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Rinciple F Ounting: BBA-103 Unit - 1
Rinciple F Ounting: BBA-103 Unit - 1
Concept of Function
MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
2
DEFINITION: MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
Mathematical induction is a legitimate method of proof
for all positive integers n.
Principle:
Let Pn be a statement involving n, a positive integer. If
1. P1 is true, and
Example:
3(2k 1)
Pk : Sk .
k 1
Find Pk + 1 for
3[2(k 1) 1] Replace k by k + 1.
Pk 1 : Sk 1
k 1 1
3(2k 2 1)
Simplify.
k
3(2k 3)
Simplify. 4
k
EXAMPLE: USING INDUCTION TO
PROVE A SUMMATION
Example:
Use mathematical induction to prove
Sn = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + . . . + 2n = n(n + 1)
for every positive integer n.
Assume the formula is valid for some integer k. Use this assumption to prove
the formula is valid for the next integer, k + 1 and show that the formula
Sk + 1 = (k + 1)(k + 2) is true.
Sk = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + . . . + 2k = k(k + 1) Assumption 5
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
Sk + 1 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + . . . + 2k + [2(k + 1)]
= 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + . . . + 2k + (2k + 2)
= Sk + (2k + 2) Group terms to form Sk.
= k(k + 1) + (2k + 2) Replace Sk by k(k + 1).
= k2 + k + 2k + 2 .
Simplify
= k2 + 3k + 2
= (k + 1)(k + 2)
= (k + 1)((k + 1)+1)
n.
SUMS OF POWERS OF INTEGERS
Sums of Powers of Integers :
n
n(n 1)
1. i 1 2 3 4 n
i 1
2
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
2. i
i 1
2
12
2 2
32
4 2
n2
6
n 2
2
n (n 1)
3. i 3
13
23
33
43
n3
i 1
4
n
2
3n 1)
n(n 1)(2n 1)(3n
4. i 4
14
2 4
34
4 4
n
4
i 1
30
7
n 2
2 2
2n 1)
n (n 1) (2n
5. i 5
15
25
35
45
n
5
i 1
12
EXAMPLE: USING INDUCTION TO
PROVE SUM OF POWER
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
i 2
i 1
12
2 2
32
4 2
n2
6
.
( 1)(2(1) 1) 1(2)(2 1) 6
11
S1 1 True
6 6 6
k (k 1)(2k 1)
Sk 1 2 3 4 k
2 2 2 2 2
Assumption
6
Sk 1 12 22 32 42 k 2 (k 1)2
Sk (k 1) 2
Sk k 2 2k 1 Group terms to form Sk.
8
k (k 1)(2k 1)
k 2 2k 1 Replace Sk by k(k + 1).
6
2k 3
3k 2
k 6k 2
12k 6 Simplify
6 6
2k 3
9k 2
13k 6
6
(k 2 3k 2)(2k 3)
6
(k 1)(k 2)(2k 3)
6
(k 1)[(k 1) 1][2(k 1) 1]
6
The formula Sn n(n 1)(2n 1) is valid for all positive 9
6
integer values of n.
FINITE DIFFERENCES
n: 1 2 3 4 5 6
an: 1 4 9 16 25 36
First
differences: 3 5 7 9 11
Second 2 2 2 2
differences:
Quadratic Model
10
Finite Differences
11
QUADRATIC MODELS
an = n2 – n + 3