historically, Chaplaincy began in war time to oversight spiritual needs.
5. People like Moses, Joshua, David acted as spiritual and war leaders
6. Traditionally before the war, members consulted the seer (prophet)-
Specific spiritual needs

1. Morning and evening prayers
2. Pastoral visitation
3. Share the word of God
4. Administer H/C and Baptism services
5. Funerals
6. Family services-thanksgiving, birthday, anniversaries, marriage…
Other general and individual needs

1. Transfers
2. Promotion
3. Lack of friends
4. Need for sex (cp Uriah’s wife)
5. Relationships
6. Health
7. Family
8. Sycophancy
Conclusion
1. There are specific spiritual tasks and general needs in the Armed Forces
SCHOOL CHAPLAINCY
Introduction
1. This is care given to an institution by a Shepherd. In school, the shepherd is concerned with the
needs of the staff and the learner.
2. The shepherd attends to the PPI (Pastoral program of institution) to cater for the needs. The bible
says “train a child…” (Pr 22:6).
3. Always remember Jesus cares for little Children (Mk 10:13-16)
4. It’s advisable not to behave like a teacher, be yourself, a Shepherd
5. Plan carefully: Concern for worships, individual pastoral care,
Specific spiritual needs in the school life

1. Morning and evening prayers at the assembly or any designated place like a chapel
2. Prayers for great moments in the live of students and staff: exams, closing, opening, birthdays,
Christmas wishes, sick, assisting the bereaved, wedding of staff,
3. Preparations for Baptism and confirmation candidates; and administration of sacramental services
4. H/C services with a well explained liturgy that other students from other denominations can
understand
5. Revivals and rallies for spiritual growth
6. Encouraging Christian Union fellowships-joining them once in a while for guidance
Other general needs for Individual/group pastoral care

1. Information
1.1. General information: geography of the school to avoid getting lost, facilities available,
departments like of guidance and counseling, rules, motto, curriculum activities, tradition of the
school…
2. Education
2.1. Develop good study habits
2.2. Prepare and gain confidence in exams
2.3. Explore possibilities for further education-this includes competitive and entrance examinations
for postgraduate levels
2.4. The available bursaries, fee concessions, scholarships, and stipends
3. Selection of occupation
3.1. Choice of career
3.2. Preparation for an occupation through relevant courses
3.3. Planning their future and building their career
3.4. Career perspective in relation to changes that are taking place
4. Spending one’s free time
4.1. Half of the day is spent in class, but the other half is break time or…
4.2. What hobbies to go for? Work without play makes Jack a dull boy! And idle mind is the devils
workshop!
5. Relationships
5.1. Guide on social behavior-facilitate the development of good relationship between the student
and the teacher
5.2. Make new friends, tribal and non-tribal
5.3. Give directions on proper social adjustment
5.4. Caution on when to say NO and YES
5.5. Learn the Dos and Don’ts
6. Morals
6.1. God is holy and His children need to be holy
6.2. No lies, dodging, indulging in alcoholism or drugs, fornication,
6.3. To the pure, all things are pure, k but to those who are corrupted and do not believe, nothing is
pure. l In fact, both their minds and consciences are corrupted. (Titus1:15 )
7. Health
7.1. Psychosomatic being
7.2. Create awareness on prevention of mosquitoes, jiggers, HIV/AIDS, typhoid,
7.3. Benefits of knowing one’s health status
8. Personal problems
8.1. Relating to parents, friends, teachers
8.2. This may result to poor performance
8.3. Lack of friends, loneliness, failure, feelings of inadequacy, and sometimes inferiority
8.4. Need of sex education and family life guidance
9. Marital relationships
9.1. Human sexuality guidance
9.2. Choice of right partners
9.3. True love and infatuations
9.4. Myths about marriage that are not true
Conclusion
1. Master the concerns of your school
2. Make sure that all areas in the life of the student and the staff are catered for pastorally
3. Be shepherd for all flocks of Christ.
4. Use your principles well. (Purposeful, concerned, listen, confidential, responsible, available…
PRISION CHAPLAINCY
Introduction
1. This is a ministry authorized by the Church and state.
2. Must have a permit from prison headquarters
3. The chaplain must understand the context of the prisoners to accord appropriate care.
Understand the flock
1. Know your flock: homosexuals, lesbians, drug addicts, nakedness when some of them sell uniforms
for money, no seats,
2. Some are criminals and can harm or pickpocket you
3. Some have no good response: make noise, bitter, arrogant, defensive, hypocrites,
4. Help themselves on buckets
5. Begging when one is to be freed
6. Disturbances from the wardens
7. Poor follow up due to their transfers
8. Poor environment-congestion in a common room
9. Threats of suicide
10. Some belong to various religious background while others belong to none
Specific spiritual tasks in the prisons

1. Sunday services program
2. Ministry of the word- a message of love of God or hope as opposed to condemnation
3. Prayers and guidance on how to pray on their own
4. Preparation for candidates of baptism and confirmation
5. Administering Baptism to those ready
6. H/C to staff and others who receive
7. Encourage fellowships to enhance spirituality
8. Burial, wedding, thanksgiving, and other church services
Individual and group care

1. Visitations to staff
2. Relationships
2.1. Guide on social behavior- good relationship between a prisoner and prisoner, or staff to staff
and vice versa
3. Morals
3.1. Encourage good morals- continued fighting would only worsen their stay in prison
3.2. Advice on the dangers of gay practices
4. Health
4.1. Create awareness on contagious diseases
4.2. Liaise with administration to assist on treatment of the sick prisoners
5. Personal problems
5.1. Relating to the past that creates tension, anger, guilt, depression- give hope to such a person
6. Marital relationships
6.1. For the prisoners, share a word of hope that one day they shall be together
6.2. Reconciliation
6.3. For the staff, nurture them on what makes a good home- Love, care to each other,
understanding, faithfulness, forgiveness…
Conclusion
1. Prison chaplaincy requires you apply all principles of pastoral care: Purposeful, concerned, listening,
professionalism, responsibility- due to the nature of work
2. As we serve the prisoners, we must remember that they are part of the flock of Christ that God wants
in His fold.
HOSPITAL CHAPLAINCY
Introduction
1. This is care given to Hospitals
2. Concerned with specific spiritual oversights and general pastoral needs
3. Scriptural basis: Ez 34:4; Matt 9:12, 25:36, 39-40, 40; Rom 12:5
Specific spiritual oversights needs

1. Morning and evening prayer services
2. Sunday services program
3. Administering Sacraments
3.1. Baptism to the dying and sometimes to members of staff
3.2. Holy Communion programs to the sick and sometimes to members of staff
4. Ministry of the word- a message of love of God or hope to the affected
5. Pastoral visitation to the sick or members of staff
6. Encourage fellowships to enhance spirituality
7. Burial, wedding, thanksgiving, and other church services
General tasks (takes different angles depending with the situation)

Pastoral care to the sick
1. Availability
1.1. To stand with people in their pain and perplexity
1.2. To pray and share the word of God with the sick
1.3. Pray for healing- the physical, social and emotional
2. Encourage patients to adhere to medicine prescriptions
3. Support with prayers where difficult decisions are to be made
3.1. For instance, people subjected to chemotherapy or radio therapy require prayers and support to
make agree to such decisions.
3.2. Support is also needed when life support machines are used.
4. Encourage people to put things right
4.1. To be right with God and people by asking for forgiveness
4.2. To make a will
5. Preparation for death
5.1. Pray and anoint the dying if tradition allows
5.2. If the patient is not baptized, baptize him and report the matter to the priest
5.3. Help patients to understand that death is not the final. There is life after death.
5.4. Encourage listening to God and self
5.5. Encourage patients to bless their families
6. Assist in naming the still born baby. Bless the baby and put him/her into God’s care
7. Support, if possible, the patients who are unable to meet hospital bills.
7.1. Encourage family members to organize a fundraiser
7.2. Consult well wishers to support the patients
8. Create awareness on importance of registering for health insurance i.e. NHIF.
9. Encourage patients and family members to hold thanksgiving services after healing has taken place.
Pastoral care to members of staff

1. Code of ethics
1.1. Encourage adherence to code of ethics for medical staff in the running of the hospital-
maintenance of hygiene, attending to patients, respecting the privacy of patients, reporting to
work in good time
2. Pastoral visitations to staff
2.1. To pray and give morale
2.2. Share the word of God
3. Relationships
3.1. Guide on social behavior- good relationship between a health worker and patients, or staff to
staff and vice versa
3.2. Encourage reconciliation
4. Morals
4.1. Encourage good morals- discourage abusive language to patients or vice versa
4.2. Encourage health workers to respect the vulnerability of the patients by not to charging more
than is required or raping innocent people
4.3. Warn against staff drunkenness and drug abuse
5. Transfers
5.1. Prepare the staff for transfers and acceptance of duties
6. Speak for the voiceless
6.1. Especially the neglected
HEALING MINISTRY
Introduction
1. This a type of PC
2. Healing the sick was part of Jesus ministry (Matt 4:23). This was part of the good news of the
Kingdom- a blessing the messiah was to bring to His people (Lk 7:21, 22; Is 35:5, 6; 61:1-4
3. The Church does the healing ministry as a way of proclaiming the good news. It is a commission
(Matt 10:8, Jam 5:13, 14)
Aspects to Consider in Healing Ministry

1. Medicare
1.1. Expert help provided by doctors and nurses organized to restore health to the sick in body and
mind
1.2. Taylor says that “many individual Christians and Church undertake this work.”6 We build
Hospitals, nursing homes… to take care of our patients.
2. Care to the sick (Spiritual ministry)
2.1. Visit the sick at home or in Hospital-pray with them, and administer H/C
2.2. Sensitive visiting. Conscious of the presence of God/ willingness to listen to what is going on
inside the patient/ mind about time when you visit/ avoid general conversation
2.3. Help to exorcise and free people from demonic powers that bind them
2.4. Sometimes help the sick to prepare for death, or to endure suffering- writing wills, peace…
2.5. Comfort and strengthen the family- with prayers, finances, guidance….
6
Harold Taylor, Tend My Sheep, (London: SPCK 1983), 202.
2.6. Prayer for those who are sick is a partnership. St Augustine put it this way “ without God we
cannot, without us God will not”- The concept is that God has no feet/hands but God can do it
through us.- do not make long prayers
3. Celebration of life through renewal in worship
3.1. Special moments for celebrations of life
3.2. Calls people to express moments of daily life and recognize the importance of God’s
commitment to care for people and creation
3.3. We read the Bible, pray, praise, share experiences, life stories, and bear one another’s burden
3.4. In this fellowship the community joins hands and hearts for a service of healing for all humanity
3.5. Anointing of the Sick, in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, a sacrament of spiritual
comfort for the seriously ill or aged, formerly called extreme unction. The rite consists of
biblical readings, prayers, and the anointing by a priest of the five senses (eyes, ears, nose, lips,
and hands) of the sick person with oil normally blessed by a bishop on Maundy Thursday. In
cases of emergency, the forehead alone is anointed. The rite may be celebrated either
individually or in a group service. The effects are believed to include not only spiritual healing
but also the restoration of bodily health, if God so wills.
3.6. The early church practice of anointing the sick was based on two New Testament texts (Mark
6:13; James 5:14-16). After the 8th century, the anointing came to be associated almost
exclusively with rites for the dying. The term extreme unction, or last anointing, was introduced
at that time. The 12th-century Italian theologian Peter Lombard listed the rite among the seven
sacraments; that listing was recognized as official by the Council of Trent (1543-63).
3.7. Since the time of the Reformation, Protestants have generally rejected the sacramental nature of
the rite, and some even the practice itself. The Anglican Communion makes provision for an
anointing of the sick, but many Anglicans consider it a rite instituted by the church rather than a
sacrament established by Christ
4. Safe places for sharing, telling, and listening
4.1. A good Church is a healing community
4.2. Need for an atmosphere of openness and acceptance
4.3. St Basil the great taught that it is up to those in leadership positions in the Church to create an
environment, an ethos, a disposition for cultivation of goodness and love in the community
4.4. We need to create safe places for people to tell their stories. This practically makes the Church a
healing community
4.5. Healing and care become possible as one shares the story within an atmosphere of acceptance,
love, and continuing concern.
4.6. We are all vulnerable and in need healing
5. Purpose on rebuilding relationships
5.1. Rebuild relationships and seek reconciliation-when people are hurt, they tend to run away-talk
to them and share experiences that may bring them back
5.2. Participate in restoring broken families and community
6. Link between prevention and care
6.1. Through caring, people change behavior, attitude, and environment: this is done in hospital,
home,
6.2. May involve the neighbors, community leaders, Church members…(cp Tabitha ministry)
6.3. This helps prevent more illness from spreading and find hope for the future of families
6.4. To help members of Church to understand the full dimension of healing ministry, participatory
approaches are crucial
6.5. Group discussions should be encouraged
Conclusion
1. The Church by nature is the body of Christ and calls members to become a healing community
2. The experiences of love, acceptance, and support within a community where God’s love is made
manifest can be a powerful healing force
CONGREGATIONAL GROUPS SUCH AS: SUNDAY SCHOOL, YOUTH,

WOMEN’S AND MEN’S GROUPS
Introduction
1. There are different needs for different groups in the congregation. It is the responsibility of the
pastor to provide pastoral care for each group.
Sunday School/Youth
Needs and responses to them
1. Teachers
1.1. Provide gifted teachers and morally upright
1.2. Make sure teachers have forums to equip themselves for their task
1.3. Discipline immoral teachers
2. Growing in all dimensions
2.1. Emotional development
2.1.1. Provide counseling sessions to help children understand themselves
2.1.2. Promote respect to children feelings
2.2. Social development
2.2.1. Promote healthy friendship/relationships
2.2.2. Discourage early marriages
2.2.3. Discourage bad company
2.2.4. Encourage participation in social activities such as cleaning the compound, singing,
attending wedding services, church services…
2.2.5. Support family fellowships
2.2.6. Defend children rights
2.2.7. Encourage respect of the elderly
2.2.8. Encourage use of good language as opposed to rudeness
2.3. Physical development
2.3.1. Encourage physical exercises
2.3.2. Provide games equipment- balls, ropes,
2.3.3. Train on balanced diet- proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Help children to do away
with junk food such as those with too much fat, too much sugar, artificially made drinks…
2.3.4. Discourage tattooing of bodies. This is a heathen practice. NIV Leviticus 19:28 "'Do not
cut your bodies for the dead or put tattoo marks on yourselves. I am the LORD”.
2.3.5. Sick children should be attended
2.3.6. Discourage the use of drug abuse on the bodies-
2.4. Spiritual development
2.4.1. Bible study
2.4.2. Memorizing verses
2.4.3. Training children to pray and preach
2.4.4. Teaching salvation
2.4.5. Promoting moral life
2.5. Intellectual development
2.5.1. Encourage hard work in academics
2.5.2. Support children from poor parents
2.5.3. Plan a pastoral visit in schools to check on children welfare…
3. Class rooms
3.1. Spacious to accommodate all children
4. Teaching materials/aid
4.1. Ensure bible pictorial charts are purchased
4.2. Movies that are Christian and children related are bought
4.3. Crayons
4.4. White board or black board
5. Worship items
5.1. Offertory baskets
5.2. Chairs for each child
5.3. A table to lay bible and prayer books
5.4. Screen for viewing Christians movies or PowerPoint presentations
5.5. A drum, tambourine, keyboard, guitar…
6. Linking the children to the main service because one day they will belong to it.
6.1. This can be done by allowing children to do a presentation in the Church once a while
6.2. Allocating sometime in the main service to pray for the Children
7. Sunday school/youth committee
7.1. Ensure elections are done and fitting people put in place
7.2. Ensure decisions are implemented
7.3. Receive Sunday school/youth decisions as Agenda in the Parish Council not as AOBs.
Women and Men

Needs and Responses
1. Committees
1.1. Elections are done in time
1.2. Constitution is followed
1.3. Decisions are implemented
2. Encourage adherence to objectives
2.1. The five women objectives
2.2. The ten men objectives
3. Support projects
3.1. Women projects
3.1.1. Taranda week
3.1.2. Rally
3.2. Men Projects
3.2.1. KAMA week
4. Recruit candidates for enrollment
4.1. Follow the given guidelines by the Diocese
5. Education
5.1. Ensure planned seminars are implemented
5.2. Relevant lessons and qualified facilitator are sought
5.2.1. Family life education
5.2.1.1. Husband/wife relationship
5.2.1.2. Enhancing couples’ sex life
5.2.1.3. Financial challenges
5.2.1.4. Curbing domestic violence
5.2.2. Parenting
5.2.2.1. Promote the significance of a healthy parenting
5.2.2.2. Discourage neglect of duty
5.2.3. Economic development
5.2.3.1. Promote group work
5.2.3.2. Support merry go round
5.2.3.3. Guide on good investment, agriculture…
5.2.4. Social development
5.2.4.1. Encourage participation in social activities- weddings, funeral,
5.2.4.2. Promote respect of imago Dei. Discourage use of bad language or rudeness
5.2.5. Spiritual development
5.2.5.1. Bible study forums
5.2.5.2. Encourage a prayerful life
5.2.5.3. Church and fellowship attendance follow up
5.2.5.4. Encourage purchase of prayer book, bible, and hymn book for individual and use
CHURCH ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
1. Church Administration and Management refer to the way affairs of the Church are run.
2. These affairs include accounting and integrity of the pastor, finances, stewardship, time management
and organization skills, and group dynamics.
Accounting and integrity of the pastor

1. To be accountable is to be responsible or answerable.
1.1. Accountable in relationships, handling of Church finances, taking care of Church property and
all the flock, time consciousness, availability,
1.2. Make statements of Accounts read quarterly, submit demands to higher offices, call meetings
monthly, attend meetings,
2. Integrity
2.1. State of being complete and unified
2.2. When I have integrity, my words and deeds march up. I am who I am, no matter where I am or
who I am with.
2.3. (2Tim 1:7) –Integrity is making and keeping meaningful promises and commitments.7
3. Point out areas of a pastor that you think lacks accountability or integrity?
4. Advantages of accountability and integrity
4.1. Trust- if people trust you, you can get them to action
4.2. Facilitates standards- John D. Rockefeller, Jr. said, “I believe that every right implies a
responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty.” (Maxwell, 1993)
4.3. Integrity has high influence value- people do what people see
4.4. Results in a solid reputation not just image- Image is what people think we are. Integrity is what
we really are.
4.5. Integrity means living it myself before leading others- we cannot lead anyone else further than
we have been ourselves.
4.6. Integrity helps a leader to be credible, not just clever.
Finances
Management
1. The Financial Management is a responsibility that is concerned with the accountability of the
monetary assets and liabilities of an institution.
2. It ensures that incomes from giving, donations, pledges, harambees etc are properly recorded.
3. It also ensures that expenditures are properly authorized, expenditures are within the budget
allocation and funds are put into legitimate use.
4. It also ensures that finances needed for running an organization are available when needed and are
spent for the planned and budgeted items.
Tools for financial management
1. Cash book- for keeping a record of money received and spent
2. Check book- to be signed by at least two or more persons authorized by the management
3. Receipt books- the ones in use must be pre-printed, pre-numbered and each receipt prepared at least
in duplicate. Un-used receipt books must be kept under lock and key and recorded in the accountable
document register.
4. Journal- for recording non-cash contributions
5. Bank statement
Factors affecting the financial operations

1. Embezzlement or misappropriation of funds
2. Burglary or fraud
7
Stephen R. Covey, Principle- Centered Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1991), 61.
3. Natural hazard
4. Government policy changes
5. Inflationary pressure
5.1. Inflation pressure refers to a decline or an increase in the value of money, in relation to the
goods and services it will buy.
Addressing the above factors
1. Income- ensure that all income is well received and recorded.
2. Bank Church money. Avoid keeping Church money in the house where thieves can break in
2.1. To avoid fraud, it is recommended that all expenditure should be:-
2.1.1. Properly authorized and approved by the organization officials before payment
2.1.2. Properly recorded and analyzed into correct accounts
2.1.3. For the benefit of the organization
2.1.4. Properly budgeted for and periodic budgetary comparisons carried out.
2.2. Procurement- the act of acquiring, buying goods, services or works from an external source. It
is favorable that the goods, services or works are appropriate and that they are procured at the
best possible cost to meet the needs of the acquirer in terms of quality and quantity, time, and
location.
3. Insure Church property where necessary. Further, have fire extinguishers installed at strategic places
for safety purposes.
4. Develop an intelligent budget that caters for any changes in government policy or inflation
pressures.
Why proper financial management
1. Stewardship and accountability- above all we are all accountable to the living God (Luke 16:2)
2. Sound decisions. Financial management helps us make sound decisions. When a budget is made and
approved, decisions are easy on where income comes from and how it should be spent.
3. Capital Expenditures. If you manage your capital expenditures effectively, you will not burden
your institution by borrowing too much for assets that don’t provide enough income to justify the
expense.
4. Operating Cash. Managing cash flow helps us to have enough on hand to pay for rent, utilities,
telephone, insurance, payroll and supplies. If one fails to manage cash flow effectively, paying
expenses and keeping the institution operating becomes difficult. What do you think would happen if
salaries are not paid in time? Or electricity?
5. Lowering Expenses. One of your financial management responsibilities is to keep costs as low as
possible. One can ask vendors for lower prices, reduce the number of employees you use, reduce
energy use and purchase supplies in bulk. If one does not monitor and manage costs, the institution
will always have to increase sales dramatically to pay rising expenses.
6. Meeting government requirements such as paying taxes. It is a financial management duty to
plan for paying taxes. This involves making sure one has cash on hand to pay for the estimated tax
payments each quarter and also timing one purchases of major assets to get the maximum benefit.
For example, if you know your current tax year will not require a heavy tax payment but next year
will, you can postpone buying major assets until next year when you will need the tax write-off
more. Failure to plan for taxes and maximize deductions can cause your institution to spend more
than it has to on taxes
What then should be done to guarantee proper financial management?

1. Appropriately qualified staff
2. Creating an environment for top performance through incentive packages, and encouraging
interpersonal relationships
3. Transparency and sound reporting
4. Instill values of stewardship and accountability in all concerned
5. Institute proper system of controls including definitions of scope of responsibility and proper tools
for financial management
Stewardship
Meaning
1. A steward is a custodian. This is a person in charge of somebody elses property. In this, the pastor is
custodian of the Church he has been given
2. The word steward is derived from the Greek word oikonomos. Oikonomos means the head servant
appointed to manage the household or property (compare 2 Macc 11:1; 13:2). Therefore, the pastor
is the head servant appointed to manage the Church affairs.
3. The parable of the talents (Matt 25:14-30) teaches us
Steward of what?
1. Church property- building, furniture,
2. Finances
3. People
4. Time
5. The word of God- “we are stewards of mysteries of God” (1Cor 4:2)
Characteristics of good stewardship
1. Faithfulness- cp faithfulness of wise stewards Matt 25:14-30.
2. Trading to be fruitfulness- in Gen 1:28, Adam was asked to be fruitful. He was even asked to till the
land or cultivate it to get more produce. Making many out of few.
2.1. Methods of raising funds- Tithing, pledge, offering, harvest…
3. Taking care of the masters property
3.1. Promoting warm fellowship activities and worship experiences maintains the congregants.8
3.2. The ‘keeping’ in 2:15 means that a good steward will also takes care of the ecology, not to spoil
it or allow it to be eroded9
4. Accountability and transparency
4.1. The stewards in Matt 25 were accountable and transparent to their master.
4.2. In the Church, the pastors are accountable to Christians and Bishop. Above all, they are
accountable to God.
4.3. Thus, accountability requires right use of resources available to avoid being disciplined. For
instance, in the right use of skilled people for the right jobs- Samuel Kobia says: “each of our
member churches have many women and women who have specialized skills in various sectors
of our economy who can work for the Church.”10
5. For good stewardship, stewards set goals and plan on how to accomplish those goals.
Why do Christians refuse to give?

1. Laziness 4. Administration failures- does not update Christians, poor
2. Dishonest budgeting, lack innovations, unreliable treasurer
3. Spiritual hunger 5. unfaithfulness, irregularity
Time management and organization skills

8
Shenk ed., 103.
9
Geoffrey P. Ngumi and Samuel Kobia eds., “Together in Hope the official report of the Mission conference” in J. N.
Mugambi, Christian Mission and Social Responsibility (Nairobi: Uzima 1989), 71.
10
Samuel Kobia in Mugambi, 12
1. Plan your work
1.1. Draw programs: Sunday services, fellowships, seminars, rallies, pastoral visitation
2. Be a model of time management
3. Don’t make a habit of postponing your meeting or time of meeting- the flock will discover that you
are never serious
3.1. Keep your word- be disciplined
Group dynamics
Meaning
1. Group dynamics was a term which was originary used by Kurt Lewin (1948). It describes what goes
on in small groups. In this, Lewin was interested in how group climates and processes influence the
interaction of members within groups and ultimate outcomes.
2. In the Church, we have various groups: Sunday school, youth, KAMA, MU, development
committees…
Benefits of group dynamics

1. In group dynamics, different groups are assigned different duties for easier management.
1.1. For instance, Sunday school group can manage Sunday school issues… Here, the climate and
processes will be different from those of other groups. The climate will relate to children and so
will be the instruments used.
2. When people are involved in decision making, they own the project. With small groups, power is
shared because people are involved in decision making.
3. When people own the project, there is sustainability. They fund it and maintain it.
4. Useful talents come on board for the benefit of the Church. Member’s roles are determined and work
becomes easier for everyone. Compare Jethro advise to Moses (Ex 18:14-21)
5. Accountability and transparency is ensured because of the communication patterns within a group.
In small groups more people understand details more clearly because they can ask questions to
people who near or in the power.
6. Involve Sunday school, youth, KAMA, and MU in serving the Church.
DEVELOPING SKILLS IN PASTORAL MINISTRY

LEADERSHIP SKILLS
Definition
1. A leader is a person with a vision, a drive and a commitment to achieve that vision.
2. Achieving the vision requires strong skills of influencing people through relationships. Our concern
is to outline these very important leadership skills.
The leadership skills

1. Effective communication
1.1. It is more than just being able to speak and write. A leader’s communication must move people
to work toward the goal. “Without the ability to communicate, a leader cannot effectively share
his vision and call his people to act on that vision” [ CITATION Max95 \p 56 \l 1033 ]
1.2. Therefore:
1.2.1. Speak effectively in public gatherings
1.2.2. Carry an intelligible, interesting, and helpful conversations
1.2.3. Write interesting and effective letters and reports
1.2.4. Keep a personal journal
2. Motivation
2.1. A leader has to be able to motivate everyone to contribute. Each of us has different buttons. A
leader knows how to push the right buttons on everyone to make them really want to do their
best to achieve the leader’s goal.
2.2. Ways of motivating Christians:
2.2.1. Good sermons
2.2.2. Gifts- cards, money…
2.2.3. Attending to Christians’ special occasions
3. Build constructive relationships
3.1. Have a genuine concern for others
3.2. Understand that people have different personalities and accept them as they are
3.3. Listen attentively and thoughtfully
3.4. Maintain awareness of one’s own perspective (viewpoint)
3.5. Discern the boundaries of appropriate communication
3.6. Positively contribute to others
3.7. Appreciate and encourage others
3.8. Manage conflict
3.9. Forgive and ask forgiveness
3.10. Delegate responsibility
4. Planning
4.1. The leader plans to achieve his goals. He avoids to be bogged down by details.
4.2. Good planning is strategic and answers four important questions:
4.2.1. Where are we now? SWOT
4.2.2. Where do we want to go? VISION
4.2.3. How do we get there? STRATEGIES
4.2.4. How do we know we are there? EVALUATION
5. Role model
5.1. Has a positive track record of leading/influencing others by character, credibility and
competence
6. Positive attitude
6.1. Abundant mentality is enhanced.
7. Team player
7.1. Appreciates to work as a TEAM. Compare Jethro’s advice to Moses (Ex 18).
7.2. Committed and able to recruit and train new trainers; seeks to bring out the best in trainees
8. Exhibits good management and administrative skills; not controlling
CARING AND NURTURING

1. Healing ministry- visit the sick, troubled
2. Guidance ministry- listen to people’s needs and offer programs that can help- i.e. family life
seminars, hygiene lessons, bible study forums. Select a good method of training- preferably,
modeling
3. Sustainability ministry- encourage projects that can uplift people’s living standards- i.e. youth
ministry, Sunday School ministry, KAMA, MU, investment…
4. Reconciliation ministry- initiate counseling programs.
SPIRITUAL GROWTH
1. Prays regularly, fasts, studies the bible daily, honor the word of God…
2. Maintain spiritual disciplines- tithe, obey the word, sensitive to God’s will and guidance, has moral
integrity
3. Produce the fruit of the spirit love- love, joy
4. Exercises good stewardship- of time, money…
5. Gives priority to a balanced family life
6. Lives a sacrificial and moderate lifestyle
7. Builds accountability relationships
8. Is respectful of spiritual authority
9. Possesses a teachable spirit
10. Practices principles of biblical/Christian ethics
PASTORAL COUNSELING
Definition, purpose and goal of pastoral counseling
Definition of counseling
1. Dictionary:
1.1. to advice, to recommend, to guide, to educate, to instruct, …
2. Latin-to counsel is rendered as “to conciliate” which is to make friends with”
3. Hence, to counsel is to befriend, in order to advice or help someone
4. It is an attempt by the client and the counselor, patient and the pastor trying to discover the need or
problem, to enlighten on the painful situation and then try to find solutions to the problems.
5. “It helps a person find an answer but, the counselor does not give answers, but helps the learner to
work at it”.11 Counseling helps people face their lives and find answers to their lives and grow and
develop to maturity.
6. It is restoring the former life to a state of functioning. To illustrate: In a hospital both the patient
and the healer participate to bring about the healing. It is not the patient alone who makes healing,
nor the doctor, nor the medicine, it is the combination of the three.
7. Is where a therapeutic or healing relationship technically called a rapport (bridge) is established
between the client and the counselor that dispels strangeness resulting to friendly atmosphere.
8. This is where a counselor has to indicate a measurable degree of confidentiality that breaks the
client’s suspicion, fear, and distrust. This creates trust and freedom
9. The relationship must create a social situation in which the client feel homely and perhaps
temporarily for the purpose of healing
10. Here, the counselor is seen as the ideal source of help. He is a father or mother who is loving to
embrace, help meet the desired needs
11. The relationship motivates and rekindles hope in the client
Purpose of counseling
1. To fulfill a Biblical mandate
2. To facilitate and quicken personality growth and development; help a person modify life patterns
3. To open people to new possibilities or new viewpoints which the person is blind about (Ex 18:13-26
Jethro visits Moses; 1 Sam 28:7-25 Consults Samuel for counsel)
4. Howard Clinebell says that the aim is: “… to help people handle their problem of living more
adequately and grow towards fulfilling their possibilities.”
Goals of counseling
1. Reduce anxiety so that the person may start thinking properly
2. To promote objectivity- to see things as they are as opposed to the pull of emotions
3. Enhance advancement in motivation or add more hope
4. Stimulate the ability to evaluate and confront guilt- help to deal with guilt constructively
5. To promote a growing self concept which is achieved by a closure relationship between self
perception and experience
6. Increase skill in interpersonal relationship- between you and your neighbor
7. Stimulate a growing confidence in facing the future
8. Enhance a true concept of God and understanding his loving nature
9. To grow people in Christ likeness in attitude and behavior. This is achieved when one practices the
precepts of Jesus in both intra-personal
10. To grow ability to express Christian faith
NB: The ultimate goal is to effect positive change in the life of the client.
11
Peter Van Lierop, Pastoral counseling, Nairobi: Christian Churches Educational Association, 1991:2
Characteristics and qualities of a counselor

1. Spiritually upright
1.1. Prayerful/ meditates the word of God
1.2. God fearing
2. Presentable
2.1. Appreciate greeting
2.2. Be friendly to establish a rapport- make the client feel at ease, importance
2.3. Show acceptance, love, kindness
2.4. Physically, socially, spiritually,
2.5. Avoid being tired, dirty, moody, crying- on the face of the client.
3. Empathy (Rn 12:15)
3.1. Clients are not happy with people who sympathize for them. Instead, they prefer people who
understand their situation. Sympathizers feel sorry for the client’s situation.
3.2. A sympathizer may say: “Oh, never mind dear, I feel sorry for you. Can I borrow…”
3.3. An Empathizer may opt to keep silent or say: “It must be awful for you. I have listened to you
and I am beginning to understand and feel with you in this”
4. Confidentiality
4.1. Clients wants persons who will keep secrets
5. A Good Listener
5.1. Think of a counselor who goes to sleep while the client is narrating the story or think of a
counselor who keeps on looking outside while in process of counseling somebody
5.2. Proverbs 18:13 “If one gives answer before he hears, it is folly and shame”
6. Non- judgmental (calmness and confidence)
6.1. Don’t jump at conclusions-cp Jobs complain in 19:1-3 “How long will you torment me, and
break me in pieces with words…”
6.2. Don’t think you know what’s wrong
6.3. Be neutral, impartial,
7. Competence
7.1. Well equipped with knowledge and wisdom to counsel
7.2. Criticize wisely
7.3. self control-anger, emotions, distance between you and client
8. Ability to motivate/ encourage the client.
8.1. Compare Jesus and the rich man.
9. Honest and transparent- no need to fake things out.
10. Persistence
10.1. Consider word of Paul to Col 1:28-29
10.2. Uses words like toil, striving, energy-to achieve his end
Ethics in Counseling
Meaning
1. Ethics in counseling means the standards of conduct based on a set of professional values and moral
decision making regarding professional behavior.
2. Sometimes different institutions have their own code of ethics for their professions. These codes do
not provide all the answers but do provide information on the most common issues and provide some
uniformity between practitioners.
3. Having a code of ethics is not a guarantee that the individual practitioner will follow them. However,
it is expected that members of an organization do adhere to the code of ethics.
Areas
1. Confidentiality-
1.1. Ethically, the client and counselor agree to keep information secret before counseling sessions
begin.
1.2. However, the counselor takes the responsibility to inform the client of when they can and when
they cannot maintain confidentiality. The client signs an informed consent form that states that
he or she is aware that there are specific times the counselor cannot maintain confidentiality,
such as when the client is a danger to himself or others or when the counselor is a witness to a
court and has no protection to withhold information.
2. It is advisable to work within one’s competence. Counselors have an ethical responsibility to present
their qualifications and experience truthfully. It is ethically right to refer cases to more qualified
persons.
2.1. In any counseling, one begins by determining the type counseling needed. Check on those who
can be helped by someone more effectively, those who do not respond to your help after 5 or so
sessions, those needing specialized personnel, those with chronic financial needs, and those who
need medical care, the severely depressed or suicidal…
2.2. Create this expectation. Mention the possibility of referral early in the relationship, explaining
why it is important12
2.3. Start where the person is in his perception of the problem and the kind of help that is needed
2.4. Work close to bring the counselee’s perception of the problem and its solution close enough to
the counselor’s perception to permit the referral to take place. This takes time.
2.5. Interpret the general nature of the help which the person may expect to receive, relating it to the
persons own sense of need
2.6. Establish a rapport that bridges the client to the referral
2.7. Attempt motivation
2.8. Let the person know that the pastoral concerns continues
3. Ethically, counselors uphold high moral standards.
3.1. Counselors should never engage in a sexual relationship with a client. Otherwise, having sexual
affairs with the client impairs the counselor’s judgment and objectivity making it difficult to
provide services.
3.1.1. A counselor who has sexual feelings for a client may need to refer the client.
3.2. Respect clients regardless of who they are
3.3. Does not come to counseling sessions drunk
4. Counter transference
4.1. This is where the counselor projects feelings and attitudes that distort the way he or she
perceives a client. Perceptions of a client are influenced by the counselor's own past
experiences. Counter transference may result in the counselor being overprotective, treating the
client too cautiously, seeing herself in the client, developing romantic or sexual feelings for the
client, giving advice instead of therapy, or developing a social relationship with the client.
4.2. Counter transference is not all bad and may make the counselor feel more empathetic of the
client and more aware of their own feelings. When it becomes problematic, though, the
counselor should deal with feelings through consultation, supervision, or personal therapy.
5. Financial issues
5.1. Counselors in private practice will have to set fees for their services. They must generate
enough income to cover salaries and other business expenses. However, if fees are too high,
clients will go elsewhere. If fees are too low, the clients may feel the counselor must not be as
good as others who charge more.
Pastoral care for the minister’s family

Introduction
12
Howard Clinebell, Understanding and Counseling the Alcoholic, Nashville: Abingdon press, 1968:183.
1. The pastor’s family is very significant for the success in the ministry. A troublesome family makes
the work of the pastor very difficult. To make his/her work easier, it is advisable to render pastoral
care to the pastor’s family
Factor’s to consider in the pastoral care of pastor’s family

Support from the Christians
1. Pray that the pastor will not burn out but have passion to know Christ and the power of His
resurrection and the fellowship of sharing in His sufferings (Phil. 3:10).
1.1. Pray too that the Lord strengthens and protects the pastor and his family against the attacks of
the enemy (2 Thess. 3:3), and their household to always choose to serve God (Josh. 24:15).
2. Hospitality
2.1. Inviting the family for a meal
2.2. Supporting the family with various gifts
3. Protecting the pastor from the enemies of the ministry
The pastor on his part
The Pastor should grow his family in a wholistic way so that it can be a model for other families.
1. Physical
1.1. Balanced diet, eat at right time,
1.2. Dress modestly, smart, clean,
1.3. A good clean office, home,
1.4. Stable family, friendly at work/ Church
1.5. Healthy- knows status
2. Psychological
2.1. Brain functions properly- sound mind
2.2. Stress free environments or able to manage stress
2.3.
3. Economical
3.1. Hard working
3.2. Not dependent
3.3. Able to support family
3.4. Good investor
3.5. Not extravagant
4. Social
4.1. Able to relate with other people
4.2. Friendly
4.3. Found in weddings, funerals, and other social activities
5. Spiritual
5.1. Family and individual Prayerful
5.2. God fearing
5.3. Loves word of God
African Tradition counseling

Meaning
1. African traditional Counseling refers to the ways African helped people to solve their problems.
2. The word given was not counseling (which is a modern word), but it did have many characteristics
of counseling as it is understood today. Commonly, counseling was part of the traditional
educational system of the community. Counsel was given in various forms, the most common of
which were giving advice and sharing of wisdom to young generations13
3. This was a counseling which was done by various people within the community.
3.1. Those in authority-chiefs, leaders or elders, fathers, aunts, grandparents, magicians
3.2. Not limited to one person. You only counsel on your field.
3.3. Groups in cases of disputes between individuals
Types of Counseling
1. Marital counseling
1.1. For the woman- cooking, prepared for childbirth, parenting, (vocational counseling)
1.2. For the man- protect wife, head of family, wealth,
1.3. Divorce counseling
1.3.1. Reasons for divorce: bride-wealth not in full, no child, bride not virgin at her wedding,
adultery, continued cruelty, breaking of taboos
2. Boys and girls counseling
2.1. Boy/ girl relationship- the don’t and dos, the taboos,
2.2. Prepared for adulthood- during their rites of passage
2.3. On good manners rather passing exams as today14
3. Career guidance
3.1. On job training- how to farm or milk or hunt, or be a medicine man
Process of counseling
1. Place for counseling was strategic
1.1. Fireplace (thome) among the Kikuyus
1.2. Kitchen while the mother was cooking
1.3. Field while training on various courses
1.4. Rivers as one waited to be circumcised
2. The parents and extended family attended the youth
3. Listened and responded either in proverbs or riddles or songs
4. Counseling involved more than just giving advice, some problems were solved by some ritual action,
of purification, cleansing, or compensation especially when one person had wronged the other.
5. There were different stages or sessions in life that humans went through before they were whole
6. Each stage had different ceremony- ceremonies called rites of passage. They ritualized the changes
though which each person passed from time to time
7. Rites had structural elements:15
7.1. Symbolic- actions within symbolized the changes taking place
7.2. Value- convey values that society wants
7.3. Role- introduction into a new role
8. Some rites of passage concern Birth, naming, initiation into adulthood, marriage, death and after
death.
9. This counseling was a lifelong activity. Kenyatta says that education began at birth and ended at
death.
Benefits of African Counseling

1. Counselors were all over
2. Counseling was relevant to people’s problems
3. It was a lifelong process
4. The society had values
5. All groups were considered
13
Harold Taylor, Tend my Sheep, (London: SPCK, 1992), 82.
14
Keith B. Anderson, Introductory course and African Traditional Religion, (Nairobi: Evangel Pub 1986), 110.
15
A Shorter, African culture and the Christian Church, (Chapman, 1973), 122ff
6. By training the young people, they trained future counselors.
Counseling skills
1. Attending the client with a caring behavior
1.1. Accepting techniques- employ welcoming facial expressions, tone voice, posture and distance.
2. Active listening- invite the client to tell you the whole story of what has happened. Verbal and non-verbal
communication without judging or evaluating.
3. Restating- saying in slightly different words what the client has said to clarify its meaning. - i.e. you mean to
say. This helps the counselor in understanding the clients statement
4. Questioning- Asking of open- ended, closed questions that lead to self exploration of “what” and “how” of the
behavior. This helps to get more information, stimulates thinking, and provides for further exploration
5. Following the counseling
6. Reflection- communicating understanding of the content of feelings. This is emphatic responding- i.e. Oh! I
understand what you say, I get you now. Letting the client know that he is understood.
7. Supporting- providing encouragement and reinforcement. This provides help when the client is facing a crisis,
or need of desired behaviors
8. Empathizing- identifying with the client by assuming their frame of references. This fosters trust in the
therapeutic relationship- encourages deeper levels of exploration
9. Initiating- taking actions to bring about client participation and introduce new direction in the client. This
increases the space for progress.
10. Confrontation- provokes the counselee with questions statements. This will make the client realize the
seriousness of the matter. This helps the client to be honest in self-investigation, to encourage full use of
potentials.
11. Giving of feedback- Expressing concrete and honest reactions based on observation of clients behavior. This
increases self-awareness
12. Understanding the issues and dynamics of the problems as they are presented to you.
13. Suggesting- Ability to make recommendations based on your understanding of your problem- this helps the
client to develop alternative courses to thinking and action
14. Protecting- safeguarding the client from unnecessary psychological risks. This helps in reducing possible risks
in participation in counseling
15. Silence techniques- refraining from verbal and non-verbal communication. This helps in fostering more space
for reflection and assimilation. It is used as a means of forcing the client to talk, moving his attention to the
task at hand.
16. Structuring techniques- need for structuring the counseling sessions as to the nature, the time limits, and the
goals of the relationship at hand. How long do you counsel in one session? What are the time, action, role-
limits? As a minister, obviously some certain moral practices cannot be condoned.
17. Terminating- helping the client to end a session. In this one prepares the client to assimilate and apply the
learning of the day
FIVE PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING

1. Establish a rapport
1.1. Climate setting- create a warm personal relationship
1.2. Greet the client by name, giving him a firm handshake and escorting him to the counseling room- this
gives the counselee self worth
1.3. Physical arrangement should be conducive- comfortable chairs, not recommended to sit behind a desk,
better sit in chairs facing each other or at 45 degrees as recommended by Carl Rogers 16 Note that clients
are uncomfortable facing the counselor in the eyes.
1.4. Attitude- feelings of warm, sincerity, non-judgmental, confidentiality- be careful when using
illustrations, they may affect the rapport.
2. Develop a catharsis of bottled up emotions
2.1. Catharsis- a word used in medicine, first by Aristotle and refers to a cleansing physically of the digestive
tract.
16
Peter Van Lierop, Pastoral Counseling (Nairobi: The Christian Churches Ed Association, 1992), 41.
2.2. In counseling it means the emotional ventilation by verbalizing one’s feelings. Allow the client to talk
out problems and feelings. Encourage him to use the “I” while expressing ideas, attitudes, hates, hope,
fears,…
2.3. Listen and don’t judge
2.4. Avoid the tendency of moralizing or generalizing about what the client feels.
2.5. Counselor is like a mirror. Reflects back carefully what the client says so that the client is able to see
himself.
2.6. Listen to facts and feelings and search for the underlying deeper meanings and feelings.
3. Acquire a tentative understanding of the persons internal frame
3.1. How does life look like in this person’s world? Is it dirty or full of guilt or perfection?
3.2. Think with the client but not for the client
3.3. Empathize- place yourself in the client’s situation.
3.4. This is opposed to the external frame of reference of looking at the client outwardly, making outward
judgments or comments- i.e. “This fellow is in trouble, I must find out what is eating the other and try to
help.” Three things block the counselors sensitivity:
3.4.1.Over concern with personality theories and counseling techniques
3.4.2.Pre mature attempts to think of possible solutions
3.4.3.Anxiety which produces unawareness of feelings of one’s own and the clients
4. Gain a diagnostic impression
4.1. During the acquiring of understanding, the diagnostic impression begins
4.2. Listen intently of the certain patterns or motifs in the persons problems
4.3. Help client discover the underlying problem as portrayed by the symptoms
4.4. Separate the problem from the client, the sinner and sin- this helps in saving the soul
5. Suggest an approach of obtaining help- solution can be obtained in two ways:
5.1. Point the way to the right source of help and him not the source
5.1.1.Jesus is our source of help
5.1.2.Homework- prescribe some assignment such as writing of autobiography, or reading some book or
article that will give a new perspective
5.1.3.Preparations for referral if the case is too complicated
5.2. Lead the client to find answers to problem
5.2.1.Help the person to think of some ways in which he can deal with the problem
5.2.2.Help the person to choose a solution
EIGHT STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

1. Defining the problem clearly. Go to the roots. Symptoms are aids not the real problems.
2. Assess how big the problem is and the causes of it..
2.1. Help the client examine the forces that hinder the solving of the problem
Helping forces Restraining forces
 Increased cost of cigarettes  Enjoyment
 Coughing a great deal  Relieving Tension
 Becoming easily tired  Everyone smokes
 Bad breath  The selling of cigarettes
 Cancer
2.2. Force field analysis was developed by Kurt Levin. In this, the problem is seen as a balance between
forces working in the opposite directions. Some helping the movement towards the desired state of
affairs and others restraining such movement. There is need to list all the helping and restraining forces.
Each force must be numbered in the order of important. Then choose one of the important forces about
which something could be done
2.3. Illustration on Cigarette smoking:
3. Work out possible ways of solving the problem
3.1. According to the theory of force field theory the changes in the present stages they will occur only as the
helping and restraining are changed so that the actual situation is altered
3.2. There are two ways of changing the situation: 1) Increasing the number of helping forces. This creates
impact. 2) Decrease the number of restraining forces.
4. Asses the possible different ways of solving the problem and make the first appointment
5. Choose one way of action to solve the problem- helps the counselee to decide and it is not the counselor.
6. Plan the steps of action- person to work out simple practical steps to solve the problem as he decided
7. Put the action into practice- Pray for him. The person has some confident that what he has decided to do is
right
8. Evaluate the success of the action
8.1. Express availability to meet at a later date to assess the success
8.2. Use prayer and bible sparingly. Only when you know what the person needs and what he beliefs about
Christian faith.
8.3. After praying or reading the Scripture give the person an opportunity to discuss his feeling regarding the
experience.
8.4. Do not use prayer and bible to make a person feel guilt, fear, doubt, but rather help the person to realize
the feelings. Help him to offer his fee
Sexual involvement of a counselor with clients

Scripture: 1Cor 11:1 (imitate me); ITim 3; Eph 5:21 (able to relate); Thess 2:10 (good conduct)
Meaning
1. This is an involvement of a counselor in intimacy affairs with the client.
2. Usually, this involvement is un ethical and is condemned.
When can a counselor find himself sexually involved with client?

1. Lack of professionalism
2. Un skilled to detect traps
3. Immoral
4. Lack of limits- hugs/ touches/ caressing/ romantic language/ places/ sitting arrangement / acceptance
5. Solo visiting
What are the effects of yielding?

1. Loss of trust
2. Loss of moral authority
3. Sin
How can we avoid?

1. Structure your sessions- set limits/ boundaries- Time/ Actions/ Role/ distance/
2. Have the door open in some sessions
3. Maintain the Personality of counselor- Integrity as a man of God/ bound by Christian ethics/
Honesty and sincerity/ blameless/ be faithful to calling
4. Be prayerful- God grant me the gift of seeing others as persons, let me see them not just as male or
female/ black or white/ rich or poor… Let me see their needs so that I can help them, Let me see
your purpose for them…Clinnebel
5. Respect your clients
6. As you feel with the client try to separate the anti-social tendencies. Feelings are causes of behavior
and a means for conveying the deep understanding of causes. Reflection of the counselee’s feelings
helps the counselee to see himself more objectively and to examine his deeper motives. Do
clarifications
7. Counselee must be informed that the counseling process is not magic
8. Control your support
A review of schools of counseling (covered earlier in DPY 101)

Psychoanalytical
Meaning
1. Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is
considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the founder of psychoanalysis. This therapy
explores how the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviours, with the aim of offering
insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy.
The Structural Model of mind
1. Freud (1923) developed a more structural model of the mind

comprising the entities id, ego and superego (what Freud called
“the psychic apparatus”). These are not physical areas within
the brain, but rather hypothetical conceptualizations of
important mental functions.
1.1. Freud assumed the id operated at an unconscious level

according to the pleasure principle (gratification from
satisfying basic instincts). The id comprises two kinds of
biological instincts (or drives) which Freud called Eros and
Thanatos.
1.1.1. Eros, or life instinct, helps the individual to survive;

it directs life-sustaining activities such as respiration,
eating and sex (Freud, 1925). The energy created by
the life instincts is known as libido.
1.1.2. In contrast, Thanatos or death instinct, is viewed as a set of destructive forces present in
all human beings (Freud, 1920). When this energy is directed outward onto others, it is
expressed as aggression and violence. Freud believed that Eros is stronger than Thanatos,
thus enabling people to survive rather than self-destruct.
1.2. The ego develops from the id during infancy. The ego's goal is to satisfy the demands of the id
in a safe a socially acceptable way. In contrast to the id the ego follows the reality principle as it
operates in both the conscious and unconscious mind.
1.3. The superego develops during early childhood (when the child identifies with the same sex
parent) and is responsible for ensuring moral standards are followed. The superego operates on
the morality principle and motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable
manner.
2. The basic dilemma of all

human existence is that each
element of the psychic
apparatus makes demands
upon us that are incompatible
with the other two. Inner
conflict is inevitable.
3. For example, the superego can

make a person feel guilty if
rules are not followed. When
there is conflict between the
goals of the id and superego,
the ego must act as a referee and mediate this conflict. The ego can deploy various defense
mechanisms (Freud, 1894, 1896) to prevent it from becoming overwhelmed by anxiety.
4. Defense Mechanism
5. Psychoanalytic therapy tends to look at experiences from early childhood to see if these events have
affected the individual’s life, or potentially contributed to current concerns. This form of therapy is
considered a long-term choice and can continue for weeks, months or even years depending on the
depth of the concern being explored.
Techniques
1. Free association
1.1. Free association involves you talking about whatever comes into your mind without censoring
or editing the flow of memories/ideas. Your therapist will encourage you to speak freely to help
you return to an earlier emotional state so they can better understand any recurrent patterns of
conflict you may be experiencing.
1.2. Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Typically Freud
would encourage his patients to talk freely (on his famous couch)
regarding their symptoms, and to describe exactly what was on their
mind.
2. Therapeutic transference
2.1. Transference relates to the way you may be transferring thoughts or feelings connected to
influential figures in your life (for example your parents or siblings) onto your therapist. While
this may not happen in every case, if it does your therapist should discuss transference with you
to help you gain further insight into the way you deal with people in your daily life.
3. Interpretation
3.1. A key element of psychoanalytic therapy is interpreting and 'reading between the lines'. While
your therapist is likely to stay relatively quiet and allow you to talk freely, they will occasionally
interject with thoughts or interpretations of the topics you discuss. Your psychoanalyst may also
ask you about your dreams; Freud wrote a lot on the subject of dream analysis and believed that
dreams were important resources for understanding the unconscious.
Applications of psychoanalytic therapy
1. Used by those with a specific emotional concern as well as those who simply want to explore
themselves
2. Suited to more general concerns such as anxiety, relationship difficulties, sexual issues or low self-
esteem. Phobias, social shyness and difficulties sleeping are further examples of areas that could be
addressed within psychoanalytic therapy.
Critics
1. Therapy may not be as useful to those with more specific or obsession-based concerns such as
obsessive compulsive behaviour, as you may be too concerned by your actions to participate fully.
Analytical
Meaning
1. Analytical school of counseling was developed by leading Swiss psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung. At
first, Jung worked with Freud for some time, they eventually parted ways due to differing theories.
2. Whilst Freud asserted that dreams and the unconscious are personal things contained within an
individual, Jung believed that the personal unconscious is only the top layer of a much deeper, larger
collective unconscious - the uncontrollable, inherited part of the human psyche which is made up of
patterns (archetypes) common to all humanity. These are the shared pool of memories, ideas, and
modes of thought. According to Jung, it comes from the life experience of one's ancestors and from
the entire human race.
3. In Jungian therapy, these patterns can explain why we have habits we cannot break, such as
addictions, depression and anxiety. Therefore the approach aims to analyze these archetypes in order
to better understand the human self. Through the process of self-awareness, transformation and
actualization, Jungian therapy can help individuals see what is out of balance in their psyche. This is
to empower them to consciously make changes that will help them to become more balanced and
whole.
Four major Archetypes

1. The self
1.1. The self represents the unification of the unconscious and conscious parts of the mind. It is
considered the overall design of wholeness, and is deemed the central governing archetype of
the human psyche. The creation of self is to live to the fullness of our being - something that is
typically achieved in our lifetime. Jung defined this instinctual process as 'individuation'. The
result is an individual in the real sense of the word - a whole and unique self that is resilient to
complexes. It is the aim of Jungian therapy to aid individuation.
2. The shadow
2.1. This archetype reflects deeper, darker elements of our psyche - our repressed ideas, instincts,
weaknesses, shortcomings and desires. Jung believed these latent dispositions are found in all
human beings and will appear in our dreams or visions, taking a variety of forms (i.e. appearing
as a specific animal or event). These experiences will often reveal deeper thoughts and fears.
2.2. The crucial thing is that, rather than accepting this element of their own psyche, some people
will project their shadow onto others. In Jungian analysis, the individual is encouraged to
integrate the shadow and the real self. This self-acceptance is considered key to wholeness.
3. The persona
3.1. The persona refers to how we present ourselves to the outside world. It is not our real self and
instead tends to be the good impression we want to put across to others. Alternatively, it may be
a false impression - a version of ourselves that we use to manipulate people's opinions and
behaviors. Often, we mistake our persona for our true self but the self-actualization and
awareness promoted in Jungian therapy helps us to separate the two. The persona then becomes
a distant part of the collective unconscious.
4. The Anima/Animus
4.1. These are the second most prevalent archetypes. Whilst the anima represents the 'feminine'
qualities of the male psyche, the animus represents the 'masculine' qualities in women. Jungian
analysis assumes that all men have feminine components in their psyche and vice versa. It is
also believed that these archetypes are representations of our true selves - the route to our souls -
and the source of all our creativity.
4.2. In the western world however, it has always been considered the done thing for these archetypes
to be suppressed. For example, men have been socially conditioned to curb any signs of
femininity, whilst women have been led to believe masculine qualities are unattractive. This can
lead to inner conflicts, which can limit our potential. Jungian therapy aims to help individuals
accept their anima/animus - uniting their unconscious and conscious - to help them feel whole.
Jungian techniques- talking therapy

1. Dream analysis
1.1. The Jungian analysis of dreams is based on Jung's assertion that dreams are "an anticipation in
the unconscious." They offer the ego information, advice, and constructive criticism of our
selves in an alternate perspective - challenging our ego to consider these. Ultimately our dreams
compensate any maladaptive attitudes and behaviours that are limiting our potential and it is the
aim of Jungian therapist to amplify this process to help facilitate a transformation of the psyche.
This may involve symbol analysis.
2. Word associations test
2.1. Also known as the 'free associations test' this method involves recording a client's average
response time to certain stimulus-words. The client is asked to say the first thing that comes to
their mind after the therapist says something. The response time is used to indicate activated
unconscious complexes related to certain problem words.
3. Creative activities
3.1. Other methods of Jungian therapy may include creative activities such as painting, drama,
dance, sand playing, listening to music, and dream journaling. These methods of self-expression
can help clients to engage with their active imagination and relieve inner creative qualities that
may be inhibited by moral or ethical values.
Humanistic
1. Humanistic school of counseling seek to provide a safe, supportive setting in which clients can find
their own path to self-fulfillment through insights and personal realizations.
Behaviouristic
1. Behaviouristic school of counseling focus on changing distressing behaviors, using the principles of
conditioning and learning to replace problem behaviors with more appropriate ones.
Reality
1. Reality school of counseling was developed by the American psychiatrist William Glasser in 1960s,
after working with teenage girls in a correctional institution and observing work with severely
disturbed schizophrenic patients in a mental hospital.
2. He observed that psychoanalysis did not help many of his patients change their behavior, even when
they understood the sources of it. Glasser felt it was important to help individuals take responsibility
for their own lives and to blame others less. Largely because of this emphasis on personal
responsibility, his approach has found widespread acceptance among drug- and alcohol-abuse
counselors, corrections workers, school counselors, and those working with clients who may be
disruptive to others.
Technique- emphasizes on personal responsibility

1. Reality therapy is based on the premise that all human behavior is motivated by fundamental needs
and specific wants.
2. The reality therapist first seeks to establish a friendly, trusting relationship with clients in which they
can express their needs and wants.
3. Then the therapist helps clients explore the behaviors that created problems for them. Clients are
encouraged to examine the consequences of their behavior and to evaluate how well their behavior
helped them fulfill their wants.
4. The therapist does not accept excuses from clients. Finally, the therapist helps the client formulate a
concrete plan of action to change certain behaviors, based on the client’s own goals and ability to
make choices.
Rogerian, etc.
1. It is Carl Rogers who developed Person-centered therapy, originally called client-centered therapy in
the 1940s and 1950s. Rogers believed that people, like other living organisms, are driven by an
innate tendency to maintain and enhance themselves, which in turn moves them toward growth,
maturity, and life enrichment. Within each person, Rogers believed, is the capacity for self-
understanding and constructive change.
Person-centered therapy emphasizes understanding and caring rather than diagnosis, advice, and
persuasion. Rogers strongly believed that the quality of the therapist-client relationship influences the
success of therapy. He felt that effective therapists must be genuine, accepting, and empathic. A genuine
therapist expresses true interest in the client and is open and honest. An accepting therapist cares for the
client unconditionally, even if the therapist does not always agree with him or her. An empathic therapist
demonstrates a deep understanding of the client's thoughts, ideas, experiences, and feelings and
communicates this empathic understanding to the client. Rogers believed that when clients feel
unconditional positive regard from a genuine therapist and feel empathically understood, they will be
less anxious and more willing to reveal themselves and their weaknesses. By doing so, clients gain a
better understanding of their own lives, move toward self-acceptance, and can make progress in
resolving a wide variety of personal problems.
Person-centered therapists use an approach called active listening to demonstrate empathy—letting

clients know that they are being fully listened to and understood. First, therapists must show through
their body position and facial expression that they are paying attention—for example, by directly facing
the client and making good eye contact. During the therapy session, the therapist tries to restate what the
client has said and seeks clarification of the client’s feelings. The therapist may use such phrases as
“What I hear you saying is…” and “You’re feeling like…” The therapist seeks mainly to reflect the
client’s statements back to the client accurately, and does not try to analyze, judge, or lead the direction
of discussion. For example:
Client: I always felt my husband loved me. I just don’t understand why this happened.
Therapist: You feel surprised by the fact that he left you, because you thought he loved you. It comes
as a real surprise.
Client: M-hm. I guess I haven’t really accepted that he could do this to me. A big part of me still loves
him.
Therapist: You seem to still be hurting from what he did. The love you have for him is so strong.
Many therapists, not just those of humanistic orientation, have adopted elements of Rogers’s approach.
Speaking to a doctor or counselor about the issues you are facing should help you establish which
therapy approach would work best for you.
COUNSELING CONCERNING HEALTH, ILLNESS, DYING.

Those with disabilities, chronic illness, HIV/AIDS.
Those with disability
Introduction
1. People with Disabilities are persons with physical, sensory, or mental impairments that can make
performing an everyday task more difficult.
2. Some disabilities, such as a broken hip, may be temporary; others are relatively minor, such as
vision impairments that can be modified by corrective lenses. Other disabilities classified as severe
may not represent a handicap—that is, the inability to take part in community life on an equal level
with others. For instance, a person who uses a wheelchair may be able to live independently if
physical and social barriers to mobility have been removed.
Issues
1. Psychological Abuse
1.1. Emotionally they are considered to have no feelings. Some even find it difficult to marry.
1.2. Low self esteem. Some feel that they are not complete human beings.
2. Social abuse
2.1. Some disabled people are denied opportunities to interact with people. For instance, the
societies that have structures that are not friendly to persons with disability are abusive.
3. Economy
3.1. Some disabled persons are subjected to begging in the streets.
3.2. Some people even use the disabled to fundraise for their own benefits
3.3. Some institutions are discriminative in employment
4. Stereotypes
4.1. Disabled are labeled as weak, un able to perform. This label is destructive because it denies the
disabled opportunities of job employment even in areas they are capable. Everybody has some
weaknesses of some type.
Counseling the disabled

1. Create awareness on where the disabled can receive protection.
1.1. The constitution of Kenya has given the disabled rights for employment
1.2. Therefore, let the disabled know that they are protected by the law of the land and any abuser
can be prosecuted in a court of law
2. Stimulate opportunities on impairments that can be modified
2.1. Some vision impairment can be modified by corrective lenses.
2.2. Further, some hearing impairment can also be assisted using hearing aids.
3. Promote and support disabled centers.
3.1. These are places where the disabled can be referred for further assistance.
4. Sensitize on the need to train on Braille or sign language so that people can be communicating with
the visionary and hearing impaired persons respectively.
5. Advocate for policies that can enforce construction of structures that are disabled friendly.
6. Sensitize the community to respect the disabled. Try to work against the stereotypes that people have
on the disabled.
6.1. Create awareness that we are all disabled in one way or the other. Let people know that there
none who is perfect.
Those with Chronic illness or HIV/AIDS
Issues
1. Cost of medical bills
2. Cause or modes of transmission especially for HIV/AIDS
2.1. Curse?
2.2. HIV/AIDS
2.2.1. Sexual intercourse for HIV/AIDS
2.2.2. Mother to Child transmission
2.2.3. Blood transfusion
2.2.4. Injections
2.2.5. Circumcision
2.3. Chronic diseases
2.3.1. Lifestyle
2.3.2. Genetic
3. Family stress
Counseling those with chronic illness or HIV/AIDS

1. Supportive counseling
1.1. Encourage fundraising where the medical bills for the chronically ill are very high and the
family is un able to meet the cost
2. Offer creative prayer and comfort the ill persons. The prayers should be short and relevance.
3. Avoid quoting a lot of scripture
4. Avoid condemnation.
5. Be good listener
6. Encourage expression of feelings
7. Encourage looking to the future gently
8. Challenge irrational and unrealistic talk
8.1. For instance, the belief that one is cursed.
9. Stimulate good lifestyle
9.1. Eating balanced diet
10. Encourage fellowship of the chronically ill
10.1. This helps them to be more courageous once they realize they are not alone.
11. Encourage adherence to medicine as prescribed by the doctor.
11.1. Failure, this worsens the chances of getting well.
11.2. For instance, the HIV virus mutates to something else and treatment becomes more
expensive.
12. Encourage the patients to consult the doctor once symptoms and pain increases.
13. Counsel the family- Language: kind words create self-esteem; Need to support- be sensitive of their
needs: love, fire, warm clothes, bracket; Impress some knowledge of how the elderly behaves:
nagging, importance; Fellowships; Walking with children or doing some shopping…
14. Spiritual counseling
14.1. Use religious recourses: prayer, scripture, H/C…
14.2. The pastor’s presence as a man of God instills confidence brings hope, faith and courage.
The elderly and the ageing

1. Issues
1.1. Require help in the solution of practical details of living:
1.2. Causes of their problem-
1.2.1. Physical-loss of teeth, hair, weight/wrinkles/sensory changes/sexual changes/disease
1.2.2. Health-body aches/walking is a problem
1.2.3. Mental-declining ability to think/forget/making of decisions i.e. will writing is a threat,
1.2.4. Economical-retirement/finances/limited income
1.2.5. Social-loss of social contact, friends/taken as a burden/need to change home if health is
changing rapidly
1.2.6. Spiritual-can’t find meaning in life(Eccl 12:13)/face rejection and frustration
1.2.7. Interpersonal- don’t even know how to get assistance, not able to care for himself
2. The process
2.1. Attitude- Acceptance=respect, honest, and hope enhancement
2.2. Encourage physical examination
2.3. Give them opportunity to talk their problems- supportive counseling, education counseling i.e.
The sexual satisfaction
2.4. Family counseling-Encourage the elderly to live with the children. Encourage the elderly to
accept their conditions and if need be bless their families
2.5. Counsel the family- Language: kind words create self-esteem; Need to support- be sensitive of
their needs: love, fire, warm clothes, bracket; Impress some knowledge of how the elderly
behaves: nagging, importance; Fellowships; Walking with children or doing some shopping…
2.6. Spiritual counseling
2.6.1. Use religious recourses: prayer, scripture, H/C…
2.6.2. The pastor’s presence as a man of God instills confidence brings hope, faith and courage.
2.6.3. Creative use of prayer: - apply to the needs of the people. Must contain quietness when
dealing with troubled people. Brief and simple prayers for people in need. Bring forth the
specific needs
2.7. Referral counseling
2.7.1. Prepare the client for effective referral ministry- possibilities to be considered:
communities for the aged- often known as retirement villages, residential hotels, nursing
homes…
2.7.2. Start where the person is – establish enough rapport with the aged
2.7.3. Interpret the general nature of help needed relating to the elderly sense of need.
2.7.4. Let the aged know care continues
2.8. Preventing Old age- Realistic planning- financial adviser, plan retirement; Realistic attitudes-
care for the elderly; Education and activity- use mind and exercise bodies; Spiritual growth.
COUNSELING PEOPLE FACING DEATH AND BEREAVED
Introduction
1. To counsel people who are facing death and bereavement (state of loss resulting from the death of a
loved one), a full understanding of the meaning of death, stages of grieving, experiences at different
stages, effects, symptoms, and techniques of handling each situation.
Meaning and place of death

1. Death and Dying, the irreversible cessation of life and the imminent approach of death. Death
involves a complete change in the status of a living entity—the loss of its essential characteristics.
2. In modern times, death has been thought to occur when the vital functions cease—breathing and
circulation (as evidenced by the beating of the heart). This view has been challenged, however, as
medical advances have made it possible to sustain respiration and cardiac functioning through
mechanical means. Thus, more recently, the concept of brain death has gained acceptance. In this
view, the irreversible loss of brain activity is the sign that death has occurred. A majority of the
states in the United States had accepted brain death as an essential sign of death by the late 1980s.
3. Even the concept of brain death has been challenged in recent years, because a person can lose all
capacity for higher mental functioning while lower-brain functions, such as spontaneous respiration,
continue. For this reason, some authorities now argue that death should be considered the loss of the
capacity for consciousness or social interaction. The sign of death, according to this view, is the
absence of activity in the higher centers of the brain, principally the neocortex.
4. Society's conception of death is of more than academic interest. Rapidly advancing medical
technology has raised moral questions and introduced new problems in defining death legally.
Among the issues being debated are the following: Who shall decide the criteria for death—
physicians, legislatures, or each person for him- or herself? Is advancement of the moment of death
by cutting off artificial support morally and legally permissible? Do people have the right to demand
that extraordinary measures be stopped so that they may die in peace? Can the next of kin or a legal
guardian act for the comatose dying person under such circumstances? All these questions have
acquired new urgency with the advent of human tissue transplantation. The need for organs must be
weighed against the rights of the dying donor.
5. As a result of such questions, a number of groups have sought to establish an individual's “right to
die,” particularly through the legal means of “living wills” in which an individual confers the right to
withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment upon family members or legal figures. By 1991, 40 states in
the United States had recognized the validity of some form of living-will arrangement, although
complex questions remain to be settled in all these instances.
5.1. Death is natural and reminds man that he is finite and limited
5.2. Man is born to die
Things that people experience when they react to sudden (or even expected) death
1. Each experiences grief in one’s own stage. Grief is the emotional response to death or other loss of a
loved one. The counseling of dying patients and their loved ones (Thanatology, study or science of
the experience of dying and bereavement) is commonly based on allowing the client to utilize the
general model of the experience of dying that has been proposed by Kübler-Ross.in their (1969-
Swiss born psychiatrist) and others. The stages:
1.1. Denial
1.1.1. “No not me, it cannot be true!”- denies the immanent of death
1.1.2. Denial versus panic
1.2. Anger- Irritabiity
1.2.1. “Why me?”
1.2.2. Anger versus depression
1.2.3. Let the person express feelings
1.2.4. Anger does not equal to unloving but to depression. The opposite of love is indifference.
1.3. Bargaining
1.3.1. “May be not me”- negotiation stage
1.3.2. If God will heal me then I will serve him
1.3.3. Believes if he does this or that it may not happen
1.4. Depression
1.4.1. The feeling of guilt about the deceased i.e. if you did not play your role such as
encouraging parishioners to care for the terminally ill or other needful cases
1.4.2. Symptoms- weakness, loss of weight
1.4.3. Hope versus despair
1.5. Acceptance
1.5.1. “Yes, it is me!” (Ps 23)
1.5.2. No more anger, death is real, it can’t be denied
1.5.3. Requests to be left alone
1.5.4. Sometimes holding a hand, remaining silent and close to the dying person is meaningful17
2. William Worden identified four tasks :
2.1. To accept the reality of loss
2.2. To feel and accept the pain of the loss
17
Peter Van Lierop, Pastoral Counseling, (Nairobi: The Christian Churches Ed Association, 1992), 132.
2.3. To adjust to a life with the deceased person
2.4. To form new relationship and change the existing ones (hardest task)
3. The process may not follow chronologically. It can take time depending on the circumstances
4. Grieving is more difficult when it is a case of suicide, murder, heart failure… The age of the person
who has died is also significant.
5. The case of a spouse is even more difficult- the child is even greater. The closure the relationship the
greater the grieving. The greater the dependency, the great the grief.
6. Different cultures have different modes of grieving.
7. -Shock (physical as well as emotional, emptiness, weakness, collapse), disorganization (no
concentration, depression, loneliness, physical health deteriorates), and reorganization (bereaved
gradually return to normal) 18
8. Physical distress- fainting, muscles are not strong, walking aimlessly
9. Frequent thought about the dead person. Recall the old memories and you feel detached. If no care is
taken, the bereaved may withdraw.
How can we help someone who has lost a loved one?
1. It is important to demonstrate that death is not the end of life but a beginning of new life (cp Matt
5:4)
2. Understand what the patient is going through- emotional needs:19 the threat of death itself which is
frightening, separation from the loved ones and friends and loss of everything. Counseling in such a
situation is concerned with helping patients and loved ones to grieve naturally, without repressing
their emotions.
3. See how the patient is going through the valley of death and how he passes through various stages
4. Understand the expectations of the family and also of the patient- what are the attitudes
5. help in finding the meaning and purpose of life- to gain life perspectives
6. Teach the facts
7. Encourage or don’t disrupt the person to take the necessary grieving
8. Encourage the person to express their feelings- anger, fear, disappointment, tears,
9. Encourage the person to talk about the dead person. Let him not repress those feelings
10. Help with any physical need if you can
11. If needed help the person with funeral arrangement
12. Visit the mourning person
13. When the mourning person is ready to make certain decisions, help is required to make the necessary
changes
14. Sometimes the bereaved person talk to someone who have gone through the same and is injured by
certain statements
15. Encourage the person to adjust to the new reality to make new friends and develop new skill.
16. The Church or community role is vital- there is use of religious resources such as prayer, scripture,
H/C, devotional literature- comforting, nurturing, inspiring, guiding and also give the client
opportunity to empty feelings. Also it is important to prescribe some activity that will keep the client
functioning. This diminishes the tendency to retreat to depression.
Effects of grief
1. Grief can go to extreme and become very complicated.
2. Shock, numbness, un able to talk
3. Denial
4. Intense crying
18
Ibid, 225.
19
Taylor, 224.
5. A lot of sorrow, restlessness, apathy- not interested in anything, sleep disturbances, loneliness,
depression, anger, withdrawal, forgetfulness, funny dreams, loss of interest in sex,
Extreme prolonged grief (symptoms)

1. Unwilling to talk about the deceased
2. Threats of self-destruction
3. Persistent depression
4. Psycho-somatic illness- aching here and there
5. Un realistic happy attitude
6. Intense busyness.
Counseling and grief

1. Avoid unhealthy dependency. Don’t let the grieving person depend on you. If you let them burden
you that is wrong
2. Be good listener
3. Don’t discourage cultural rituals that are not harmful
4. Pray and comfort
5. Encourage talking about the deceased
6. Encourage expression of feelings
7. Avoid quoting a lot of scripture
8. Talk about the grief process
9. Encourage looking to the future gently
10. Challenge irrational and unrealistic talk-how. Walk with the person gently. Be prepared to make
referral if need be.
Counseling children
1. Important to allow children to grief
2. Bear in mind their age/ how closely they were to the bereaved
3. when they ask questions give answers
4. Allow them to talk when they want
5. They need a person they can trust
Counseling when a child has died

1. There is often intense reaction- parental tension i.e. blaming one another
2. Breakdown of communication
3. Conflict
4. Focus on marriage: why did we marry?
APPROPRIATE REFERRAL BY THE COUNSELOR TO A MEDICAL PRACTITIONER
1. Meaning
1.1. Not a failure but a helping tool
1.2. Need for specialized help
2. Determining
2.1. Those who can be helped more effectively by someone-else
2.2. Those not responding to help offered by counselor
2.3. Those with problems that have specialized agencies around
2.4. Those with chronic financial needs
2.5. Those needing Medicare and institutionalization
2.6. The severely depressed or suicidal
2.7. Those needing intensive psychotherapy
3. How it is done
3.1. Preparations done- choices within the community are known
3.2. Create expectations early in relationship
3.3. Start where the person is- how does he perceive referral?
3.4. Interpret the general nature of help that the client expects to receive relating to the client’s own
sense of need
3.5. Recall the importance of rapport
3.6. Let the person know that he is not being thrown away-care continues
RELATIONAL COUNSELING: MARRIAGE AND FAMILY COUNSELING

MARRIAGE
1. Definition
1.1. Marriage is divinely ordained. It was part of the order of creation.
1.2. Interpersonal union between a man and a woman who have made commitment to each other to
live together.
1.3. Commitments made are recognized by the church and the society as life time bonds
1.4. Entering into a covenant that includes rituals, signs, witnesses, and even feasting.
2. Purpose of marriage
2.1. Sexual union- (sex love= eros in greek) no intercourse no marriage
2.2. Intimate relationship- (Self-giving love=Agape) everyone wants to be loved.
2.3. Companionship- (Philia) walking hand in hand pleases you or that voice of her or him makes
you feel good. Somebody to share your secrets, dreams, future- with.
3. What does accepting to marry mean?
3.1. Accepted the person as he is, poor or rich, bad or good
3.2. Have someone to share your dreams with
3.3. It is accepting to submit as Paul tells Ephesians 5:24 Listen to St Augustine: “If God had a
woman rule over man, he would have taken her from Adam’s head. Had he destined her to be
his slave then he would have taken her from his feet. But God took the woman out of the man’s
side for he made her to be a help mate and an equal to him.” The motive is not power but love
and find its source in Jesus Christ. Do your role as wife or husband.
4. Problems in marriage
4.1. Mixed goals in marriage
4.2. Domestic violence, separation, divorce
4.3. Communication- relations,
4.4. Finance/property – How do you spend your income? Whose bread winner?
4.5. Handling sex- Sexual adjustments can be made through various forms of compromise and
understanding. What about sex outside marriage?
4.6. Family planning-
4.7. Parenting- in disciplining children, there is need for parents to talk over. Both parents should
discipline the children not the mother waiting for the father
4.8. Single parents and single families- when either the spouse is off duty.
5. What are some of the causes of marriage problems: 3 categories
5.1. Intra- personal (within the person)
5.1.1. All that a person brings into marriage- people have been brought up differently either by
a single parents or grandparents…that leads to distinct levels of maturity
5.1.2. Ignorance and mis-information. “I didn’t really know what marriage was all about!”
5.1.3. Immaturity- “I wanted to get away from home and getting married was the best way”
5.1.4. Personality difficulties- people who in their boyhood/girlhood have experienced little
love
5.1.5. Lack of faith
5.2. Inter-personal
5.2.1. In compatibility
5.2.2. Infidelity- dishonesty, untruthfulness,
5.2.3. Cruelty- don’t care, wants to give up
5.2.4. Sex, sheer ignorant about sex
5.3. Environmental
5.3.1. Lack of finances
5.3.2. Family including the in-laws
5.3.3. Fellow workers
MARRIAGE COUNSELING
1. Goals of marital counseling20
1.1. Help the couple to perceive themselves and their mates in their marriage roles and how they
understand their relationship to each other. To reflect on their relationship
1.2. Help them to adjust to certain situations in marriage- to accept what cannot be changed
1.3. Help them to find the need of setting joint goals
1.4. Help each to understand the other and his role in marriage
1.5. Help to communicate their feelings to one another again. There are three recommended
conditions which they should state:
1.5.1. I don’t blame or attack you, I am responsible for my feeling
1.5.2. I don’t really defend myself
1.5.3. Working on what is being said and finding some level of agreement
1.6. The overall goal is to help the couple work out their solutions to their problems to the advantage
of them both
2. Structure in the counseling setting
2.1. See both separately at separate times
2.2. See both together
2.3. See only one
2.4. See one separately(the other is referred to another counselor)
3. However, every effort should be made to see the two people together although there are many times
when one partner refuses to see the counselor.
When only one comes, Clinnebel advices that:
3.1. The focus must be the problem of the person whereby he/she can do something about it.
3.2. Take the shortest time possible to talk about the absent partner.
3.3. The pastor must not take sides
3.4. Do not try to sympathize with one client- this can ruin the counseling
3.5. The pastor must accept the reality that distortions about the real situation will be there
4. How can the pastor help a married couple?

4.1. The major task is to help the couple to identify the problem. Couple are experts of their
marriage and have the resources t identify the problem with the help from the counselor
4.2. The counselor helps in identifying where the breakdown in communication lies and lets to
couple to talk again
4.3. Help in identification of role- do some clarification and always remember, your role is to
facilitate. The couple does the most talking.
5. What is family counseling

5.1. It is similar to marriage counseling except that in family counseling more people are involved
5.2. Goal is to help the members to solve their problems to the advantage of each member
5.3. Hold family meetings. This requires a great skill.
20
Peter Van Lierop, Pastoral counseling, (Nairobi: The Christian Churches Ed Association, 1991), 69.
6. How can one help a couple to develop marriage relationship?
1. Categorize them according to their years of marriage
2. Speak out the three ingredients of a better marriage
1.1. Commitment to growth-
1.2. Communication skills- many marriages fail because of communication
breakdown, people know how to talk of negatives but not positives
1.3. Creative use of conflict- marriage is not a bed of roses. For example, one way of
preventing anger is by building self-confidence and understanding oneself.
PRE-MARITAL RELATIONS AND PREMARITAL COUNSELING

2. Help in choosing the right partner
2.1. Let the youth know that there is no definite formula in choosing Mr. or Mrs. Right
2.2. However, some sign posts are: common interest and goals, understanding each other’s family
background, maturity emotionally and age, personality, reliability, industrious, and religious.
3. Help the young couple to look at each other and draw their fitness
4. How to go about relationships
4.1. Respect your friend- Respect your bodies until the wedding day. See how Joseph respected
Mary and wanted to divorce her secretly since he didn’t want to disgrace her (Matt 1:19).
Understand your friend’s feelings. Friends agree and they disagree at the same time. Respect
each others secrets. Don’t use flattering language that is too good to be true. For example: “You
are like sugar in my tea/ or whenever I see you, I miss a heart beat/ or I love you so much that I
can’t eat without you.”
4.2. Practice moderation- avoid spending too much of you time on letter writing and dates. Make
priorities.
4.3. Avoid occasions of temptation- Meet in the open, not in the dark corners, and at odd hours, or
lonely places, when you are only the two of you. Also avoid petting and kissing. A girl should
avoid dating during the middle phase of her cycle as at that time her body is emotionally week
especially in an atmosphere of sexual excitement.21
4.4. Avoid idleness- Two young lovers cannot afford to be doing nothing.
4.5. Read good books
4.6. Seek good counsel- Jesus is the best counselor
5. Share some consequences of premarital sex
5.1. Corruption of mind- distorted ideas about sex. Patterned by porn, mass media, entertainment,
songs,
5.2. Fornication- sin
5.3. Wrong idea of sex- sex done in fear and at the wrong place and time can be very painful and
frightening. The same fear could be carried in marriage, making normal sexual experiences
problematic
5.4. Adolescent pregnancy- this could lead to trauma and dropping out of school or abortion.
5.5. Abortion- besides killing, there is guilt feelings that lead to depression, probability of future
sterility, and permanent injury or even death.
5.6. Contraceptives- they encourage promiscuity
5.7. Promiscuity/Prostitution - sex with many partners that can lead even to STDS
5.8. Frustration and depression- that can even lead to suicide
6. Discourage marriage if immaturity futures up
7. Help them plan their home, living the Christian married life, point out what a Christian marriage
entails, and what problems to encounter
8. Wedding arrangements- key things for wedding: Priest, couple, and witnesses. Let the pockets
determine but not to hinder the wedding.
21
Jane M. Kiura, Sexuality and fertility awareness, (Nairobi: St Paul Pub, 1993), 62.
9. Help to arrange procedural details of wedding: when? Where? Who will do what?
10. Discourage taking a loan for marriage
11. Discuss matters of legality
12. Discuss bout sex, number of children,
13. Assess possible areas that bring trouble in the marriage with them
HOW DO WE COUNSEL AN UN MARRIED PREGNANT WOMAN?

1. The nature of
1.1. When pregnancy come, sometimes it hurts the woman, the man (if not ready for responsibility)
and family
1.2. Most of these pregnancies are not wanted
1.3. If the man does not want the ready, don’t force
2. Options
2.1. When no possibility of marriage, think of these 4 options:
2.1.1. Keep the baby when born
2.1.2. Family to keep the baby- the grandparents
2.1.3. Allow the baby to be adopted
2.1.4. Abortion
2.2. Let the lady analyze all the four options
2.3. The woman should be strong to be mother/ father
2.4. Consider the importance of finances, emotional, faith factors
MARITAL DISCORD: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, SEPARATION,

DIVORCE
Introduction
1. Marital discord refers to moments when marriage is violent. The consequences are diverse. It may
result to domestic violence, separation, and even divorce.
2. In this case, we will consider divorce
3.
DIVORCE COUNSELING
1. Divorce is a permanent separation granted by the court of law.
2. Christian view
2.1. The OT teaching on divorce is due to hardness of heart, but this was not initial plan of God.
There are guidelines for divorce (cp Deut 24:1-4)
2.2. Mk 10:11-12 Jesus see divorce as wrong. No man should separate the couple. However, in Matt
5:32 the word for unfaithfulness is porneia which means sexual intercourse can lead to divorce.
2.3. The teaching of Paul is that the married should not divorce (I Cor 7:15)
2.4. Marriage is life-long commitment
3. Kenyan laws
3.1. Not given easily
3.2. First, you receive temporary separation,; then other proceedings follow
4. Causes
4.1. Sexual unfaithfulness
4.2. Desertion
4.3. Escaping incompatibility
4.4. Social sanctions
4.5. Immature attitudes
4.6. Persisting stress
5. What are some of the emotional difficulties
5.1. Emotional- Loss of self-respect, guilt, feeling that one has failed
5.2. Social- Family mis-understanding- did they bring their children up well?
5.3. Change of lifestyle- become single again
5.4. Pain of loneliness and separation. This can even result to mental breakdown
6. What is divorce counseling
6.1. Help the couple to explore every possible way of developing their marriage- evaluate the mental
situation as well as the biblical teaching
6.2. Roswel Johnson writes that “the purpose of a good divorce process is to make a wise decision
that promotes the welfare of those concerned or to deny it if the divorce would work more harm
than benefit…”
6.3. Avoid involving yourself in legal matters for you are a pastoral counselor. As a pastor
counselor, one character is that of confidentiality. With legal, you are open to others ruining
your character. Help in finding a competent legal assistance
6.4. Help the couple realize the emotional cost of divorce.
6.5. Express feelings and pray with them
7. What is the counselor’s responsibility at the divorce?
7.1. Availability t both parties where possible
7.2. Pastoral counseling
8. How does a counselor help a divorced person who wants to marry?
8.1. Encourage the person to form new relationships
8.2. Explore with the client the consequences of the decision he is making: The spouse may neglect
your children; she/he may want to add more children…
WIDOWS, WIDOWERS; REMARRIAGE

Causes
1. Death
2. Divorce/separation
3. Domestic violence
4. Rape
5. Own volition
Counseling
1. Stimulate new relationships
2.
SINGLE PARENTS AND SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES
Issues
1. Weak economic status
2. Social imbalance- children growing under one gender supervision
3. Stereotypes- single parents are immoral
Counseling
1. Micro-financing
2.
PARTICULAR FAMILY DIFFICULTIES

TEENAGE SEX AND PREGANCY, ABORTION
Causes of early teenage sex and pregnancy
1. Curiosity
1.1. Teenagers want to know if sex is really as good as expressed pornography, love books,
newspapers, media, and stories they hear from senior girls and boys.22 This makes them want to
try.
1.2. When tried wrongly, innocent girls get pregnant. Innocent boys make girls pregnant.
1.3. Who will be responsible? Will the girl feel good to be a mother at that age? Wishful thoughts
invade her and a sense of shame and frustration come on her way. She is never the same again.
2. Lack of advice
2.1. Parents don’t advice. Teachers don’t have enough time; they want to finish the syllabus. In fact,
sometimes girls at form 3 are not adequately advised that playing with boys is like playing with
fire.23 One time a girl in form 3 was asked what was happening to her body only to say that she
was happy to have her stomach growing.
2.2. Knowledge of changes in body development is vital.
3. Lack of knowledge
3.1. Don’t know safe periods
3.2. Don’t know that dating in dark places are dangerous places
3.3. Don’t know that petting, caressing, is a sexual stimulation that may lead to actual sex- students
say that every one is doing it. Read 1Cor 6:18 “Flee away from fornication”
3.4. A girl in primary school gave teacher to explain that a baby boy was born because a boy put a
penis in the vagina of the girl.24 The girl didn’t know why only got the baby in school.
3.5. Some girls get pregnant on their way to school because they are shy to say NO lest they are
declared as cowards or MSHAMBA who doesn’t know how to enjoy life.
4. Rape
5. Poverty
5.1. Lured into love affairs so as to get money either for general up keep or for chips.
6. Overprotection
Counseling
1. Guidance counseling is important on boy/girl relationships. This will cater for:
1.1. General information on human sexuality.
1.2. Advice on dos and don’ts in a relationship.
1.3. Tips on how to escape rape
1.3.1. Avoid being alone with an opposite sex in dark corners or private praces
1.3.2. Dressing modestly
1.3.3. Speaking constructively- avoid extreme jokes.
2. Promoting conducive environments
2.1. Separating boys and girls from sleeping in the same bed
3. Stimulate good use of media.
3.1. Discourage watching pornography and listening to romantic music.
3.1.1. Outline the negative effects
3.1.1.1. Corruption of minds on sexual issues
4. Stimulate a habit of reading good books
4.1. School curriculum books
4.2. Spiritual books- i.e. the bible
5. Encourage parents to advice their children on sexuality issues
6. On pregnancy
6.1. Awaken the pregnant teenager on the various options that are available
6.1.1. Good options
22
George A. Lutomia and Laban W. Sikolia, Guidance and Counseling for Schools and Colleges (Nairobi: Uzima Press,
2008), 43.
23
Ibid, 44.
24
Ibid, 46.
6.1.1.1. Keep the baby
6.1.1.2. Give the baby for adoption
6.1.2. Un preferred options
6.1.2.1. Abortion- this is assumed to be a sin in Christianity.
7. On abortion
7.1. Demonstrate the effects of abortion.
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL COUNSELING
This course introduces the student substance abusers, especially alcohol and drugs.
Definition
1. A drug is any substance other than food that alters the structure of functioning of a living organism
when it enters the bloodstream.
The potential of addiction
Highest
Heroine
Morphine
Demerol
Cocaine
Barbiturate
Amphetamines
Alcohol
Addiction Tranquilizers-minor
Potential Sleeping pills
Codeine
Bromides
Nicotine
Marijuana
Caffeine
Lowest
2. Almost any person can become addicted to drugs if exposed to a high dosage for a long period of
time25. With a drug like Heroin the time is longer and effects are both fast and very dangerous; while
caffeine, the time is longer and effects are almost negligible.
3. We have licit and illicit drugs.
3.1. Licit drugs- medical drugs taken through prescriptions of a doctor to cure or prevent
occurrences of diseases and disorders
3.2. Illicit drugs- drugs that are abused and have psychological or physical effects due to addiction or
craving. These are legally prohibited.
4. Classification can be grouped into: Narcotics, sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, and inhalants.
4.1. Classification depend on the effects
Classification of Drugs and their effects

Narcotics or Opioids- opium, morphine, heroine
1. In description, they numb the senses and with prolonged use become addictive
1.1. Opium is sold on the street as a powder or dark brown solid and is smoked, eaten, or injected.
1.2. Morphine is a narcotic drug refined from opium and is a pain reliever used to suppress
coughing, reduce movements of the intestine (providing relief from diarrhea), and induce a state
of psychological indifference.
1.3. Heroin is a preparation synthesized from morphine. At first, it was used as a suppressant and
nonaddictive substitute for morphine. Later its addictive nature was discovered. Heroin
25
Gary Collins, Christian Counseling (USA: W Publishing Group, 1988), 509.
produces a “rush” or “high” immediately after being taken. It also produces a state of
indifference and may increase energy. It is administered through injection, ingestion, or
inhalation
Effects of narcotics
1. Symptoms of withdrawals which include: Kicking movements in the legs, anxiety, insomnia, nausea,
sweating, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.
2. Opium- Withdrawal is extremely uncomfortable, and addicts typically continue taking the drug to
avoid pain rather than to attain the initial state of euphoria. Malnutrition, respiratory complications,
and low blood pressure are some of the illnesses associated with addiction.
3. Morphine has a high risk of physical dependence, anxiety and feelings of inferiority vanish while on
morphine.
4. Perceptions of reality are rosy.
5. Heroine- tearing, nasal discharge, yawning, chills, fever, vomiting, muscular aches, and diarrhea.
Medical treatment lasts throughout the withdrawal period.
Sedatives- alcohol, barbiturates
1. In description, sedative have a calming and tranquilizing (soothing) effect. They relieve anxiety and
induce sleep- they act as general depressants26 on the central nervous system.
1.1. Barbiturates27 are derived from barbituric acid and have effects like those of alcohol hence
called “solid alcohol”28. Has drunkenness without the odor of alcohol.
1.1.1. Examples- seconal (acts quickly to induce drowsiness), Nembutal and tuinal.29
1.2. Alcohol especially, Ethyl alcohol is a depressant found in beverages and commonly used to
reduce social inhibitions. Social inhibitions means alcohol reduces activity in the brain centers
that normally inhibit social behaviors such as sex, aggression, or even helpfulness. I.e. proper
sexual people sometimes become overly affectionate, mild-mannered people become verbally or
physically aggressive, and socially shy people become the life of the party after a few drinks.30
1.2.1. World Health Organization gives a definition of alcoholics that avoids any reference to
disease or morality. Alcoholics are “those excessive drinkers whose dependence on alcohol
has attained such a degree that it shows a noticeable mental disturbance or an interference
with their bodily or mental health, their interpersonal relations, and their smooth and
economic social functioning.”31
1.2.2. Is alcoholism a sickness or sin? By calling alcoholism a disease, individuals are less
likely to be condemned and more likely to get treatment that insurances finances. This
relieves personal responsibility.
1.2.3. An alcoholic is a person who suffers from the disease known as alcoholism. This is a
symptom of other problems and serious personality disorder. Alcoholics have
unmanageable craving for alcohol.
1.2.4. Signs that show a person has a problem of drinking.
Early warning Signs not to be ignored
 You are beginning to feel guilt about your drinking  There are times when you need a drink
 You drink more than you used to and tend to gulp (drink quickly)  You drink in the morning to overcome a hangover from
your drinks previous drinking
 You try to have a few extra drinks before or after drinking with  You promise to drink less and are lying about your
26
Depressants are psychoactive drugs that inhibit activity in the central nervous system.
27
Barbiturate, any of an important group of drugs that depress brain function; they are derived from barbituric acid
(C4H4N2O3), a combination of urea and malonic acid.
28
Lester M. Sdorow, Psychology (Madison: WCB Brown and Benchmark, 1993) 268.
29
Mark G. McGee and David W. Wilson, Psychology: Science and Application (New York: West Publishing Company,
1984), 119.
30
Sdorow, 262.
31
Sdorow, 489.
others drinking
 You have began to drink at certain times or to get through certain  You often regret what you have said or done while
situations drinking
 You drink to relieve feelings of boredom, depression, anxiety, or  You have begun to drink alone
inadequacy  You have weekend drinking bouts and Monday hangovers
 You are sensitive when others mention your drinking  You have lost time at work or school due to drinking
 You have had memory blackouts or have passed out while  You are noticeably drunk on important occasions
drinking  Your relationship to family and friends has changed due to
drinking
Effects of sedative drugs

1. Barbiturates- they have abrupt withdrawal results symptoms: Shaking, insomnia (restlessness),
anxiety, and sometimes, after a day, convulsions and delirium (confusion). Death can occur when
use of barbiturates is suddenly discontinued. Toxic doses, which may be little more than what is
required to produce intoxication, are often taken accidentally.
1.1. Barbiturates are particularly lethal (deadly) when combined with alcohol.
1.2. Relieves anxiety, induces sleep, and cause disorientation
1.3. Removes social inhibitions,- urge to drink more and more despite loss of friends, job, family,
and public reputation. They also suffer from perceptual distortions, motor incoordination, and
impaired judgment.
2. Alcohol physical effects-
2.1. Alcohol is a toxic (poison) that affects most of body cells. Brain’s functioning is impaired
temporarily, and drinker’s balance is impaired too32
2.2. About 1/3 of all heavy drinkers, for example, liver cells are destroyed and organ is no longer
able to process the nutrients in food. The liver disease, cirrhosis, is usually painless until the
damage is too advanced to be treated successfully.33
2.3. Heavy alcohol use can also permanently damage the brain and nervous system, lead to
numerous gastrointestinal diseases, put extra pressure on the heart so that stroke or heart attacks
are more likely, inhibit the manufacture of red and white blood cells, lead to impotence, and
cause potentially serious risk to a developing fetus.
2.4. Long-term alcohol abuse can also increase the risk of liver, stomach, colon, or breast cancer.34
3. Alcohol psychological social effects
3.1. Dulled thinking, inappropriate behavior and emotional responses, self-neglect, withdrawal, and
loss of social inhibitions
3.2. Psychological defenses
3.3. Making excuses for drinking- rationalization, he thinks it helps him to live
3.4. He doesn’t recognize that drinking is a problem. Alcoholism is a “sickness unto death” in
kierkegaard’s words.35 Drunk people are often very funny and the possible seriousness may be
brushed off with a smile.
3.5. Spontaneous forgetting of shameful and painful memories-repression
3.6. The client is powerless and helpless
3.7. The disorder deteriorates involving every aspect of life- the end can be death or insanity
situations. Through this weakness they fight their wives to death. There is also the alcoholic
hallucination in which the client hears voices that are commanding or accusing
3.8. Usually has black-outs in later stages- begins to forget things
3.9. There is also the tendency of drinking in the morning when the disorder worsens
3.10. Drink to solve or forget about problems
32
Sdorow, 495.
33
Sdorow, 495.
34
Sdorow, 495
35
Peter Van Lierop, Pastoral Counseling (Nairobi: The Christian Churches Ed. Association, 1991), 112.
3.11. Blaming others for one’s problems and unacceptable thoughts, feeling or actions-
projection
3.12. Denial that problem exist
4. Alcohol family effects
4.1. Irresponsibility, marriage breakdown, selling family assets, less active sexually, quarrels…
4.2. Tension, fear, insecurity, and shame, loneliness, and social isolation
5. Alcohol spiritual effects
5.1. Alienation from God
5.2. Alcohol becomes the idol worship
Stimulants- Licit: coffee, tea, chocolate, tobacco; Illicit: Cocaine, amphetamines

1. In description, they are drugs that excite the central nervous system, increase alertness, and alleviate
fatigue.
1.1. In coffee, tea, and cocoa; Caffeine is the active drug. It is a mild stimulant to central nervous
system. The concentration of caffeine in tea ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 percent, as contrasted to an
average concentration of about 1.5 percent in coffee.
1.2. In tobacco, Nicotine is the active drug and is a mild stimulant to central nervous system.
1.3. Cocaine, a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste is extracted from leaves (of the South
American coca bush).
1.3.1. It is used medically to produce anesthesia for surgery of the nose and throat and constrict
blood vessels and reduce bleeding during surgery.
1.3.2. It is inhaled or snorted into nostrils through a straw or rolled piece of paper
1.3.3. Commonly abused drug and lead to severe physiological and psychological problems. A
highly addictive, smokable form of cocaine called ‘crack; appeared in 1980s.
1.3.4. Cocaine acts as a central nervous system stimulant. After cocaine is removed from coca
leaves, the remaining portions of the coca leaf are used as flavoring in the world’s most
popular drink, Coca-Cola.
1.3.5. Cocaine- John B Watson, the founder of behaviorism drank Coca-Cola syrup to keep
himself alert. In 1880, also Sigmund Freud used it and praised it for evoking euphoria36,
inducing local anesthesia, relieving asthma, and curing opiate addiction. He stopped
prescribing cocaine after discovering its ability to cause paranoia and hallucinations.
1.4. Amphetamines (i.e. Benzedrine, Dexedrine, and Preludin), were introduced in 1930s for the
treatment of colds and hay fever. Later they were found to affect the nervous system. For a
while people trying to lose weight commonly used them as appetite suppressants. Today, use is
restricted to the treatment of narcolepsy37, a sleep disorder characterized by sudden sleep attacks
during the day, hyperactivity in children, for whom amphetamines produce a calming effect. For
results, however, amphetamines rightfully earn the street name ‘speed’. These drugs heighten
alertness, elevate mood, and decrease fatigue and the need for sleep, but they often make users
irritable and talkative. Both cocaine and amphetamines, after prolonged daily use, can produce a
psychosis similar to acute schizophrenia.
Effects of stimulants
1. Tolerance to both the euphoric (joyful) and appetite-suppressing effects of amphetamines and
cocaine develops rapidly.
2. Withdrawal from amphetamines, particularly if the drug has been injected intravenously, produces
depression so unpleasant that the user is compelled to keep taking the drug until he or she collapses.
36
Euphoria, a profound feeling of well-being
37
Narcolepsy, disorder marked by sudden and uncontrollable drowsiness and attacks of sleep at unexpected and irregular
intervals.
3. Stimulates alertness/promotes wakefulness/induce feelings of elation/create an overblown sense of
confidence/ may cause symptoms of paranoia.
4. Nicotine- is drawn into the lungs where it enters the bloodstream and is pumped by the heart to the
brain. It takes only seven seconds for nicotine to enter the brain after being inhaled.
4.1. It speeds up the heartbeat and may cause it to become irregular. It also raises the blood pressure
and reduces the appetite, and it may cause nausea and vomiting. The known health risks
associated with cigarette smoking, such as damage to the lungs and lung cancer, are thought to
be caused by other components of cigarettes such as tars and other by-products of smoking, and
by the irritating effects of smoke on the lung tissue. Addiction to smoking is caused by nicotine
itself. Stopping smoking produces withdrawal symptoms within 24 to 48 hours, which
commonly include irritability, headaches, and anxiety, in addition to the strong desire to smoke.
Hallucinogens- (LCD), (PCP), Mescaline, Cannabis, marijuana
1. Sometimes referred to as psychedelics, class of drugs that produce alterations in perception, thinking,
and emotion. Induce extreme alterations in consciousness.
2. Among the hallucinogens widely abused during the 1960s were lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD,
and mescaline, which is derived from peyote cactus. Although tolerance to these drugs develops
rapidly, no withdrawal syndrome is apparent when they are discontinued.
3. LSD, for example, produces detachment and euphoria, intensifies vision, and often leads to a
crossing of senses (colors are heard, sounds are seen).
4. Phencylidine, or PCP, known popularly by such names as ‘angel dust’ and ‘rocket fuel’, has no
medical purpose for humans but is occasionally used by veterinarians as an anesthetic and sedative
for animals. It became a common drug of abuse in the late 1970s, and is considered a menace
because it can easily be synthesized. Its effects differ from those of other hallucinogens. PCP, by
contrast, produces a sense of detachment and a reduction in sensitivity to pain, and may trigger or
produce symptoms so like those of acute schizophrenia38 that professionals confuse the two states.
The combination of this effect and indifference to pain has sometimes resulted in bizarre thinking,
occasionally marked by violently destructive behavior. For example, “a young man smokes some
PCP and proceeds to rob a gas station at gun point or a juvenile smokes a PCP and rapes his baby
sister, or a middle aged woman takes some cocaine which has been adulterated with a PCP and tries
to rob a bank armed with a broom.”
5. The plant cannabis39 sativa is the source of both marijuana and hashish. The flowering tops of the
cannabis plant secrete a sticky resin that contains the active ingredient of marijuana and hashish.
5.1. Marijuana, common name for a drug made from the dried leaves and flowering tops of the
Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa. People smoke, chew, or eat marijuana for its hallucinogenic
and intoxicating effects. It is known by a number of slang names, including “pot,” “grass,”
“reefer,” “weed,” and “Mary Jane.”
5.2. Hashish is comprised of only the flowering tops of the plant, whereas marijuana is made up of
flowering tops and leaves. Both drugs are usually smoked or eat the plants leaves for desired
effects.
Effects of hallucinogens
1. Causes visual hallucinations
2. Induces seemingly mystical insights
3. Induce relaxation
4. Removes social inhibitions
5. Interferes with memory formation
6. Accelerated heart rate, perceived slowing of time, and a sense of heightened hearing, taste, touch,
and smell. These effects can differ, however, depending on the amount of drug consumed and the
38
Schizophrenia, a severe mental illness accompanied by distortions of reality.
39
Native to Jamaica, Mexico, Africa, India
circumstances under which it is taken. Marijuana and hashish do not produce psychological
dependence except when taken in large daily doses.
6.1. The drugs can be dangerous, however, especially when smoked before driving since there is
poor judgment of distance. Although the chronic effects have not been clearly determined,
Marijuana is probably injurious to the lungs in much the same way as tobacco. A cause for
concern is the regular user by children and teenagers, because intoxication markedly alters
thinking and interferes with learning. A consensus exists among physicians and others who
work with children and adolescents that use of marijuana and hashish is undesirable and may
interfere with psychological and possibly physical maturation.
6.2. Further, negative effects of marijuana use can include confusion, acute panic reactions, anxiety
attacks, fear, a sense of helplessness, and loss of self-control. Chronic marijuana users may
develop amotivational syndrome characterized by passivity, decreased motivation, and
preoccupation with taking drugs. Like alcohol intoxication, marijuana intoxication impairs
judgment, comprehension, memory, speech, problem-solving ability, reaction time, and driving
skills.
7. Cannabis has been used as a folk remedy for centuries. Its active ingredient, delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been used experimentally for treating alcoholism, seizures, pain,
the nausea produced by anticancer medications, and glaucoma. Glaucoma patients have used THC
successfully, but the disorienting effects limit its usefulness for cancer patients.
7.1. Cannabis induces a state of relaxation, accelerated heart rate, perceived slowing of time, and a
sense of heightened hearing, taste, touch, and smell. These effects can differ, however,
depending on the amount consumed.
7.2. Euphoric state of altered consciousness, sometimes characterized by detachment, uncontrollable
laughter, and gaiety.
7.3. Taken in large dosages, perception distortions in which distances are judged incorrectly.
Inhalants- glue, gasoline
1. Descriptions
1.1. Substances that are usually not considered as drugs, such as glue, gasoline, and aerosols like
nasal sprays. Most of such substances sniffed for their psychological effects depress the central
nervous system. Low doses can produce slight stimulation, but higher amounts cause users to
lose control or lapse into unconsciousness.
Effects of inhalants
1. Headache, nausea (sickness), and drowsiness
2. Sniffing inhalants can impair vision, judgment, and muscle and reflex control
3. Prolonged use of inhalants can cause permanent damage and death can sniffing highly concentrated
aerosol40 sprays. Although physical dependence does not seem to occur, tolerance to some inhalants
develops.
4. Another source of medical concern is the widespread misuse, for a supposed Aphrodisiac effect, of
so-called ‘poppers’- chemicals such as isoamyl nitrite that have legitimate medical functions as
blood vessel dilators (vasodilators). Continued sniffing of these easily obtainable substances can
damage the circulatory system and have related harmful effects.
40
Aerosol, suspension in a gas, usually air, of microscopic liquid or solid particles, such as smoke, dust, fog, or smog
SUMMARY OF DRUG EFFECTS
1. Physical dependence- impaired thinking, shaky hands and bent walking
2. Psychological effects- anxiety, impaired thinking, forgetting of shameful acts, depression
3. Social effects- isolation, insecurity, removes social inhibitions, normlessness, violence
4. Spiritual effects- alienation from God, immoral, no conscience of sin
5. Economical effects- uncontrollable spending, stealing to buy drugs, illegal business of selling and
trafficking of drugs
6. Health effects- STDs, HIV/AIDS, depression, weakness due to poor feeding, mental disorders
7. Addiction that can even lead to death or sanity
CAUSES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE
General Causes
1. Experimental use
1.1. Motivated by curiosity or desire to experience an altered mood state
2. Recreational
2.1. Sharing an experience that friends define as acceptable and pleasurable
3. Circumstantial
3.1. Motivated by user’s perceived need to cope with specific personal or vocational problem
situation
3.2. Use stimulants at work and use drugs to relieve tension or boredom
4. Compulsive
4.1. Involves an intense, high-frequency pattern and high degree of dependence, i.e. chronic
alcoholics, heroin dependents, and compulsive barbiturate users.
5. Availability of the drugs
6. Government
7. Affordability
8. Dowry
Genetics
1. Studies show that alcoholism runs in families- alcoholics are six times more likely than
nonalcoholics to have blood relatives who are alcohol dependent. Researchers have long pondered
whether these familial patterns result from genetics or from a common home environment, which
often includes genetic factors, shared environmental influences, or a combination of both.
Laboratory studies compare the genetic structure in people who are alcohol dependent with those
who have no personal or family history of the disease.
1.1. Studies of twins in the 1980s showed that patterns of alcohol dependence differed among
identical twins, who share identical genes and fraternal twins, who are genetically different. If
one twin becomes alcohol dependent, an identical twin is more likely to develop alcohol
dependence than fraternal twin. While these studies suggest that a genetic factor plays a role in
alcohol dependence, the results are difficult to interpret. Many of these studies assumed that all
twins share a similar home environment. But more recent studies revealed that the home
environments of identical twins are more alike than the environments of fraternal twins. That is,
as children, identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to play and study together and
share friends. And as adults, identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to stay in close
contact with each other, possibly resulting in the development of similar behaviors. Scientists
are conducting further twin studies that take into account differences in home environments.
1.2. Scientists now recognize that alcoholism is polygenic- that is, many genes are involved in
increasing an individual’s risk for developing alcohol dependence. In addition to family studies
that establish a broad genetic influence on alcoholism, scientists perform laboratory studies to
try to identify the specific genes involved in the development of alcoholic dependence. One
method scientist’s use is to look for genetic markers related to alcoholism. A genetic marker is a
gene that produces an observable trait and has a known location on a chromosome, the rod-
shaped structures that carry genes. Once scientists have identified the genetic markers, they
attempt to determine if the markers are inherited in people with alcoholism. If the marker is
inherited along with alcoholism, scientists know that genes that cause alcoholism are likely
located close to the genetic marker on the chromosome.
1.3. In 1998 researchers moved closer to the goal of finding the genes for alcoholism when they
identified locations on four chromosomes where these genes are likely to be. Some experts
speculate that these genes may not be specific for alcohol dependence, but rather may determine
temperament of personality traits that increase a person’s vulnerability to alcohol-use disorders.
COUNSELING/TREATMENT APPROACHES
Introduction
1. The best methods to treat alcohol/ drug dependency vary, depending upon an individual’s medical
and personal needs.
1.1. For example, some victims (alcoholic and drug victims) who recognize their problem appear to
recover on their own.
1.2. Others recover through participation in
1.2.1. Counseling from professionals or
1.2.2. The program Alcoholics Anonymous. Some alcoholics require long-term individual or
group therapy, which may include Alcoholic Anonymous
1.2.3. They can also recover through self-help groups.
Counseling- especially the alcoholics
1. Things that do not help
1.1. Criticism, shaming, coaxing, making the person promise to stop, thre ats, hiding or destroying
alcohol, urging the use of greater will power, preaching or instilling guilt.41
2. Treatment is complicated
2.1. There are parallel problems which need to be treated such as depression, physical illness (due to
little eating)…
3. Help the client admit the need for help.
3.1. Members of Alcoholic Anonymous believe that the drinker needs to hit bottom in some way-
only then does one admit powerlessness and the need for help. Unfortunately, some people die
before hitting the bottom.
3.2. Interventions- can be done in non-condemning way through the alcoholic spouse, children,
parents, business associates, best friends, employer, pastors… each give their perceptions and
tell how each is being affected by drinkers actions in a professional counseling session.
Sometimes he/she will be angry but this helps him/her admit the need for help
4. Take alcoholism as an illness as opposed to morality
4.1. Alcoholism is a “sickness unto death” in Kierkegaard’s words.42 Drunk people are often very
funny and the possible seriousness may be brushed off with a smile
4.1.1. The client is powerless and helpless
4.1.2. The disorder deteriorates involving every aspect of life- the end can be death or insanity.
4.1.3. Develops functional disorders such as pathological jealousy that is not based on factual
situations. Through this weakness they fight their wives to death. There is also the alcoholic
hallucination in which the client hears voices that commanding or accusing
4.1.4. He thinks it helps him to live
4.1.5. Usually has black-outs in later stages- Begins to forget things
4.1.6. There is also the tendency of drinking in the morning when the disorder worsens.
4.1.7. Drink to solve or forget about problems
4.2. Show acceptance of the client as you apply sound skills of counseling
4.2.1. Empathize and don’t condemn
4.2.2. When sober, create a rapport that will enable him to accept medical attention.
4.2.3. Use of “we” or “let us” helps the client feel that he is not condemned.
4.2.4. Let the alcoholic talk
41
Collins, 497.
42
Peter Van Lierop, Pastoral counseling, (Nairobi: The Christian Churches Ed Association, 1991), 112.
4.2.5. Bridging of reality happen when the client is ready to admit that alcohol is a problem.
Although acceptance is still necessary, some firmness need to show up
4.2.6. He needs to feel the pain of his drinking, such as the loss of a job, or of his family- let
him realize the miserable condition he is in.
4.2.7. The responsibility of recovering must be left up to the alcoholic himself
4.2.8. During the process of recovery, guide him to Church fellowship and in receiving spiritual
resources.
4.3. Stop the drinking
4.3.1. Some alcoholics can withdraw on their own, but most need medical guidance especially
because of the withdrawal symptoms (tremors, nausea, sweating, weakness, anxiety,
depression, delirium… ) may be severe.
4.3.2. Some doctor’s use the means of “conditioned reflex” or “aversion” as treatment. This
induces a dislike of alcohol.
4.3.3. Sometimes drugs are used. For example, drugs used to treat severe depression and its
symptoms such as sadness, guilt, thoughts of suicide, and inactivity, are the
antidepressants.43
4.3.4. Some require detoxification, which safely rids the patient’s body of alcohol while treating
any physical complications that develop from severe withdrawal symptoms, such as
delirium tremens. Detoxification normally requires less than a week, during which time
patients usually stay in a specialized residential treatment facility or a separate unit within a
general or psychiatric hospital. These facilities also offer extended treatment programs to
help alcoholics in their recovery effort.
4.3.5. Physicians may prescribe medications to help prevent alcoholics from returning to
drinking once they have stopped. The drug disulfiram (sold under the trade name
Antabuse), interferes with the way the body processes alcohol. Taken in pill form daily, this
medication generally has no noticeable effects until a person drinks alcohol. The alcohol
and drug interact to produce an extremely unpleasant reaction, including nausea, dizziness,
headache, heart palpitations, and other problems. Alcoholics then associate illness with
drinking and, in many cases, avoid alcohol use. Naltrexone (ReViva) is a narcotic approved
for use in alcohol treatment in 1995. Although scientists are not certain how this medication
works in the brain, it reduces an alcoholic’s craving for alcohol, most likely by blocking the
positive effects the individual gets from drinking alcohol. Naltrexone is most effective
when it is used in combination with counseling programs.
5. Provide support
5.1. Use sobering agents like the family, church, support groups (AAs)…
5.2. Through hospitals or rehabilitation centers where help is available round the clock
5.3. Help with stress management- discuss each problem as it arises
5.4. Encourage self-understanding and a change of lifestyle- discussion may lead to insight that can
practically include vocational counseling if change of behavior will be necessary
5.5. Self-regulation
5.5.1. Meditation- achieves heightened powers of concentration, an altered sense of
consciousness, and personal enlightenments. Sit motionless in a quiet place with closed
eyes- powers of concentration and self-control are fostered by repeated counting of breaths,
from 1 to 10.
43
McGee, 436.
`Counseling the family
1. Assist the spouse to understand the drinking so as to see reality of the problem and the need to
seek help. Key things here: understanding and acceptance, not rejection.
2. Give friendly and understanding help to the family during crisis.
Support Groups
1. Therapeutic communities- house patients for a couple of months. Participants abstain from drugs,
develop marketable skills, and receive counseling. The longer one stays the greater the chances
of overcoming the dependency.
Psychotherapy approaches
1. Psychoanalysis- psychoanalysis, focus on resolving internal, unconscious conflicts stemming from
childhood and past experiences
1.1. Patients would lie on a couch and talk about their childhood, their dreams, or whatever came to
mind. The psychoanalysis interprets these thoughts and helps the patient resolve unconscious
conflicts.
2. Behavioral therapy- the term behaviorism was first used by John B. Watson in the early 1910s.
Later, B.F. Skinner expanded and popularized the behavioral approach. The essential characteristic
of the behavioral approach to learning is that:
2.1. Events in the environment are understood to predict a person’s behavior, not thoughts, feelings,
or other events that take place inside the person.
2.2. Classical conditioning- psychologists use classical conditioning procedures to treat phobias and
other unwanted behaviors, such as alcoholism and addictions. To treat phobias of specific
objects, the therapist gradually and repeatedly presents the feared object to patient while the
patient relaxes. Through extinction, the patient loses his or her fear of the object.
2.3. Counter conditioning- replaces the unpleasant stimuli with the pleasant ones. Systematic
desensitization is a form of counter conditioning that trains the client to maintain a state of
relaxation in the presence of anxiety-reducing stimuli.44
2.4. Aversive conditioning- the opposite of systematic desensitization. It was introduced in 1930s to
treat alcoholism by administering painful electric shocks to alcoholic patients in the presence of
sight, smell, and taste of alcohol. Today an illness-inducing drug to make the individual deathly
ill after drinking alcohol is used.
2.5. In one treatment for alcoholism, patients drink an alcoholic beverage and then ingest a drug that
produces nausea. Eventually they feel nauseous (sick) at the sight or smell of alcohol and stop
drinking it. The effectiveness of these therapies varies depending on the individual and on the
problem behavior.
2.6. Operant conditioning – involves increasing a behavior by following it with a reward, or
decreasing a behavior by following it with punishment. Behavior modification.
2.6.1. Therapists use reinforcement techniques to teach self-care skills to people with sever
mental illness, such as schizophrenia, and use punishment and extinction to reduce
aggressive and antisocial behaviors by these individuals. Psychologists also use operant
conditioning techniques to treat stuttering, sexual disorders, marital problems, drug
addictions, impulsive spending, eating disorders, and many other behavioral problems.
2.6.2. Positive reinforcement- token economy- provides tokens for desirable behavior such as
spending a day without tasting alcohol.
2.6.3. Punishment- although less desirable, can be effective in changing maladaptive behavior-
for example using mild electric shocks to reduce self-destructive behavior. Once the
behavior has stopped, use positive reinforcement to promote the appropriate behavior.
However, although our culture punishes alcoholics, this external punishment brings about
44
Sdorow, 599.
guilt and shame. Consequently, they develop defensive strategies like- forms of withdrawal
that include the classic alcoholism symptoms of denial, rationalizing, minimizing,
distracting, and avoidance.
3. Humanistic therapy-
3.1. Person-centered therapy, originally called client-centered therapy.
3.2. Developed by Carl Rogers (1902-1987) in the 1950s. This is a non-directive therapy. The client
is permitted to find their own answers to their problems. This is in keeping with humanistic
concept of self-actualization. Self-actualization through reflection of feelings, genuineness,
accurate empathy (not judgmental), and unconditional positive regard (warm and in an
accepting manner). The therapist is an active listener who serves as a therapeutic mirror,
attending the client’s emotional content and restating it to the client. This helps the client
recognize his or her true feelings. A conducive climate is established to make client at ease. The
therapist promotes self-acceptance.
ALCOHOLIC ANONYNOUS45
1. Both alcoholic and Narcotic Anonymous are voluntary associations whose membership requirement
is the desire to stop drinking or take drugs.46 The AA and NA are self-help groups in that they are
operated by nonprofessionals, offer sponsors to each new membership, and proceed along a
continuum of 12 steps to recovery. Members are immediately immersed in a fellowship of caring
individuals with who they meet daily or weekly to affirm their commitment.
2. AA is a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other
that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism. The only
requirement for membership is a desire to stop drinking … our primary purpose is to stay sober, to
help others achieve sobriety.
3. AA avoids judgments, labeling, and shaming the person by requiring the person to be only
him/herself
4. Symbolic interactionists emphasize that AA and NA provide social contexts in which people develop
new meanings. Abusers are surrounded by others who convey positive labels, encouragement, and
social support for sobriety. Sponsors tell the new members that they can be successful in controlling
alcohol and/drugs one day at a time and provide regular interpersonal reinforcement for doing so.47
Sometimes they have to take medication to prevent relapse.
5. Some principles of AA tradition (though they are 12)
5.1. “Our common welfare should come first; personal recovery depends upon AA unity”
5.2. “the only requirement for membership is the desire to stop drinking”
5.3. “each group should be autonomous except in matters affecting other groups or AA as a whole”
5.4. “an AA group ought never endorse, finance or lend the AA name to any related facility or outside
enterprise, lest problems of money, prestige or property divert us from our primary purpose”
5.5. “every AA group ought to be fully self-supporting, declining outside contributions”
5.6. “AA has no opinion on outside issues; hence the AA name ought never be drawn into public
controversy”
45
The twelve-step system serves as the cornerstone of A.A.’s approach to achieving sobriety (see Twelve-Step Program).
Each step specifies an action or behavior designed to help alcoholics live their lives differently. Among the Twelve Steps,
members are encouraged to admit they are “powerless over alcohol,” to surrender their lives to “the care of God,” to make
amends with people they may have harmed, and to share the message of sobriety with other alcoholics. (See the table
accompanying this article entitled “Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous.”)
The A.A. method has been criticized because it appears to be religious—five of the Twelve Steps include references to God.
However, A.A. does not require belief in a formal religion or in God. The success of A.A. has inspired many other
international twelve-step programs, including groups for family members of alcoholics (Al-Anon Family Groups) and for
people suffering from other addictive behaviors, such as gambling (Gamblers Anonymous), overeating (Overeaters
Anonymous), and drug abuse (Narcotics Anonymous).
46
Mooney et al., 84.
47
Mooney et al., 84
5.7. “our tradition relations policy is based on attraction rather than promotion; we need always
maintain personal anonymity (secrecy) at the level of press, radio and films. Our relations with
the general public can be characterized by personal anonymity…”
5.8. “And finally we of the AA believe that the principle of anonymity has an immense spiritual
significance. It reminds us that we are to place principles before personality; that we are actually
to practice a genuine humility. This is to the end that our great blessings may never spoil us; that
we should live forever in thankful contemplation of him who presides over us all”
6. The 12 steps are a reconciliation of the self. It is good to note that there are no experts on AA and
recovery.
7. The absoluteness of recovery is contingent (dependent) upon the person willingness and honesty to
share the self through stories of what one used to be and how one is like then.48 The turning point
occurs when the alcoholic person hits the bottom. This bottom is described as loneliness. It is from
this that new life emerges and the real self restored. Out of desperation the client begins to recognize
his powerless and needs help.
PREVENTION
1. Early intervention- Encourage people to accept early intervention before the condition worsens.
Improve public understanding about this illness.
2. Adverts- Use adverts and media to educate on the ills of these substances but not for promotion.
3. Symptoms- Help students to recognize the symptoms of alcohol dependence and to know how to get
help when drinking becomes a problem.
4. Healthy Home life- Stimulate a healthy home life- parental example.
5. Church- churches to provide pastoral care and counseling
6. Provide Education-
6.1. On alcohol and drug abuse- a) should be early, b) present facts, c) avoid emotional appeals that
involve scare tactics but little factual information, d) clearly discuss the biblical teachings about
wine and drunkenness,49 e) make young people aware of why people drink, f) discuss how one
can say no in an environment where one’s peers may all be drinking, g) encourage abstinence as
the best and most effective means of prevention, i) describe the warning signs that indicate
developing addiction.
6.2. If a culture or sub-culture group has clear guidance on the use of alcohol or other drugs, abuse is
less likely. Among the Jews for example, young people are generally permitted to drink but
drunkenness is condemned and the rate of alcoholism is low.
6.3. Teach how to cope with life- discuss and deal with stress-related problems of life.
7. A concerted effort by many public health organizations may in time enable society to reality identify
early signs of problem drinking and encourage people to accept early intervention before the
48
Ramsey, 96.
49
Ps 104:15- wine is included among the blessings from God, turning water to wine was Jesus first miracle (Jn 2:9); wine
was taken at the last supper and Jesus himself took it (Mtt 11:19; 26:27-29; Lk 7:33-34); 1Tim 5:23- Paul urged Timothy to
use a little wine because of his stomach and frequent illness. But, excessive drinking is condemned- Pr. 20:1; 23:20-21; Lk
7:33; Num 6:2-4; 1Cor 6:12; Rom 14:21.
condition worsens. Schools and colleges sponsor programs that help students to recognize the
symptoms of alcohol dependence and to know how to get help when drinking becomes a problem.
As the public becomes more aware of the health and social consequences of the disease, the
incidence of alcohol dependence may decrease, and earlier and better treatments may lead to higher
recovery rates.
8. It’s not worth it- (cp Prov 23:29-39; Matt 18:10-14; Rom 13:12-14).
(NB: Be able to define drug abuse, describe the different classes of drugs and their effects, analyze the
determinants or causes for drug abuse, and how to treat the menace).
COUNSELING OF CARE GIVERS OF PLWA, THE CHRONICALLY ILL, THE DIFFERENTLY

ABLED, THE ELDERLY, THOSE WITH ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
1. Descriptions
1.1. Alzheimer ’s disease, progressive brain disorder that causes a gradual and irreversible decline in
memory, language skills, perception of time and space, and, eventually, the ability to care for
oneself. First described by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer in 1906. Alzheimer’s disease is
recognized as the most common cause of the loss of mental function in those aged 65 and over.
1.2. Alzheimer’s disease takes a devastating toll, not only on the patients, but also on those who love
and care for them. Some patients experience immense fear and frustration as they struggle with
once commonplace tasks and slowly lose their independence. Family, friends, and especially
those who provide daily care suffer immeasurable pain and stress as they witness Alzheimer’s
disease slowly take their loved one from them.
1.3. The responsibility for caring for Alzheimer’s patients generally falls on their spouses and
children. Caregivers must constantly be on guard for the possibility of an Alzheimer’s patient
wandering away or becoming agitated or confused in a manner that jeopardizes the patient or
others. Coping with a loved one’s decline and inability to recognize familiar faces causes
enormous pain.
1.4. The increased burden faced by families is intense, and the life of the Alzheimer’s caregiver is
often called a 36-hour day. Not surprisingly, caregivers often develop health and psychological
problems of their own as a result of this stress.
1.5. This situation happens even to PLWA, chronically ill…
2. Counseling care givers
2.1. Attend the caregivers
2.2. Prepare a rapport
2.3. Allow the caregiver talk out her problems- A problem said is half solved. remember, don’t be
judgmental. Give then an ear.
2.4. Empathize with them or him/her and,
2.5. Emphasize on the healing power of humor and laughter- emphasize on having fun on the job
(this helps in managing stress)
2.6. Use spiritual resources- pray/ read the scripture/ resourceful literature/- let them know that they
are serving God.
2.7. Referrals to group therapy or seminars. The Alzheimer’s Association, a national organization
with local chapters throughout the United States, was formed in 1980 in large measure to
provide support for Alzheimer’s caregivers. Today, national and local chapters are a valuable
source for information, referral, and advice.
VOCATIONAL COUNSELING (covers personal gifts, loss of employment, job dissatisfaction, aging,
academic failure)
ISSUES
1. Vocational problems (Unemployment, loss of employment, Choosing a career, Parents pushing
2. Personal gifts- the available job and talents
3. Job Dissatisfaction
4. Aging- as one nears the retirement period
5. Academic failure-
EFFECTS
1. Poverty
2. Stress and frustration to one seeking a career and even to parents if there is academic failure
3. Forced to settle on a career
4. Burden to society if one is un able to feed himself
5. Tithing goes down
6. Happiness when job has satisfaction,
7. Unhappiness, Bored, depressed, when job is dissatisfying.
COUNSELING
1. Guide on Biblical principles and work:
1.1. The bible and vocational Choices: Work is God ordained- work is honorable; laziness is
condemned- Gen 3:17-19, The wife of noble character is pictured as one who works diligently
and is praised as a result. (Prov 31:10-31), Solomon warned of poverty (Prov 6:6-11)
1.2. Work of high quality (Ecc 9:10)
1.3. Work and vocational choices are guided by God50 Compare Isaiah, David, Jeremiah, John the
Baptist, and Jesus.
2. Encourage a discussion on causes of Good and Poor Vocational choices: 1) Families and social
influences, 2) Personality influences, 3) Interests, 4) Ability, 5) Values, 6) Roadblocks: lack of
enough information. Compare people in the rural versus urban
2.1. Families and social influences- Teachers, friends, relatives, and especially parents. When
forced to settle on a career- sometimes this leads to disappointment and frustration.
2.2. Personality Influences- Consider 6 general vocational personality types:
2.2.1. Realistic- the person who prefers tangible, practical, skill activities
2.2.2. Investigative- the one who is methodical, intellectual, curious, and scientific
2.2.3. Artistic- the creative, aesthetically oriented person
2.2.4. Social- friendly, sensitive, and interested in people
2.2.5. Enterprising- the aggressive, energetic, self-confident problem solver
2.2.6. Conventional- prefers routine and orderly, practical, somewhat inflexible activities
2.2.6.1. The theory suggests that most people have one dominant personality type (ages
18-30), plus one or two others that are less importance.
2.2.6.2. The personality influences the choice of career.
2.2.6.3. According to the same theory, jobs can be categorized into 6: realistic,
investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.51
3. Counseling and Vocational Choices
3.1. Help people find a fulfilling career which they can do well
3.2. Guide postretirement citizens and young career seekers and
3.3. Expose people to information
3.4. Effective career counseling must:
50
Ibid, 542.
51
Ibid, 543.
3.4.1. Know the world of work
3.4.2. Share where to get information and how to use such information. I.e. Public and college
libraries, government publications
3.4.3. Check on the nature of work, qualifications needed, working conditions, salary…
3.4.4. Gather relevant skills that are in high demand on the labor market.52
3.4.5. Should be educated on a wide range of job opportunities on the labor market.53
3.4.6. Make as many applications as possible
4. Knowing the counselee
4.1. Gather information and employment background-
4.2. Past work experiences- frustrations, success, interests, goals, and dreams
4.3. Psychological tests:
4.3.1. Mental ability tests- measure general intelligence and competency
4.3.2. Achievement tests- measure skills
4.3.3. Aptitude tests- skill acquisition
4.3.4. Interest test-
4.3.5. Personality inventories- identify personality traits
4.3.6. Special interests- flexibility
4.3.6.1. These tests require special training and can be referred to psychological clinics,
college counseling centers, private employment agencies, or Christian vocational
guidance centers.
5. Guiding on vocational choices
5.1. Not the counselor to tell the vocation- guide or help
5.2. Narrow the list of career opportunities while considering: education opportunities, counselee
desires and motivation, job availability
6. For job losers, build esteem and encourage the client to look for job elsewhere. Loss of job is not the
end of the work.
7. Strategize ways of survival- Survival strategies
7.1. Campaign for un employed to have housing subsidies
7.2. Welfare schemes
7.3. Self-employment
7.4. Take what is available- training that is market driven
8. Advice on the understanding of work and unemployment (Supportive counseling that may even
advice on who to contact if injustice has been done on the counselee like being sucked for no good
reason)
8.1. Dec 10, 1948, the general assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the universal
declaration of Human Rights. Among the articles of declarations:
8.1.1. Article 23. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and
favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.54
Everyone, without discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
Everyone has the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his
interests
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of
working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
8.1.2. Recognize the power and influence of governments and corporations on the workplace.
CRISIS COUNSLING (SUICIDE VICTIMS AND PERPETRATORS OF RAPE, DOMESTIC

VIOLENCE)
52
George A. Lutomia and Laban W. Sikolia, Guidance and Counseling (Nairobi: Uzima Pub 2008), 35.
53
Ibid.
54
Linda A. Mooney, et al., Understanding Social Problems (Belmont: Wardsworth and Thmson Learning, 2002), 351.
SUCIDE
1. Reasons for suicide
1.1. Un met basic needs i.e. to love or be loved
1.2. Not able to solve problems- so you are guilt, disturbed…
1.3. Broken relationships
1.4. Violence at home
1.5. Poor grades
1.6. Loss of job
1.7. Lack of meeting expectations
2. Development
2.1. Tension arises
2.2. Feelings of anxiety, guilt, inadequate, confusion
2.3. If not solved after much effort, then, the client reaches breaking point-
2.4. Develops mental illness or psychosomatic symptoms
3. Informal occasions for counseling
3.1. Phone
3.2. A casual encounter
3.3. Drop in for a chat
4. Use skills to help the client say something about their crisis. May ask: “How are things going in your
situation?” or “I get the feeling you have a burden on your mind?”
5. Principles of supportive counseling
The need of building up or strengthening the client to use his/her potentials
5.1. Meeting or gratifying the dependency needs.55
5.1.1. Help the person get on his feet
5.1.2. Guide, protect, comfort, inspire
5.2. Emotional catharsis
5.2.1. Catharsis is a term taken from medical field of service, meaning a draining of poison, an
emptying of the bowels or stomach from unwanted materials56
5.2.2. Expel the upsetting feelings: to promote this, ask questions about feelings like: “how did
you feel?”
5.2.3. Watch for negative feelings for these will indicate true feelings underneath
5.2.4. Do not interrupt with advices for these will tend to stop the flow of feelings
5.3. Objective viewing of the crisis
5.3.1. Wider perspectives and possible alternatives are considered
5.4. Help strengthen the ego defenses
5.4.1. To fail is human, let the client know that
5.5. By bringing about change in the life’s circumstances
5.5.1. Job? Wife?
5.6. Action therapy
5.6.1. Home work
5.6.2. Doing things creatively will help build his feelings and self worth
5.7. Aid of spiritual resources 57
5.7.1. Scripture, prayer, sacrament, fellowship…
6. The process of crisis counseling
6.1. Listen intensively and reflect feelings
6.2. Use probing questions carefully, focusing on conflict areas- t help in identifying where the
problem lies
6.3. Assist in reviewing the whole problem- to see the problem more clearer
55
Howard Clennebel, Undestanding and counseling the Alcoholic, (Nashiville: Abingdon press, 1968), 141
56
Peter V. Lierop, Pastoral Conseling, (Nairobi: Christian Churches Ed As 1991), 48.
57
Harold Taylor, Tend my Sheep, (London: SPCK, 1992),143.
6.4. Give information where needed- instructions on how to deal with the situation
6.5. Focus on the major problem clarifying possible alternatives- the decision making process to
help the client find a sense of purpose
6.6. Help the client decide on the next step and then take it- stir the client to act constructively
6.7. Give the client continued support and guidance- need of some one to stay with, prayer,
scripture…
COUNSELING VICTIMS AND PERPETRATORS OF RAPE

Understanding rape
1. Rape is a sexual intercourse against a person’s will.
2. Most experts believe the primary cause of rape is an aggressive desire to dominate the victim
rather than an attempt to achieve sexual fulfillment. They consider rape an act of violence rather
than principally a sexual encounter. It has many issues:
Issues
1. Physical Injury-
2. Psychological trauma
3. Social- seeing all men or as cruel
4. Pornography- wrong interpretation that women enjoy to be raped
5. Types of rape
5.1. Forcible rape- sex against a person’s will
5.2. Date rape- where there is forced sex
5.3. Acquaintance rape- nonconsensual sex between friends.
5.4. Marital rape- spouse rape
6. Misconception—that the rape victim must have been 'asking for it' all along
Effects
1. Rape trauma- disturbing memories of the event which leads to:
1.1. Overwhelmed by fear of comeback by the rapist
1.2. Sense of guilt or shame
2. Fear of public exposure given the social stigma attached to having been raped
3. Women who are raped suffer a sense of violation that goes beyond physical injury. They may
become distrustful of men and experience feelings of shame, humiliation, and loss of privacy.
Victims who suffer rape trauma syndrome experience physical symptoms such as headaches,
sleep disturbances, and fatigue. They may also develop psychological disturbances related to the
circumstances of the rape, such as intense fears. Fear of being raped has social as well as
personal consequences. For example, it may prevent women from socializing or traveling as they
wish.
Counseling
1. Advice the client to take medication. For instance, the treatment of rape trauma may involve
psychotherapy, psychoactive drugs, or both. Psychotherapists help individuals confront the
traumatic experience, work through their strong negative emotions, and overcome their
symptoms. Many people with post-traumatic stress disorder benefit from group therapy with
other individuals suffering from the disorder. Physicians may prescribe antidepressants or
anxiety-reducing drugs to treat the mood disturbances that sometimes accompany the disorder.
2. Guide the victims of where to go for help- referral hospitals, report the matter to the police to
prevent a comeback…
COUNSELING VICTIMS AND PERPETRATORS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Understanding Domestic Violence
1. Domestic Violence is a physical or emotional abuse between husbands and wives or between other
individuals in intimate relationships.
2. It could also be extended to the children. The violence involves harmful acts done to members of the
family.
Issues
1. Prevalence is high in Kenya
1.1. We have had cases of spouses killing each other
2. Take many forms.
2.1. Emotional or verbal abuse
2.2. Denial of access to resources or money
2.3. Restraint of normal activities or freedom (including isolation from friends and family)
2.4. Sexual coercion or assault
2.5. Threats to kill or to harm, and
2.6. Physical intimidation or attacks.
2.7. In extreme cases, domestic violence may result in the death of a partner.
3. Cause or factors leading to abuse
3.1. Low income
3.2. Growing up in a violent family
3.3. Alcohol or substance abuse
3.4. Unemployment
3.5. Sexual difficulties
3.6. Offenders committing the most serious abuse tend to have antisocial personality disorders.
People with such disorders have an impaired ability to feel guilt, remorse, or anxiety.
3.7. Cultural influences- belief that it healthy to beat wives especially in patriarchal (male-
dominated) social order and family structure. Patriarchy is associated with the subordination
(restriction to inferior status) and oppression of women.
Effects
1. Physical injuries can range from bruises, cuts, and burns to broken bones, stab wounds, miscarriages
(in women), and death.
2. Victims experience depression and other psychological distress, eating disorders, and alcohol and
substance abuse problems, and they are more likely than other people to contemplate or attempt
suicide.
3. Children who witness domestic violence experience depression and psychological distress and are
more likely than other children to be physically violent.
4. Separation or divorce may result
5. Inability to end abuse once it begins

5.1. Due to cultural factors
5.2. Low income to proceed with court cases
Counseling/treatment
1. Stimulate programs and services for both for victims and offenders to treat and prevent domestic
violence.
1.1. Shelters or refuges for battered women
1.2. At shelters, victims of abuse receive legal assistance, counseling for themselves and their
children, referral to other treatment programs (such as substance abuse rehabilitation), and
additional treatment and advocacy services.
2. Promote group therapy.
3. Educational counseling programs. These programs offer feminist perspective on domestic violence.
The programs also seek to educate male offenders about the role of patriarchy and to demonstrate
that men’s attitudes and behavior about control and power lead to abuse of women. The programs
also encourage men to examine their attitudes about what it means to be a man. Many treatment
programs also emphasize anger management for offenders. Counselors teach participants to
recognize cues of anger and then use a technique, such as waiting a period of time to calm down
before reacting, to control the anger and avoid violent behavior.
4. Stimulate laws which made it easier for victims to obtain protective or restraining court orders that
prohibit offenders from having contact with them. The laws should also allow police officers to
arrest people suspected of committing domestic violence without the victim filing charges.
5. Enhance community and national public awareness campaigns against domestic violence

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DPM

A. DIMENSIONS OF PASTORAL MINISTRY

INTRODUCTION TO PASTORAL CARE

Purpose of Pastoral Care

Goals of Pastoral Care

Biblical basis of pastoral care

Principles of pastoral care

Types of pastoral care

The Ministry Of Visiting

12. Healing- To cure troubled souls (James 5:14-15)

Goals of Pastoral Visitation

Visiting in Cell Groups/Pastoral Unit Groups

SPECIALIZED PASTORAL CARE

Specific spiritual needs

Other general and individual needs

Specific spiritual needs in the school life

Other general needs for Individual/group pastoral care

Specific spiritual tasks in the prisons

Individual and group care

Specific spiritual oversights needs

General tasks (takes different angles depending with the situation)

Pastoral care to members of staff

Aspects to Consider in Healing Ministry

CONGREGATIONAL GROUPS SUCH AS: SUNDAY SCHOOL, YOUTH,

Women and Men

Accounting and integrity of the pastor

Factors affecting the financial operations

What then should be done to guarantee proper financial management?

Why do Christians refuse to give?

Time management and organization skills

Benefits of group dynamics

DEVELOPING SKILLS IN PASTORAL MINISTRY

The leadership skills

CARING AND NURTURING

Characteristics and qualities of a counselor

Pastoral care for the minister’s family

Factor’s to consider in the pastoral care of pastor’s family

The pastor on his part

African Tradition counseling

Benefits of African Counseling

FIVE PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING

EIGHT STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

Sexual involvement of a counselor with clients

When can a counselor find himself sexually involved with client?

What are the effects of yielding?

How can we avoid?

A review of schools of counseling (covered earlier in DPY 101)

The Structural Model of mind

1. Freud (1923) developed a more structural model of the mind

1.1. Freud assumed the id operated at an unconscious level

1.1.1. Eros, or life instinct, helps the individual to survive;

2. The basic dilemma of all

3. For example, the superego can

Applications of psychoanalytic therapy

Four major Archetypes

Jungian techniques- talking therapy

Technique- emphasizes on personal responsibility

Person-centered therapists use an approach called active listening to demonstrate empathy—letting

COUNSELING CONCERNING HEALTH, ILLNESS, DYING.

Counseling the disabled

Counseling those with chronic illness or HIV/AIDS

The elderly and the ageing