MODULE 2

PRECISION GAGE
BLOCKS
• Gage blocks are measuring tools of the highest order. They must
be used in great care, and if properly handled, will give long,
useful service. However, gage blocks are primary standards of
length, and when used as working gages they must be handled in
a manner that will conserve the original accuracy and fine finish of
gage surfaces. When this blocks were delivered to you, the box
was sealed with tape and enclosed in a vacuum sealed bag. This
is your assurance that this gages have not been tampered with
since their inspection and packing at our plant.
 CLEAN GAGE BLOCKS
BEFORE AND AFTER EACH
USE
• When using the gages, the blocks should
be wiped off with a soft cloth dampened
lightly with mineral spirits to remove any
corrosion resisting oil or other oils, grease,
or dirt that may be on the gage. Do not
use chlorinated solvents to remove
grease from the blocks or to clean the
slots of the case.
• Whenever the gage are used around
grinding equipment or in any place where
there is dirt, always keep the lid of the
case closed
• After using steel gages, wipe them with
chamois dampened with rust
preventative oil such as Starrett M-1,
holding the block in such a manner that
your fingers never touch the block. (finger
oils may contain acids which may corrode
steel blocks.) place the block back into its
case using the chamois to shield the gage
from your fingers and hand.
• Croblox and ceramic gage blocks should
be wiped off with a clean chamois before
placing back in the case
  WRINGING GAGE BLOCKS
 When wringing gage together to • DO NOT wring blocks together
build up a desired combination, above an open set. If they should
first wipe the gage with a soft cloth slip and fall into the open set,
which has been prepared with a they could damage themselves
few drops of light machinery oil. and several blocks in the set.
Then, using a second soft cloth,
wipe off any excess oil. Then, • Never leave steel gages “wrung”
carefully slide the blocks together together for a considerable
while exerting pressure to force amount of time as there is
out any air that may be between possibility of moisture being
the blocks. The blocks should then trapped between the surfaces
take hold and adhere to each other which could cause the surfaces
very tightly. to corrode.
  USE OF WEAR
BLOCKS
• Wear blocks are used at both ends of
• Wear blocks are “throw away” blocks whose combinations and are meant to take the brunt
purpose is to prevent wear on other gage of the contact with other measuring
blocks. instruments such as micrometers. The desired
length of combination must include the wear
blocks. One side of the wear block is marked
“wear”. This side should always be on the
outside of the combination. Inspect the non-
wear side of the block before using it in
combination. The non-wear side to be wrung to
the other gages should not itself scratch any of
the blocks it is supposed to protect. When wear
blocks become worn or scratched, they may be
discarded and replaced.
• “wear” blocks are made from croblox material
to give longer life and make them more
resistant to scratches.
  STONING
GAGE BLOCKS
• After gage blocks have been used,
you may find a block which will not
wring together with another block.
The trouble is the block has
become nicked or scratched
during use. If you examine the
block carefully with a magnifying
glass, you may discover a small
burr, usually at the edge of the
block. This burr must be carefully
removed to restore the block to
usefulness. This may be done by
stoning.
• Blocks may be stoned with
Webber gage block stones to
remove the light nicks and
scratches. Light stoning will
not alter the size of the gage
block.
• Blocks that are severely
damaged will probably not be
repaired by stoning. They
should be replaced.
  TEMPERATURE AND
GAGE BLOCKS
• Gage block and most other materials and object
such as micrometers and calipers expand or
become larger as temperature increases. This
change is given formula:
CHANGE-length of block (temperature of block-68)
expansion coefficient.
For a 4-inch steel block at 76ͦ
F with an expansion
coefficient of .0000064, the block grows by 4× (76-68)× .
0000064 or .000205 inches.
When building a combination of gage blocks the heat
absorbed from your hands will cause the gage block to
expand. The gage blocks must be allowed to acclimate
to the same temperature as the measuring gage and
work piece. (placing them on a steel or aluminum
soaking plate will reduce the acclimation time. Granite
plates are not recommended as granite is an insulator
and does not conduct heat very well.
• Parts made from nonferrous materials such as
aluminum or brass will have different
expansion coefficients than steel. If accurate
measurements are required, then careful
calculations must be made for the different
expansions of the part of measuring gages if
they are not being used at 68 f. consult an
engineering or machinist handbook for tables
of expansion coefficients for various alloys.
Webber list the coefficients of our gage blocks
on the back side of our calibration certificates.
• In practical use, if the gage blocks and the work
piece and micrometer or caliper are all made
from steel , their expansions will be similar.
LENGTH MEASURING INSTRUMENT
VERNIER
CALIPHER
• Vernier calipers may not be a tool that
comes to mind. While this can be used
to measure length like a ruler, vernier
calipers are often used to measure the
thickness and diameter of objects like
pipes. This tool is more precise than a
ruler and its made up of an arm and a
jaw. Its vernier scale is a visual aid to
take an accurate measurement reading
between two graduation markings on a
linear scale by using mechanical
interpolation: thereby increasing
resolution and reducing measurement
uncertainty by using vernier acuity to
reduce human estimation error.
RUL
ER
• A ruler , sometimes called a
rule or line gauge, is a device
used in geometry and
technical drawing, as well as
the engineering and
construction industries, to
measure distances or draw
straight lines
LASER
RANGEFINDER
• A Laser rangefinder , also known as a
laser telemeter, is a rangefinder that
uses a laser beam to determine the
distance to an object. the most
common form of laser rangefinder
operates on the time of flight principle
by sending a laser pulse in a narrow
beam towards the object and measuring
the time taken by the pulse to be
reflected off the target and return to the
sender. Due to the high speed of light,
this technique is not appropriate for
high precision sub-millimeter
measurements, where triangulation and
other techniques are often used.
METERS
TICK
• A meterstick or yardstick is either a
straightedge or foldable ruler use to
measure length, and is especially
common in the construction
industry. They are often made of
wood or plastic, and often have
metal or plastic joints so that they
can be folded together. Normal
length of a meterstick made for the
international market is either one or
two meters, while a yardstick made
for the U.S market is typically one
yard (3 feet or 0.9144 meters) long.
MICROMETER SCREW
GAUGES
• A micrometer , sometimes known as
micrometer screw gauge, is a device
incorporating a calibrated screw widely used
for accurate measurement of components in
mechanical engineering and machining as well
as most mechanical trades, along with other
metrological instruments such as dial, vernier,
and digital calipers. Micrometers are usually,
but not always, in in the form of calipers
(opposing ends joined by a frame). The spindle
is a very accurately machined screw and the
object to be measured is placed between the
spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved by
turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the
object to be measured is lightly touched by
both the spindle and the anvil.
TRUNDLE • A Trundle wheel is a measuring device, a

WHEEL
simplified form of a surveyor’s wheel. It is
commonly used By people who need an easy way
to find the rough distance from one place to
another. The trundle wheel is composed of a
wheel, a handle which is attached to the axle
allowing the trundle wheel to be held easily, and a
clicking device which is triggered once per
revolution of the wheel. Trundle wheels are not as
accurate as other methods of measuring
distance but are a good way to get a rough
estimation of a fairly long distance over a good
surface. It works by having a wheel which has
circumference of exactly one meter, hence one
revolution of a wheel equates to one unit of
distance traveled on the ground if there is no slip.
Every time the wheel makes a rotation, the wheel
produces an audible click which is then counted
and therefore the number of clicks that are
counted by the user is approximately the number
of distance traveled. Due to the design of trundle
wheel , it has the potential to not always travel in
a straight line which may add extra distance to
the final reading.
TAPE
MEASURE • A tape measure or measuring
tape is a flexible ruler used to
measure size or distance
ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS
• The concept of angle comes from
the circle. Actually, angle is a part
of a circle. We measure an angle in
degree or radian. Usually, the
primary objective of an angle
measurement is not to measure
angles but the assessment of the
alignment of machine parts or
products.
• Angle is defined as the opening
between two lines which meet at a
point. In a current scenario, there is
a wide range of angle measuring
instruments to complex types
techniques.
• Throughout history, angles have
been measured in many different
units. These are known as angular
units, with the most contemporary
units being the degree, the radian
(rad), and the gradian (grad),
though many others have been
used throughout history.
• If a circle is divided into 360 parts,
then each part is called a degree (0)
SOME TOOLS TO MEASURE ANGLE
ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• PROTRACTOR
• A device used for measuring
angles in degrees. It is usually
made of a metal or
transparent plastic.
• It reads from 0 degrees to
180 degrees
• VERNIER BEVEL
PROTRACTOR • It is a simplest instrument for
measuring the angle between
two faces of component.
• It consists of a base plate
attached to a main body and
an adjustable blade which is
attached to a circular plate
containing vernier scale
• SINE BAR
• The sine bar is designated
basically for the precise
setting out of angles and is
generally used in conjunction
with slip gauges and surface
plate.
• The principle of operation
relies upon the application of
trigonometry
• SINE CENTER
• Sine center are used for
mounting conical work pieces
which cannot be held on a
conventional sine bar.
• Sine center consists of a self-
contained sine bar hinged at
one roller and mounted on its
own datum surface and the top
surface of the baris provided
with clamps and centers to
hold the work.
• CLINOMETER
• A clinometer is a special case of
application of a spirit level in
which it is mounted on a rotary
member carried on housing. A
semicircular scale is used to
measure the angle of inclination
of the rotary member carrying the
spirit level relative to its base.
• Clinometer is mainly used to
measure the included angle
between two adjacent faces of
the work piece
 SURFACE
MEASUREM
ENTS
 SURFACE FINISH MAY BE
MEASURED IN TWO WAYS:
CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT
METHODS
• CONTACT METHODS involves dragging a measurement stylus
across the surface: these instruments are called profilometers.
• NON-CONTACT METHODS include: interferometry, digital
holography, confocal microscopy, focus variation, structured
light, electrical capacitance, electro microscopy, and
photogrammetry
 SURFACE
ROUGHNESS
GAGES
The roughness of a surface can be measured in
different ways which are classified into three basic
categories:

• Statistical descriptors that give average behavior of the surface

height
• Extreme value descriptors that depend on isolated events.
• Texture descriptors that describe variations of the surface
based on multiple events. An example for this descriptor is the
correlation length.
 Inspection and assessment of surface roughness of machined work
pieces can be carried out by means of different measurement
techniques. This methods can be ranked into the following cases:
• Direct measurement method assess surface
finish by means of stylus type devices.
• Non contact methods . There
Measurements are obtained using a stylus have been some work done to
drawn along the surface to be measured: the
stylus motion perpendicular to the surface is attempt to measure surface
registered. This registered profile is then used roughness using non contact
to calculate the roughness parameters.
• Comparison based techniques use specimens
technique.
of surface roughness produced by the same
process, material and machining parameters
as the surface to be compared. Visual and
tactile senses are used to compare a specimen
with a surface of known surface finish.
Because of the subjective judgment involved,
this method is useful for surface roughness
As a summary,
• Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real
object will interact with its environment.
• Roughness is often good predictor of the performance of a
mechanical component.
• In surface metrology, roughness is typically considered to be the
high-frequency, short-wavelength component of a measured
surface.
THANK YOU!
LAILANIE A. SARIPADA
MEC131-Xxpq