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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 2951-1 (1965): Recommendation for Estimation of Flow of

Liquids in Closed Conduits, Part I: Head Loss in Straight
Pipes Due to Frictional Resistance [WRD 1: Hydrometry]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 1 I) S
( Reaffi rmed 2003 )
Indi fa tc

I H

DC .2:1- I J' 511

co Copy ~ hi I :5

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Z, A

D lol, 5
 IS : 2951 ( Part J.) • 1965

Indian Standard
RE.COMMENDATION FOR
ESTIMATION OF FLOW OF LIQUIDS
IN CLOSED CONDUITS
PART I HEAD LOSS IN STRAIGHT PIPES DUE TO
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

Fluid F10w Measurement Sectional Committee, BDC 17

CluJirmtl1l R,prlSlntint
DB. A. N.KHoSLA In personal capacity ( GoVmlM./ Orissa, Bluib••IIS111. )
Vi&,·Clulinnan
Smu N. D. GULHATI In penonal capacity ( 140 SUM'" Nagar, New Dllhi)
Ml11Ibns
DR. B. K. AOARWALA. National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), New Delhi
SHBi: R. S. AGRAWAL.&. The Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd •• Allahabad
SHBI S. R. CHA=E1\JEE (AlUrnall)
SaRI P. R. AHUJA Ministry of Irrigation & Power
. SilRI V. N. NAGARAJA ( Ai'ema'e)
S'HI\I BALESHWAR'NATH Committee on Plan Projects, Planninl CommiasieD
SHBI K. L. BHATIA Central Board of Irrigation & Power
CHIEF ENGINEER, IBRIGATION Public Works Department, Mysore
PBOJECTS
SHBI D. DODDIAH ( Allemale)
SHB.I R. D. DHIR Central Water & Power Commission
SHBI R. C. SHENOY ( AIUrnate)
DIRECT<.>R (BBIDGJt8 & FLOODS ),Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways)
RDSQ
DIRECTOR Andhra Pradesh. Engineering Research Laboratories,
Hyderabad
DIRECTOR River Research Institute, West Bengal, Calcutta
DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( Alternatl)
. SaRI K. K, FR4l\1JI In personal capacity ( 11 GymkhanaClub, Ne. Delhi)
SHRI C. V. GOLE Central Water & Power Research Station, Poo••
:SHBIS. V. CHi1:UE (Allemate)
hoI'. N. S; GOVIND4 RAo Indian Institute of Science. Banplore
SHRIS. N. GunA Irrigation Departmeat, U.P.
HYDRAULIO ENGINEER IIGmbay Municipal Corporation
Smu V. D. DESAI ( AlUrnate)
Smu D. V.JOGLB][AR Central Board of Irription & Power
SHBI K4NWAR SAIN In personal capacity ~ c/o ECAFE, BatfrH)
SJDUK. N. K4TUALIA In penonal capacity (B-32 Kai/"." c.u"",KnitD.uti)
( e:.tirewtl", , . 2 )

IND IAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 RAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS : 2951 ( Part 1) • 1965
(Conti_dfrtml /NIt' I)
Mem6m Representing
MEKBBB ( DESIGN & RESEARCH) Central Water & Power Commission
SB:RI M. P. NAGAllSHETH Roads Wing, Ministry of Transport
SB:RI A. N. SEN National Instrument ( Private) Ltd., Calcutta
SUfEBINTENDING _EN GIN E E B Public Works Department, Madras
(DESIGNS)
ExECU-TVB ENG IN E E B
( RESEABCH) (Altll7JQt4)
OJ!,. H. L. UPl'AI. Land Reclamation, Irrigation & Power Research
Institute, Punjab; and Institution of Engineers
( India ), Calcutta
DB. H. C. VISVESVABAYA, Director, lSI (Ex-officio Member)
Deputy Director (£:ivil Eng)
Secretary
SHRI K. RAGHAVENJ>RAN
Extra Assistant Director (Civil Eng), lSI

Fluid Flow Measurement in Closed Conduits Subcommittee,

BDC 17: 3 .
Qmvener
-PBOJ'. N. S. GOVINJ>A RAO Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Members
SHRl K. SEETHARAMIAH( Alllrnsl, to
Prof. N. S. Govinda Rao)
ADDITIONAL CHID ENGINEER P.W.D. Health, Rajasthan
HEALTH
SHBI P. S. RAJVANSHI (Alt4rnate)
DR. B. X. AGARWALA. National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), New Delhi
SIlBI BALWANT SINGH Municipal Corporation of Delhi .
SlfRl K. K. FBAIIJI In personal capacity ( 1J Gymkhana Club, NI/II Delhi;
HYDRAULIC ENGINEER Bombay Municipal Corporation
SHRI V. D. DESAI (Altemate)
DB. INDER JIT SINGH Oil -& Natural Gas Commission
SHBI H. P. ABAIUlA (Alternate)
SHm S. K. KABAIU Corporation of Calcutta
SJfl\.1 A. N. KRISHNASWAMY W.H. Brady & Co. Ltd., Bombay
SJfl\.1 I. N. MEHTA P.W.D. Public Health Branch, Punjab
SJfl\.1 D. R. SINGAI. (Alternate)
SB:RI R. S. MEHTA Central Public Health Engineering Researc:bIDsU.
tute (CSIR), Nagpur -
SBJn J. S. JAIN ( Alt4rnat4)
PBOJ'.S.NAGARATNAM Regional-Engineering College, Warangal
SKaI M. PANIKK-AR Mahindra Engineering Co. Ltd., Calcutta
SUBI S. RAJAGOPALAN Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of
fuallh .
'SJlRI T. DuBAIRAJ (AlI,mau)
D.. V. RAMAKBISHNAN P.S.G. College of Technology, Coimbatore
DB. S. BALAKRISHNAN (Alt4rnau)
RE. . . .NTATIVB Central Water & Power Research StatioD, Poona
SVJ'&BU'T_DINO ENG IN B B R Public Works Department, Madra.
{DUIGNB)
hBCllTlVP E:N G I :N B B :B
( R_JI.U42) (Alt4mall)

2
 18 I 2951 ( Part I ) • 1965

I ndian Standard
RECOMMENDATION FOR
ESTIMATION OF FLOW OF LIQUIDS
IN CLOSED CONDUITS
PART' HEAD LOSS IN STRAIGHT PIPES DUE TO
FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

o. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution
on 24 March 1965,- after the draft finalized by the Fluid Flow Measure-
ment Sectional Committee had been approved by the Building Division
Council.
0.2 An important effect of fluid friction is experienced in the resistance to
the Bow of liquids through pipe lines. This resistance can only be over-
come by a gradual fall of pressure in the liquid, in the direction of motion.
A back-ground of the nature and magnitude of the frictional resistance to
the flow; experienced under different conditions occurring in practice,
-would be essential for proper designing of pipe lines.
0.3 The classical equation for the resistance to the flow of liquids in
long, straight, uniform pipes, as proposed by Darcy is followed widely.
However, in this equation proper choice has to be made for the dimension-
less friction. factor in order to arrive at the correct .assessment of losses.
Several empirical formulre based on experiments carried out during the
last 100 years are available with their limited applicability. Later analyses
are based on the roughness factor and Reynolds number of flow. For
example, Hydraulic Institute at New York has made systematic work for
the revision of pipe friction data. This standard, therefore, recommends
the values for friction factor fer a wide range of temperature, velocity and
diameter of pipe. It is hoped rhat the universal pipe friction diagram with
,its nomograms, suggested in this standard would be useful in obtaining a
complete solution rapidly without lengthy calculations.
0." One more salient feature which affects the friction factor is the dete-
rioration of pipes with age. The internal fouling of pipes due to corrosion
or tuberculation which in turn is due to factors like chemical characteris..
tics of the liquid, iron bacteria, will increase the friction factor with time
and reduce the available area for flow. _Approximate curves for different
~wth rat~s of absolute r~\lghness and their effect on discharge in cast iron
plpe5carrymg water are given as an example.

3
IS:2HI (Part 1)-1965
1.5 The Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation of:diis:
standani has taken into consideration the views of users and technql()gis~
and has related the standard to the practices followed in the cou~try in'
this field. Due weightage has also been given to the need for international
co-ordination' 'among standards prevailing in different countriea-of-tbe
world. These considerations led the Sectional Committee to cl.eriveassiSC',
tance from the following publications: . .. ..
ISO Draft Recommendation No. 532 Measurement of fluid flow by
means of orifice plates and nozzles
Pipe Friction Manual 1954 Hydraulic Institute, New York
I.i This standard is one of a series of Indian Standards covering fluid Bow
in closed conduits. Other standards in the series are:
IS: 2951 (Part II )-1965 Recommendation for estimation of flow
of liquids in closed conduits, Part II Head loss in valves and
fi~~ "
IS: 2952 (Part I )-1964 Measurement of fluid flow by means of
orifice plates and nozzles, Part I Incompressible fluids
'.7 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express-
ing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS: 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard recommends a method for estimating the loss of head
due to friction in straight pipes having uniform flow of liquids. .

2. TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitionsshall apply.
2.1 LaJDiaar Flow - The flow of liquid in which stream Jines 01' stream
surfaces of the flowing liquid appear to divide the entire region of flow into
an orderly series of liquid laminae or layers, conforming generally to the
boundary configuration.
NOTE - Generally, pipe flow is assumed to be laminar for values of the Reynolds
number (s" 2.6) below-2000.
2.2 Crideal ZOlie - The zone where the flow characteristics vary from
laminar to turbulent and is therefore unstable.
• Rulea for rounding off numerical values (MfiutI)•

..
 IS: 2951 (Part.l) -1965
2.~. n.rbaleDt now-
A state of flow of liquid in which irregular
fluc,;t~ions (mixing or eddying motion) are superimposed on the main
$tream;·Jt is an irregular motion in which time-average quantities can be
defined only in a statistical sense.
• :. - l

NOTE,,""" Generally, pipe Sow IS assumed to be turbulent for values of Reynolds

nu~\l~~ceeding S 000.
2.4 ~uihPiPe. - Pipes in which the roughness protrusion on the pipe
walls are not completely submerged in the laminar sub-layer, which is the
'Very . thin layer at the pipe wall in which only laminar friction exists
(Stt 2.5). The value of Roughness Reynolds number ( R. r ) shall be 3 or
more, where Rer is as defined in 2.9.
NOTE - Genelllllly for commercial pipes, I?r is between 3 and 60, unless the Sow is
highly turbulent in which case the value"would exceed 60.
2.5 Smooth Pipes - Hydraulically smooth pipes are those in which. the
Roughness Reynolds number ( Rer ) is less than 3, where R. r is as defined
.in 2.9.
NOTE - Generally, smooth-drawn non-ferrous pipes of aluminium, brass, copper, lead,
plastic, glass, asbestos cement, and spun concrete or bitumen lined pipes free from slime
are considered tobe hydraulically smooth.

2.6 lleYl'Olu NaiIlber (R.)-A dimensionless number, given by vD.

u
where v is the mean velocity, D is the diameter and u is the kinematic
viscosity at the given temperature. all. these being expressed in consistent
units.
2.7A_olute ll.......... ( K.) - The maximum height of the l'9ughnela
protrusion measured inmillimetres•
. ~TII- Table 1 &iva the ~ed desip values of Ablolute llouP--
2.' Relative It.......... (c) - The ratio oC the absolute roughness to the
internal diameter .of the pipe expeaed in the same unit, that isK./D
(see Fig.·l ).
2.9 ROueJuaH. Reyaoau N....... (R.r)'- A number which is a func-
tion of Reynolds number, relative roughness and "friction factor and ia
given by the foDowing Cormula:
. Rer - Re c v]78
where
Re::;: Reynolds number of the flaw.
c == relative roughncss{ lei 2.8 ) j and
f =Criction factor.

5
IS : 2951 (Part I ) • 1965

TABLE 1 RECOMMENDED DESIGN VALUES OP ABSOLUTE

ROUGIINESS (Ie.)
(Clau 2.1)

MATERIAL CoNDITION K. INmm

81'1'11, copper, aluminium, Smooth, without sediments <0·03
plastics and glass
Steel New, seamless cold drawn <0·03
New, seamless warm drawn }
New, seamless rolled 0.()5 to 0·10
New, welded 10ngitudiDally
New, welded spirally 0·10
Slightly rusted 0·10 to 0·20
Rusty ().20 to 0·30
Encrusted ().50 to 2
With heavy incrustations >2
Bituminized, new 0·003 to 0·05 .
Bitu"linized, normal 0·10 to 0;20
Zinced 0·13
Cut iron New 0·25
Rusty 1·0 to 1·5
Encrusted >1·5
Bituminized, new 0·1 to 0·15
Asbestos cement Insulated and not insulated, new <0·03
Not insulated. normal 0·05

3. GENERAL FOR.MULA FOR. CALCULATING FR.IcnONAL

RESISTANCE
3.1 Frietioual Resistaace - The resistance to the flow of any liquid in
any pipe may be computed from the equation: .
L jl
ht=l-
D -2g
where
ht = loss of head due to fFiction in m of liquid.
f = friction factor.
L = length of pipe in m,
D = average internal diameter of the pipe in m,
ii - average velocity in m/s. and
g = acceleration due to gravity m/s'.
NOTB I-The equation" mentioned ahove may be lJSed for regtdar Sections like sq~
oval, triangular and similar types which are non-circular by replac:ingthe term Dby:.
4R". where R" is hydraulic radius giveD by A./P, where A. and Pare area and wetted ..
perimeter respectively, to yield satisfactory results by this approach.

6
 lSI 2951 {Part 1)-1965 '
This may be usedfor square ducts, rectangular ducts where the ratio of the ,ides
does not exceed about 8, equilateral triangular ducts and for annular ducts for ratios
of inner to outer diameter less than about 0'3.
The above assumption cannot be expected to hold good for odd-shaped sections.
NOTB 2 - The actual average internal diameter D of a pipe can be determined
gravimetrically from the following equation:
nD'
w='YI~
where
-w ... weight of water, .
y = specific weight of water (note the temperature of water to determine
the specific weight ), and
I = length of pipe.
One end of the pipe shall be closed by u,ing a screw cap and the pipe shall be
filled with water, in a vertical position such that it is completely full. The contents
shall then be emptied and the weight of water determined. Since w, y and I are
known, D can be determined.

3.2 Calculation of Friction Factor

3.2.1 Laminar Flow
3.2.1.1 When theftow is laminar, the friction factor for any liquid in
any pipe shall be calculated from the equation:
Friction factor, f = 64/R.
where
R. = Reynolds number.
3.2.2 Turbulent Flow
3.2.2.1 When the flow is turbulent and in the range of Reynolds num-
ber between 3 000 and lOO000 friction factor f for any liquid shall be
calculated from the following equation:
, For smooth pipes
f= 0'316
R.l
Far rough pipes
I I
- - - 2 ' 0 IOg102c-
vJ - + 1'74
where
f = friction factor I
R. = Reynolds number, and
c -relative roughness.
7
IS a2951 ( Part J) • 1965

,..... +,9

" .-
.~

~">.~
o ,.._,,-...;.' RIVETED "
STEEL
CONCRET ~
WOOD
'':;.
~AVE I~.t~.
..... 1', ..... I
'" ~

0·000005 30 40 \) Kl 80 1 0 oo 30( 1500 1 Joe 00

400
PIPE DIAMETER IN mm
FIG. 1 ·RELATIVE ROUGHNESS I'OB NEW CL!:AN PIPE8
8
 IS : 2951 ( Part I) - 1965
.. 3.2.2.2 When the Reynolds number of the flow exceeds 100 000 the
friction factor f for any liquid shall be calculated from the following
equations:
For smooth pipes
J.-- = 2'0 10glO R.vf - 0'8

For rough pipes

vI-I I
= 2'0 loglo 2& + 1'74
where
f = friction factor,
R. =:=.•Reynolds number, and
e = relati~~ughness.
3.2.3 Flow in Critical Z~'n.
3.2.3.1 When the flow is in the criticat zone, that is, generally in the
range of Reynolds number 2 000 to 3000, friction factor fis indeterminate
due to unstable conditions of flow. However, for commercial pipes, fric-
tion factor f may be calculated from the following equation:
I
VI =-2'0Ioglo 3'7D
[K,'
+ R. 2'5
VT ]
where
f = friction factor,
R. = Reynolds number,
K. = absolute roughness, and
D = average internal diameter in m.
3.2 •• Relative Roughness (e) of Pipes - The relative roughness &shall, as
far as possible, be determined by the actual measurement of the absolute
roughaess, Where, however, this is not possible, .values obtained from
Table i should be used. Figure I may be used to determine the relative
roughness for new clean pipes of any material. In the case of riveted steel,
concrete and wood stave pipes, where ranges of relative roughness have
been shown,suitable values may be assumed within the range .given in
Fig. 1.
3.2.5 Kinematic Viscosi!1(u)- Unless otherwise established, the value of
kinematic viscosity u at various temperatures shall be determined from
Fig. 2.
9
IS : 2951 (Part I) • 1965

800 0
600 B
\.
400

-200
, IF'
-V 1\
H
K ~~
100
80
60

0'" \

0
\\
'l: \\
~ ;~
10
8
6 p

4 "-

r-,
2
Q
r./:!. \
1
1- ~ r-, ['. "
T
o·8
o·6 ,.\!
0·4
r--.

0'2

u-
-10 -5 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 200 400
TEMPER,lTURE IN DEGREES CENTIGR,lDE

A -Fuel oil sp gr == 0·968 L - 50% Glycerine - 50% water

B - S.A.E. 70 Eastern lubricating oil M - Crude oil sp gr = 0·855
C - Fuel oil sp gr = 0'940 N - 25% Glycerine - 75% water
D - Glycerine p - Kerosene sp gr= 0·813
E - S.A.E 30 Wes~rn Q- Brine 20% Nam
F - S.A.E. 30 Eastern R·-Water
G - S.A.E. 10 Western lubricating oil S - Gasoline sp gr = 0·748
R - S.A.E. 10 Eastern lubricating oil T - Gasoline sp gr = 0·716
J - Crude oil sp gr = 0·925 II - Gasoline sp gr = 0·680
K - 75% Glycerine - 25% water V-Mercury

FIG. 2 CHART FOR KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

10
 IS: 2951 (Part I) ·1965
3.2.6 Universal Pipe Friction Diagram - The equations recommended for
various types of flow may be used for any liquid over a very wide range of
diameter, velocity and temperature. Although they are concise mathe-
matically, the unknown quantity occurs frequently in two or more of the
terms of the appropriate equation. This' difficulty has, however, been
overcome by representing the formule graphically. The universal pipe
friction diagram given in Fig. 3 (su P 19) consists of a graph with three
linked nomograms, by means of which it is possible, not only to see at a
glance the type ~f flow applicable to any particular problem, but to obtain
a solution rapidly and without calculation.
NOTE - Although every carei s taken in the preparation of the nomogram to make It
sufficiently. accurate, it should be noted that the nomogram is not necessarily an
accurate answer for the quantities required. Therefore, it is recommended that nomo-
gram may be readily used for checking performances and the final design should be
based on practical experience.

3.2.'7 Friction Factor Charts

Although the universal pipe friction diagram is quite sufficient for the
complete solution of the problems relating to pipe friction, individual
charts are available for the determination of friction factor in more frequent
materials of use and these charts are given in Fig. 4,5 and 6 (see P 21, 22
and 23).
3.3 Ageing of Pipes
3.3.1 The deterioration of pipes with age depends upon the particular
chemical properties of the liquid and the material with which it is in
contact. The effects of deterioration with age on roughness are so
inconsistent that it is not possible to prepare tables or charts to include
this factor. It is recommended that prior experience be considered and
local authorities consulted where it is necessary to estimate the friction losses
in old pipes or to allow for the ageing of new pipes. In the absence of
experimental data or other considerations which warrant the adoption of
other values, the effect of ageing of pipes for the purpose of design ( period
of 30 years) may be taken to decrease the discharges by 25 percent for
cast iron and wrought iron pipes, 15 percent for galvanized iron and riveted
steel pipes and 5 percent for asbestos cement and concrete pipes.
NOTE - Detailed data on ageing for cast iron pipes are, however, available -and
Fig. 7 gives rhe approximate relation between age and percentage reduction in discharge
for various degrees of corrosive attack and diameters.

4. FRICTION CHARTS AND TABLES

4.1 Whilst the frictional resistance offered during the flow of any liquid in
any pipe under any given circumstances can be calculated on the basis of
the recommendations in 3, it is often found more convenient to prepare and

II
.,2951 (Put 1)-1965
usc pipe friction charts and tables using the recommendations in 3 as tpe
basis. An example of the typical pipe friction chart and the method of
construction and use of chart is given in Appendix A and another eXaJJ1ple
of a typical table is given in Appendix B.

...e
~

i wo
~ 80
- ~.,...

~ 60
. -----_.-..
.....-- ..-.-.
·r
_1.--
......-4
... -- ~ ...
-'"
)0'""
_ •• i-ol

i'"

.....,.,. )"""
_............ .-0 o SEVERE -
~ 0------0 APPRECIABLE
0----0 MODERATE 'f-
0- - - -0 SLIGHT

20 40 60 80 100
AGE OF PIPE IN YEARS

Ncn. - a) For' slight' trend-s-rate of-growth of roughness is 0·002 5 em per annum,

for' moderate' 0·007 5, for' appreciable' 0·025 and for 'severe' the
rate of growth g 0·075 em per annum.
b) The values of 'b' for difl'erent trends are given below:
T,mtl Yalwoj'b'
Slight 0·17
Moderate 0·15
Appreciable 0·12
Severe 0·12

FIG. 7 RBL~TION BBTWBBN AGB ~ND RBDUCTION IN DI8CBUGIl

~a CUT I.ON PIl'ES

12
 IS I 2951 (Pan I} -INS
APPENDIX A
(Clause 4.1)
CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF PIPE FIUCTlON CHARTS

A-I. CONSTRUCTION OF THE PIPE FRICTION CIIA1l1'

A-I.I For the construction of the pipe friction cnart the following procedure
may be followed:
a) The kind and size of pipe, its actual internal diameter and the
value of absolute roughness are either determined or the relevant
data is used.
b) For any particular liquid, for a given temperature the kinematic
viscosity \) in centis tokes is obtained from .Fig. 2 or assessed
reasonably.
c) The diameter and the kinematic viscosity hein' known, the
Reynolds numbers for various -velocities are computed.
d) The friction factors f for various Reynolds numbers of the given
~pe are taken from Fig. 3, 4, 5 or 6.
e) The loss of head (h,) (in metres) for ten metres length, is
calculated from the equation:
10 OS
h,=f-
D
-
2,
where
f = friction factor,
v = average velocity in mIs,
D = average internal diameter in m, and
g = acceleration due to gravity m/s·.
f) Discharge (Q) is computed from the equation:
Q = 2501tD!ii l/sec
where
D = average internal diameter in m, and
ii = average velocity in m/s.
With discharge Q as abscissa and loss of head ", as ordinate, ~
graph is plotted, for laminar flows on the left hand side and for
turbulent flows on the right hand side, on log-log graph paper. Two
straight lines, differing in slopes, are obtained on the chart. Values
of hf fur Reynolds numbers between 2 000 and 3 000 are indeter-
minate and this region ~s marked off as the critical zone.
13
IS: 2951 (Part I) - 1965
g) Similar computations are made for varying values of kinetnat,ic
viscosity, that is, for different liquids, or the same liqui(f at
different temperatures. Several lines are obtained on the chart,
on each ofwhich the value of the kinematic viscosity is marked•
.\-2. USE OF THE CllA.B.TS
.\-2.1 Frictional Joss of head for laminar flow are shown by the 45° lines
in the upper left hand portion of the chart ( Fig. 8 )" Loss of head for
turbulent flow are shown by the steeper curves in the lower right. hand
side. Both these regions represent stable states of flow. The space libelled
as critical zone between two broken lines represents the zone where the
flow characteristics vary from laminar to turbulent and is, therefore.,
unstable. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the state of flow and hence
the frictional Ioss.of head in the critical zone•
.A-2.2 To use the chart, the following procedure shall be adopted:
a) Follow the vertical line representing the flow in .l/s to Its inter-
section with the desired viscosity curve. '
b) If the intersection is above the critical zone, follow horizontally
to the left vertical scale to obtain the frictional loss of head
for 10 m,
c) If the intersection is below the critical zone, follow horizontally
to the right vertical. scale to obtain the frictional loss Qf heai
for 10 m.
A-3. EXAMPLE
A-3.1 The typical pipe friction chart ( Fig. 8 ) shows the frictional loss of
head for the flow of viscous liquids, including water, for a new clean steel
or wrought iron pipe of 3 em nominal diameter. The chart covers the
losses for the given size of pipe based on the kinematic viscosity in centi-
stokes at 27°C. Similar charts may be constructed for other sizes of pipes.
No allowance has been made for abnormal conditions of interior surface
or )JIStanation or for deterioration with age.

APPENDIX B
( Clause 4.1 )
CONSTRUCTION OF PIPE FRICTION TABLES
8-1. CONSTRUCTION OF TIlE TABLES
8-1.1 For the construction of the pipe frictIon tables, the following
procedures may be followed:
a) The internal diameter and absolute roughness values K. of the
pipe are either determined or the relevant data is used. .
14
 IS: 2951 (Part I) .1965

-1-5

LlTII£S/S

FIG. 8 PIPE FRICTION CHAR'r

15
IS : 2951 (Part I ) .1965

b) The relative roughness ~ of pipe is calculated.

c) A discharge rate in the: pipe is assumed.

d) For this rate of discharge, the velocity of flow in the pipe is
calculated by dividing the rate of flow by the cross-sectional area.
of the pipe (~f2).
e) The Reynolds number of the flow R. is calculated from the
equation:
vD
R. = u
where
v = average velocity in mfs,
D = average internal diameter in m, and
u = kinematic viscosity in m 2/s.
f) Knowing the relative roughness and the Reynolds number of the
flow, the friction factor f is obtained either from relevant equations
or from relevant figures.
g) The friction factor having been found out, the loss of head h, .for '.
ten metres length of the pipe due to friction is obtained by using"
the formula:
-2
10 fI
h,=f D --2 metres
II .
where
f = friction factor,
D = average internal diameter in m,
ii = average velocity in mIs, and
K = acceleration due to gravity in m/s".
h) The values of the discharge rate, velocity ii, and loss of head h,
are tabulated.
j) The same procedure is repeated for other assumed discharge
rates, and tabulation of the values obtained for these assumed
discharge ra tes is done as before.

B-2. EXAMPLE
B-2..! A typical table showing the loss of head due to friction for ten
metres ofleJ!gth-of the pipe for various rates of flow is given in Tabll 2.

16
 IS I 2951 ( Part I) • 1965
For any required discharge rate, the fiictionalloss of head at27°C fora
pipe of one centimetre diameter and having an absolute roughness value
of 0-046 .millimetres, can be obtained from this table. Similar tables may
be collStruCted for other pipes of different diameters, absolute roughness
and for variOUs ra~of&w. .

TAIILB 2 nuanONAL HEAD LOSS IN A sn:EL PIPE FOR TEN

METRES LENGTH OF PIPES
(~B-;I)

I)wlpA.a VIILOOlTY o~ FLOW Loss o. HEA.D

II' . (v) m/_ (Ir,) m
.(I) (2) (3)
IHOO 1·274 2·909
00150 1'910 6·244
~ 2-547 10·830
00250 SoIlK 16·500
00300 3·820 23·59'
00350 +460 32·00
00400 5-094 41·35
H50 5-731 51·97
00500 6-368620401
00550 7-004 76·83
CMiOO 7-6f2 91-35
~ -AIlIoluae ron...... 8, - OoCK6 mm,and diameter of the pipe .. 0·01 metre.

17
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
05;,

IS ; 2951 ( Part I ) - 1965

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200000

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Scoles (l'l: and (5' ura /"lot r4Quirltd
lor pices which arc hydraUlically
' o" 10~ d'c 0 0
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I
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"
''-------------------TRANSFER VO FROM@TO@-------·---------
La·os L.o
rlO.:3 UNIVER.U,L PIPl:: Fl\lCTIO'S" DaGaAM

19
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 JS I 2951 ( Part I) • 1965

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FIG. 4 FRICTION F~(;TOBll FOB AsIlB.lLT.DIPFED CaST IBON PIrS

21
 IS :2951 (Part I) .. 1965

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FIG: 5 FBICTIONFaCTORS:,FOR STEEL OB WBOUGHT IBON PIPB

22
 IS: 2951 ( Part I) .1965

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