J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No.

6B

Ä
ausmfOD;vGif

jrefrmEkdifiH\ tapmydkif; urÜnf;pmayrsm;udk avhvmvQif tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiH

rsm;\ urÜnf;pmayrsm;udk csefxm;ír&yg/ txl;ojzifh tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif
xGef;um;cJhaom tu©&mrsm;? bmomrsm; jzpfonfh ygVd? ouúwESifh
*kyÜw? u'HA? jAm[®Dpaom tdE´d,tu©&mrsm;rSm jrefrmtu©&m ay:ayguf
vmap&efomru jrefrmtu©&m\ tOD;tp[k qdkEkdifaom rGeftu©&m?
ysLtu©&m? &u©0PÖtu©&mrsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef twGufvnf;
ta&;BuD;aom u@rS yg0ifNyD; tdE´d,tu©&mrsm;onf azmfjyyg rGef? ysL?
&cdkiftu©&mrsm;\ rdciftu©&mrsm; [kqdkvnf; rrSm;yg/ tdE´d,tu©&m
rsm;onf jrefrmtu©&m ay:aygufa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;ouJhokdY rGef
tu©&m ESifh rGefbmom\ jrefrmtu©&mESifh jrefrmpmaytay: vTrf;rdk;rI
onfvnf; ta&;yg ygonf/ jrefrmtu©&monf rGeftu©&mudk tajccHí
wDxGifcJhojzifh rGefausmufpm tygt0if rGefurÜnf;pmayrsm;? rGefESifh
qufpyfaeonfh rGefcrm urÜnf;pmayrsm;? tvm;wl yk*Hacwfumv
a&;xdk;cJhonfh wrdvfausmufpm? ,dk;',m;ausmufpm? ysL-w½kwf
ausmufpmwkdYudkvnf; qufpyfavhvm&ef vdkonfhtwGuf tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiH
rsm;\ azmfjyyg urÜnf;pmayrsm;udk pkpnf;avhvm wifjyoGm;rnf
jzpfygonf/

þpmwrf;onf jrefrmpmay ay:aygufvmrIESifhtwl ysL ? rGef? &cdkif

pmayrsm;\ tcef;u@ESifh qufpyfrIudkyg uGif;qif;avhvm okawoejyK
wifjyxm;aom pmwrf; jzpfygonf/ jrefrmausmufpmrsm;udk acwfNydKifxGef;um;
cJhonfh ysL? rGef? &cdkif ausmufpmrsm;jzifhyg EIdif;,SOfavhvm okawoejyKvsuf
&Sdonfh tapmqkH; jrefrmausmufpmrsm;ESifh acwfNydKifausmufpmrsm; yg&*l
usrf;wGif wifjyrnfh taMumif;t&m wpfpdwfwpfydkif;vnf; jzpfygonf/
txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmay? jrefrmtu©&mwdkYonf oD;jcm;wDxGifzefwD;jcif;
jzpfaMumif;? jrefrmpmay jrefrmtu©&m ay:aygufvmNyD;aemufrS yk*Htygt0if

Ä armif? yg&*lausmif;om;? jrefrmpmXme? &efukefwuúodkvf

304 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

a'otESHYtjym;odkY a&muf&SdxGef;um;aMumif;? okawoejyK avhvmwifjy

xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH\ tapmydkif; urÜnf;pmayrsm;udk avhvmvQif tdrfeD;csif;

EkdifiHrsm;\ urÜnf;pmayrsm;udk csefxm;í r&yg/ txl;ojzifh tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif
xGef;um;cJhaom tu©&mrsm;? bmomrsm;jzpfonfh ygVd? ouúwESifh *kyÜw?
u'HA? jAm[®Dpaom tdE´d,tu©&mrsm;rSm jrefrmtu©&m ay:aygufvmap&ef
omru jrefrmtu©&m\ tOD;tp[k qdkEkdifaom rGeftu©&m? ysLtu©&m?
&u©0PÖtu©&mrsm; ay:aygufvmap&eftwGufvnf; ta&;BuD;aom u@rS
yg0ifNyD; tdE´d,tu©&mrsm;onf azmfjyyg rGef? ysL? &cdkiftu©&mrsm;\ rdcif
tu©&mrsm;[k qdkvnf; rrSm;yg/
tdE´d,tu©&mrsm;onf jrefrmtu©&m ay:aygufa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;
ouJhokdY wzufuvnf; rGeftu©&mESifh rGefbmomwdkYonf jrefrmtu©&mESifh
jrefrmpmaytay: vTrf;rdk;jcif;½SdcJhrIonfvnf; ta&;yg ygonf/ jrefrmtu©&monf
rGeftu©&mudk tajccHí wDxGifcJhojzifh rGefausmufpm tygt0if rGefurÜnf;
pmayrsm;? rGefESifhqufpyfaeonfh rGefcrm urÜnf;pmayrsm;? tvm;wl yk*Hacwf
umv a&;xdk;cJhonfh wrdvfausmufpm? ,dk;',m;ausmufpm? ysL-w½kwf
ausmufpmwkdYudkvnf; qufpyfavhvm&ef vdkonfhtwGuf yk*Hacwfxdk;
atmufazmfjyyg tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHoHk; urÜnf;pmayrsm;udk wifjytyfygonf-
(u) &ckdifjynfe,frS tdEd́,tu©&mrsm;jzifh a&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpmrsm;?
(c) xkdif;EkdifiHrS y&yxHkausmufpm? avmhAl&DausmufpmESifh yk*HrS
awGU½Sdaom xkdif;ESifh crmtu©&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpm
(*) u&ifjynfe,f? aumh*Gef;*l eH&HrS rGefcrmausmufpm?
(C) yk*HrS awGU&aom wrdvfausmufpm?
(i) yk*HrS awGU&aom ysL-w½kwfausmufpm?
(p) yk*HrS awGU&aom ouúwausmufpm/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 305

&cdkifjynfe,fonf tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh eD;uyfonfESifhtrQ a½S;,cifumv

rsm;pGmuwnf;u ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm;½SdcJhNyD; c&pfawmfray:rD umvuyif &ckdif
jynfe,fokdY tdE´d,EdkifiHrS t,l0g'? udk;uG,f,HkMunfrIwdkYESifhtwl tdE´d,
tu©&m? ta&;tom;? pmayrsm; a&muf½SdcJhaMumif; &ckdifjynfe,f tESYHtjym;rS
awGU½Sd&onfh tdE´d,tu©&mrsm; (jAm[®D? a'0em*&D? *kyÜwtu©&mrsm;jzifh
a&;xkd;xm;onfh ausmufpm)jzifh a&;xkd;xm;onfh ausmufpmrsm;udk axmuf½I
od½SdEkdifygonf/
&ckdifjynfe,frS awGU½SdcJhonfh tdE´d,tu©&mrsm;jzifh a&;xkd;xm;aom
ausmufpmrsm;teuf a½S;tusqHk;rSm c&pfawmf ray:rD bDpD(6)&mpk tdE´d,
ajrmufydkif; jAm[®Dtu©&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;aom awmifaygufBuD; ausmufpmudk
tapmqHk;tjzpf &ckdifynm½Sifrsm; ñTef;qdkMuygonf/ a0omvDapwDysufrS
&½Sdaom ]]opöu y&dZÁmu0d}} [k ygVdbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;onfh pmyg½Sdaom
Adkufylbk&m;ausmufpmudk "n0wDacwf tu©&mta&;tom; (a0omvDacwf
tapmykdif;umv) [kvnf; azmfjyMuonf/ &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm;t& pE´ol&d,rif;
(bDpD 500-528)vufxuf bDpD 554 (wwd, "n0wDacwf)wGif a*gwr
jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifonf &[EÅmig;&m NcH&Hvsuf aumif;uifc&D;jzifh "n0wDNrdKU
taemufzuf? upäye'Djrpfta½SUbufurf;&Sd aovm*D&dawmifxdyfü &yfwefY
awmfrlcJhonf[k qdkvdkonfh pmom;a&;xm;cJhaMumif;? 1932-33 ckESpf? {NyDv
cefYwGif ausmufawmfawmifESifh "n0wDNrdKUa[mif; tMum;½Sd awmifaygufBuD;
ausmufeH&Hay:wGif jAm[®Dtu©&m ygVdbmomjzifh a&;xdk;cJhonfudk &ckdifynm½Sd
OD;pHa½Tzl;ESifh wynfhjzpfol OD;OD;omxGef;wdkY awGU½Sdul;,lcJhaMumif;? pmaMumif;
(25)aMumif;cefY a&;om;xm;aomfvnf; (5)aMumif;om zwf½IEdkifaMumif; od½Sd&
ygonf/1
r[mrkedukef;awmfay: 'kwd,tqifh ta½SUajrmufaxmifh t&yf½Sd
pr®cHxuf 'l;wpfbufaxmifNyD; wpfbufwifyv’ifacGxm;onfh ausmufqpf
ewf½kyf tajcwGif NAm[®Dbmomjzifh pmaMumif; (12)aMumif; a&;xkd;xm;&m
(6)aMumif;om zwf½I&jyD; (v? A? [) pmvHk;(3)vHk;\ tu©&myHkrsm;rSm (at'D

1
OD;omxGef;? OD;? 1932-1933? 89/
306 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

5 &mpk rS 6 &mpk) twGif; tdE´d,ajrmufykdif;? *kyÅacwf tu©&m1rsm; (tcsKdUu

at'D 4 - 5) &mpk[k azmfjyMuonf/) jzpfMu&m r[mrkedukef;awmfay:rS
ausmuf½kyf<ursm;onfvnf; acwfNydKifvuf&mrsm;yif jzpfonf/ "n0wDacwf
aemufwGif xGef;um;cJYaom a0omvDacwf (yxra0omvD- bDpD 510 rS at'D
370)('kwd,a0omvD- at'D 370 rS 600 txd) (wwd,a0omvD- at'D
600 rS 720 txd)wGif tdE´d,rS Ak'¨bmomESifhtwl [dE´Lbmom? NA[®P
0g'rsm; ysHUESHYa&muf½SdcJYum tdE´d,tu©&mrsm;ESifh a&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpm
rsm;yg awGU½SdcJY&ygonf/
xdkYaemufydkif;wGif oJausmufwHk;rsm;ay:xGif;xkxm;onfh ausmufpmrsm;
omru a0omvDacgif;avmif;pm? tmeE´pjE´ausmufpmrsm; ponfjzifh awGU½Sd
cJhaMumif;? udk;uG,f,HkMunfrIESifhtwl pmaytu©&m ta&;tom;rsm;vnf;
yl;wGJa&muf½SdcJY&m xdkausmufpmrsm; a&;xdk;xm;onfh ouúwESifh NAm[®Dtu©&m
rsm;rSwpfqifh &u©0PÖ odkYr[kwf &ckdiftu©&m ay:aygufcJYaMumif;? "n0wD
acwfwGif rm*"pmayac: NAm[®Dtu©&mrS j*EÅtu©&m? a0omvDacwfwGif
*kyåpmay? ouúwpmay? ,if;rS &u©0PÖtu©&mrsm; jzpfvmNyD; &ckdifjynfwGif
awGU&aomtu©&mjzpfí &ckdifpm odkYr[kwf &u©0PÖpm[k ac:qdkcJYaMumif;
avhvmawGY½Sd&ygonf/ ouúwrSwpfqifh &cdkif-jrefrmpmayodkY qif;oufvmNyD;
xdkodkY tqifhqifh pmaywkdYonf a&maESm,Sufwifum xGef;um;vmonf 2
[laom avhvmoHk;oyfcsufrsm;t& &u©0PÖESifhjrefrmtu©&mwdkYonf qifwlNyD;
qufpyfrI½Sdonf[k qdk&ygrnf/
a0omvDacwf at'D 320-330 cefYu a'GifpjE´mrif;onf a0omvD
ausmufqif;wkbk&m;BuD;ukd wnfxm;cJhNyD; ausmufqif;wk ausmbufü ygVd
bmomjzihf ‘a,"r®m*gxmudk a&;xdk;cJhygonf/ a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ausmufpm
(4)aMumif; (a,"r®m-r[morP-) (a0omvDacwfwGif a½S;tusqHk; at'D 4
&mpk? ajrmufykdif; jAm[®DrS toGifajymif;vmaom tu©&m? ygVdbmomjzihf
a&;xm;) a½S;a[mif;okawoe ñTefMum;a&;rSL;0ef\ ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm
(1958-59)wGif þa0omvDbk&m;BuD;ausmufpm a&;xkd;tu©&mrSm *kyÅtu©&m?
tu©&mvufa&;0dkif;NyD; ygVdbmomjzihf a&;xkd;xm;aMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
a&;xkd;umvukdvnf; at'D 5 &mpkrS 6 &mpk tMum;[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
1
pHomatmif? OD;? 1975? 60/
2
A.S.B. 1958-59? 24-25/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 307

tvm;wl eDwdpjE´mrif;vufxuf at'D 470 ckESpfcefYu a&;xkd;cJhaom

‘a,"r®m*gxmausmufpmudv k nf; a0omvD OPSdóuawmifay:½Sd apwDwpfqlrS
&½SdcJhygonf/ þausmufpm\ tu©&myHkrSm jAm[®Dtu©&mrS ajymif;vJvmaom
tu©&myGm; odkYr[kwf *kyÅtu©&myGm; odkYr[kwf *kyÅtu©&mudk jyKjyifwDxGif
ajymif;vJxm;aom tu©&myHkjzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU½Sd&ygonf/ eDwdpjE´m;
ausmufpm (eDwdpjE´m;rif;\ rdzk&m;u at'D 478 xkd;cJh) (9-qufajrmuf
eDwdpjE´m;rif; at'D 477-532) vufxufxkd;? a0omvD OPSdouawmifrS &½Sd/
ajrmufydkif; jAm[®Dtu©&mrS toGifajymif;vmaom *kyÅtu©&m? ouúwbmom
(ygVdbmomtenf;i,fyg0if)jzifh a&;xm;(4 aMumif;)ygonf/ þausmufpmudk
tdE´d,ausmufpm yg&*l rpöwm'D;pDqm&um;u *kyÅacwftu©&mESifh ouúw
bmomjzifh a&;xkd;xm;NyD; tvSL½SifrSm om0dpmpjE´N*D,m trnf½Sdaom eDwdpjE´m
rif;\ rdzk&m;u vSL'gef;xm;aom 0w¬Kwpfckudk taMumif;jyK a&;xkd;xm;onf/
eDwdpjE´mrif;onf at'D 520 ckESpfavmufrS 575 ckESpftxd &cdkif? a0omvDjynf
xD;eef;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaeaom rif;wpfyg; jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/
a0omvDacwf at'D 525 wGif pdk;pHonfh 0D&pjE´m;rif;\ ausmufpm
(4 aMumif;) udkvnf; a0omvDoif;uspf"mwfawmfawmifay:½Sd apwDwpfqlrS
&½Sd&m eDwdpjE´m;ausmufpm tu©&myHkESifh qifwlaMumif; awGU½Sd&ygonf/
a0omvD 0d&pjE´m;ausmufpm (a0omvDoif;csyfawmfapwD ajrmufbuf)
(at'D 532 wGif þapwDaygif; tql(100)udk oif;uspf"mwfawmfawmifü
wnfxm;aMumif; a&;xkd;cJh/ jAm[®DtoGifajymif; *kyÅtu©&m? ouúwbmomzsuf
ygVdbmomjzifh xkd;/ (4 aMumif;) (,ck ajrmufOD; jywkduf) þausmufpmudk
tdE´d,ausmufpm yg&*l rpöwm'D;pDqm&um;u 0D&pjE´m;rif; ausmufpm
jzpfaMumif;? ¤if;rif;onf w&m;awmfudk ESpfoufjrwfEdk;ojzihf apwDykxkd;aygif;
tql (100) wnfaqmuf vSL'gef;aMumif; a&;xkd;cJhonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/
at'D 6 &mpk jzpfygonf/
oHwGJ ivHk;armfausmufpm (G.E Fryer u at'D 1872 rSmawGY/ England,
Oxford jywdkuf (The Royal Asiatic Society At the Museum of the India
Institute Oxford)ü ½Sd/ (pmaMumif; 7 aMumif;) (aMumif;a& 1 rS 3 txd a,"r®
tpcsD *gxm/ aMumif;a& 4 rS tqHk;xd) tvSL½Sif Oyoumrsm;jzpfaom rd*gESifh
omaumrJwdkYu rdbESpfyg;udk&nfpl;í ukokdvfjyKcJhaMumif; a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/
a'0em*&Dtu©&m? (ASB wGif *kyÅtu©&m[k azmfjyxm;) ouúwbmom/
308 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

a0omvDacwf at'D 8 &mpk twGif;[k ygarmu© *Refpwefu cefYrSef;xm;

ygonf/
a0omvDNrdKUa[mif; wl;azmfrI (VSL-4) rS wl;azmfawGU½Sdaom ouúw
ausmufpm (10″_4″_7″) a,pr®mpmaMumif; 4 aMumif;? ouúwbmom?
at'D 6 &mpkoHk; *kyÜwtu©&m)udkvnf; awGU&Sdxm;ygonf/
½Sifi,fwufausmufpm (0ef;wD;ewfuRef;ausmuf½kyfpm) (ajrmufOD;acwf
ESifha0omvDacwf) (,ck ajrmufOD;a½S;a[mif;okawoejywkduf) (a½SUrsufESm-
10 aMumif; ouú&mZf 905 [lí yg½Sd? aemufausm 30 cefYtm; ouúwbmomjzifh
a&;xm;ygonf/
a0omvDoif;uspfawmfausmufpm (a0omvDacwf) (ajrmufOD;jywkduf)
(4 aMumif;) *kyÅtu©&m (eDwdpjE´m;ausmufpmrsm;rS tu©&mrsm;ESifh wlnD \/)
]]a,"r®m}} *gxmudkvnf;aumif;? tdk;xdef;ausmufpm (a0omvDacwf at'D 6
&mpk) (22 aMumif;) udkvnf;aumif;? "r®0dZ,ausmufpm (a0omvD? vif;a>rawmif)
udkvnf;aumif; awGY½SdcJhNyD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh ausmufpmtaMumif;t&mrSm
]]a,"r®m}} tpcsD*gxmrsm;yif jzpfygonf/
a0omvD wl;ajrmif;ausmufpm ("r®pjE´mrif; ausmufpm?) (10 aMumif;)
ouúwbmom (ajrmufOD;jywkduf) (owå0gtaygif;wkdYonf tnpfaMu; oHk;yg;
avmb? a'go? arm[udk z,f½Sm;tyfygukefí wPSm wnf;[laom vIdif;wHydk;
jyif;xefonfh b0ork'´&mrS edAÁmefwnf;[laom urf;wpfzufodkY csrf;ompGm
a&muf&ygapownf;/ [k a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/ ]]þapwDudk zsufqD;olonf
aoonf\aemufü wajymifajymif awmufavmifvsuf½Sdaom aMumufrufzG,f
aumif;aom a&m½k0i&JodkY a&mufygapownf; ]] ? }} þapwD apmifha½Smufolonf
ewfjynfü uyfurÇmoufwrf; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm wnfygapownf;}}-[lí
qkawmif;ESifh usdefpmwdkYudk a&;xkd;xm;&m &ckdifa'o½Sd ausmufpmrsm;wGifa&m?
yk*Hacwfausmufpmrsm;wGifyg awGU&avh½Sdonfh qkawmif;ESifh usdefpmrsdK;udk
tapmqHk;awGU&onfh taxmuftxm;jzpfNyD; a0omvDacwf at'D 7 &mpk
aESmif;ydkif; "r®pjE´mrif;BuD; (at'D 704-720) a&;xkd;cJh[ef½SdaMumif; od&onf/
NydKif;csbk&m;ausmufpm (a0omvDacwf) (ajrmufOD;jywkduf) (19 aMumif;)?
ausmufpwlyg apwDi,frsm;ay:rSpmrsm;ESifh yv’ifrSpm (a,"r®m tpcsD *gxmrsm;)
(jAm[®Dtu©&m) (at'D 4 rS 6 &mpk)? OPSdomuawmifapwD ausmufpm
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 309

(a0omvDacwf) (5 aMumif;)? rif;jym;NrdKU? usdef;awmifausmufpm (at'D 5 &mpk)

(a0omvDacwf) (8 aMumif;) ponfh acwftqufquf a&;xdk;xm;onfh
ausmufpmrsm;udv k nf; rMumao;rDu xyfrHawGU½Sdpkaqmif;cJyh gonf/
a0omvDacwfwGif txl;jcm;qHk;? ta&;tBuD;qHk;ESifh wefzdk;t½SdqHk;
ausmufpmwkdifudk tmeE´pjE´rif;u at'D 650 wpf0dkufwGif (tcsdKUu at'D
680 wGif a&;xkd;aMumif; qdkMu\) a&;om;pdkufxlcJhonf/ av;axmifh
ausmufpmwkdif jzpfNyD; rsufESmoHk;bufü ausmufpmrsm; a&;xkd;xm;ygonf/
ta&SUbufrsufESm&Sd pmrsm;rSm a½S;tusqHk;[k ,lqEdkifonfh tu©&myHk
rsm;jzifh a&;xkd;xm;NyD; a0omvD'kwd,acwf at'D-3 &mpkESifh 6-&mpktwGif;ü
a&;xdk;cJhonf[k rSef;q&ygonf/ pmaMumif;a& (69)aMumif; yg&Sdonf/ 'kwd,
a&S;usaom pmwdkYudk taemufzufrsufESmwGif awGU&NyD; a&SUajy; em*&D
tu©&mjzifh at'D- 729-avmufu a&;xdk;cJhonf1 [kcefYrSef;&NyD; tmeE´pNE´rif;
vufxuf jzpfygonf/
ynm½SiftcsdKUuvnf; ta½SUbufrsufESm a&;xkd;xm;aom tu©&mrSm
*kyÅtu©&mjzpfí ouúwbmomESifh a&;xkd;ojzifh tjcm;rsufESm (2)buf &Sdonfh
teuf ,if;pmonf a½S;tusqHk;pmjzpfonf[k cefYrSef;&\/ taemufbuf
rsufESmü em*&Dtu©&mjzifh a&;xdk;xm;NyD; at'D 6 &mpk 7 &mpk avmufu
pmjzpf\2 [k cefYrSef;xm;Muygonf/
ajrmufzufrsufESmwGifum; at'D(600)cefYu a&;xdk;cJhaom pmaMumif;
(4)aMumif;? ,if;\atmufü at'D(11)&mpkcefYu tapmydkif; b*FgvDtu©&mESifh
wlaompmvkH;wdkYjzifh pmaMumif; (69)aMumif; a&;xdk;xm;ygonf/ ajrmufzuf
rsufESm&Sd tu©&mpmvkH;rsm;onf zwfr&avmufatmif ysufpD;jyKef;wD;aeonf/
b*FgvDpm (69)aMumif;ESifhywfoufí ygarmu© *Refpwif\ avhvmcsuft&
at'D(10)&mpk aemufydkif;wGif a&;xdk;cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k rSef;q&ygonf/3
a'gufwmyifrvm*wfrifu ausmufpmtu©&mwdkYrSm b*Fvm;jynf p`E´
rif;quf0if rif;wpfyg;jzpfonfh *dkAif'gp`E´ (at'D-1020-1055)vufxufokH;

1
OD;omxGef;? OD;? 1932-1933? 44-45? 117/
2
apmxGef;atmif? a'gufwm? 1961 ? 48/
3
A.S B. 1958-59?24-25/
310 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

pmvkH;rsm;ESifh qifwlaMumif; 1 NcKHikHokH;oyfygu tapmydkif; b*FgvDpmtrsm;pkrSm

at'D(11)&mpkokH; jzpfNyD; tcsdKUtu©&mwdkYrSm at'D(9)&mpkESifh (10)&mpkokH;
rsm;vnf; yg0ifaMumif; qdkxm;ygonf/
tmeE´pjE´mrif; aemufydkif;wGif oD&dpjE´mrif;? od*FpjE´mrif;ESifh plvpjE´mrif;wdkY
qufcHaMumif; &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjyMuonf/ txl;ojzifh plvpjE´mrif;onf
a0omvD\ aemufqHk;rif;jzpfaMumif; &cdkifokawoDynm½Sifrsm;u oabmwl
vufcHMuNyD; plvpjE´mrif;vufxufwGif oGef;vkyfaom '*Fg;tao;? tvwfESifh
tBuD;[lí oHk;rsdK; awGU&ygonf/
tqdkyg '*Fg;rsm;wGif ]]plvr[m&mZm}} [laompmudk 0dkif;pufonfh
tu©&mjzifh a&;xm;&m tu©&mESifh pmayta&;tom; ajymif;vmaMumif;
azmfjyaom vu©Pmwpf&yf 2 jzpfonf[k okH;oyfMuygonf/ tcsdKUuvnf;
plVp`E´'*Fg;jym;ygpmwrf;rSm ouúwtu©&mjzifh r[kwfbJ ,aeY jrefrmtu©&m
ESifheD;pyfaeonfrSm xl;jcm;csufwpf&yf[k okH;oyfMuygonf/
tdE´d,EkdifiHrS jAm[®DPmbmom? [dE´Lbmom? Ak'¨bmompaom udk;uG,f
,HkMunfrIESifhtwl pmaytu©&mrsm;yg &cdkifa'o½Sd "n0wD? a0omvDNrdKUrsm;okdY
a&muf½SdcJh&m tapmqHk;awGU½Sdaom ausmufpmrsm;onf jAm[®DPm0g'qdkif&m
½kyf<ursm;ESifh Ak'¨bmomqdkif&mrsm; trsm;qHk; jzpfygonf/ &ckdifjynfe,frS
awGU&aom at'D 11 &mpk rwdkifrD a&;xkd;onfh ausmufpmtrsm;pkonf
tdE´d,tu©&m (0g) jAm[®Dtu©&mjzifh a&;xm;NyD; ouúwbmomjzihf a&;xkd;xm;
aMumif;? txufazmfjyyg ausmufpmrsm;teuf a,"r®m ausmufjym;pmESifh
a0omvD aMu;qDrD;cGufpmrS vGJí usefausmufpmtrsm;pkonf jAm[®DrS toGif
ajymif;vmaom tu©&mtrsm;pkjzpfaMumif;? &ckdifjynfe,f½Sd azmfjyyg ausmufpm
rsm;rS tu©&mrsm;onf tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;oHk; jAm[®DyGm; tu©&mrsm;ESifh qifwlNyD;
at'D 6 &mpkoHk; ,aom'grH Asnf;rsm;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;wlaMumif;? &ckdiftu©&m
rsm;onf ysLtu©&mrsm;ESifhvnf; rwlaMumif;? &cdkifynm½SiftcsdKUu a0omvD
acwfaESmif;ykdif; pjE´m;rif;wkdY\ aemufqHk;rif;jzpfonfh plVpjE´m;rif; vufxufwGif
oGef;vkyf oHk;pGJaom aiG'*Fg;rsm;ü ]]plVr[m&mZm}}Ä[k 0dkif;pufaom &u©0PÖ
ac: ,aeY jrefrmtu©&mESifh eD;pyfonfh &ckdiftu©&m ay:aygufaeNyD[k qdkcsif

1
apmxGef;atmif? a'gufwm? 1961? 49/
2
apmxGef;atmif? a'gufwm? 1961? 49/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 311

MuaMumif;? xdkYaMumifh a0omvDNrdKUa[mif;rS aMu;qDrD;cGufpmonf vufa&;0dkif;

aeaomfvnf; tu©&myHkt& a0omvD aESmif;acwf c&pfouú&mZf q,f&mpk
yxrydkif;ü a&;xkd;aom tu©&myHkrsdK; jzpfonf[k &cdkifynm½SiftcsdKUu ,lq
MuaMumif;1 ponfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk oHk;oyfí &u©0PÖtu©&m ay:ayguf
vmrIudk wGufqEkdifygonf/

a½S;rGefbmomjzifh a&;xkd;xm;aom tapmqHk;urÜnf;pmay taxmuf

txm;tjzpf xkdif;EkdifiH? y&yxkHü awGU&aom ausmufpmESifh avmhAl&Dausmufpm
(xdkif;EkdifiH? befaumufNrdKU? trsdK;om;pmMunfhwdkufwGif &Sdonf)udk at'D7 &mpkwGif
a&;xkd;cJhaMumif;? rGeftu©&mordkif;ESifh tu©&may:aygufvmyHkudk avhvm
okawoejyKEdkifonfh ta&;ygaom ausmufpmrsm; jzpfaMumif;? c&pfESpfOD;ydkif;
umvrSpí a½S;rGefbmomjzifh a&;xdk;aom rGefausmufpmrsm;rSm rGefbmomESifh
ygVdwdkY a&maESma&;om;MuaMumif;? txl;ojzifh Ak'¨pmayjzpfaom ygVdpmayonf
ok0PÖblrda'owGif rsm;pGmtoHk;jyKcJhMuaMumif; ynm&Sifrsm;u okawoejyK
azmfxkwfxm;cJhMuygonf/
yk*Ha'owpf0dkufwGif ysL? jrefrm? rGef? ygVd? ouúw? xdkif;(,dk;',m;)?
xdkif;-crm? wrDvf? w½kwfausmufpmrsm; awGU½Sd&onf/ taemf&xmrif;ESifh
usefppfom;rif;wdkY\ eef;jyKumvwGif rGefausmufpm taxmuftxm;
trsm;qHk; jzpfygonf/ jrefrm? ysL? rGef? ygVd av;bmom a&;xkd;xm;aom
jrapwDausmufpm rwdkifrD yk*HwGif rGefausmufpm wpfrsdK;wnf;om a&;xkd;
cJhaMumif; awGU½Sd&onf/
c&pfESpf 11-&mpk usefppfom;rif; eef;jyKumvwGif a&;xkd;aom rGef
ausmufpmrsm;tjzpf oxHkteD; bD;vif;NrdKU½Sd anmif0dkif;ausmufpm? usdKufwJ
ausmufpmESifh usdKufwvef;ausmufpm (&efukefwuúodkvf? pmMunfhwdkuf)
jynfa½TqHawmf rGefausmufpm? oxHkuvsmPD odrfausmufpmwkdYudk awGU&onf/
usefppfom;rif; eef;wufcsdefxufapmonf[k ,lqEdkifaom tu©&myHkoP²mef
apmaom rGefausmufpmwdkYrSm MwyfausmufpmESifh y@dwfausmufpm jzpfonf/
1
OD;atmifomOD;? &cdkif,Ofaus;rI a0omvDacwf (pm-42)
312 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

,if;wdkYudk oxHkwGif awGU½Sd&onf/ yk*HESifh teD;wpf0dkufrSvnf; jruef

ausmufpm? tvH-yk*H ausmufpm? usefppfom; tw¬KyÜwådausmufpm? usefppfom;
eef;wnf ausmufpmrsm; awGU½Sd&ygonf/ awGU&orQ ausmufpmtm;vHk;onf
rGefbmomjzifhyif a&;xkd;xm;NyD; usefppfom;rif;BuD;\ aqmif½GufrIrsm;udk
crf;crf;em;em; azmfjyrSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/
xdkumvwGif tjcm;bmompum;jzifh a&;aom ausmufpm taxmuf
txm;udk ,aeYtxd rawGU&ojzifh rGefbmomudk t"duoHk;pGJcJhaMumif; cdkifcdkif
rmrm ajymEkdifygonf/ tvm;wl usefppfom;rif;\aumif;rI tmeE´mbk&m;½Sd
ig;&mYig;q,fZmwfawmfESifh rm&fppfonfqkdif&m pOfUuGif;pmrsm;? jrif;uyg
*lajymufBuD;bk&m;twGif; eH&Hrifpmrsm;wGif rGefbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;NyD;
jrefrmpm? jrefrmtu©&m ta&;tom; rawGU&ao;ojzifh yk*HwGif rGefbmomESifh
rGeftu©&m zGHUNzdK;xGef;um;aerIESifh vTrf;rdk;rIudk oHk;oyfMunfhEkdifygonf/
taemf&xmrif; umvrwdkifrD pmay? tu©&m[lí cdkifcdkifrmrm rawGU&
ao;aomfvnf; taemf&xmrif; vufxufrS pwifí tkwfcGufpmrsm;wGif
rGefbmom? ouúwbmom? ygVdbmom ta&;tom;rsm;tm; rGeftu©&m? em*&D
tu©&mwkdYudk toHk;jyKí a&;om;xm;rIrsm; pwifawGU½SdcJhygonf/ tqkdyg
umvu tkwfcGufrsm;wGif jrefrmtu©&m? jrefrmpmjzihf a&;xm;onfudk
rawGU&yJ rGefbmom? rGeftu©&mjzihfom trsm;qHk; a&;om;onfudk awGU½Sd&
ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh taemf&xmrif; rwdkifrD umvtxd yk*HwGif rnfonfh pmay?
tu©&mrS a&;om;oHk;pGJjcif;r½Sd[k ,lq&rnfjzpfygonf/ taemf&xmrif;
oxHkudk wdkufNyD; yd#uwf(3)yHkESifhtwl Ak'¨pmay (0g) ygVd? ouúwbmom
wdkYonf oxHka'ooHk; rGefbmom? rGeftu©&mESifhtwl a&muf½SdvmNyD;
rGefbmomonf yk*Ha'o\ t&yfoHk;? ½Hk;oHk;bmom jzpfcJhonf[k qdk&rnf
jzpfygonf/
1959 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (15)&ufaeYu yk*Ha'orS wl;azmf&½Sdonfh
ausmufpm (45 pifwDrDwm _ 75 pifwDrDwm) wpfcsyfonf xkdif; (,dk;',m;)
tu©&mESifh crmtu©&mrsm;jzifh a&;xkd;xm;NyD; pmaMumif;a& (25)aMumif;
yg½Sdonf/ 1960 ckESpfu xkdif;EkdifiH? befaumufNrdKU? trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkdufrS
ausmufpmynm½Sif Prof; ChamThongkhamwan u zwf½Iavhvmí bmom
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 313

jyefqdkcJh&m t,k'¨,acwfyHkpH (16 &mpk tv,f) tu©&mjzifh xkdif;bmom

ausmufpmjzpfaMumif;? xkdif;bk&ifh trIxrf;rsm;jzpfaom Muen Rajamontri Ok-
khun Kaew Khun Thongraksaa wkdY (3)OD;u yk*Ha'o½Sd rdk;Zv½Gm (Mojla) teD;
bkef;BuD;ausmif;twGuf v,fajr vSL'gef;onfhtaMumif; a&;xkd;xm;onfh
qkawmif;pmESifh usdefpmrsm; yg½Sdonfh ausmufpmjzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/
yk*HacwfOD;ydkif; r[kwfaomfvnf; xkdif;-crm tu©&monf c&pfESpf 16
&mpkv,ftxd rGefta&;tom; vTrf;rkd;aeqJjzpfaMumif;? xdkYtwl tvSL'ge
rSwfwrf;wifa&;xkd;rI"avh qufvufwnf½SdqJ taetxm;ESifh xkdif;tEG,frsm;
yk*Ha'oteD; aexkdiftajccsjcif;ESifh ul;vl;qufqHrIwdkY&SdaMumif;udk azmfjy
Ekdifaom ausmufpm jzpfygonf/

u&ifjynfe,f? bm;tHNrdKUteD;? bm;uyf&Gm&Sd aumh*Gef;*ltwGif; &yfawmfrl

ausmufqif;wkawmf\ ouFef;ay:wGif a&;xkd;xm;onfh a½S;rGefurÜnf;pm
(23-aMumif;)wGif ouú&mZf rygaomfvnf; tu©&myHkESifh ta&;tom;ukd
avhvmygu uBuD;wacsmif;iifqGJyHkrSm tv,fA[dkrS jzpfNyD; oxHka½Tpm&H
bk&m;0if;½Sd MwyfESifh y@dwfac: rGefausmufpmwkdYü yg½Sdonfh (rukwf) [lí
rEl[mrif; trnfrSefudk a&;ouJhokdY jzpfonf/ ----- [k y&yxHkESifh avmhAl&D
rGefausmufpmrsm;ü yg½Sdonfh tu©&mwdkYESifh eD;pyfavonf/ avmhAl&D
rGefausmufpmudk (8)&mpkxkd; [lívnf;aumif;? y&yxHk rGefausmufpmudk (6)
&mpkxdk; [lívnf;aumif;? jyifopfyg&*lBuD; a'gufwma*smhaZ'D;u tu©&m
ta&;tom;udk rlwnfí wnf;jzwfxm;onf/ xkdaumh*Gef;*l rGefausmufpmonf
xkdausmufpmrsm;uJhokdY a½S;rusvSaomfvnf; oxHkjynfudk yk*Hjynfh½Sif
taemf&xmrif; odrf;ydkufonfh at'D (1057) rwdkifrDu urÜnf;xkd;cJh[ef
wlaMumif; rSef;q&ygonf/

yk*Ha'o jrif;uyg½GmteD;rS tdE´d,awmifykdif; j*E¦tu©&mjzifh ouúw

bmom? wrDvftu©&m wrDvfbmomwkdYjzihf a&;xkd;xm;aom pmaMumif; 9
aMumif;yg ausmufpmtaMumif;udk 1902-03 a½S;a[mif;okawoe ñTefMum;
314 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

a&;0ef\ ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ wrDvfausmufpm

bmom zwf½IEkdifaom tdE´d,a½S;a[mif;okawoe ausmufpm0ef a'gufwm
tD;[lvfZf\ zwf½I bmomjyefqkdcsuft& wrDvfausmufpmukd od½Sd&ygonf/
wrDvfausmufpmwGif ckESpf ouú&mZf rygaomfvnf; a&;xkd;xm;aom
tu©&myHkudk axmufí ausmufpma&;xkd;aom umvrSm at'D 1200 rS 1300
twGif; jzpfEkdifaMumif;? tdE´d,awmifykdif;? au&mvjynfe,frS uú&m,d&mPf
od&D,mefonf yk*HwGif ½Sdaom ]]emema'*d0dPÖ*&}} trnfwGifonfh AdóEkd;
ewfuGef; taqmuftODwGif vSL'gef;jcif;udpö rSwfwrf;wifa&;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ ouúwbmomjzifh AdóEkd;ewftm; MunfndKjcif;0wf½GwfpOfusrf;rS
*gxmudk wpfykdif; a&;xkd;xm;NyD; wrDvfbmomjzihf 'kwd,tykdif;udk a&;om;
xm;aMumif; awGU½Sd&ygonf/1
þausmufpmt& yk*HwGif AdóEkd;ewfuGef; taqmufttHk wpfck at'D
11 &mpk avmufu aqmufvkyfMuaMumif;? usefppfom;rif;BuD; udk,fwkdif
rdrdudk,fudk AdóEkd;ewf 0ifpm;í yk*HwGif rif;jzpfvmaMumif;? usefppfom;
tw¬KyÜwådausmufpm? eef;wnfausmufpm tygt0if ausmufpmrsm;wGif azmfjy
xm;csuft& at'D 11 &mpk umvu yk*HwGif AdóEkd;ewf udk;uG,faom
jA[®Pbmom0ifrsm; ta&;yg t&ma&mufrI? ax&0g'ESifhtNydKif udk;uG,f
,HkMunfrIrsm;½SdrIwkdYudk awGU½SdEkdifygonf/
tvm;wl ausmufpmwGif oHk;xm;onfh j*E¦tu©&mESifh ywfoufívnf;
j*E¦tu©&monf wrDvfa'owGif ouúwbmomukd a&;om;&mwGif toHk;jyKaom
tu©&mjzpfNyD; a½S;usaom j*E¦tu©&mrSm at'D 700 rwdkifrDuyif a&;om;avh
½SdNyD; acwfumv toD;oD;wGif ajymif;vJvmaomfvnf; at'D 1250 avmuf
rSpí ,aeY j*E¦tu©&mESifh uGJjym;jcif; r½SdawmhaMumif; od&NyD; wrDvftu©&m
onfvnf; at'D 7 &mpk OD;ykdif;uyif ay:aygufvmNyD; wrDvftu©&mESifh
j*E¦tu©&mwdkYrSm uGJjym;rI odyfr½SdbJ cyfqifqifwlNyD; vHk;vHk;wlaom tu©&m
rsm;yif yg0ifaMumif;? yk*HrS wrDvfausmufpmyg tu©&myHkrSm tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif
c&pfESpf 10 &mpk rS 1250 avmufxd a&;xkd;aom tv,facwf wrDvf
tu©&myHkjzpfNyD; ,ck wrDvfausmufpm a&;xkd;&mwGifvnf; tdE´d,EkdifiH wrDvf
a'oü ouúwusrf;*efpmayrsm; a&;om;&mwGif j*E¦tu©&mudk oHk;aom
1
OD;Adkau? pmayESifh vlrIa&;odyÜH*sme,f (pm 89-90)
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 315

tpOftvmtwkdif; rkukE´rmvmrS ouúw*gxmudk j*E¦tu©&mjzifhvnf;aumif;?

tjcm;taMumif;t&mpum;ajyudk wrDvfbmom? wrDvftu©&mjzifhvnf;aumif;
a&;xdk;xm;í yk*Hacwfumv\ ½IaxmifhpHkudk avhvmoHk;oyfEkdifonfh wefzdk;
BuD;rm;aom ausmufpmwpfcsyf jzpfygonf/

yk*Ho&ygwHcg;teD;rS awGU&NyD;1 yk*Hacwf\ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh w&m;

pD&ifa&;taMumif; a&;xkd;rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom ausmufpmjzpfonf[k ,lqMu
ygonf/ ysLbmomrsufESmbufwGif pmvHk;(19)vHk;cefY zwfEkdifaomfvnf;
w½kwfbmombufwGif tenf;i,f ydkrkdzwf½IEkdifygonf/
a&S;a[mif; w&kwftu©&mjzifh a&;xdk;xm;aom ausmufpmudk w½kwf
EdkifiH? a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeodkY ay;ydkYcJhaomfvnf; atmufyg tcsKdUpmvHk;rsm;
tygt0if pmvHk; (80)cefYom? wcsKdUt0uf wpfvHk;csif; od&Sdbmomjyefqdk&½Sd
aomfvnf; pmaMumif;vdkuf? pmydk'fvdkuf? taMumif;t&mtvdkuf bmomjyef
zwfEdkifjcif; r½Sdyg/
rd,ef Mein ( jrefrm ) ( 2- ae&myg½Sd)
[kefz Huang Fa ( &mZOya') ( tBudrfrsm;pGm a&;om;xm;)
ynm&Sifrsm; cefYrSef;jyefqkdcsuft& tcsKdUpmvHk;rsm;udk qufpyfí azmfxkwf
avhvmMuygonf/
(1) ,leefrSt&m&Sdrsm; tjcm;jynfe,fodkY a&mufaomtcg (u& - 13? 14)
(2-Budrf ? 3-Budrf awGU&onf/)
(2) ]]rd,ef (jrefrm)EdkifiHudk zsufqD;&efr[kwf}} (u& - 24)
t"du tm;enf;csufrSm w½kwfbmomESifh jrefrmbmom a&;om;enf;
rwlnDrIaMumifh jzpfaMumif;? w½kwfpmonf vuf,mbuf pwifí txufrS
atmufodkY? ¤if;pmaMumif; qHk;ygu aemufwpfaMumif;udkvnf; txufrS
atmufodkY a&;&aMumif;? ,ckausmufpmwGif w½kwfpma&;enf; r[kwfyJ
w½kwfpmudk jrefrmpma&;ouJhodkY vuf0JbufrS vuf,mbufodkY tvsm;vdkuf

1
,ck yk*Ha&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf? a&S;a[mif;urÜnf;pmayrsm; jycef;ü jyoxm;onf/
316 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

a&;om;cJhjcif;aMumifh rnfolrQ rzwfEdkifjcif; jzpfaMumif;?1 w½kwfrSwfwrf;wpfck

jzpfaom ,Sef½Sd Yuan Shin ordkif;usrf;wGif rSwfwrf;wifrIrsm;udk avhvmí
yk*Hbk&if ausmfpGmrif;BuD;onf at'D 1296 ckESpfwGif om;awmf o*Fyawh
OD;aqmifonfh oHtzGJYtm; yDuif;odkY apvTwfcJhum at'D 1297 ckESpfwGif
¤if;oHtzGJU yDuif;rS jyefvmaomtcg [Gef*dk yl;wGJoHtzGJU vdkufygvmaMumif;?
¤if;oHtzGJUwGif azmfjyyg w½kwf-ysLausmufpm a&;xdk;rnfh csdvD Chich Lic
qdkol yg0ifcJhaMumif;?2 xdkYaMumifh þw½kwf-ysLausmufpmonf at'D 13 &mpk
aESmif;ydkif;wGif a&;xdk;cJhaMumif; 3 ponfjzifh ynm½Sifrsm; avhvmcsuft& od½Sd
ygonf/

yk*Ha'owGif ysLausmufpm? rGefausmufpm? jrefrmausmufpm? ygVd

ausmufpmrsm; awGU½Sd&NyD; ¤if;ausmufpmrsm;wGif ouúwbmom pum;vHk;rsm;
awGU½Sd&aomfvnf; ouúwbmomjzifh a&;xdk;xm;aom ausmufpm rawGU&ao;
[k qdk&ayrnf/
odkY&mwGif o&ygwHcg;teD; usKH;xJrS wl;azmfawGU½Sdaom ausmufpm
wpfcsyfonf tvGefrIef0g;aeNyD; a&;xdk;yHkESifh tu©&myHkrsm;udk rSef;qí ouúw
bmomjzifh a&;xdk;xm;aMumif; ynm&Sifrsm; ,lqMuonf/ pmaMumif;
(8)aMumif;cefYudk rIefrIef0g;0g; awGU½SdEdkifygonf/ (tdE´d,EdkifiH? a&S;a[mif;
okawoeXme½Sd ausmufpmynmXmeodkY ay;ydkYppfaq;cJh&m ouúwbmom
jzpfEdkifonf[k cefYrSef;&aMumif; od½Sd&ygonf/)
a½T*lBuD;ausmufpm (c) rsufESm\ atmufqHk;pmaMumif; (3)aMumif;
(wnfaqmufumv (7)vom MumaMumif;) (u& - 43 - 44 - 45) udkvnf;
jrefrmtu©&m? ouúwbmomjzifh a&;xdk;xm;onfudk awGU½Sd&onf/ ouúw
tu©&myHk r[kwfbJ jrefrmtu©&mjzifh ouúwbmomudk a&;xdk;xm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ acwfumvtm;jzihf ouú&mZf 492 (at'D- 1130) jzpfygonf/

1
Selected Writing of U Yi Sein (P-82)
2
wifodef;? (BudKUyifaumuf? yk*Hu w&kwfausmufpm (EG,feDr*¾Zif;? twGJ-8? trSwf-8)? 1998-
Mo*kwfv
3
ASB – 1916 – 17 (P-24) wGif at'D-1284wGif pdkufxlaMumif; cefYrSef;rdygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 317

at'D 9 &mpkrS 12 &mpk OD;ykdif;umvtxd jrefrmausmufpmrsm;ESifh

acwfNydKif rGef? &ckdif? ysL? ygVd? ouúwbmom ausmufpmrsm;ESifhyg tu©&myHk?
a&;om;yHk? a&;xHk; ponfjzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEdkif&ef acwfNydKif azmfjyyg
ausmufpmrsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? ul;,ljcif;? rSwfwrf;wifjcif;? avhvm
oHk;oyfjcif;rsm;yg aqmif½Gufí okawoejyKcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmtu©&m
rsm;\ bkd;bGm;rdb[k qdkEkdifaom tdE´d,EkdifiHoHk; jAm[®DyGm;tu©&m? ¤if;rS
rGeftu©&mrsm; tqifhqifh ajymif;vJvmrIESifh qufpyfrIudkvnf;aumif;? &ckdif
ausmufpmrsm;rSwpfqifh jAm[®DyGm;tu©&m? ¤if;rS wpfqifh &u©0PÖtu©&moHk;
ausmufpmrsm;txd ajymif;vJwkd;wufvmrIudkvnf;aumif; avhvmokawoejyK
xm;ygonf/
txl;ojzifh jrefrmtu©&m? jrefrmpmay pwifay:xGef;vmrIESifh
ywfoufí jAm[®D? &ckdifausmufpmrsm;udk avhvm&if; tapmykdif; tu©&mrsm;\
ykHo@mefESifh tapmydkif; jrefrmausmufpmrsm;\ taetxm;udk avhvmokaw
oejyK awGU½Sd&ygonf/
yk*Ha'oü awGU½Sd&aom ygVd? ouúw? ysL? rGefausmufpmrsm; omru
at'D 13 &mpk ywf0ef;usifwGif a&;xkd;cJhaom wrDvfausmufpm? w½kwf-ysL
ausmufpm? rGef-crmpmrsm;ukdyg qufpyfavhvmrIrSwpfqifh yk*Hacwfumv\
pmay? vlrI0ef;usifb0rsm; ponfh ½IaxmifhpHkudkyg odomapygaMumif; NcHKiHk
oHk;oyf&ygonf/

jrefrmESifhysLwdkYonf bmompum;ESifh pmayoabm qifwlaomfvnf;

a&;&cufcJonfh ysLtu©&mudk r,lyJ a&;om;&vG,fulonfh rGeftu©&mESifh pmay
ay:aygufcJhonfh vrf;aMumif;udk ynm&Sifrsm; avhvmazmfxkwfcJhNyD; jzpfaomfvnf;
acwfNydKifxGef;um;cJhonfh rGefurÜnf;pm? &cdkifurÜnf;pmESifh jrefrmurÜnf;pm
rsm;udk qufpyfavhvmjcif;? EIdif;,SOf okawoejyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJh&jcif;
r&Sdao;í a&maxG;aeygonf/ xdkYtwl yxrjrefrmEdkifiHawmf jzpfcJhaom yk*H
wGifvnf; xif&Sm;onfh taemf&xmrif;? usefppfom;rif;wdkY umvtxd jrefrm
ausmufpmwpfcsyfrQ ,aeYxd ouú&mZf azmfjya&;xdk;vsuf rawGU&jcif;rSmvnf;
318 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

tvGefxl;jcm;ygonf/ jrefrmpmay? jrefrmtu©&monf jrapwD(&mZukrm&f)

ausmufpm a&;xdk;onfh umvrwdkifrD ESpf(50)rS (100)txd apmí ay:ayguf
EdkifaMumif;ESifh ouú&mZfrygaomfvnf; acwfNydKifurÜnf;pmayrsm;? tu©&mykH
tqifhqifh ajymif;vJvmykHrsm;rSwqifh avhvmokawoejyK wifjyxm;NyD;
qufvufí EIdif;,SOfavhvmoGm;rnf jzpfygaMumif; wifjytyfygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 319

tmeE´pNE´ausmufpm

,dk;',m;ausmufpm
320 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

jruefausmufpm

tvH-yk*Hausmufpm

usefppfom;ausmufpm
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 321

a*gwrbk&m; Asm'dwfawmft& usefppfom;rif;BuD;vufxuf omoema&;ESifh

wdkif;jynf pnfyifxGef;um;rI tajctaeudk jyqdkjcif;

taemf&xmorÁKa'¨tkwfcGufbk&m;ausmufpm (689^01)

taemf&xmtkwfcGufbk&m;ausmufpm (974(c)^87)
322 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

taemf&xmtkwfcGufbk&m;ausmufpm (194^06)

taemf&xmtkwfcGufbk&m;tydkif;tpausmufpm

usefppfom;bk&m;ausmufpm (98^97)

apmvl;rif; ausmufpum;bk&m;tkwfcGuf (60^07)

J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 323

apmvl;rif; ausmufpum;bk&m;tkwfcGuf (61^07)

apmvl;rif; ausmufpum;bk&m;tkwfcGuf (187^06)

324 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

aumh*Gef;*l ausmufpm

wrdvfausmufpm
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 325

ysL-w½kwfausmufpm

ouúwausmufpm
326 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

OD;omxGef; ? OD;? 1932-1933/

pHomatmif? OD;/ 1975/ tmeE´p`E´ ½Spf&mpk &ckdifa0omvDrif;? jrefrmrIpmtkyf
jyKpkxkwaf 0a&;aumfrwD? &efukefwuúodv
k fyHkESyd fwdu
k /f
OD;omxGef;? OD;? 1932-1933/
apmxGef;atmif? a'gufwm/ (1961)/ ½Spfaomif;ausmufpmwkduf\ ajrmufbuf rsufESm?
&efukef? ESif;oZifyHkESdyfwkduf/
OD;atmifomOD;? &cdkif,Ofaus;rI a0omvDacwf/
Adkau? OD;/ 1969/ yk*HrSwrdvfausmufpm? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH pmayESifh vlrIa&;odyÜH
*sme,f/
,ck yk*Ha&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkuf? a&S;a[mif;urÜnf;pmayrsm;jycef;ü jyoxm;onf/
wifodef; (BudKUyifaumuf)? yk*H-w½kwfausmufpm (EG,feDr*¾Zif;? twGJ-8? trSwf-8)?
1998? Mo*kwfv/

Archaeological Survey of Burma, Report, (1958-59). Government Printing and Stationery,

Burma, (1958-59), P 24-25
Selected Writing of U Yi Sein (P-82)
Archaeological Survey of Burma, 1916-17 (P-24) at'D-1284 wGif pdkufxlaMumif; cefYrSef;
xm;ygonf/