To the Point Environmental Science for css & All Other Relevant Exams ee ay) (yt2 part te ok my be edd inary fry photons mci ory oe sty in remem bles by Adel Nae oregon compe contact, ‘Emalinejerencom ‘weber Le Adviser: Chaar Ra Akar 8) ro te Daigne yJBD Ar Seton Pree Re 5 [Times RESEARCH Is THE Key To Success Teeunce: |_| Qa Coa Gai Su, Und Bea 32" aha Out: Lae: gS br Town 012309805 Lito: tmp Sine Cen 035700 \ Ronald: pa Rol Comma Co Ph 0519009 ‘yl: Hae 9 New Aso ap Rn Po 2227028 ‘ech Gm, Ne aed Br SE Dedicated to (Our Parents who Sacrificed thelr Dreams for OursPREFACE ete same of Ath te Most Mf nd he Beet who gave use andcounge owe abo Tern of avsnmentl eso etaing ayy ny Minted with cry afta ean itil cde th esr ssl poi tre ofthe hb iMecuuckon of Erect Senco the opt bt of CS in reid SSene isospin lone einpatane ob We have write hs bck en Evita Sine accor with ea pect CO Alte otra orange ih ie ean fo he ee te ‘Efecrt sete in spl and luce arma i th pinay eect cater Be eoat cs pane eps hs book wi ala herd i ogee of he apts Ts sony heme cng ano pt oko the bf Spl cha ad ‘Migue wear inte bok The ook rte epg md he knows lee Bote Teno. 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Manager, App tS Wate Managemen, Deas ik Manger PolixonConolTechnopes, sero formation Sam Renae Snag Nu Ress Mme, CONTENTS 1 niente nn 900000000 eooce utah Detlpment and Seti [ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABIUTY ates Contig Grove of Dipti - Serta nm a beeeeeeeeebenbin ‘noun of tbe Cop = : ‘Senay ~The Erion Oetve— - Composer Suna Scene Principles of Sota Seuntieoi of Ervonential Protea =| Cuaprer Pl Histonicat ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENT (2 je imps -USA in Foc, = (import teen Wo. a (nora Wingo Novenent —. = Agro Revi nee saa as (© Hay Agra Kevan —s (impacto Arai Revolt on nina. = (© Main Developments and noratons 9 TwoNaorinpacs of ntl Reveon fs on iy oie 12. Uated ato Cnftee on Haman Enonment 172 (rine Schon Cnteene ae (© sing Docent Agee 2 8 Agee eee reese ema | “ ee : oe oa Co oo | | 2 Ones. Negation Proce : = Emphases — aoe i SustaINante Devore Issues eeGehoessbere ae 1 repulton Growth and Povey Tntodeton- Une Distaon oplaon ‘ayn which plain Crowes xeon Net C [npr indict of Mentoring Poplin Grothe Frere Afecting Ppa Inder ‘ee Scar ad ie if onPopaaon Growth = ‘SbwetlamanFoplton Grow: Oem Tron Poverty and Populi “ 2 Canying Conny © Caring Cap a Soinaiy—— (0. Reeac Une nd Rk wth Coma - a occocce bevbebbobeeeaaea (2 Food cui ans inplations 9. Meth ingrove Fd Set. ~~ Stine Apr (© Methods or Soni Arar nestor : a abet Bodies (©. Bioiversty Hap (Maree Bedicraty © Camoflowet Bene © Mateds for Coneraon of dvr egy Sec an Alena Energy ese Cont Er Scay. oa ‘hot egy Sy aa ry Beng — = ig Comeraton Seng (2 Approuchos Stile Ci no eocccce Gran IreRpIsciPuNARY NATURE OF "ENVIRONMENTAL SCENCE reco ys nd hr co none Sr aes Bamps of meeton of Pye ond Evra Soe. 2 Eevinnment Mirabeogy © pe Coe tt 8 nro nent of atonal Motil 1. taignmontl exe (Ener © Dnt. ni as © Someta ois 1 Envirmment come ingen Coney tds nt tn n Etoumen nomi : © Sian ss ae vimentin (2 Deno Aspect. gabe© Senter ea Evinment!Gegpy nne— (© Detona apc Eien ng. © Sipe _ oS Une apne ae : Evemment San. © Impowun conepa vironmental logy nag, (2 Impoant Concepts of Environmental Belo sy. = © Eemysem © Wopechemial Cyc BEebeaoaas sean EEG) ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION eccococce enti a Poe oven rms a eg Coe — ‘fim Compt Ore We Decompao. Import peat Wa Gut. Seropton ‘rest (ony Nose Mae Toran oS pow. jr Sa Pt nd Ter Bet coccogoocccocccce © ya Papi ianSeti — = ere erences davon ‘tea nC Saati ge Sug Wt apo © Nath Dtake petpc reduction 2 Ci nn 1D Dileet Typer ef Clie © High Beaton Cnn © Nose Vary © 0000004 c00000 ecc0ce (© Gina Patra ttl eral wa al Sa Climate Change and abl Waring 1 (0 Cline change tering 16 © tnd Eien) of Cua Change = 1 © Ginaie change acne Dre na cs i 18 inate Change Apennines ss © Coning Pepin toda (npr Bonen of REDD Regie © amingt Sgn — © Sew Patan (Pups of Caring ou aon Foi (ren Type of non tp z Congas C03) themtalCaueton a Cato tpi — (CD ijt Lie Cpe Coat ulin An aight of Copecagen Acshog 2 Implement i 1 oe eee = ona etn FEA) Po © Samy pact) : Sees vic em oo ‘= 2 Orme See See Ttoce memes Reon aay = | 7 O Neabetee sone onan © wan. aes regeneration pnd 233 Solutions to Depindaton satura td on ming ta etn Both thane Bunn of (0 Siete elaone 24 Selene rnin of Sustinbny Thee ror cet rope fanatic rea unde (@. Rela oscar erry {W)Bavy (i) Pople oto Sted pg tl rom ce emis tao 125 sustainable Solutions of enronmentl Problems uci un ete wart event en asm a aren tnpancs — Sunaaiy Engh | cuscren Fy HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENT 1, ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 4A Introduction Evironment! Movement is dvs acetic and pt mene ste rl eyeing Pc rao ol ie 1S Notavayrunted ons gone (Raper ya rong rps formal very Ing sale 2 Vase em county ncoatey Ervigsmetl Moverent i ano rfred a Eology Movement, ‘Conserais Movers an Given oli 412 Eary Awareness Empleo eminent dtd wih vfs repens of Id eva Coen for orn pation an comer was ft at i eng {Dusvnlped demtaacer slong USA UX Rance ard Germany, Ths vem setestnod poercenis fo lng lave tod adnate sos, The Ast Ein wes pened In Boinsnnedal Ac 143 to ogi the dlterows pln gen Ulan poss al prdse so ah 413. Majorimpetus-USA in Focus ‘rvnomet! movement shed with ling pct eens and otes: Dae’ wet by Hemy. David Then in 7058 was the at ook on ‘Troncntten wih ng ue or fe (©. ‘Sura ca! sed by John Mir ond Hater oteson Uncool i 192 wi felon vested rou telat Evita (0. Barn of Forsy wa farmed by. Booval 195 which nd dwn th ‘Sicilia cng tad oe (© Gottn Concvaon Corps were ae by Traniin Konan 189, szpnd poe nie sgl pian pl wn ma(2 Man events and oes of moder rental Movement 1 Sent Spring” witn by Ral Caron in 952 dour the eof pets expcaly DDT inact. ‘+ Of spss Barty, Cobra 1959 eet te proces of Teton enienment 1 Nin Ene Ply Act(NEPA wa thi nian USA. 82 Poet nr an ops pO ier hat aan cf Aa Fsidin USA, iuing Guan Wierda 972 Endangered Specs Act 2973 Neca Ware Paey ck 1982 “+ Ear Dy war lated on Api 2 1970.Thi day mathe he sition re ype svn pon sd Bp Important Eventsin Wore inert Moveret is shad with flowing plcnt event in word beyond OS ler Fog id 70 an 100 pope 68a 1892 rept Ln ‘Sg il 100 in endo in 9 ad 56 BU Gowler sd en man Eon in 172 nS, 1197s mou ol el wa aed Ir, Asn The Mile led lo 184 king foe aes rom pated atin Bhopal nail 0) irodsO0. | 186 explosion in Cheroty! Naar Plat i Uzi feta nr 1992 ie Confer new tno ervironental mote Main Foes and Sub Movements inocu nds overt of Bevin Movement ar vonmetl Jace i195e faved cca ace fat Sow Engg movenentinaving Gas Theory ‘An Nucor Nove Glia Warning © © © 0000 e000 coo Important wetings of Movement Se npn wing of rvrnmertal Maven (O" Slensping’witen by Rac Cason in 96 © The asec writen by Stevart Ul 8198 (©. “Belo Natare Di’ iton by Jean Dain 565 & OntheSoetof lad writen Rl Ear 1855 Nate iaomig ep th per wth pa al aco pt 2 Acuicurrunat Revouurion 2A inoduetion Agric! Reolton i ao ele Apr Revo. tory tse on ‘wenn rod ne wacker (OPreAgelonl Pod maha Palatina, st ing) Agel Prod td ys fear os (© Tecsogal Adramerment Peo marie by Induction of tcagy fe vue Te eas he no plata ovement 222. Histor of Arcltural Revelation tar Revlon cn ihre a Se me pes as maton in st nang ee fr ri on Sto At Rot ‘andere ra Agra orton ‘Table: Timeline of Agiutural Revaation Feiod | neottic | Amb | mish | Sottsh | Gee Niven | Roslaton | aga guia] Ren soomane: | Sentey | “cnary | etary ‘Camara | Hung | lami | tmeeein | Aptenton | cen Tamily | peri |prottiy | Bata | nduiaaed tafodion | "tough | Sesoadon | gre | "Sevamoor | ecto | teat | “is oe i desig23. impocts of Aiur! Revlon on Environment ‘Apa Revolt an tngct cn wie rane eo-seviceincaing wate sy pains ping nn cae sous en deny {Srv Theron gel ptr nd ed rig a ag Pollan ap vines eset eto apc clon oe et ‘ray maint oven Kesy onan oe ean cate ged aba hangs Man ic fn ertasen and retorsp aepoed {nFigure and ratty Mane Ags Retna O rmops © Speed ay estan (Harstad per by Cpe MeCarick ge leh of Aa Resation aed pe 6 Rlintip o peul Reston Ee 24 Main Dvelopments an Innovations Main deepens at move gel ealton ae “Tramapronsrctare End conerion age a rcamaon ‘Re in cpiiet mers Seocve and com bodingovesock 3, INpusraiat RevotuTion 34 Inrodueson ‘he pete nds Rost wa om 8h to 19 cnt, Tis eve, -nwhad be ceneron of eg ral eles i intl and bn toc. BME Sis pcre nmafcring was heme sed and ota oy ms eee ot nda scl ied Perel nd spel purpose macy. ESET Aline production be and tite nds payed wl role ea 000000recat ed dead of dcr eed demand of enti SShwovt tpl nna coin mn oie mapa 2” Gratton © Fett say, © npr tet 3 Byovalpoe 3.2 Envtonmentl impacts and Ting The ing of oa Roi ed na pa nd te ed covicmel ebm ech se mc wth elope ‘Soc ec develpot Te Se ied ee a Sa ‘Seepage ote eam ies igure nda Ravluons sd Evirnnenal Pens 433. Two Major impacts of industrial Revolution tnd Reva a ‘Toeewomon serena DT Paton raced -shows the wend of poston) Eee = Semen reduction Tra 10: utensil ding adi Reoliion (o-_Pepunton incase (gue show then oplatin ne) “felon igus Popeaton Growth n Raf indo Reoltion{ 34 fects on Quay of ite Indust Revolt inpoved standard of ing fr mide nd pe css. Balt ‘aner wired he coon fps in flowing mop ve Tow wage Dangerous weekingcomione Lieb secty ‘npopment ‘ia abou Grerronded hosing ds fo migation ona cee Paton arpa esata codons ‘Unie NaTIONs CoNPERENCE ON HUMAN ENVIRONMENT, 1972 44 Inoduction ON Confresen Hatin Evins represent of ts Conan, ‘uty was hel on Jue 16192 nS, Tiss cale S ‘he dara of conten cote 36 pinnae sles eat c0000000 Ths conference placed poten fh vient nd ope a theft setae cao downer ee Seo of governed mins of svt el of att Nos trough ts cuton No257 on Dace 15,1972 leached UNEP fs proving Intnl Machinery and Branca Paw wpe dacs or ‘cadet. he hndgurier of UNEP nat Nabe erp 442 Principles of stackhaim Conference ‘Trey sc pele ener a conferees ows 1 Provbionofhisun igh end edenoaten of cole Sogn sata roa Ent copay main erewable source foe mln Segara Sng of nn enero Contig Ai plton ‘Ceneling Cnt ston Development nace Asin devel cocties “Eovirornet mangement Breagh exprtin developing coer Proving mney or devlpngercure gersereey f 12 Enema poy se st pe deepen 13 lopated developers ‘Sasol lang betwos oneoment and denopment 16 Govemais hold ak ce Fopalton pace 27. Development offi ral source 18, Envi eduction 22. Comperaten toendanger ae 24 Esablahon atonal wandade 2 tnertonal epee st lp man einen 26. Weapowof mane dorraien scl te ciated 5. OuRComMon FUTURE, 1987 5. lntroduction ‘Ths dcunet mite by ‘Wald Conmimin co Enver and De he mt of Sry sped in To ce io {Ses arta! Repeat owing to Nove Pane Nutr Gntang wo aed Th dig of acnent wa ans 0 ays which calpain sphere wits rn nd wy ci ees es NCO a oer patie 52 Mandate fhe Commision Tmt co 3 ci ue fev ot Eitan ion, ccet nd wale actin pop 19 me he ‘Stic cc ira sand wth be ee Stang operon oer el Slope Scnceg te lel of tnounding sod commior one pt of ‘Sa vy orp ann oer sn oer ‘Scenic on ch pat, od cy a of psn ‘pon nls ny, ny Suan natant © 00 0053 Taeet ‘Toreaptr the pint of Sacha Canerees th doament rete lista diner fe nsec or eaable depen pa (O° Phd ontonsentl er on pllte agends (©. ted erin of ernment nd devopment ae 56 Analysis Ths document rosin an rte developmen ine foe of po reducon, gender guy ind wah eaibon cf formlatng soe “Svat eraratn Bat opr war anal Sot oder proton htt ‘spon for dopant of enone ecu rounds for convening of 197 arth Suit ad adoption cf Aen 21, Rl Declan and enable of Carson on Surana Dept “hw document dete ‘Sarable Develo at = “Diesen fat mats soe ret to comrog he ota gone a oe” 6. Rio Sune, 1992 64 sackground ‘On Dacamber 2 1989, UN Gna Ase ys ton No, 28 odo cept nian om ras goverment ld erence ni ds Jomo on Eon ‘nd Developmen. Ths confers al Ra Su Earth Sunt a Coe Twas nae 315,192 108 eds ofits odovere parce he odes {72 government sn 0 NOD epee ericpt inh confers ‘Uo pepl prs at he paral NGO Global Foun ee FORUM. 62 sus Adresses longs rere incr ‘Syme ru of pater of poducton eee the production af tne componente adi gare (2 leat sources of neg lo pace ue ffs fl (© Newser on pa: eaupertaon evita mas vehicle amion, © Growing sac after 63 Significance and Salient Festuras Ik yas the Higgs ennmenilcnfence afar Skin Coneece 1972 1 tntiennd al ube ON conereces Irie wlatoetop bebe nan gh F pwn, seal dewopment, wenn wll and human seme cuted lps ues of ronment devdopnnt and Mosier. The lit feats oe ‘Dense of27 pip of Suebinabe Develo. (2 Conensng pen had an undentnng on silence, importance an ‘mponen ise (2 Conmeratin fdr nat recogni at common golf ma (© Resonator cnsratn of Haga sacs an To st th (© overnight egal en es pl lac ‘gil sources of tae ware on agranan under ata elon (© was eid at oe rue of echo end entiation on et sll eve (© Sates were aad ntagrat centers and saab ws in tats py aig (2 Sater oad prot and encourage sstaabe us of soil sous. (© States sold ppt local outers in divert nd reece emenicn, 164 Resulting Documents and Agreements Following cocumans stein suf Ro Conference {© RioDecaaton cn Envoeent and Deropoent 2 Agendeat ©. Foren Prinpes ello ealy binding eee ere opened in est (2 Cntenton an Bape Dey © UNTrameverkCansnten os ClinatsCange(UNFOCC) ©. UNConventon to Contat Deron 7. AGENDA2L 74 Invodution “Axe i proranene run y the Ud aoe onsstete devon tt te acompreaie programme an bal tanya say Ward rks Set Scary. war bed arth Suet 9% The damon aie 50 page, + 72 Contents (0 Seton Sc and Bea Asset Poverty, Comunglon, Hele Sasa setenent and Poplin (2 Seton = Contra Managerentof auc+ _Asmorghrs, Dirt and ester, (© Seton Skool Inpoans and ale + artcalty women youth al NGOs nd ination (2. Seton 4~Inplemenaton Neca Eda See, Toston ah anal chan 73. Evolution of Agenda 24 ‘ven Ageea ws dove ine eves (O° FiOS 897 Spal eon appa sn which he peormane Was (© RIOWO 30% WSS0 war conducted in whch UN mambo ge hale ‘Sento plement Agen 2 (© RIOr2-22-UN Coder on Suna Develop wet ad 74 implementation Herarchy “The implemanton of Agenda cad ata eevee (O° Alloa eveiereach programmes ten calle Ll Age 2 6 LAZ (© Aron lee and heer maore by UN Departnentof enc ar SUM Alas Diener progr (© Atgltal eel by UNEP at major oy ‘Wort Suanar ow SustAmNaste DEVELOPMENT, 2002 84 Background (On 3h Avery’ of Shek Confrence a 108 Annes of i Sumit ‘stat Nade onpnised WolsSumlt on Sunnie Derdopmant (NSD) fem 8 “Augat 9 Sept 2003 tunes eso cbs ROW or arte Semel. ‘Retvomat pred eflune due tme of evapo soe rach at USA i Baie octane ope ney ans ch Sia change 82 Salient Femtures thug Dean was man outs of he mit Bonita of ent stern ng rman of rents of Re Dedaraon. The main oe of be ‘Solr aro Tetra Cooper Desrning Wels over ‘Speci Aton fo Dvlping Count [Empowering Women Maing Bodiesty 83 Goslsotwss0 ‘The gone faz WESD wee 13 Daeg thr nae of pope asking dn Wr an asain a was. dp poo gin acs fda ener eeprom ‘Green Sources of egy bal waing apeenent whee Sos agnad % aly Kyoto tes ‘spell Host thea of enon flan paiva ‘etre fern by 05 Improve developing coun ces ionnetally sound aeratives ecopro epi of Copa Acoust [NGO an Nf be ivved i poc of Cnprme Account a aicelde 9, RIOSuNMaT- 11,2012 8A introduction “he confrene wes ldo Jone 022 2012 Ro densi Bas i loca LUN confeene on Sustnabe Developnent (UNCSD), Rio 252, Rav 20 ae Eat Sor 2 var he sonty oF Ro Sem 92a arth Sot 02. 22 Objectives The ojos of cafe wore 1D Surg enewed pall coment for ibe deveopent © usage prope and inplecinton gaps in mecing previous (©. ‘ing new an egg calege asd open opines fe confers eowing hme flawed dung How tbl ‘Gren Eom’ toachivesvtiae deve? tow tot eratinl ood for suede enopsen 000 000 000 9.3 Negotiation Process He of 8 sat puritan he ofc. The la strength heparan xe (00 te ecw and diet te Flea coment! 1 Bi Fling ee ‘Tenens of toate developer8 Ronnie Gown Set ingroement £3) Environ rocton Farther fed ncn poverty etn of reas nated un Apr Ue Naat ws we ve nom fndnoy whe delgingscnts waned new Sule erase ‘Gas USA" Poti Gkaa, Caen Ehsan Anis Nest and ek Ps inter Dai Cann it an crea 94 Outcomes of Conference Aridi document The For We Wan was sige This ws a page wok pire: which ui ratlimed Agee 7. To doumentsopornd he devepee of Stren Cou Sich of see we Hed ot promoting sent derspment gly. SOCa il pk ap where MDS eal et ‘Boca fete pact resort en UNED at Laing Cla Envir chy tg opt ening goa Wf CA Dorset iso exe the araies GOP ar measure Sel conse ‘ener sts, Te lesen of docament sts ‘Tudomeal ges he oy snes cen, nd Boe Ibo oceny b asta set 10, MILLENNIUM DevetorMENT Goats. 103 tmrodueton il edo Sr fel Narn 202 4 lle iets Dovlopmone Gale (MDC). Thy sce eigen “US ‘enna Desert All Unt Nason embers conte to steve de paso 21, Each ple # spe nd dae wg ox tre Gh ee ‘instr smi to ge mene and 9 WB, IMD an AD toca $10 talon ‘4omed by members ot Henly nnd Pr Cote FC), Thee of NDGasty (2 Lacan and tian bind chosen tes © ical ona erenent se pale © Uneen ope mong pals 102 Emphasies Areas Thema cphacd aes are 10° oman Captal = Nati, Here aaton (© Intact — Acs tafe drinking wer, energy, coment, ‘eaneporatonand enone (© Thnan Rights = Empowering women, reducing vile ineeing pela sic propery . rT 4 | | 303 Most 3021 Goal1 - Eadate Extreme Poverty and Hunger (© Decmtenplymentfr women mena oun © Tle the proprtonf pope who ser om hanger. (2 Hhve te mumtnr of eoplevng nee tn $125 pe ay. 302 Goal Achieve Universal Primary Edson Aching’ Primary Schorng 018 (2 Acoing 100% Ereinant 8 Abcring 008 Competon 10353 Goal 3 romote Gender quality nd Women Empowerment (2 improving ao of bys to gb in enema improving tare af waren swage employment (improving peer of women atonal paras 1034 Goal 6 Reduce Child Mortality 1D Reduce tertile 1035 Goul5 Improve Maternal Health (© RaSacmateral marly a by aqua (© Ackovng 10% vee aces reproductive atk 1036 Goal 6 - Combat HIV/AIDS/Malara and oer diseases 107 Goal? - Ensure Environmental Sustainability (0 emp print tonal pty 0 Radic oversee © ete prin plates seta ae ining ar (© improves f 0 millon sms O- Devp en nag yet © Alen emit lancer nin DCS) © Akon oof nd ced ate © Daalannprehersvely wih dat probes ° ‘Acces tne thao or ermation an cooperationSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES 1. PorULATION GRownit AND PovERTY 1.4. Introduction ~ Unequal Dstristin of Population Each monk 16a people ae added to wold population, Wo pout it ‘apse Hr 47 bilan 45 blo ra aD It 20 ars wet ep or gina ee govt The mn cs ck ne (O° Hamar deep he byt expend io vere new ais and ciate 2 Motempictre Belge eed mor pop (© Node rien an lh cs Greed deh “Th molt poplaion was ft 5 lion sme IO yrs go ut now Be 67 io 821s st lon ty eo 1980 ran ian st {pan o50goury noher 28 oe wes aed on ge Whe owt eit ‘Speedo toch ar of 33 Ban oppose nde ess SS Aang {SUN Rap. 2 auton re ed jpn oy 05 oh Smeg of 20S ‘Seis per day Mare imparanty the fopalaon ict ey date The (poms in dvd cores aroun D1 psy ain deveoped court EDX per yen ths, resol nein populten pean any peso ‘he fopelanan cme pect of provided in igure 12 we popes trends er oun ote wold proven gue igure 2 Worl Population Pojecions (aba Conscons UN Rept) 2 t oeg co000000 — va, vn roan mm Sy eat TR, Neen Sn sce mm HSS, am ISAS stm st ‘gue Folin Tend in Major Ca (las Cones UN Rept Ways in which Population Growth influenced Natural Capt Jrteing net popu a infeed he tural caitlin flowing ways eden a ese Ines se f Ea et prinary product Tecan gente esisnsot pnt spees nd case aig Da to fy str peat Inwrdon of arn pes ineisssint ‘serene ruc yond th ropes Trees wih tings es Eapngon fa oc orantindatr! Msg opustonowth Ths res thn det en population wine and vic ere Toca tnt am rity (Bes) morally (Bex) and gratin Important ‘Pc Bh Hater umber ov ity pr 100 pele ey Glee Data tes Nenbe of ets po 00 pope per yea: 1 $Stty note Naber then orn a wera natinas + epee Lee Fy Rae Aver mbes of de topo tnd popuiton tp tase + Tu Fer ate orgs a chen tr 4 wan pain degre ae 4+ Utetspertne nage nun oon fan i, {son goers hap an peo change putin Chang = (it Immonen gran) Factors AlectingPopulatonindstrs 141 Taco asec than ely Rate Inperne oes pre roe Galan edntg en Ai pa pon ms overran enpoymint eprint fr women ne Merit fae herb oes pr re it whe de ere {Seyeerfap lows bea open sis) ‘vegage ef wen tn cf arage ‘vena og aban ‘ratty fate th ct! mds eigen eden LAD Factor Aletng Death and Morty Rate Sammi Inlegnte hace po zon dang pregnancy LA. ac Affecting Migration agin press Binccuee cl eprosen anmelden (cg UN Rpt thal 6 5 ton eoreramental eigen) e000 c0cc00 ccco0e ccoce 1.5 Age Stractueandits fects on Population Growth ‘age sec defined "The Dbton of Nas and Fenols among Ape caepe ina option! Topadon expr wt a rpc Age Straere Diagram 9 esta ht a sacral Sjoumi Tes pap ease by lt Be mer cr Protage ‘san males na ppaenin re ageing (O TreReproductvesege 143045) © Repofarve Sige (1-4 yeu) ©. Raweroducne Sane (sero) 1 popula shir in ovate Sage, thas pow mame 2 sca be papulosis len sth a is harps nprane note at ‘rote wer sty age 2 hin, proving song eine fo expend ite powth incoming Yeu Uae chuck of population is found in POR: ‘ebredectie Sp it sma nt poplin el eee The varaton of ag rates {taping ao evlped courte provied in Fgu Hand an exyay 2 ‘rut penal AgeStocus Din ome in gue. Fig H ge Src in Devlin and Developed Countgre 2 Diet Type of Age Ste Dae 1.6 Sowing Human Popuaon Growth Deore Tension DenopagticTation i ee gen by Epes deeper (kW, Noes) SA hypenits epedeaeopatia Ganges ef Sci Se ln My om 2 Industriatization; © Tai rain i a Fig 16 Singer of Demographic Fanon 1.7 Poverty and Population ety asian he pope ae ao meat asi ms rae son, telesales fs an pr {Ey gn per rsh te poo eae evel Sg ore spans aan od i at rg ey doer Sonslng stout Sng evi quaty ae sstaay. Popa af pst goth ar ring mare cle ra mater o sul for par Once [ok rvrammenta eet on berensing aon poverty Some har ft Te ona gue 17 Sn cr of parton popaibon ane er Staton nee ee al a Ne on et I 8 con BL 09 > MI soos EMM oono ig 7: Povey a uplaton Itrpendee 2 Cannine Caractry 2A introduction : Tey evienmet and espouse cnt bys Limi acts Coin the Elna ha nt the Groth of Spies Bic ane ‘stout of ure in emer aye Hed Thus ining Fer cont Se govt poplin Fah omy ar Ente palo grow cnet ‘SieingcpeyCaring ont ee amr lof Sc ht 22 pe Se etait an They nea au 22 Caving Copaty and Sustainabtty Canying cacy i coma ae with tab, specie the aston = finials of sc Gta Be Sosatned ym aoncen int cating hcp lente nen in ete Tho Se seh pt pert mew fen dh 3. Ecotocicat roorvaint 4.3. Defnison of onset “ion fe et aan ote ne ioe sevtnancnam ety onset casero croton iet rato pense sarees oe? ecg et mea ma cy ‘Rees ane Mathis Wackernagel ee 22 awe et tn at wage ene ert a tn cen a eae ce ae mt me SSinaiied coeepae onan meee Sine pireme site aneeeerone ce bow ane mittee cee ie eth iree cg tern elt oe sin tated mae ea eae cemen mate he ema enone es ‘Degradation, oe Se pert em nme eo op domains inching: . . ce 3 Coney Sone one rte ere ks singer eee nhaaemietmae pee th 2a mo pemegentet eta In nde tig ant of ree mig ne avaitg' Tesyieg cont: ton ave scape fxg beg an Be TE feo rian troy an oso healing wane and plton Stl choca si oh ee pe ee eee ea sures eyo wang ny Pe Cop Bgl Faget fours how morhe avhaevaierourcs an dul ere: UAE Se gegen ty os Sty ty epeing end oping oo sco Ente tral pl oc and site el dene pin proved in Pe TE 8 nt SS oles ae om gw stu Copel Dagon nea! oroh 4. Glonat Foo Secumrry 44. Invodueton Rena tht very perso nthe wean ingen ae a daly eu nog atu have ect ard bay i 142. Food insecurity ands Impiations ann od iy ale wt is gd os wtih es tt ait ent lian pace lan te oc ‘icy myer og fa he praducncnsgh ood ao 180 But tl omit hepation face fod natty ust ably nan! ods. Oder backs fond (0 Flt ype 2 como Lane dgrtaon © Demtfeaton ‘Thonn food inca can rly pla in vo alors (6) der nostro under meting whch pose ete ‘Sng od tity er bk oy onde (©) ear Chose manatein in which fod cored Ih ent fod Ingen fw pa od ph hes According to FAO repr, the samber of pple fing under uton ad sult om 8 lon 7 i nos Bu spac Spiral eens eto to leh ‘cts when nu see sara din a meseyened eee ee many deaths, eccnemic chaos and socal disruption. ao 443 Methods to improve Food Security 5 Following tis are used tpn gl ond ery: Cent ox pie Prove od abies eda poverty ny han aunt dh dc sch a meses Srcourge bet tg Presenting dhyton of chides ay Png lectin women 00000000 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Ineroduction Susie apcltce & mandate sustaaledevpment ant prevting ‘ent an future goers fom od tay. Some Ss equal oe eae tae ce: ‘2 Conran tien aman by + Managent of Topogpy Poidingcrer nt Blas 1+ Pring creo vpn cer th dened aac (© rswatr onan, mina harvey and washed manage hy "We sss ome ard eying Dolo ott datum tens Redan pon ad cng cae Enter fee sag capacty provenet of fergrand erage py 52 Methods fr Sustainable Agriculture {tering mater rd fr ong Serra pi 521 Reduce Soll rsion Seman sles ng warty of wage cae sl ere and estore st lt monly ty hoping te al acres wae vga, Venous as of ‘educate ‘© Tamang = way t gow fad on sep slope wit depleting tp la ‘renontn Fp) © Conon Manta when the routs gs pe os mem in fools (© Skip Cropping vcs plating aerating sp of row rpc om ‘et and aster cepa epany kee nel doerAlley Cropping ~ ope or mre cops are pnt tops in sips or abies ‘Setttesand sane nnch rode she enone in ge 9 (3 ‘Windies or Sherbet pat teas ound cop DSW eee Wink tron seed a gee (dh 1522 Reduce Sol Infertility an Restore it ‘Theil dane ysl cert. Organ ong raat wed rhs on tess ut hve an mas ws or etd ut artbermore an, Fate ace ty ensng Crp fot Dian yp fxg er a ‘Sina amare By shin tonsa cops, ley tien pate Sp ating | By topping poming rps fr 25 yur ying erro apy pce y © estore mised without ent engining Soe solitons fered by sustain craic aga ae proved niga ‘gure 2: Slaton tered by Sostalnble Orne Agee 6. ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION 64 introduetion "ps ance Ne nef 38 eye has yee coroner seed ‘Thi ion appli cee deve fo Retain Egy. Geral prince of ron ae tater dymaic [Nowogle set of ro il be plea a pci strani Ape management ocr fr esinon ad (art censttion fey gly ayo pays an portant coco {62 Goals of clog Restoration clogialreation is dard mn Retain Elogy which depends on the se cave et ed a Be wh pei what an eno pecs OS ‘Peru ad ow drat oan bese Soe pulsar itdin abedeg wilespead oe Bier step abd ws at herd ea een Smo psi cits of rtratan se anon in Table Eases bate Boe “Table 3 Goal of Eelogiel Restoration ea Tal rose 1. [Fetal Ns aati ay oA TD = | Presten oi ofa ers | Nati ac sbi ath wen D1 3 [Piekptue Nahe coy yw so © [eg oy SE ST Na TT | stein Pasion dept piicte [Nasi Diy sepa oa ap ine [Maxim Boas depen al growth [Besar a specie endgied] Witver sige tac 3 [Hetero age stration [Gute aie a Toa a (63 Whats usually restored? cost fal kde ar degen degadaton, Cerin ype fsxoeyatane ave gad ‘2 titeintion ©. Appeal Tamer hrestng © Chemetsaten “Table & Objectives of Restore Siew Objeive iveSeame improv Boy, wr quali, Pa sly WR] [conan i a eae Saas nd eit app Send anes iprve divert ital al il re Landa nce dlr an conse endangered epee nd Diseibatd by Mining Rosa died ost, seas nln, je ay ] 2 ma ‘citria Used to Judge the Success of Restoration ‘Ste eer eta rena eo ysl envi! of trtxed sytem $6 capable of sistarbly ‘pong be walty of hese etre yee ald wh ger accpe comunity of cape own ats othe aly of esr coeayaem ae ben mised anacepabc leet ofee es toons i soy adapted to nermally wits ep ‘dstrtuoce atcha terme ach ar windrose ‘Souldinpove enone and wlan pople Restoran tbe stn 00 0 00 Blovocicat Divenstry Introduction The te Biv te shor fom of lg Dien an wa aed ‘ater @ Ronn m8 Arn Arle? of Cnvenon os Bodies, “opal Every’ man "eny nang ern, fom al ware eg erat tern mm nd tin i aps on he sla ops ih eo Fr ‘oii erage, pe af eo ey Ising words “In vty oe wrcey among eg eis od he eget anpbes bh yaar eats aay” “tus lea etal ay oath asfiation of Bisiversty iedortyan betray en octagon Spec Byatt a mre, (© Geni tniversity Vary fans eatin eng pcs 1. eli Binivesiy- Vary of wots on earth eg ders et, ‘dnb oc Values of Biodiversity ivy a eat naturalracuc rhe svn anki can en ine rinay ob ewig ace Came ve al om fa, ps ale brig a (© reductive Vale ~ eg tamtos, gases anes ll rey gunk ein, [Rowton lt ste noc atc(2 Sait Valese-ef: prison ie aber aa ae paren land wae nly an mabe seyeg ent of pets a cae ‘Santon fear tan or Brot bred and eds © cal aloe Aerie 74 importance of Blolverty Fellovng re se npr ape of ors (© Dogccemicl eyes mycing snd puriton of ecosystem are well ‘Batina ieogh cara (© toler mnie he esi ale. Ie booet econ fe. ge numberof lar pe mens 2 [Bene vsof rps ennsot alta fae eas 75 endemic Spacies ocean in pre pe nd ona ih we (aes onemeees” ‘Th ede pc ar ot depend ns cord tly one pot ares, cg gepnded bbl 76 Biodiversity Hotspots “ary inn any eoponngoatrlscoayens, where nate specs and commer sine wth te sen reel prone "Ores with igh eet of aly un pce mich ace ey Found ‘tilde open eg Este Hina shape 177 Malor Treats Biodversity Folloving ae ms salto the Bodies (O Habiat Lae = man ereachwnt wl arn esas i stan of parr ow ome (2 Overnng-boughserna anal ope brikofetacton 13 trie specie Ivan of aon nate spas prea res Ma arid rancid veseme sper (2 lation = by onion of ter wich etn etc faa and {cnt fal wht econ an (© China Changs Glob weighs oan a bide, 18 Causes of Losof Biodiversity ellowing ae theca off vary (inline deacon fein ors Conran ply och econ Trnfr cna fey chery. ‘seni ars pl and nial epee. {nding land Dewees are flop owes acer 19. Conseration of Biodieesiy “oman he pracin pena, magnet rex Nee oor ekerase ane a” Surv y ats psa haba eae by oer Ft see ie tap inert cose mat inn 9 Te al Smet a ‘Wald Samet ofSurnae Seeapnert (WESD) 00 which ha 2 are Arse nd 9 ae about iva and Evste Conaraton, Flowing pe ae sed the ‘Soret tinny 1 Raglarruroy for mening he logical sore (© Quel of Badversy soa be proved by overage pes, Aerating resource sige 1.30 Masnods for Conservation of Blodversty 702 Exaita Conservation “umn te tection cei oe co dang ts an inal colected andedndercontrotd endo in forte suo nts hind ocean, Onan ane ated fot wash en cy {Cham of suo lendagsed pce cae {Ofer ons fas pec csi (Biman of Es Comer re 1 Copy expensive an can pl fr fw rps 5 Dep pon tm peat a gg mt + Tangier peti {Shore popgation an re ‘Anal tanto Seb e000702 losin Conservation tana wih pte Doe oe neta, cpe ree el Pe, rote aa a sev fort mre well gro ad lily ces the Init mars in utra xg place se so. ince he conservation of lata vain thr notes apes ol ora hl ina a at (Coated airs plans lay sl at pres lal es Sse of © Bephar Rarer Mot ior nero fet conevton Nal = "Ae dee ty te ae fore pure of peng raping orang se Bae ona ‘omer rei scl eel ee ans he Mon, ‘ond ett, arr eet i ee es 18, ENERGY SECURITY AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES 84 concent of ners Securty ‘peta af ste mane eee na en ee of ach cunt think of ag scr. Traine cei ae ae fsa car copy poses I ong ery yds concen {Eat only de aun soppy ofc fe cm pnt tar rey Sc Ths {fe fel emi be dein are leary seat avd 9 es ‘Smumpon wil tbe od vars sarin cower td aera Soe 182 Threats to nergy Securty een a ce st ae sang ey (> al tarmal mo ichcourio (©. Role ecmaie ant Ian Cina Asides Energy cy ink weth mata ety case without enery tee 0 com wiht ayes arene pope sae peer. 83. cnerey Basics eg he ity odo work The ach fps mont smoctl wh esry ‘Theis ge et may oF ap ve Ta eyo enc, i te iets ecu ot Se eee ere craton tne gy orgy cee rae oe Fema mor fo osha te om a arith sco a of eos, "Thm gy eben geay wis ‘84 Energy fceney lene ste noun of out res om a panel of tpt. Two furaneni pee of snrgy esa see ded fom Hat and wen Iw of ome “Ot ao ficiey lowe demyaricn (© Second a af ecey is wt he gay of nergy a i ik with SSSR lw a terme eas oh Be fc ht Speen st ‘Song pang en eegy cology sy tv lacont eet of ‘nally ey (© Thus ergy ey inves deg equpmont to ld mr ewe ‘pars ence np 5 energy Conservation "Un es ry ad aeuing es ss ine e mths ent mero en 851 Options for Conservation of Energy SLL Copemntion Teck munber af pronase ein capt as wat et er ha sieply peng tins tee, wa or Scr pat of envionment + Geral leet ‘0 The mos common ln ido epi of cogeneration ‘Natal ix Cosi Cpe er PP pose ly om in whi eB (Suk ra gue ulin wh ar oul moor ey intl Te ‘snd eee som yl asin xa st Proce ie S512 Bailing Desi © Bytening om psbesclareneay (9. By imlaton cnlang wear sping, etalon of wink covering © Bytetr en fra credo ih smo of egy an tel with fst8513 Behar Mosistons (O° By sig yd cr sing tan mae gener cnt Arsen nad rela andy pow mpc ie 6 Sustainable Enrey Poly ‘Aro evr ae character of sia nergy py, ay hay onrenewile energy racer (© Pe, alan nese for pope (© Sata remy ty groper son Ane ey ‘nomaing ond iw of ea ‘Te mamgiment of ergy mast be Raed on typed Sable Egy anager ergy ce cm ala regs ne So ae eee) ‘oalffae flowing cares (Ree soue of emery (Sst fr fore enero 187 Akorntive Energy Resources a2 Solr Energy Sot cry ce nc he sy ue, Vary seal act {gyn mon nel pean Lt Stepaticbcain depen NISMO men Seer © Samet ior © Gindinatsty © ni bear Sone ota fer ery ee le Oo Undtarhoeeatgy chery ng co oqpnet 3. fanncopanr cng dig Sepa made © Gndtornanay proton ty 1 Moen ed poe i cat Sitrtema toned ees Sone utc ica eney es lowe © ated sry 8. Nepean Sone arg lr cry lowe 1 Serge al ahep ae rcey 8 Seay peyote nacone from the force of iter I is renewed and replenished ‘osoussy water sje. We fies cog water whl o ine, oe he soe ie athntitae ore spawns ieee nian atanas Semen aane os ene 3 Seat = eee ace eee ieee a mane 2 aut tame anlage messes ter frodcng city tough nd power Tae swe ype wt tg a vcs Mey = eee = Ps Soo yp ee ee eee otal Srl ce ges Thao ay et pt copia ay ciahbiet amp eradicate Sec comece mech evra cas ees‘Advatge of genta nny allows "Uni sappy af emeey 2 Nopotion Dinning of eterna enya a fw ("Hight andmantnc ost 875. Biomass mas teenie sute of ke sure of enngy coming um deel sures ning monde seit nial wastes ese alt eey seme Aloe $d ar cnr ph mts wc lt ce COs Hd ‘O" Buming 2 te ay 2 Comenton Matson perf Homa enery ae (2° Woodend prota pet sats mite 2 Lang which paar mae which s aot soto of egy (Atel fs prodaced fom arn and whet Mot cmmen ar ol and ethno A intro 1% of ane! nd 99 ot gst marc ees Same advantage (0 Abana endcenewabe © Canbewsa tbum rare rode Sane sadarngo oe are (2 arpouien 9. URBANIZATION AND SuSTAINABLE Cres 9.4 Urbanization ati the aon nd ptf on aes ie ane sanding see cer we frog a pnp oun ee el ‘es Ren as is ovat af tan pope Tew s wo Yes ag. Scene word har ce gly 911 Trends of Urbun Population Dynamites 2 Merepertsn heh poplin vgn te ana neg Urhmatesareespanding ply names ana (© kan gowth Is mith siwse lm dep cote tn in deeoping (© Fowerysecoingnseaingy waa ment elon curin 942. Dinndvanage of Ubsnization tages ores ( Laketengetation Wate shage and pilates © Gta hsae potn probes Fane naive Gla warming anit potion © Urtanapewing 92 Avproshesto Sustainable ies 921 CluserDevelopment In ween years bles hee inaeaegy edo pat town a sate devon wich Nigh dey hoa eta ae cone Sn ae Prono = Siton bon wh he eto te an (oan 5050) ed cre aed ope P= hon is idee propery seasons ve wk moe open an eens ops Sata po nari nd oer tg nd ning te SESE a uoopen can ct eco oo repertionfa, ite e mse iiss 4922, Nev Urbanism ‘Stow cmearte neg farther ng th icles few sti wi aan fan mh el bel lng 0 deep ct ag and ‘tn mane neihoureods itn tng Those pices ine 1D wala ith met Dorsal etna cis Isa wis 8 30 ‘nnn fea prt (© Med Oe and Die wich provide 2 mit of psn shops, ‘kas spent a home evap people feet aps dls (© Quality Utan Design craig Dany, aati, end actctanl Eonmental Sisinbily, wed on deepest with sinima (©. Sma Transporation: with wllseped tin and bor tems imstng ‘gious ene ands 92 co-Cty Concept ‘Acorn os growing amber whan lien the roy poe rt wn rows aero tle make rar naan Esl tse pa«to oma ew nd ting un es oe ela hereto ig rasa anya ‘No uur ep oh gt decom bt ymin mabey, eal ears gran ct, wad ania meno ik un he or acetic sry. ne ‘niin porn er andar Sally oval sel rr Solin bebo and dite pic fot ME se poe engines nt ets aoe Expense a psd wn nrg si tr sore cn oe reve pollon indecent Sa os alent fap we soi ml oon ean NN a icing rote ran garden fry mats i ing an hero arp the ana Sift 9 © ae ean opto terol 00 c00cce INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1. ORRNTATION OF CONVERGENCE OF VARIOUS SCIENCES “sm of et eat, Maes cem ft wd Sees en i 41a Environmental cence ~As# Multisiscipinay Sclence Envocent i ery we rm, i conceit Bopha” hh Eade in fro an steph ont etek od a Ne Fa rr ne eas ewe tps oh chaning, Sees ROAM neds ap al seen inert ronmental Sg indie toad cs odng "Diner Changes eg eophiation ake 3 Gol Chgun tact cage 3 Thiet Changes eg doughsan aang ovum in vvows ye Ths, cient tobe ales in non of avo of aor cl a et es Sot Lay tle inom iat Vaws dine eked 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHryasrRY 2A Definition Et of eno ace nme et car at epee rena Sector naan eee am a ‘beogcal accvy om nese” * = a — cont ei tm mr an Fae helps 2 eae ot i not may 3 Anrcety 22 scope “The scop fennel chine O° Sty of how ancora ree work 2 Whats mtrtcmaton cheat netmapr? © West cortaminarts ay nent? © Study tenia rucons ajetors, sletins a, sampling and amaye ‘sigue ccna Pure ee eee 23. concep of Contamination ~Contral Theme sa 9st a ec etn areal higher an pl el op ould a tsa bw dnt, Ton we gumson yeni a tae 2 Orgs afte by plantar contaminant cle rp, © hen meen orp ten ann wpe aa Indicators of Chemistry In Environmental interactions Following india ar aed Evin heist. ‘isola oyaen (00) {Chemis Oxygen Demand (COD) Bsa Oxygen Deon (20D) Tol dialed al (TD5) Nts ut) Howmy mete eo) Pesce Major reas of Concern Fabwng area ah ono Eien Chi (2 Lehn faire on rb ad © Lianne Methods wed in Evironment Chenstry lowing maths used in Evironment Chet (2 "Quanta Chem Aras hy ort of ene cenisy) 2 "Gee camnonamsivic cies Granite an Fete pete Set Samp, Sy dnl ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS Detstion “the covet of red ef ph they of dant et of ssn ma tet oy, ane) come vrnntl phys she fades prt of eon snc, ‘Areas of Physis and hele Effects on Enviromental Slence 821. Mechanics (0 ‘Address tow physiol ott cepend to fens, thir meine and scoeatons” Il ed of News, Enveental tl tad t {Nowe fsun an enrtasone ec0cc000Tapco of satis 422. Quantum Mechanics Teac the ete of ly and ss he fae of wang treed adv 322 Thermedynamics . seul of ea cra, te movement rms ad manent coco sean acs flowing Sa ‘mosphere (Gotal warming Nino and Na Osage Wane pton| rege ol id 524 Hectromagaetio: uy felt and magi and th ra ene” een aly occoooccce tte impacting phenomenon nena ‘Bescomagecte dation Intec ape Salada Lighening ‘Novem and southern igh Chena bending occcceccce 25 High Enegy Physie tis the tly of at’ cron proton, nest and i component dels ih nchar infant aoe a 33 Major Examples of intersection of Physics and Environmental Sionce 4a Majo aap of eof yn Evie Phys nade ‘Sound nd ie ptton Enegyensraton ‘Amosphrc ane cision Gente psn Wane radatine Gbal waning ENVIRONMENTAL MicRoBi Introduction sabe calle Mot soy: ly of miocryaians cinerea occccccce Locy with cw anor ervzrmet stad! ns nck Even cae, ‘ily coe! wt eukarots acs, acta Vey Misocrgaion impact enzo borers and rep Yopochemiee ces. ces by i oth as an oie carbon si nl a pa) ‘esincaron adn A gnc chonat et sof nbaloy tenes es442 Important Component Symbloss, Mamcis engage nba postive and negtve symouereliorshipe The atone acer cosy, Ssrpis low eho coda potas (Ge cepts os conse te Exon Cyt a pou acer {hate thought bot rg ofa cy) 143 Important rote of ierbesn emeonment etone of al econysteme moe, Choe mies pro nag 8 ones nite hota ale ake ae base af seco ght. Ott Innvtna a Sesneploes ni Dave yf eye mutt Tse we ce lcs pnt fina nee odo prc a nda es el Subse luton ods ed maine enone ‘44 importa Element of Enionmenta Miobilogy 4A Ol biodegradation Fecleum oi tie and pr eclogal cancer howe il gps cb stiminnl ty yrcrowe ding ie ef serbia cna Mires Soha ‘HEB cantly emotne saps damages ty ol alton, 442. Detyadation of aromatic compounds by Acinetobacter ‘Acissbcer sr li om he enronment acolo dgraation of wide range arom compound {U3 Analysis of wate biotretment Iesencovronmet ny sortie ormanet {LE Envizonmental Genomics of Cyanobacteria Dieaty surveying community Angina, Sancho irogaton of rata popula as ec aon Cyc ave conrad mary bs lp ch Pict dveriy nome amongerpelogaly sng ype 5. ENVIRONMENTAL ToxtcoLoGy (ENTOX) 5A Definition "aati flere er Oe fart fe ‘Gaur bawpcl opm non ay one” cotorsogy 4s Gli ht tae the relict of tres the popula andes kl ace Conn cote le of oe et EEESSSN Spee wn ne? nd one the to cot pestle we “Tlic tre of nebunesia Tose sua in Fgue ‘Pipe 2 Ttpiry Concept of venta Tooley 52 Importance ‘Organon cn be itu! te tsa varus sagas fie ee Degree of sensi en vay, Boscumalaion sna when nla Compound ee steed “rants ty ne tne nition ps cnc a! bo magision of ‘Sue tous loepadation aes Cos nd wate ay profac ino ene ‘Risprveis ply Kad eects by errant oct. 53. Sources of EvteamentalToxety ‘alin as une ot of ioe cy Tynes pers PC) ey met ouch ences Peeoe Dison aeactare (ODP) Say! acre Curie aft agua wif) 6, ENVIRONMENTAL Ecosowncs, 64. Definition "ce hos emp sf a eam ee of ater ot enennet fies corn te wd uu ee Stn etc ean a oan62. important concepts 621 Mkt Falls ast a locate sure ley lt Thay mart doe not lic te sours Coma mara fue te eae, xeon soil 622. Exerality Poste oe agave els of enemies on people a wy Ut ae mat cco he at oe, 7 623 Common Goods or Property © opsnaness Ramon cat pri 0 Se ae ended 624. Public Goods or Property 9 Whehisteth nena and meade ass th environmen canon pct econ lof emer 153 Method nd olationsin Environmental Economies ‘epulaon and igatone (Gets pation Tse td il on plan Rameralofairy mbes eter dent prep ih Cth anale 64 Sinance ds ith appcaton of pnp of nom sly hoe evant nd atl sous re dolpe an mami, Thu dpi adden 3 Syma ©. rer, (2 nages teen eononcun ecg sem room aly he tris dyes om the cavitonet a prod ows fick Ino the enon One cl sncpe fat Tegel of Econ en by Care rin at set wal eotnon ot ma ine Ba te Rat oa cae Cann sp ved ml vccccce T | == E> "pw Common Coes of Evironment enone Gok = OE) 7 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY 7 Definition Aspect “rey of eat mateo hae rope, en tena ‘ir son open sda” 72. ets of Geologie Process aman beings depee cy miter emus to crt nfaing mitral metal nergy san water Gl pren et he rmaton oa ae tea a iecevury erent ng ‘O tatgane © Phos Sach rosa operat on mule in se nlag (0 Sow glial pron inc frmaton of mienls aed eelaton of ‘cotisuerase (© Fat grtope procsinadng ethos, nse ‘Ove imap component of te Evite Gelgy ete arth Sper Fart psc plage tran pop proce, Hazardous re always aed rt ‘enthas pecenang dag eno So igen aes of ah te © argo cand sytem Emr flows tight2 Neate hough ern ronnie an ology as oh ced by anbopopeniceten Inerpiary space nvrnmen Cay retorted nur 6. 73 7 gw 2 InrieinyAapc of nvronmental Cony ‘Scope of Evironmental Geology ‘ronmental Grog idee ‘arth mateale mnral oks Infernal process oleoes eqs pm nf a at, eta oy am Sienfiance Tec rem Cano tigre in ting ae O° He agg pnd pd cet owes hs (© Defining and stating expr of air asad on Raman © Stn ternon osm nd cr rie, (© Managing india ond domes ware (2 Study iran of ums with gece enviunnent paca wpe, ephore hosphoe rosa exo tear coco 8 [ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY Definition! Aspect ‘och of ety tet cbs end es ht as of 1 be ele Inert Geography or Haman Earkonment Gory. As veo of Faecal raphy pen gate 22 ee 2: Oven aire Gm orn irene Gegraphy sage an undentnding of ysl and hum separ pet prin tan eg ep a Cieeedge a aa Important concepts Wncladr he stay andvopg and natu ses 32 Energy and Resource Geography 1 suds the spats placement nreaons poe sed els an human avant oats far eer sl trl res 8 Political ology 1 ixorprstes politi cmon, cel and soca pn ink the shay 0 sevecoment snd log change Hse ierepenenir and necartpe{834 Environmental Perception Rats bth nda ant pop undetnding of eminent ts cs de undowtanding anh ipo dscns ‘835 Landscape Studien 84 Significance ‘Ths of ntronmentl ence dost ching, 8 8 8 9 [ti fe nngatin of nim nd oping ort achive the spplcton of opel pare eau mcr ngs rtd eos Behrlogy ha folowing ppt: (OAs of nga pcos in manus acl od presen, ‘ne evant rr sune saan (gee 8) Ts new wave of holga changes fog improment ‘Procon of rag ing ses eg 2 Vantin prodacton of onwers 93 tes This eee with pplaton of csp a an merging tho in the cont of sori poten since rap nian a ar deen ‘vcrsuld ia tet clon vere dept na sues. 944 Usesand Applications ‘pve ten fad waste and was wake Breeding up conten ad pyre ‘urn hath efononmet ough Bomantaring Clemet pct manufachng with ee pono a mats ery fo be ‘ent engine event rt an orl Evgeni lowly itt driving Rey negated enone oticony © Wise mininuaton 2 Err he moterng no inenance eoccoe 10. ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY 303 introduction ‘asa tween scl wing and evita uty nensingy eng tops ong ie nplaasemgbinison aortas Conc of event robes Sait inp of oe protien Sasol addres he ponsrviunmest sucsogt ane to endentind enim at a sca oven sis te pes by ch Socal dowdvannged poplin fe ‘Siena restr xpnurr avo evionsenl hs ncang tel dane 102 are ot tad © ef pita a tiga contig tn and ich ta rin dvidein wnt poss sponse oa parley twists Sl ais oe ernment manage! Sinan le cain sever eration ‘cpt i emtometl restr gop rd scl movements neve oly ang Determine ferret gree 103 Important Concepts 1033. stent Dalim [Coneept: Harun bigs are etd in ester and coerce with ober oe 000000 inert aman bing engi en te pi Gena cops) 1032 Neodatalom ade ye cise somone, haan le dpaion moved om bed ‘i etn wept cee ep of ep Pl 1033 FeeManion ER Nari ti as a 0% oppo tpn 1034 Tread of Production Mosel fc a option tat an ae sin up sate = : 1035 Beolgiat Modernization contig eminem omarion eg 11 ENVIRONMENTAL BloLoGy (Ecotocy) 11.1 Detaition ek to fers enone enon fen st He, ‘moratoria oo! lars encores wt cons seer ng aaron oe Sonam” : vay pein srrounded by mite and fees hich consti is cescrmte Themen se apy oy | Seas ee 112 important Concepts of EtonmentlBiology/Ecolory 1121 Onganisen 122 Habitat 10” The plc whan ogi oe 1123 Popolaton Tot ber fone pe npn singin anyone haat 11.24 Commanty Oke terre popaon of plata andi egnms found In pec i 12s GPP (OTe amet of soa nrg conve nt harley by gs las ‘push popes ead ess Par Production P) uae NPP Tn o GP tie rn ln re ela he ation Rkh va tana cern expats lid net pay Froacon F, esp ony ois pation st speeds sy enh angel conan ital ef open tesla ae. 1128 Plankton 8 Mint Honing cri, ioy found in sufice wat, Meneoat 5 on depen wae care1128 BiosMapnifction(Bie-Accualstion) Abit fing orgie craic chal 1 «cna Iga thn te pref de endement. Some empl Of Cus retngin to mguaion we 2 Chole dct CBs whch rns in water ein fat 11.2108%odivecity (O° Bray eceeyshin poms seve ‘tee sper have appeared. Th natal ienion of cee eld Cet naam Receptor (2 Giga which evs pote and ha ac, 1 "Natritwhich can en plats for fang pei and pt intact with Semeg mete n1.2235pecifiation (O° Follett may eat i dient forms Metal of emia of et lcs of patna spit, meray eit arson god ang. 11.214oremedation (O° Use of mas chs hci nd sme ang sk down plant Issn and ep crane 11215Flora eet, .216Feene 123 eoystem eo mean ever a stn nance of ot itt, *seamnty of agente tn hoe rte teen hen ee he a ofane Hoe can bea op of wit france oa fan fr samp an ‘conus mes sand pad aden ye sas it an ope sien or cae nny Hon oie oe (the SRE aS in io ges ars cy a ow nto ec Bi Gar = Ee Smee aD oa “2 2. & eS e— 1134 Furetion ana Type of coat, a aoe enn eed naming depp wh rE 0 Raanet an aa sym Orr Opts ent gla 2 Re icine at nmr ate an 6 TemparnysndNiturl tos 8 Kaatecknmopna oon a Areca ey unk 1.32 structure of Eeosystent ra Sc ont ee Varous pes yomYeu Di enviar cons which ave cant ier on een of ote cerpnens cle alte lacea Toy dod naa a $ Haal fons cg sng wind water, Bod tents {ua facony eg mineral all pss heat tania ects psi Maly ede tno prs + Astotophe: Ginn mie ave prod sya Thaw Seed soph 1+ Netroots: Organs depwring on pon pts hf 1a cm fond trough soups 1 Phaops a thn orgie wich lt tod dey fom + Hasivtes eins): Consune oly gen pans saialeg atin iy lees + Caroresfecndan Conese blr anda ena, ‘ego ban Qephoee artnet pt and sins og © Sapp opis, wh sive non del ail and Pte eg ance a 1134 Food Chain and Food Web Food Chain ‘oem ol rn Et oa ed Mowe nt hn Ret od Ch: St with poane tNghtapee © Maree Food Chains wt partic ania Min, wom, pte (© Sapophytic Food Chan: Set wih den sina an plans, plans Suen ingame, ‘heey ean ote th le oy Seg He eg tony [atu a fod ins ecu in tion. Te proces may Be en by se of it sin wh a) I on fe ay ee edt. nay given costa hare re sve fan cay nse ond haa {Exo connote tment ae Nota he nergy aval tach tp fl nt psa on ote net ep ‘Thesauri al Sa peal an deb eae be ewe gee Sipe aed Cain 1135 Enery Pyania . ‘As we move fom wet pl lee gr top ee oof orgie incre bt mir Sco Ha Sop erly poco sheath Pyramid i formed: This alld enol py Tee seer pes of egy Pie- f © Mami of Numbers Never > No.of nay Conumee o.efPiary Cnn >No of Seay Comes No. eSecandry Couns > No ey Cosas 1 Feodreqerenent ins thc top le 4 eg Panne >Soal> Heo > Foe (© Pyramid of Bios Bc ppl tM a ing mate | omuisaten le pani deren, © yam of ergy Enyce shel pyramid ie 114 biogeochemical Cys Pinal mae arto ope aur a phosphors a conan ste oy Ig oes tes et Sinan a se ns ‘sumed w stoop vogh varios hel eat Te le ff marine | ‘Fr capone te eens ao a ens cd Hope ‘eb Man cee i (0 Ngan yee ap annone in Fgee 2 ‘The Nitrogen Cycle | (0 Sulphur as mension Fig aC } SRE Foret ngs ve |(0 Phosora cycles mento in ig 3, Fi 8: spre ce err ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 1. AiRVouLUTION 14 eition ending Sti Hh Sev “rms eto too sar cis ante o's pat ech eye Sessler le ote Ae py coms ae Shiver Fe pops cat n 12 Mecham Atma ano ep o 3 "Natal suman epee erred erm 9. Mud eso fp ion nanan net 50 a pve tlk fi pot ans ne ate a in a shee dad a eu a ‘tne toe Beep CO, N COs HE © faanistueg ant te 13. Gaston of oats 131 According Orn 25 py a CO. NO 8 Stay ato es Pome ne ANY nye Screed atone 132 Accsing a Chemicl Compton OT onaiceg Hes dai ren ie © mgm 1 Ecko camping Cant Cane iwpeceg Noxon Sapte 5 950,50414 as 16 135 According to Stat of Mater 2 Gaseous 29, ©, NOD, (© alts me mes dst Sourcesat i Poition LAL Stationary Sources oa Sources = gener rm oe Fi ape pls Five Siwet geo open ro ocd Mi. ml, (© Amare — greta fom spc emer oman LAB Mobile Sours eg aston ks sa General effects of ir Paition (2 Ades vis gut veptation anil si, water gully, esta and (© ‘At pttion an pots ve Spree iets, coin feta peter than sum opr fe 12 Gonmen weightage luton oa yaar plants fw cows) + voc as) + sowie) + s0xc3) + abel) ceteris Potaants Sikeston pols recalled Cla Fallen 161 Salter dioxide oneness pha) Majer cass bung ffl fais) Yea ing Lege cerion of pait/nta cope pally, nperan prewmer oan 162 Nitrogen oxdet xe argly at Nt oid (NO) of NO 2 Charter: NOs lbw ed own gs © Renton hay be cavern o NO." e000 (0 fects: Cotto euganot lei tan ‘teen ome dont an etiam a ar ep (0 Mains Poe pins ats U63._Catbon Oxides O- Chareritir olen our se (© Renton Cle aracn forays, hace lds and ac (© Hate Ht dass, nse, ith def, tl tation. Eta enone at higher tind pond 164 Ozone and Photocemlal Oxidante 1 Totchamil ois a enone polls aking fom snoeparc Eheactone of mtopen Goce and eight Alot Inown a PAN (Gerjcy eet) an ocar ate emoe + Onmne Sonar potas proce on bg nny dap, © elney uta oem hinge more pil (2 Major soc: oni nl poss tht ste NO, 12 fea Sow pan got hl let Ws, damage t ees end opal ‘sen damage wall aang Tam ed fraying mst of uu ups in th a woot Man 1 PMa~ epto 10mm dietr UP teow 8 ion dlanetor (2 Sous Suing of as fas mang, wintars and olan pons © Moran st, of any mo en © le nmr nnn Bc gh sein in (2 Important conatiuet of ssomobies airy oF indi pdt (© Cancntr eri and aguatifod chine © Candmage vous yn mpl arg rae7 AlrTonies A tons ar the eluant known mapa ete cane and ot ser heath tens ater tr lng err enpore (2 Came espn, euro ede des © Merethan 150 akon Sms cme a S~ fom peu oles H-~ frm luni produc, col gasfeaton Mpcry~ fool bring poner slant. VOCs — Methane (C4) Bue C9 Propane (4) ecvene— Cle ‘Actin CH.CHCHO 4.8 Common Al Pollution Problems anager, ama to veeaton Daag ofa ain Dorking ky, toa warming/Canate chang, (Css depion Granta tt, c000ccee 19 AirPotaion Control Technologies _rplleson onl ecko cb ian Bre atgriec © Trament of nda ctny eho 2 Trstnentef suka eat © Otirae pan cont meths 4194 Trentment of Indastia/Fatry Exhaust ‘The whole prose irae in Table [>in apod oar one rocsttecydone [¢ Reecenaigal pete Sepuror[6 Large partis aodarte tarde wall and hen hast) ga) ‘te stale aC spr dst parc gat thn 10m tee = Several ter as sepndad Process 2 Fier ag iit > Cat tpt da parcesbtyaen to ew ete ‘romeo Deg temcriotetrenO1 abe anor serenreesy [> Two nome rttrar 1 Alkaline ees Prog tilt | “satis asad ai ones, eg, COs 0% NO] gue) 7 ‘esd eb soy an den fain ie (Gonna nt owe rater conan CaCO shay Renting sos wt ACOs o fom yal CCW SHO Tress Cld Ghani [> Tenpanticof haber beeen 51010 Spl lis cae and wi ang aed Tecate |e Diya comes fom old bumber (guredDandst) [6 Fine pts eit lone fm wie ad pss] ‘hare te pls on pres ors epee > Very pileup oD micron canal are Coed ber wih sever ose Pgue 9) |e Vaio gas gued an sparse on hot FrogateTieenal [> Sera yon ee rem Temperate wet [> wit incre st tempt, deny decreases ante Parlors on fart Trace Abert [> Diy rp ough bsp cana aid wihA | “Colm sninn (AiO) anata pt | ger) ‘Aber pred rcs192 Treatment of Automobile Exh By manning ne of rade el By ngtyind cologie ying pen fale By eat conversions (itn + rafacn) na cmbuston chamber in wo Shge pees ftw an cand wham (S) 4.93 Other AirPlistion Conta! Methods 2 By nis nningmengenent on ts of psornance nachos 9 sete oo0o 1 Modiseton cf proc gate af ehat hands and dst 4 Egupmentaerstny we of tng ot tks 2. WareR FoutuTioN 24 Importance and Factual Data about Water ‘naman bay ad 90% of earth eufne. Oni 340 volume of water nt of 110000007 “Trini water ohune uae fr éaekng ogee, deme ad ist furs, Th usable wae led marsapl wt Waa ining doe oe, [tuotzaonand poplin Water eats ting pled py. 22 Qualities of Portable Water ‘Wane to ising lal pra wa WHO standard fe wate gsi ar pron Tales Sune ont uals of porte wae ae 'O Colurin edoue, tes.28 irom tut, gems nd pasts Should netconnin nc inpacon © Hard cange50300pp Sable WHO Wates Quai Standards 7 a! 821800 7 [con 10 [Aw Tas aia rm — [camo LF come SPI [in FEN esd aa Pest — [ecu Gon Ft [ogra Ts FEAT | Nangine oSFm [Gieaae sor — [oye aasreo | ‘Niewe+Nis | —esprat [Se oH FP moran terms of oad Cle © Teatipiton, Novant tanmpttin of water within pln Bey (ets xtc en i analy erp ove) i Condensation: Wa vpsrs cena i te fo dew} © Repo Hay ai no sie re a im of In Pal sow eo Tele pep, _ntleaton: Movement of ater om oe ours ta cone wt ure © Paclan: Water om muta war sous ovo nse tough Feo © Rawat Doe to melng of, down of wer beved fom le sae ene = ° iter Several pet In sl and sin ir fowe down te a ‘sion face ieee owe vice ‘uses of Water Potaion Following ae ume gan east of wate palin, 2 During ef wat an halal tan wat 2 Bewsive ui of lines an ponies cle’ wae a 2 Conic dasige of india eMart cnkhng potas ke SOs NOt acy oer Maicpal wast sage ~ such waste connsbacia whch conse ‘banal amount led omgen 2s aa singe ogee and crac uses (2 Morehan Woon aye compos wet 1 Lenagein pli i p Environmental Damages caused by Water poiton Fellowingaresoneevimetl damages of wat pation: rant gua dogs inser as : ‘Govoinestinad ora, ems robbs repay pene ‘i conning waershave psoas n ide and bes e00000 Stops to Prevent Water Plution ‘Tadoing oe ame ee reve warps Tete wnt ne and pss (Dice find waste afi proper etmek (© Sic wate uly alls (© Water quali stan of WHO ate owed © Divergent ecompestion Important Concepts of Organic Waste Decomp : ‘Merona have nar ideny fo dade or decompose orgie wash Sy Reaepael fr ece of timate cop then ll sei Sccnponon andr tac ie CO, FAO, DOW" S02 - (of demored i bene of snore eye ha aD a dasaecne ime feeling nd tora podaes o Fy HeGue 221 Bohemia Oxygen Denund (10D) ‘ol emma et aed yen ee arb oop can eee pen wa i ape eral aed BOW. ape DO me peter oars °° OD with 2 very god wae 2D up to-day clean water 1D gener han 20 poo was BOD er mere ey plied water ooo272. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ‘amour ony rou dermpoe lh ora wat given wate ‘seopey chal ar een ng 273. Diasved Oxygen DO) (ott of cum da remas diced Sn + ian wat reer seed cog cB} inex nang Stunted wae ef DO rib elt 2 Seige £00 og a row out e ecnes einged Doli ddan deem daring pty ccsume DO dy Serie Hose icu nr npn nl doce wih aoe ‘he Dood 28 jor water Btitnts 21 gn muda Wat . es tin wt nly DO cnt whe DO ok Cries valve of DO ga major rs. - 282. cee tees ena Cu HM 8 C,H muti ne gmt oe icin team oes re 243. Taal Dialed als (109) Grecia tine gen cng ef a hen tye Ohana se co Ny 9 Seascape ‘Berane ert ae ows 9 Tt arin Sgt 8 Diagener eine © Stmnncrsnoney © Saas 3 MC attend ere) 2 Guat ne eas 285. Pei Foi dpc ll ne Ml (945 et i pe i Seeateminilatans UN Oden ae Be one ese sepa thera rie Fol ane ett eee over plans lene hage cunt fut nary aan vr engin harp eof tepertre S00 nl Snes wal iein paras Pe Meng! © we~ meng © me sing 2 sc neous Important Aspets of Water Quality 291. Tunbidity (© natn si of wate (2 Nard whe ofan egepent calle Nopaotie. (© Sovrpeued ae Nephsametar Tart Ui NT). 292 Odour : (Rees of sl, grate om agen tr ap (©. Exprisel im Thtld Oscar Numer TON) te mninam guantiy of {ed wero beaded toa water mnpl ode! odour © TONs anata arama wat spe SS tevote of wae edded © tawronismquied 210 Eutrophication 22401 Intodcton Term mers ‘Neier Erihmene Fe fad boy of wae as very Jew concn a aw rales te pat doao inuch waer Nace ‘nana pal 0 Sac ra2 organs © Enna nud fanaa 2304 Couses of accented Eutophieation 308 f = | | en i i meer tg, ai at omen snproves ening in nats deren ets alsa ben plas, coe Putags of ne fre maser encanto ths Sense popaaton of plats See ‘ijl an antl soe Tews poosenan email igre 5 erperpereehe naa ©. Diet iciarget mariplsnd nueil we n watrervol, | (© Rano of apc! rns and pestis 2105. Liebe’ Kav of Minas Geowth of plant proy dope pon svalaity of contoling ates Acoring to Lig contiurion of growth depends ep sveliy of iin | ean yon fe contig mts and the copending rains ae | ie ma replicon be ame by ttn ction owing mute gure) 1D Ratogen(N/Powphoreus 7 2 HN/PIE phonbors ng net an conte soul be heed ogen igre ntopieon 2302 Clason of Aquat Sytem {Dclgnophe= poor mtn sats on por Fodactly ©. Norplant eum ny S- tepe cn acme ommanane pooner | 2303 Poe Dae maid of aut, Ogee Age ten coves io Piatt hee soe and ecg Ape Se ae (wer teenie | 21 ammeter ane te gee Role of ete io Baophiaon © idee and stot abe tem. “ecm fe de em ct © Map of wane oly fr no aah wth anal hw pon a he OP resent pant pro iebdareeaa (©. Secondary tern plantEllen pes Go echo oe bye sang fm ei nk inary ‘stant ln tan eng far roca erry weet a ed 2.1 Primary Treatment Pant Primary tenet pln cna of ws camber gre 6) (0 Sreenngtanbere Caaf of eet et ie trier wot pte We weed th lam [AljSO4h] of FEC, or FE, ander ara aon “+o fre bly hye prin or fcks sing on sce > ‘tte a put ty ip oo, oo | ane | © Rotations log Conor Method (RAC) gue flan of pinay tonent et open camber whee «rotting ur is peer alana in water “+ Derk coriat f srs of alr ish mocnta side by se on 2 | common shaft which sae tough waste wae low (la espe arm) | Acre fin of cows 24 mm i developed sounding hed { etc. | ‘er ct noma fl soe cpa fom wa ‘nagar ofl atin rer expe decenposton ig Peay Tet Plane " 2412 Secondary Tretment Plant rove cotnel oe hoa, ‘Secondary tenant pnt enel se pe: | "Wa sample alow 0 How nating nk where ge eta 9 Tecking ier! gare) saps of Tein apne in wide anger rues sot prseing ne ad lower 1 Mrbes inte ter td et npc of fants, power hae higher ley bat rogues enrte casning doe ‘om bed ffsnt rnc sittin cnt remalned etal or thickening ion ye. stout 12 hous erry eat pl) | + Ths method simple seq easy tlaon and low power ‘sree ato abd hing shot ier be ie| eis ntyyonmeeran a Oeil ace pat ret ose hn, 3 sett Eryn spa fo | cee 5) ae ct te pn Spon (© Thensmttostanrptencatnn romp. © Airnosucd rm Bato nd ammonia rove (© ThensctoMexhing chamber tacri © nly pt contoi te ein pr. Fig: Roaonal apa Condor Matt | © Aetna singe eto ig) a con, "ie of rina plan ot acta ag, a cia Wat water connuoui acd for 68 ers, ‘Then ena een ting rk er soot re ear ads fos which fon baton, ‘budgets eyed and cla sae Water iste foto. gw 0: Tear Tet Pla 3. Soi Pouturion 2.4. ntodction of Sit Shien portant coin of ioe Wnt ee erie rom a Word Sat? mang cy tral whch omth ef lant he pace. The std al ‘Sincere Peelogy or Edaphology det ae ‘eter af 2 at mt in ois on a asf ‘pw © Aran Sag MatiMsp components ae 5” Pacer ofenditand sy 2 pnp component 4 opaicisatre 5a ody a deni po al fo wh © silencer 2 Peay decompent © Sotwnteran atcha Wit anita) contents oi (Quant an movement dents nna f paicee Swit sl pcs ave moe pee at ors rsa Snorer prea por ops at oes 32 importance of Sito slosphere The importance ol wo Boepre flows: (©. Provier ara water rae opt (© laren pasty of enares vests py of moana nen othe rwhp sims and rb © Mantanapi (© Casa component (cy + hun pi) gly bed umber of mas {seeand soppy thm vey pane (2 Sol cnnis rpm bce lying bce, ogen fing tack nd fngl“wheh spin decomponon an merlot oop ee Seperation of ans “naman fe sy cane ues for ‘er nucrs natg 0 an ty easy wh ‘eta ns ante pie ne Same contaminant oot act plant bu wen ee ed ha inset pion settee Prepeeconaiaa 2S prey ray 3 Seecncnemenecer ; Sietacenaeaee eee cee ce Eecoetes Esoianon = SEES cement ana us mene Ea engeemtnn net eae SESS aee ate lm nstoarn Seecteee en : Serer ; Skeet enna 1 Serer nt o intcimantanei on ae eye i 3 erecta cone Sr sehen ei me tat sect pee Sp Sngancnrnsc enact "yen —— eee a ett seas Schon tie Se messes Sak e000ys om oat thermal power lant 2 Rs ingan omting operon 340 Urban Wane © ethan, dg dnd ails ate, ny, erp id ten 345 Oterwste © Rao wae rete es) 3 reat igtion 35 canoe Politon Sepa an ne by 2 "putin cot pope Sern tron stn (oti) aig en ue est fit at Morera ‘ie orton etn cet egatn Toying of hips operas marge vice uid ces 4 Warm-tocamne 44 imeoduction 1 crf ston fsa wth wat Si my be one mater an YALU she pound ts to gh ts aw an spat acl he Spee TORRE oye maar toa grt er depth in thi Wa ago sal op fins sen acnfrmea ys says malo soe at bang ‘Spey iad water tue by hoof unde a ae ey se ‘othe ound are Tho ela of waerapgie ne Producto wl eines 2 Damp in teent ef tulings | Late her rng eo0ccccce0e ‘hema anes of watelopgg are (3 Toei inflabon of surface mater duct pracagel in © sage ton cneyaema 2 Overimgaton 2 Perdis tnd 442 concept of Water Table pound woes rly refered wis ble say conforms With opp of nc Get lap of inate, ange nd ‘Natrdoging phos it lgare Ls dep depends upon male sks icing (0 Gan spe nd hear ler ieee met © Spurs orronoal ae — 5 ett esc om season fo abo and genaaly moe indir month Fan, epee Oe of pound water movement (© pomesbty of medium (le inert lan re tir prone 12 wate. login i Sowateopged eis have hd impel por soa it poets overdo nhl gS: Cont fo Ratoni Water dogg,5 Saumy 54 tnvosuctin “ey tact cme wees fea aoe cca Ah aly rat praca og mir wang and raul withevat cco timate be sey afc pono gon 52 causes Highleafsain wake (Get en tar cnet jem stir ch ed cing Inigaton ecccce 53. proces a ascent ea on of ls yay mos procured a he el seca est sed esp eo a uray capay apr fom tae THRE tht ma tee aime doe eeprom can co be dof anwopopc (Sc & fet pal pose of wnt ep Bue Sand meat ‘epremtten gen ata n en. paranttion pees: Proce of Sty ena aa gue 8 lnc of Salina Coma 4, tae ocean a stan ye omg tin wt con Stn pact ees ‘rion Saige 155 consequences (© Dest etton plant growth a id (Damage tinue oad, bes, comeinfplpn/ bs (© Radueton of water uy or ses siento robes 2 sateroson © tan dora,5 Prevention Arley be sata tf 4 ath ces rion wae. is le contol ind Seng seat ithe danage or acter Semel ae dage 57 aoiaton or Stinson © Sas cui in sa wee eapuaon exes inl a ssbeurfce ge iepoe © Beatbtes HCO) ant euborais (CO) donne oe ecto or ‘orton som COs NAHE, Inca of por abs eng the als aeumlte, (© Ben 0.2% som crore cant ficient o render te swans fo culation © Oe major reson nite axanalitn in gmundvak cud by exces aching of stopecu fran tough acu © Over tigated tut pony dined cop elds aw more sicepe ts ‘Shanti ard tiaton, 6 Deseurmcarton 6 ntoduction otal erin wk «ty dy ht npn ans Spannatl gt ply ings eof wat or melas epson ad ede ey nena et! clea end enone poem ens hah nae eng ed TR Ses ff anomie St ty 5 ¢ eof ioenton, degen pe ‘Unite tons Carton to CambtDeeifstin(UNCCD} dean [ZU extn at seni oy bb es tg fo erst ng en erode? Sait Deserxton ae provided in Figure $, Cycle of Deserienton is igus" mre 85 an actors inotved in Oeetcaton Seay set ceededge 5 Fado inven Deseo est Index 62 wear Ateces Dey ln scopy appa 441% rts and and home ms han wo {ln pe Ten pou ta syd! eng ea ee a pref un yan ie ect ces 63. Vegetation aterning sed ape Ex gy Spel tra eee en es ‘Soph arsonralnery tnd spiomnnin incr Sens ges 64 causes Remo stvptin 3 Ginesn © Taper apctare © Detreaton 2 Coan © Bente land explain 65. counter teasires 1 Rebrestaton © War provien © Raaton str Hypertens (© Uses nl wind aso dice il ercsin and tape npn (© Fanatn of lpuinos pnts whch exact ogni ha and is 7%. Noise Pouution 74 Introduction Term ein wad ound sweeg tne a wong plac tank fined ‘rgd ae lad ound srry cond ne, Sound spc Kind of eave ni whe earning Hough 72. Physical Properties of Sound egy at wh open wae ot a Fh The ESL atau and oe 10 onwn ound (OP nan perepin of soard eens. Tefen Aonal power (oagy deteed by sound) pot unit ae, The oper ooo propria! pn ois inst x prere Townes Hunan peton of sound stat Ut of ous dec (Gt) Zero des (a) ae aneage Bro of soa ounce realy eto og Hmmm 73. Casiation of noise (Tanpot ane ronda al ii ie) © Gcepiralnae esta maces ec) Neiitoned note tron ouspabr t=) “able 7: ermine Nols Level in Diferent Areas ype Daytine @8)_| Nig unt) Teal 3 @ Censeral = | Around hopial, eool,oa © @74 ‘Mfc of tose 741, yt te ‘Athigh evel of bot SDD — henge tee Dacron Leeppomet ening 2 PayholgilEects Danner comraton ol cera Cra de ede wong leny ‘Sepngproene Hewtag ome Measurement of Nose Two import pene fore son nay and sound pre, 281 Sand inteay ‘an be eared sands nero tend pros ‘Scan pee aren ks pl © Raypofauile und 2200009 mie pale aah Gen rane) leptin oe ng ond peo, ound 0000002 ococcece oo ‘Ponce Es wih ea suri 28 Sunder val of sound nena dnt at IHS 20 osx Pals Thecarepenng ound inns iil lyn 10-"Wint Tec gC + sesr=toge ° Fens inert rreeees tnty 752 Sound pressure evel (2BSPL) van of pwr ney Pe? °708N/et © aeseua0bg E Whar «measured pose yc peers (2 ed areaing al prtrmance 783. Phon 2B cae vasa sou nny lat stn gh nny ete 754. Sone (0 Maaatct une sed on aie 78S. Noise Dose (© Spc sa eel tat peeancan ler without any damaging 756 Noise Theshold Lit Value (NTLY) A wdiar can tet given mie level op © & coals prod wot any {atom tonsa Te darn cae NTL contol f nase pltion ‘Moiping tome ote pret practic nd proces Shiki te sou oe nro. ‘Sling te aise rece Sling sting orcs ry om people. Sein insti far ay om eens. Wat designs ngs esc we feuds Phang er alg bets fronds Conlin ave (© By propry deve shock abortion cigs © Eyupmenemaniasee (2 Proper opeaion 1162 NoieeContol —Along pathy 2 Dimanlnsag tadon ey © Properinsston eoccccc0e743. Noise Control —Atreclver O- Usng en pugs sound dampers Oe Deronrsrarion AL ntroducion sg nrvret oe Hoseny and charged catheter en ‘iieerwitoaticeareaien “Zeer 4 fein ern of it a 9 82 causes Avopoenc casee ‘seats iba pret Mining eeu exploration ver xplatation © Feet ie © Desrtfaon Aspect of sve ‘The anpc of foretaton e dvdd in ee ago: Dont Aspe UN Rowarch let for Sock! DAWN apport sis sition pet Tene ‘uty fron ems /steacureo es ologkal seine ‘tome lane arias Bdneraty coccce Naan Asp Osram fe cverand suport ty FAD. Tandaed aspects 8 Lantus 24 caunas of Deforestation © Fepandon afoul mes 2 oat caring ae ogg eating oes nun enn il oes ‘Bitngestvaton| atte aetng reweod ction Tinker ‘Bee efron a hen gare an ig — = = 0000 a { i ge ct of DfresatonFg fof Daetton Conavencr of etoresion Sel Degradation nd Hoslon Safes rer sre a aig twig Tndowmt ores oes cma ccd (dc oat cet te Poy wa ing pcs pay fi ies Tape nde ‘Ngmonsfdaaon 52. Changin limite Conon 3 wean tne ety © Aeon apes mer pel © Wnty coma Ehime peace 8 0000 ete cen rk ant be prove aetng ts procs of poke Largest fem jl ct esr wend a 853 Destruction of mater habitats nd seduction n biodiversity 854 Landes trem Hed peter 92 © Defattin in agree ol and ets 85 Disturbance of hydologic je ontotng Deforestation New net farming (tnd more product pi) 2 Nerttte 1 ues ue aaa proached by KP gwen eee Eldon ciate Change oes it © Contingent and est of gen ome © eciing/ eating teaching ‘SOLID WASTE AND SOUD WaStt: MANAGEMENT Introduction ‘een femantatnr eet sit woe” cael canbe dvd a fourteen Osta dat (SW) Garage ani ee fd 1D Stknch punt ld waste nd consracon waste) 2 Atteand roids 3 Oterauh sere ening en acs (2 ional std wate BSW) Ins slid waste (51) Hevea sore 8) Major Characteristics of Sd Waste eeepc, Covicnmenal Promina Agency (USEPA) as gien for poate whens oe eRe ome ih lens toes ge wun bat ‘Conaivoen lag Peon Borate 12 ree navinghar effton human toy when gti ooo 9:3 Factovs Affecting Solid Waste Goneraton ‘Geographic ton requ of wate clon Openers "net pnts ec00o© commie people 2 ropuaion 0 Extent emysing Sources of Solid Waste ancpl Openers Trt plas Agcare vs Tie Rion Bene Wae Naagect 27 snes of Sos Waste Management oes ‘Noma fal gris gen Fe “arr of mrcrpinans Ih Ds, veh, fing, cep ne he cco wa and cgonton =e Dospan me wich dee cht, ice SE eeporota, = IE igre et nt gee) — ‘aning Storage and Processing “oe = ee omni Tran Tat Pressing Roney e00000000 ° eo0cce a ‘ge Stages of Sod Waste Manaansct71. Onsimanang eer fe eee 2 Container is moved to processing/disporal ste © Dumping: from point of generation to point of disporal ‘972 On Site Processing Compaction: spreeding am a plane and hard bg eine peor ETE ee 2 eects oo ee Pees a haere Pape ea eee '* Incineration: burning of SW in open air to decrease volume by 90% bat it (© by amercblc decomposition ‘us palaion me 1 byelrinuon evapora, absorption [oe Sno ee [es a coo co so 3 ero carrera a enter Sgn cet tent ahige sar’ samy a en ew bare rere ee (First phase: Acroble decomposition— releuse hest 60 temperature i om Second phase: Arwercbic decomposition — release of hydrogen, ieee eee: ‘methane, HS, NHs etc ae ee 3 seen ee ame |¢ Important terms of sanitary Ian filling age: area arte es meses oe Stan {Lente tt me of cach ls Mapped ump, wher topped iad of nce cae 2. Covert ti © Composing + Niguennnis promt inst wate, decompose opie o Produce natn Ties comping seh one gre Hany of Sod Wate Manapent10. AcD RAN 103 tntrodction shuts of poe platy cama pln an bul fl a ort ge sok coring of SOs NOs an chor, Th ges et with rope of ce > orm wake slo whch repeat sain own aA a © Phofnomal min —Si06 102 PhotaeheniclResetion 290, +2H.0 +0«21150, 1804+ 240 +0,=41N0 cue Ho= Hele Hos 303 Definition and important Aspets “felon reece of cee ora er” (2 Moar FSO, (60.70%) + NO, 30475) (2 an water ay adc Bc Oe i tone ec with or nico. 0 SOx Sonia amore milan ater nti 2. Soplterain waters knered esamanmadephnamenon 104 Source cide (0 Con cares Rous pos stn llr (© Baring of on ce coma 70% of teal Ose by © Rapiindueitaion ‘Sonesta el eins a ge tn Pg 305 feats of Acid Ran Deca in sh popuaon aage pion guise Party product Sree Derr ibdnty ange ria est Duo lings nae eves agen ase 106 Remedi Trent et © Rnnkton sft el ose= 000000000so (CLIMATE CHANGE 2. Immopuction 70 CLuMATE 11 efintion| Wester te uctting stat of treet tod us chat by Tempertce Wind 2 Prepitiin | 2 Grats | © ter wont elements | Sterne nner emer ity r ive Phew place tte Seine Yertin Tine Sesion ost Yer yar Mune western late tala ‘Win a rae of cu) Prepon mii Clad ps Soe anon ©0 Cco000Ceg ce eooo So cima he long txn ptie of weber partclareea, Wt se stato sehen St pres ims Hop's wen pte, tacked Dore Ban SD yum cot cate 42 climate Feetures irs rs of th wold aw erent cate 0. cone tof te worden ay —opcal wett Some or afte world rc and now over — pol ciaes Seine ae tn abovementioned Soaps end preigintan ar re ipotn Gn of cla, ier cli ean Sai, Sond dap Cate een the veges SEITE Stance ching pen, bourng pers and agen! pts ‘SESGLIN (Muntocn ull acon in elate re led “mice” and ore hey ae ake oc} option es arten est ho! tf 1.2, Componentsof imate ee omg. a Ee ch ae cad wae ye, econ el ‘Seon cts rove in gue 8 Tse component art131 Amostee door tes tant one wpe areata and CO: (0.03), Other trace gases inciade nH, CO, NOLS ee SEES eee "oo gn ty ne i amy ‘eal by sgt wd tty high egy cenpnes mites tng ere ne po eel lye vray png re otoa nae eee Byres Lye anne spd nigae ca ow gr Dif Lge of Atay ‘Topsphere Ese rom ground p 01205, Weather ces here 2000 Tapert decane wthloraten (17 Cat ufc tC 12 kn) SFC Rann eae nes pete Seaoopre (0 Exes on topes to be lean (0. Mime cocentaonof eae sbve eu eset 2530, (© ohew ie fom arma deer of UV racaton Trae gue of COs CHa NiO, O ain nar raion and alae call ‘evnhoars Gre (01% solane\ Tham lng er vapour sb slat ere ‘aon and case plo warning, Amospre ss cnt sa snd ial parle ‘Sled errs and code whith plays complex and leila age 132 Hydeosphere Component of nate tm compring of fh wat (ter ks ages) ant sane wae cos and ea), cover afer race tres ey a reat Soar of COs Carlo tyres mac sae aorpare. Cx ee ‘Eee net ts een elt ofr ae 133° cryosphere ‘gai sow Bs and en ee. These eve igh Dect fo lar rdio,a thea conc aie rie 1134 Land surface eget ase at nd sete cone! ho ery tht reve fe he ‘5 mlume to th aonb (og et long ws ined renton a atc ot ‘ne seporton Sail moire hos tong nuns on rine tempers, Tete (rouge of nd (ts oprah and rept inden storie 135 Blorphere oh manne and trial Hogar ave # major gat on amorphare' soxporion iste caton conte is poten VOCE arp ean) ae upton hema 2. DIFFERENT Tyres oF CUMATE 2.A_ Introduction to KoppenCastiation Ris mast wldly wed opie of clue eaten. It was gen by Wlainie Kopp in 1908 Hi tard tal egtaon neon depended lng on ate and took spina string pio esearch This cascntn based on en and snoul seg of temperature and petaon. I ended in Sve cmt pet (eommarod in Tbh) and ech pe vga bys capital ate, Summa ew of (ts sino a evi a Fae and Pigee 6‘Table: Koppen Clasifistion [later "Te omnis] 2 |Top okt Glnais —All mone as pee ABO] Trp we | Dry ine dc prpan mnt eee oy] | Na de dina wit we 7a | a a de aa WA ee Conte = |r cna tea ld wiser ar gare Kopen Clition of Cate Types gue Ore of Kapp Csiiatin 2.41 Toplel Cate (ype ~ Almas) ‘Anal response rater an 150mm, We ain Foes) A Not rite weather ‘Wert wnpttre eli all ‘pam 1). Coniattmpetre 22°C) Highs teeta 20350) eye sna cage ‘ends Ca! on mare of oar Awe undenoencsofir opl comergenes zone TZ) ‘ovr mnt ering ues Norham al seu rng Wine Hwa Maly Sa ‘opal Memon — Ame Osos oman in Sout Aas and West ie (© Meron wid! yon at reve dracon every si manta om en {Disa insumoer nd and oa wer fae ec0c000000(2 ny Sagldesh an ais eter ry Savana) -Aw "ia dace mnere + Caldend dy S Hotend dey (© Justo iter wpa emerge se FTC) ar eer Lie depends nets ine Havens Koll 212. Day Climate (ype=B Climate) (O tewepepiatn © Foundateosend gh te (© Orrurwhen wm an mit a ace by mots Markl dete ae (2 Loaves otra esha (nce) (© Show age dla seca vainton (© Hotes spow ir wa ae arid Neth Aer, As, iy op 2 °C) O Deseteinate fond earn Sem Arid —85 (2 Races enough nto mappa eneive gremlins 1020 ches) (Sch grnlanrecld Savana creer (Sheng land ern vration © Usbetwee a and mop cate regione 2 Foundin 25 oft (© ve dsc eai rnons nd infeed by atinde (2 Warman hamid summers with id wins 30 ats) Medierine— Ce (O° Warm sonar sor mt and iy ner (© Foun went ato continents 040 aac) © Alongshorrot Medinet (2 Char sen cot righ and leg Jerse Huma ub —Teopel Cl (2 Founda come of contents (2 Summer are tend ami Wines re seree cold © Bvenprepaton (645 en) S-_ Hameanr and let seme oar Stang an ydeey (Longer col win then Meine © Drain sind of wit aye (3 FC averge temperate eg, Welingln ba Nw Zand 2214 Continental Climate ype Climate) coker wines an ng ting rows ‘enema ange (nly norte Henne ‘rw of tint ©. Siar tomereton cnt © Awd Hanid Conder og Ease Europ, Romi, Georg (Omer tho epee and sw (© Gad winds vein in fom cand dominte by wn resign hash taNorth fod sumnerogn (Very ang cl winters witht preptaion (© Alcala orl Chat ce Taign eg Sain, Sa 215 Polar Climate Type~# Clie) (One nA nf tare cle ear North South pols ©0000 9. Salis peancty rnc il Pret ow iving nga of Acca Artin ‘Temprtr cao te above feesing pote i sur (ha yaa pean age cl ie det nt (Acts) i ecco22 High Elevation cimates Ie iu modi frm of Koppen clacton. Geograph Ges and Tewartha de cngory ale Higiand Cate Ith open seing 10” Upland cron igh nau an at topped munis (© Hightower on metine es rhe wi very dient tempat and lvl ptton. Cut ie wpe ate and pleat 3. CunareParreny “Asie soem am ai corse bine” "teat for houses yrs, lpr wihn oe age orcn pet each yar Monson Act temaycomein erm ok Regular Cyl imate ation 0” Any nearing ell within hl ei iat hua Cyete (Oy pater hat suena ey 24 ef ll ato of ath sh repe oae Semen cy) Tei vison of yar, mara by dnges in wether, logy an hous of capi ‘Quasi Pedi et OA property of spre tha dys guar pitty an very Sept tio no he wm ha fH io sears gy guar ve 3.2 Modesof Variabity “Aetna poten wih xt rca ee pe eft od Gessner ovo” © Theanine nlaton © Theta Oa Diple © Non Aion Factors of Climate Patera ‘Met inet factor cntbtng incite pats sallow [Atha actors intriel aalletone snr “heer of ‘Thebans oir Teameunand pe oclouinss “The tye en anourteepon Airpremae ‘tenia Ossanogrpic Aimar ond Gell Tart ther om usurp a el ee ‘ethos ad geetey Gropp ngs ant Pyros lel tt an ar ‘imate Patter at Global Regional and Loa Scale (Global Chat Ptere {3 Longe dbo fest an rcpt on Ears, Regionale pte (0 Tale sees rope pters offerte an presiion sal Cinate Pater : on (0 oe atnaprs ois ampere pheno os gh {Secure taj bus anes lal ina pte nde (poorly red aan eo000coco000 (CUMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARING. ‘ate change terinloey 1S Gath ah in radiation eg CO CH NOS CRC OF 1D Change tbe concn tigger «rep tt intates tat ange’ 15 Ranon int has wavelength sa anger han at of wie Bt but ‘Soren dst ofraio ware‘Grenboote Hct 0" Tr fat i on wh ney bt ee eed Important indicators f climate Change (© Inguse in aves (tot OC pc) fan tartare a cath fn 18) ora gue . | 43. cavserof cimate change 4434 crete in Concentration of GHG fhe onan of GLI nrg cringe bring of fn fs, nutoo> sche ad deter se Tasha Groabous ec “Table Conceneation of GHGs in Atnosphore re 7: Tampere FrefleSns 1550, (2 teens nthe measure f CO; concen i teense (Figure 6) Fee COs Eno roe Sac 180 Ge | PreladilReelion [2010 | Sr 25ppm Sepp | ce spe Tee Not ea oo rea on ppt [ecu ppt opp Tei Eton Se Dio 444 inate Edens) of Climate Change “Anhopopnc actin, bung of ol el ae respons for tof the lina can Fooning ae sone eons: 4644 ath has warmed up 1D Evdece prvi by fen each ensuing NASA, Bes ney Conn for late Chang pan Meteo Agony and Nato (Gant Assets Ararat USAINOAN) anh sveage ngs iene By ne han LA (8°) as 100 Tet wavestecoming agsnt (Cold snpeaze row short eel ler. ‘Seow and e cover eeingin ort aie laser ore Panta anal ops ar ning alerts eh ade, 2 GHGs Landing to Warming tin 20 RD ae nr pe elt epg! ino (© Sow sult snr by anand cca a se elect fans ie te and rene ney hap toxpre wa Sve © at ents COs eins cee farther warming and thar resin Ck © im Tm, fveph Four sugped Gat steep ale at an i (Goo fe) of co000 0(© nt john Tylon Grebo ec 443 Human Acie are Causing Incense in Greenhouse Gases 2 Co ocd a es! by amb of es ata tft © fier Cosbogun tobe any oft cht cola © Farther enhanc en by een! roductn sd reer 2 Bt ene aan ace ine © ToleyCOrcecentation ced © Roediedtancctn dere 2 Song ae 2 ceayet tant vente proton ayer fr pe Issofnvoer oat 8 one Uae seca ter oe + tls buming + ind proces of Roly oe human avis Abe 8% fbn onions mn atop Cotes emis een ondat besking apy UA_Eslent of esting cased by human activites “csare ong pg esos Mantegna ng twa waren ‘Aero ae ning trercesing Dela peer 120% nat COs ‘oven postive sia eg mange Arte 445 Sen not responsible (2 Sette crs ow hat he sop ne show a tne ng Sepon yea $46 Neeser ces © Ths te cy rota varios In pet, pein, ender Sarge une © Mos else em hl ato a nn anal ch {repens erate warming cating htop aie sna (© Sena agre tat mach tuto con cae tere ll enact fon tou yu et cr ape ming nd oe ° 00000 000 (© climate mal nop that in soc of aman acti, Hare would ‘vee ee warming vero Soh cee 7 Other Evidences 3 spite orl eee ered war ar wits ef re ‘snr warning nto pst of Cra [pre enmalextt f cme ex as eopd by oughly 10 pe done, ‘i tron vc ween i, Seton teueney a sudan a resp (9% cease 850 yous Stren geal, (Specs sid henge own poler npr aie. Impact climate change evo eling wer seus, ones ntact, has el coco seca tian a coe ot, 451 How Scientists Project Climate Changs (OS eats adept farms change 3 Stora compar else asucy uh obnnt of moda tions (Greer clone Med, Fie Clima Mose 2 Contino warming pricy llama dale Pt temperate cre by 21005 ALEC) orl omissions TYR) for gh cman{46 Soktlon-moking Cate Choices 452 Etfetson Temperate 1D Aayernge temperate is oe mmbr of ay ita Het ne SEOOTUQMES opted to nee oepoxt cet. (© Ratof cud ghoul npr form ngs oone + Conway = 4S Mutemaey 20001 f Endcntary 50101 lew bowt unt of water gor in th state by boat 7% by Cf waming sl en owe + Setedeny, 1 deere in irbe and pane 454 fects on Snowe 13 ctl warming ening dir n st hee ane dren enw Hack TC (LS may ln 20% rocion nsw (OS nigh ders utc more severe 455 Fife on Castine {© Amana 05 (299i) of an se evel patted by © Uptotmiion pope wt permanent 486 fects on Ecosyatem (Diya own dir and wet ener ete ‘Olina chung hes ph sone ps Boon er by adopt or ° tore especialy oi ede specks (© Chiat ange wl er warm sie water moving with cooler dyer 2 atsuad tattoo toad web 8 (© Reo dend seo noc duet ck 76 = © Worn of COssosione wl cee oman aciteaon A527 fects on Aprcultre (2 May Urano ay. © Someptinecfins lade igh empertareend ace op prodcon (©. Hazaresuch ar wate ses and rep burning (©. Neqane incon wil ough pete aos ‘novel late change provided nigh. ‘climate Change Mode re Figwe 7 Cite Cong Model {461 How Science Inform Elston Choices? i ay emt sel cmon wo have Cate se 15 ts wilt qt man waraig 2004. ‘Sut nnHaacin Sone gen ETE te sou 0 ion os of bon t=421 Detvers of Climate Change ‘el Lata mate change itr gn in Table 1 Some nar dees ane 2 Soharaciy 3 hens Varn nears tit “Table 10 Devers Climate Change 472 fife of Cate Change on Natural and Societal Systems ‘ects of Clint Change ar ven in gas ge 7 Fee Fgae 7? so Fgae eel he = gee 7: eel Bf Cmte Changea oe =m Fig 7 Fao arponli for lina Change Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change on Human Health — gr 7 ff Cina Change on Haman ei 5. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Cnt ange as tac «pene concen for car ence, Adapnon and ‘gon dere vars way at cigs wd ta ca cange ener ‘Sefton ond tipton marr oe uma n Fgue 9 an ore ode at aisha nig Feta cine dr pen rin fam sytem nth evtcrnent system. Toe rte dg ut canes signed ‘al Nee rework Cometon en Cine Change UNF) 090 UNFCCE ‘ips anamal ayo ap ade sl change ‘Adaptation ny rig Hg Adapt and Migtong fence roan y 2 ae é = Figue 8 Medel of Adoption nd Miigaon 5 Adapaton Acosta hl consti ag eee pe WN ang tea ae) “gant na er hana i 2 eee on™ wea 544 Empontant Terms of Adoption Coping Range SPMtepmeents the made oF rats of artnet various sists he Communi rp nay can ere witout gn aes ‘Spock othe ong fone aie (3 Repent mage of damage eye an tlate an il aseneousy urns ogi sae Falls Range (re ouch mei frag a wih eye cnn eg asi tout grin dees pec atta nes maura el ing mn ais gs ek lat range at apation mere ean a ager ores ete eee. 18 ‘hans of pt seseey se tenet cna cng. S88 wi dapton muss wil be more elon Saige nao ever ees ing TERRIER eacapion cate dager: "francs ¢ ocmetst Sia nnd Aiton See ty ec tet i eee imnmeigncieicneastner Tocagiooroany pace + tetabeateteateie ‘ean St cay meng mn ne es atime cup cic «Sarg Groping non ott arson SET Stace Sl cpleanc senna egteecnal taste pecan : Spine tigation Hence ers uo prevent enon 2f GG by ung ne tle ooo ° cooo nove Change mating size energy let cnn pees (osama ‘linemen ler ae 1S ung ih echo aby stm © temtuang tegen Cent new ss hgh cesta or Gon sce ‘See eur) nates orton a 1 carbon Seta Lede eran (CSP) The ethane arate Paresip (Asie Pc Panes on Clean Desopment an ie521 Some ligation of Basson Scenarios tet eng cma nd etme mars fae (© Spite strate panto ace CHC emis © Cantot nner eda 4522 Inteelationship between Adapation and Miigaton Bot ate rtd cmp, Migaton wil ve gl snp but apeton ‘ve ep an ea ys oie ppt ne oe mot ep the ae Innes expinel nig ‘Thee of adaptation nese tcate cange | Pot apis gue: Inertonsi wenn Adaplain a pin 523, Rested Concept —Valaeability (© Valeriy the canine mewn heist parte tm aniis Fencon lexpoar enya dupe cc ce ‘alot = Espo, Sty, Ape Copy ners posure“ Clinatestressona pra unit Sensiy = Degree whisk ten we acted Adapt Capuly= Capo sem aga clint ange 53. Concluding Perspectives on Adaptation and Mignon Adiptatoncante 3 Rect or Anitny © Hanan or Astononond Gn bast, 17 Kot Procol was adap in Kyoto, Jap ee GIG cna intending oom cao ung has ag Shettaoed mer ‘ coM 2 Feit mptmenttin) 2 Eniton Tang Mgton ms des GHG eon of acre, anspor, bing and contac cy ost og 2. RaDinnctosony © Spillovers 6 REDD+ 61. ntoduetion ‘ i EDD mands for corse, ots refuse enision (rm dfn and epoliton sn Pate senate sutnte anaes’ fr so eater Seen Datars th ding cnt fl wai contol (Os efets toe oun carbon One a cst pound catun Tina unison eer to of efron nd fret ep ee cited mig seg Th as el fo Toot Carbon Parership ‘sou {62 Important ements of REDO + Regine Pein elon om elon ‘Racing fret pratt deep oes Comers Slate Manage fos Thanet offre ton oti yt cont tal gt fos eocce63. Framing of Srteey Cancun Agcement (COP 16 of UNFCCC) ne sage maoaly nen pasa sppoacho REDD Tes pase ross fo adept FREDDY ices ‘Develops eater actin plas cgay balding (plementation ough REDD le prope (© Ruried REDDe with fang Bly 0 lads Rob mat and nen Duta Confrence in South Afi (COP 17 af UNFCCC) made te rg on {wt mechanism nemiremestepring,veaon ond raneng, 64 Seanario of Pakistan Foes poor coy {Sno cars it (oy $8) api deren ato 025% pa ar P0207) Pasan ned UNREDD rein in 21 but ot a eed en ny ter sors cf appt inten REDD ‘In Des 302, Plian ri Teng Sopot Funds desop & EDD Rantines Rnd (oper Gel Fre ICIMOD an WIT) 65 uNReDo [UN colatratv intve on Rung Enon fram Deere an Fees Degrda vic n 900 suport arly Sl EDD prow. © 0000 7. CARBON FoorrRINT 74 Imrodvetion “The of GHG eins ety ney by on ni gtion sent pt” (Cabo Tramt 08) sb fort a ng Leon o NYC ate es of Cee Tris mens nn f COs gaan or COs (mss tat he ote made mr ine iG wh ae ben cari la Gant fC) 72 Purpose of Crying outa Caron Footprint Twp repeting Crem Toren ryt or fang emis “Toldentiy wh aces cn mon ool Moor stoner eduction ste 73. Diferent Types of carbon Footrint 731 Organizational Assesment fr inaives. untlying dint emis, og. tering fs feels and Ist ions og ld pry ess Bs paces ae ‘3 The GHG Poca A Cope Roporng nd Aout Sana of Worl Resort woes 732. Product Ascesment ‘volves qin done neoat wat a roe met Fg ‘2. bat praca ‘Olly ardable pectns 80 (PAS 205) developed by Bt © BoUoDant BO Hou FEJGEI | ——__ |, Cato casomererison sessment cae toenflfeemisen asesnen, Figs: Proj Avnet Meta Cron Feats 73 Other ype of Carbon Footprints 74 COs tquivalnce (CO) Test unl w exes a erbon fctin. Carn tp made op of dient atc Ske qty of Qe ww seule hal warming pst “Gleta!sming Poel (VE) ean nx of tl warming pote, wit COs gts hving GIP et wo serge sere let COs An any (hice conaned ina COs by mings ts GUE.1 "Mathematica alesation of Carbon Footprint (cosmic nkgyur= Avergeamosnf ie lceger.Gerfustlipermerth Freer Wren eat Wheel oF ae rlecoty = 628i of O/ KW, ori =24 kgf e/g of LPG For Fel= 1017 kgof Cylon of ae (CLEAN Divetopsent MECHANISM (CDM) Background of COM © CDMisar oft ay compan of Kyoto rk (2 Kyoto otc olows the fndamentl rnp of common tifa rong (2 Sour of srry about al easton th iis which have trol ented te pst uty fc, Peep OPTS paw ping er An) on ie eine © Ae Wl ntti (a) coun comply wth ir min Pt compe fo pico deg contr tree GHGS Adina le = sch reducers mast ei ation to what wld have ‘Serpe tone CONI ening ‘Upon veriaon, the CDMe awards thee pede Certied Eniton ‘Redacons (CEU ach evans ns ton of COs (CE re thn se developed ountrn, wch we hem fo mt par {sr duc comin wn the Fy Poe. (Ce ae alo ealed “Ost Creda” Peavey “eet he dope ‘Sete sons hedarisnsn devon en. (COM stl count cot siting GHG 0 lng tay py fo nace eo 00 0 sma arf, can fo th that ko be fr mene epee pent ‘Ghinion notin In Inditazed course aed devoping cunter won ga ‘Sota an mo oor fen ctor ‘the Practica Mor than 0 projet ve guid fr an rt nia nd China agg tsk ah combina sae of 50% of he rect Trade CE rns ob a std ‘Ho tdlen eye Problems Giving oar an evSped oun plate Fale le lation of'Adonalty’ ade Manipulation of Creators {CDM an nents in diy, sew a ssl ena Same of ‘Sem nce ter an dacete GHG ences National Operational Strategy of Pakistan fr COM Pksan sb’ nua of acon fo Kyoto Prot in UN See on oooce Sane 1208, 61 Onanogram of Pakistan ‘Designated Natta Auten (ONA) (© Prime Miner Commite on Climate Change PMCCC) (2 CDMsuerg Comme (ie by Sarai Ene) + On inergy Ec / Rance By {On Ape, ey and Lk(2 coMsoceetal sad aint Stary Enviroment 862. Citra oo (Result in Poverty Aeron Coston fos New Bonomi Atty (O° Result Trartr of Tecogy (To tad evel 7 COM Project te cycle 9, Grosat PotrTics— AN INSIGHT OF COPENHAGEN ACCORD 84 Global Environmental ates fess rately new fl in ner alone Scuola Inueton of humus, anata we and gp feces Tle an 99D ong “ergng dette on oul change’ itd warming rcredopltn defeestton and SEER a cmengel ne scat of imdacrary work tat mega EY, ‘Sumy stay, kw bly cure eel Main Proponents ‘Table sof Global Envzosmentl Politica ropoenis | Your Importance Focd pli daar mang Torna Kings ay | 192 fd ecm decor akg | Chose 19 18] ae airing algal Zar, 98 | racers = tarsal Meat | Scat Dnvene res aac, erie ait _}ome 1g meta - ranting 921. Intoduction (2 Copal oly "took noi faced tr hen adopting it 3 isomer COP DCC Dt, Ht Fate erapeeren ecoquiet oe a am es | or atures, Set Assan bah, | Jee poltalapenct $22. import Pin of Accord 925 Noteworthy Paicpans 2 estate ctr os Pre ecw pout © pass gpl coma cate cng band on common at 2 Oaareprsied OSA ee {© Mannahansingh repent a aren fol enya bl a oe ers ‘ray te ll re tan cokes Cas BC al 9.26 Import Arps itn Dereapd Ste (IDS) an Aen ag Raton inn bow 2 (Ares 99 "Real ures Prong denne ming ein come «copay ng Pepe rary. BD “Bouche — © hin nnn J) Riament@On saxo yr Bs 0 UN Set + Dewoped (Ame pr) coma fo ecromy wide enon ages cong sna covsaton sn ‘eben er Sa) be ed Deer, 508 FP Nesngeason din Eacugh nero co ‘+ Develop! Mer Anne pt) wold ponent gna lane id Stmportd oN ime Cge Sareea 12 Canin egtiton der UNFCCC © Hota gu f dts an tcc ef REDDY Nolan © Sal up petite nd dou ng rt pron ita ga of 00 dled lilo pe Fear (Gen las Fan) + Stobion to dri eyes © Teology ean tants eon and aft 3 Stopoenty 20 (© Congr of 2mm an adesning Apne 1a pei implenton wb made 208 923. County Response 9.3 Cin, USA nin Share in Os Erision = Ee rng th eparet Wo eur ae pin bowing che Pel tle atte anor ld ot cae 4 made te san ett eee “able Share of USA, China and Idan Carbon Emitions Stecatcon | TesCapla | Comelae Cite ow 1 "ames ime Mises Wan fab was apy accord. He sted at weak ‘nla COs es oonet lt of art animate ch be ed Baten i a ‘ated tes | wea a i (2 “Agree ned be ton in fare china 1988 35 098 © “Weta cme sng at we hare cher tg” sia [a i 28 924 Ceticom Nowlin (© Sera ralagetto were emtoneason10, Gresiouse Errecr 104 inveducon vege gl temper be 15C Liner mot ayer of stapes Senet yea pr oe te ra sed ts ling COs Os NS CRC ad wa aparece a ‘peso enpetewed- 18 “he ma fer cnt ony ne omen 8 i ete . retain verge epee op SC A pa wena fC et ssgpen niga 102 Process Cru st ctu npn ner Fe pee fay geo ona ("Water vapurtowing to Hydsopial Cycle © COnorarg to Crt Gye 103 Greenhouse Gases 1031 Co: Mest dana or Geerhooe Bet (© Troposphr contin nly 057% (© sor pot fon fas amore wpe an css © Netannul nas of COs nar 7? pp (© Produ of plat oun trrlsand propellants (CRC) © Trphat 20 mor cfexuel fan Oe 2 Almdesiey ace er 1033 Mebane (Oving to anti ction of Bactrim vegan, decomp of egeic ‘Biter amps conburongureage, pseu and a bang 2 Abort 225% mee han CO: © Ring epprsintly 2% ere 104 Nitrous Oxide (© Reeamd fom ryan produc: fom uing of Homast ant ful osn Iesldown of fret i sil Unvos and nid contaminant (2 Reson of bal wang (©. otis ore het rp fn ©: (© NOcencantaton 603 pn and irasing 2% annualy 2 Cones moe Hom byron end NO (© uses inn oye and espa organs 104 Adverse tect ales tepertr which nese evaporation intr nd mitre coe he stcepharencreer in eal. Tis aber noes be tanger of ete acess {so and rin poducton. Disco! Orypen (00) cone of he wat decrees ths ‘esonng aque see 4105 Global Warming Potential (WP) “ore gn Ont reste cu ef eros big te iret tig omrocenanarceaf ene” Idepenron ‘pay of aborptonf need ition serving oradow of cred nae adision ‘owphr itn of genous ut o00“Table 14 Character Features of GHGs GHG] rouge | Atmosphere | CWP Cael | Contiration in centration | “iene | over 100¥eue | Global Warning ‘Rinorhere | ‘ea oo Go| Sipe | Roviowe z EI Ci 1877 i = Fd NO] 0appe 150 300 « ce) Seip | wo 700 # Seas Amosat_[ sa ae z 11. Ozone Dertenion 111 Invoduetion to Orone Avi nh opepbere and oetpre omever tats conennndnebaespice (O03 10a topes and 1 ote (elures high nce iinet oo Promise UV nin foe an Secondary pln epee “rome cue hs harlem els 12 Cretion of rane Layer ‘Oras a atl osuring gu foun taughoustmorpere Manin ati dae fon 1530 ko bore ath Ti ein i kxown monmeLyer ‘oth atnophee a earth ur arse orion fom i ‘eden rd by simp ag in lusasatom of sce Ta lover mesapere stop gees ets doce an In teparei per toh en OV raion en roe tyr tea tiv or sepa of snrng UY rate sth ‘Nong between 085m eccccce © 0 00 00 112 Formation of zone ‘OrrhvQ<2ne) > 0+0 oro, So Peconposon -O;shv*20iSAem) — —> OO oro. SS oo Tico of One layers mens in Dob Unt DU) where 2 Tou =a mmofempraned as Can 1 an ery pre. © Avenge ticker of none aye in atanpere is 20DUwhch vrs, ‘marily iad 1114 Mechanism of Ozone Depletion (By Naural cess © ByAntvopogenc Sets nce in one plain allows ager chasm 050 xt, Vir, Xerecing bate (secon) (0+ —>0:+0: ‘Wier X= HO. NO. COs (teas dey ono) 115 Orone Depleting Substances 4 gr 5: Cran and Depeten of Oro Layeralong ae some onan depen ute | Mat Hate ° ca | Hale amide pec) | ‘The mechanism of anton snd delim of ne pode in Fur. Ince in lax of UV radiation oe es boee ‘aap han and ne sytem inne) Fro DRA beslage Uectapopanin 000000 1.6 kifet of Ozone Depievon | 117 rene vepieng Fowl (ODP) ‘Sune eer eft ven niga 6S fle Give by Wess in 18 itu of esac eff nO rng sc (08 wth Moeetorpeece ose” eros amount ven ODS re desoy 00m case aye ness ‘Ono Depleng Potnal= | Eee so rcs zoo ion (nD dense yeni ma of 05, ‘Brot oar (aes aus {tea no pon etpepnan | ‘ema qeenmcsnere et ~ mace fn ean ‘ron wat ‘teeing ‘pnt ener os dps gee tec of ane Deonman) ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN 11. OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE!IN PAKISTAN 414 Overiew of Environmental Poin Pokistan In eminent goers, pty ado Prt approach i designed to sce th lines seals dcp! teh nmi md Pakistan Berman Procion Act PEP), 1p evel poly of aga tg pent stn Di 7 Toby cet ed (Othe roto, aeration, thai and inprovent fname O- pevetn an ono ple pronation of sutsubederzpnct cue plementation of pole eleptn af power a goveramet agencies “Efrement of Neon oneal Qully Stands (MEQ) Inboduton of FIA/IEE review ores, Rogsnoy opine asa wae Paton charge 12 Serta cereal mete a aa eee = ees re eran ec Sears erences Tani se eon oma on ecco0ce vsnmet Sample aes, 290 ‘Paton charge rnd as 20 rvtometl al Creston Fle 2100 PPA pew of E/E) gator 200 owt Wt Magen ae, 208, 4122 Delegation of Powers ‘cn gneve ef sient gnemac nia, poet 82 close an sr gone provi goverment noes goverment under Sein asct PPA 9? “L23 Establishment of Environmental Tibenals Tecnu ts entry wh xvid ules Past, wet 20 EA 1997 dace hem cnet as Tr sah bn fa ry Deen armed le (O° Arka fr Sndh an Baoan © AlLaharefor tn roto Pn — Jor cil adges. ne api at Envbonmenal Magitts in Se viol unio prsccton 2 FEPA 17 413. Overiew of Envconmental institutions Frameworkn Pakistan orig ataton are vole xeon governance 4LA1 Ministry of Envionment Local Goverment and Raral Development er ase was Minny of ovronmerta Foe nd WHS Thera feral rier ‘Sercay hs dinate cage, ‘Raion! str en sens omen Forest Ral oe woul ang 2 Tanta ing 1.32. Pakistan Environmental Protetion Coss! Bin ert were chan of corel wr Secon 9 of Pasta ‘eisai tenures itd in (© tga ae ping of Pasta viene Protos APA, se lop tay ty const of ie er an a A Pte ys en doc ‘Sr minsace mates oc000 000002 2 Under i fanetonn supers erent of Faitan Bivronment Proton Ast (EPA) 197 apponecnvecnnentl poor approve Nesey ‘Secaremn eeprton f sustideclopent 1133 _Pakistn Environmental Protection Agency (Psk-EPA) (© Enabled ner 8 Onnnce (2 Reena ater PEPA 1957 (0 Protec rapport fered Mit and Count 4134 Proinca Environmental Protection Agence [NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY, 1992 enerat (0 Landmark coven tg died ough compre cnmtative rows wth aca stan an anc eperf Canaan ako ‘ereopent Ages (IDA) (2 Prepare na ime pn of te ye (GOP and UCN) 2 Approved y edeatetinston March 1192 Objectives Ieksalowingojctves (Conran fra caret © Ssminaldevopset © Eicon and agement of meus Pry reat “Thera fen pty a indaing ‘Main incre Prowcing wate Resting gan rotting wetlands ey ey Urs wate margin Inert pepeason sn eneronnnt Ingen fon, Sapp foety ‘Concring Modis anole energy Repeeueseene 1, Sapportingnetatons A Prering clara tage 2 Word Bak (©. Cline lngrovennt Developer Ant © Bampem Unica 25 importance ‘Was preset in Ro Cate, 1992 Falter pomerin developing cots May foowet omy owche n May 1982 on PIV Hough decamentary “Greening Out fae" coco 126 Instone Stuture (© NCS lt cst fn Eneenment and Urban A Dison (EUAD) #2 Soper agence (© NGS inpaminaon commie ech by deputy carmen of Png Comino sd approver plane on 127. _ecogition of Rules Rican tat wo way anges aes ar rsa conservation: (© Reston craton oe (QANTAS) © Ravtlafeommuntyopritand rons (Aqule-tAbad) eressnmendane ze copa Fer an (19888) 3, NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, 2005 34 Preamble Whe oping te goals rt bjtine of Nona Coston Sty, 192 and EPA 197, ame at pong wer pin, ar pln, wane managment ‘Eiacation bitin, serena mate change 32 Policy {si role cnre a este Pai enone The bet othe ry ce (Resort a font manages’ of envonmental escuc Incrprtion of vielen publ ply plaeig, Capac bute permet gence enn rail gon ooo2 Eey Eien and Renewables © Maseru comm niin. a Implement National Energy Conservation Pobicy 33. Guidelines for Various Sectors 2 Delo taingeneay ede oti ns enn ey int oi {tno Natl Egy Consration Aad ‘itr Comervaton an Manages? © Appel and Leto "Develop psy rameverk rie org ming {Enact tr conservation at {foyer Nato cn Pant Comet Destin and Drght {improve water ett ce 1 Encumge igh rogecte rest vesock 2 Quultymontoceg ye (© Mutiaral tvonmenta Apeements © Aarauty ana Nene re cerccompinnse Erste NEO or 7 44 croseSectonlGuldlines 2 colar patoen ‘Conceal genes demand te nrten of lowing aes noone Sa pasar oe nn eee oem ae oa > ete ona = tiemnace oo oe a See ae eee 25 rayne (© Control cil pothation re (Integration of environment into development planning ° mer Seine! eee eee eee 2 Ee ntdiet Stare 3 artes seme oe Entre nol ren {noose onrenion couric, 2 Gina Change nd Oxone Depletion 136 Implementation nd Monitoring 10» Misty of Evo wl kan acto pla. 2 Deve rtional cae ange (© Navena! Trvtonmetal Pky Iplmenon Comite wil ince {Insc Chen Devclpment ech CDM) Dew fists of Bvt Paige Derelpenee {Prot the we ofan nd ctl rane on Age a vet, Heath and wile any 2 Spelt province at we4. PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT (PEPA), 1997 44 Introduction 1 go psn ston Dumber 3, 57. aepeed he Pakistan Ente i (EP) BO rie ayn ae plementation of Maton Conservation Satgy (NS) [ablahent pron ite develop Proactn and emma of pes ‘sent ofc ale gts [iene evamintion (an EA 200000 42 Ferulaton of nvenmentl Rules Sn ad Sof i At roe be ove ding aot oy evict even eed de Seas Fron ete Doce Foto cg dary Boa 300 Ect Lit Cen le, 2 EPA (ve 1 eons 200 pt ae Magn ae 43. Delegation of Powers owes paling sovomenl goremane canbe lege om fe ovonmers foal pavers andl gece ane en tbe {AA sabshent of Evcnmental buna Tomar ofr with evict in ait Son 20 of PPA, 197 dnc em son uss Two ih nah ay bc med iat Sexe cule ae appoed_ot Dvioomeil Magis in te evn ese ors PPA. o cocccce 445. Overiew of Pakistan Enviconment Protection Agency (PaX-EPA) PAPA way etait nde non 5 of ee, ate 18, sae as ‘axed under ation) of PPO 188, The ans fk PA a ena neon Gy of tae Ace Paka can unethe ay type oie ner I crim mL a em ay a tn oe see andrei Uocugh means bn Uy Mapa et poison of Reon rts set EPA cant nasa nal proven a6 nee "Tis Act ents the futon! oachney 42 conc fal Envnent namin (2) viet ing Ammen (1) of pot we ome ‘Beetle son Te paps of BIA poi n sete Oto enanine he evreenenal ik sod ert sted with elope Preraocs naan cle EA co RoksGjomnrer presi amen ontrono operon stent EE 447 Prohisiton of import of Harardus Waste son bf th Aut rohibie the porto Pazar subse This act eis cach Siete css tsumee wash tne, epee, llama como, 48 Repulatin of Motor Vehicles Socom 15 fh Act on the glatin of se of motor in ec the ose ce If pour en Sie xed eis povided in NEQS oF ‘Stor randas 49. Penalties of Non Conformance ‘esr 71) oft At pointe poe eviornental gts impose eons souls cs ton and conosacewiheponsanof Oa 1D inpiseeent pt? yer. © Gomreot ent S Contaon of te foyer; ownor veils, sii or 5. PAK-EPA (Riview oF IEF/ELA) REGULATIONS, 2000 54 Introduction ©. Sthmie2- Lito eet regan an A © Stuine 3 Revew Foe (© Sees Apleton Fm © Shedules-Decson one 2 Shas -Decon on BA Stale 7-UndoratngSchade Rept Ian EA poe sean Provisions PakSPA can provide guidies for prepwren of 1E/EA,induing eles x geal pest ca adel pert hl pay a fn evi presenta neha the oul at te ubcacn fan EE oH ‘ey IE/EIA wel be acpi By an applton form prscied in Schon fo ee epson a Plc paripton wil be alowed nthe pot fay EA/IEE ati. ‘stubs wal te around for aie prpton a ih dat Cal ok ‘ewe tan dyson te data puesto fess PuLEPA willcomp IEE wind day ond EA wt ey. DetorGneal of Pal BPA en conte cama tina ae of ret The dvs a th FaerlAgeey al cram fo the propre the frm prsebed in Sheale inte ow fan EE a nem Posed n Seba Vintec oa BTA © Fropenent wl provide « cmaton of compliance by seeiting an Econ lage i here il saps fun ‘rom dt of ut PacEPA can cans apron tel on necro — Sprite eters wil be manna by PAK-EPA fo TEE/EIA with enque ‘cing aie * (© PAbEPAcen dc sive sa, (2 Dict Gener oF wll rpeetan Eon anesment every ‘conn, bended by Duecar la EPA se Cannan © 0 0 ogo coo 53. Ustof Projects RequlingI/E14 © Apel, vac Faery + roots ofmerethan 0 lion wth — FEE © Ewy 1 Hrskopowe projec es then 0 MOY — hr. 4 Therma pawerpeast then OOK IEE cern A, 4 Tarun le hn RV — 1 rn Bk + Oand gsxr rjc and wt teary gern poets TEE © Maar and Poceng 4+ Conant proj re han ilon — IEE Rvs psjectas hs 10 milon— IE other EA (© Simin, BE/EIA for vais ining, eaeporiion, are mangems, “Tie tan deepest ran and erstucbon res 6. HoserraL WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2005 64 Introduction 1D than ee orm under econ of ha Pabitan Enron Proton Ac, 62 Typesof Waste denied 3 afta Waste . 2 Semaine wae with tata, vse, pars fang bute ‘restr supe a avo, (© Patoopel Wate on 2 nls tans organ body pasts ts sod wt dy Stays 2 Reese, syrnges ell ison sta kes, ads ad Broken Dns (ince une (© Pharmacia Waste elas pied or apuesl pharmusutal products, ped and Seen yucca "pdm selon an died SE lcs vars og dade ewes ‘Eng panna sach an ten boxes, gover © Gennoe Wae : oo tents pote drugh td cated teal voie me fs, ee hon pss end ike ergs © chm wate Shama om Gagrone work expen, ceting, oaeheerag Gpeaieruy, ten) © Radanive Wate seta sd and gatos wet onan wih moms, 2g Sli peat rst 622. Nonsnewaste SP rperend carton pag, 3 Reims 8 hese 63 Waste Management Following ape ae ined nase manage (2 SegregationDispos izaon andre ocooe 164 Waste Management Team 2S wl ot wate management oping MS, HODS Inn enol Oe, Chet Pmacat odsngy Ole Seer Maton ead of ‘ia Hops He etn ter hl sal roi apy re ae (© Team sa be reper or preparation, mantrng, pide ev, and ‘vison pig dines cf Wd la 2 Net wile dat rent 65 Duties of Waste Management Officer (© Response for impennting waste manage! pan for wale cn, at ge ete Sot si for tng and oma, no (2 pons fr prepeaton fhe was marge pln Hil wat ‘soap pancho cde sates rte dal pent Seas yp conan mb wse conti ngs ‘netic an qn ows secon pb deeipdesot wat maregenert al rae manger produ cogent ane (66 Ware Segregation O° Ri epi aha te pon : ie Ae ‘rele on nied eco ° Selgin ats ihe ele diggs (Famer was ened oh len 67 6s 6 (© Chena ast an ae with ih chim and mercy cons sal et ‘Seated inact wl ied in chal ina comma st ‘Spear wnt cdo, (© alae ware ant besepepl in yelow cone witraaon (©. Niwas matt opgaed none nd witha white was Waste Catection (© Acoing tn whee mento! in wae management pln, wal al be ‘Sted Set ce ly prope may ecto a hal bs property Waste Transportation (© Ye gil be Sr iat and wt ge formant wast © Onatowrarsporain wil beady ang alley (© Waste rf ipa wl te cols ses ccs vey day wig lowe “Tramprton pros sal prop document (© Enpayesineted in rnparticn al be propery tn Waste storage (© Separate srg acy for yaw bg sae ri (separate trage lye rdnce wease shall provid with pal ‘Deled us ialenbalicdd oorage om 610 Waste Dispose (0 Yellow-bgg! wal sal be pone of wing an nat a by bar lei (2 Sharpe be dpe f by ensipliton or ay oar tod prod by Fadel wormed gy (© Rika mnt be dpe within 26 ous 6 Accidents nd silage Emergency prouis must et for evacuation and chang in cite of cen and slags. © Proper tang hep alt 642 inspection (2 By ah ts. (2 By orp cml rutin commit forme by government.643 HUM Advicory Commitee a 1D taspnive gnc wil frm seis hie By aay Mey of Folin at dal nd provi lee POLLUTION CHARGE FoR INDUSTRY (CALCULATION AND (COLLECTION) RuLEs, 2001 Intoduction Trl nt able to po he pion args sal a e espns for nsring een tprtng snd payment of paeson cage lb pte on ‘alas accrdng Wisse pr no rod tnd Wal odo Tow untinte postings mer 1a as 78 a Definitions 1 Pleton Charge: Chars poe under he Pkitan meta Potton ae? (© illaton eve Narr of polar uns per unto production ‘Salton Uns Tne unity pot whieh recta ela oy. esponabity of Cleon, Reporting and Payment (Salerro fis ut, Determination of Plution Level (© Dicer Gener stan upecon comprising eprteitve of Poviiageny idan se NCOs nd card erie (© Thntum wl deen poltin evel ene a ee Caelation and Payment (© Fain cage wile cluete lt papas taal Cost eration of pais leew yore hy nea dt enantio mayest pling om emer nse {Pi deat sone sgt pees in te poverty Schedule : Guldlines for Determination of Potton Charge for Industry (Level of pluton cage wl eed hough proces of negates © Syemestoul te ppl ory Schedule 2:Ustof Authorized NGOS {5 TUCN erator Conserve of Nese nd tal Reser) 900 8 a2 som WW Paka PAIDAR Schedule 3; Pollution Charge Rates and Escalation Table (2S abn rm fal, 201 oan 0,202 efter rm aly, 205 Jon 0, 2008 (© colbert emf 2,208 Jane 20,20 Schedule Detlef Clelation of Pollution charge (Paton charge frelon (© Pain charge forges enon © Paton cage ono se cepton e000 ation Charge) = GEER (Polat consetston (g/) ‘SNES orth plitat Be Fw te ay) [De ToatNa afepetg day ery ‘Ueptn Ut is g.CO= 40 Hp COOH has ofp lato eit Sapte Rutes, 2001 Maio Terns (Authorized perio: Any person sutaused by Diector Genera t lat Sep (© Che Analyt Chl aaetofnevirementa ib 13. Ewen ab Lab week ecto heen rate une Nats ‘Envornctl Qly tnd (arbenn of Enon Laborers) Regan t00 Important Prvsons 1D Autorenor for fants od powers we sven by Distr Geta 10 & ‘von cle Atha Peon 1 Rooreat psn can cies ary plat ihc the ground of ey. Enea pasty plac acer ad doeentas “+ Teh nto pomenion aphing wih gna esp provide © cnc feron/ orn ih pt peoieion fom Enwnmanal Tal ta Enstrnmortal Sagat (© Serh pesos wil be appl yearn pens totaal mgt It not ert ett ing pms fom te te ey "esr pen any xk (© Astonzel pun wll die he sample Bue portons, fn pracns of Percent det nt Take ramp inca oye contains Witlhtel te sein wl aint sad sl eas Selene rm an icp pron Dispatch of Samples 2 Taampl concn pen © TaamplwEneonmental abrary © tramplo tote apy autores Test and analysis of omple © Chia Ant wil chock seal f pr (© Chet mae wil perm ft and snd prt in tpt to ator poems 1+ Witsend on to coc person Sendo tana upset (© Autonom can lg compl gst ero th wept doen Tul /Mogistte can aor aston tan analy for resring avira Tabara cn poset any ons under Code of Cia Prcaar, 15982) Forms of Rule (0 Form A-Cainyeier © FormB- Note (© Form Tet an Analy Sample (Form D- Cres of Testor Anas pla) 9, Sou WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN, 2005 94 Introduction ‘Tha ae fo fasts of Slt Waste Manat Plan win Hits of Neon ‘vsonmat Acton Fan (EAP) Nan Eavranman Py and Lo Govern ‘© Nalscanc Flan ep th hing cue sat (Manageme lr) (© mprovennt lane for hore medi al ogo prover: Pls "Need for SM plan (O. SWMness ewan pansing eg ater deg (© Dano wlineningy mien pane abet get en es 93. Plan Mechanism "Tan in of Sd Waste Management proved in iu Ess Go eS) gu Fan Maca Slt Waste Mangement 94 Scope toni comain © Afveyer plano frm erty of 1p) (© A tad con lan or et ar peti 23 yar)(© ta een forte years (pert 5 yas) 9.5 Understanding the Present SWM situation ~Prestages Genel 2 Mak tof ame ps tue of ou tow and on carci of ‘Seo finn re weer ey sep (© Warts Geneon Dion! Mae if eet orcas of ste 2 Getansen ofeonpaston of ware 1D SiedGutny prompted in wan rdacon schon NCOs {nadie ei waste ken ay for amet Cee mach wat nan ay al pea Daw pear ofaneroste (© Ieatton! agrames indo pret ital ap fe SVM ingot fence Allo poe fr SDE not caging emo SYM (hacked gunn Check ehierept ays, O TenatSyaum 4 ind ot now mary amr festa 1 Fndout dig and olsen of age {2 Conttopertand insin te pe © Sas Aap 1 Aeron msctngt 1 Ghrckensionmont education programmes (© etton an pecrieton of ee Detnng your Vion and Objectives © Det so0 Dae ste wih umber stim ‘ction Plan Dae what actly obs dane fall isn a achive tect Stages pero) Menu aks) 2 Rescues 1 Aetem re sad be SMART (pis Mea, Acie Ret Te Sos) 98 Developing Strategies and Measures "Addr oe ty ns accrding rity ‘eto scion or ehaeitading Be responsi and neti ‘Doct nine segs eve aon an Estlan aang (Mae able gve ow) m= ‘Eid [Valeo | Regoaiiiy [Comment apr ogame [toe | es improve Gspine | High [Hib 99. implementation 1D implement he equines tcrdng acon ah 930 GrpAnaiis 1 Copaniss tevean pn an inpenention 0000 110. HAzanDous SuaSTANcEs RULES, 2005 40. trodueton 1D auteur else in Schou! feral rea arabs sbi 8 ERE bc rated mort export an taopt of al sick uardous nines © Apptanons forecast ap havea EA of he oft sy el Ae ng panclo, clecon cog nmap Pee ‘Sogn norge anny or pert of ards tars Nun © Piece Canara we ge pol Hace wih wl be fer rede hou toe 302 Condition often 2 Quid ec pera ving nl aig scaring ve Prone hs Beane sabe compaoecco ftymenarement beer Tec shld povidone Mass eta rc of guy ype quay, and gh Aten the pers to whom levered. ‘Roeseson of ers Been ane intone 303 Packing and Labeling ° ° 104 Softy Precautions acca posi i being on grins ns st 0000 c00000 ‘Sv of cine soul be ich at 2 feambe toed napered and sd wht kage and ety Tnetingoe nna tance idomatn a eee be, 1 Ensen element of unlaig en exption date 1 Waring stent ign of danger tll Xone ee) 1 tascstpstobetien nant emergency Fria fsa sta be tee erly rend and low trons ad salty pratns Were cting opm ter ‘Mansay reporting o pron ageney repeing etry oagamne Noworer ape syns rer yrs Poa sing fa wa ety pin ng hans Prete ding and apne Adu app er oeting ele and acing ‘ti iting and salty equipment mustboavati recoded cy 205 Ucensing sues 3° ay i ths yas Reval fees dae ugh ising appa Feel Agency Conclnton fence incase compan nce comers 106 other Provisions ° eral gery can pt premisand congnent a ey plan ste soit wih see apsiton jester mst eoporad iceing aory wtha2hours and mst Neaientby te Fant Agency ‘Waste Nonagsnent Plan at be psn {demanded emis onsen ut be ay rgd wi dg eet hodules elle List of rd Harr Sbsaness Sete-fom A" Apna pate one ‘Sue -Ucoee es ‘Sede 1V~ Conan for Penis (Latin an Bing] Sede V-Notatin of Mar Asie NATIONAL DRINKING WATER POLICY, 2009 e0c000g 00 00 21.1 introduction ‘eves one woe sc aman ght fans, he egal fae ty eer pos Th pic compere Nato Evora Paley, Nao ‘Sesto oy ant Natl Wate Poy 122 Detntion (0 Dilaking Wer Wot fr domes purotes inding ing ooking andy Sale ter Wee copying with Nase! rnkng Water Quy Stands (Arent tins 45120 ie expt pr day win ous om mae sce ‘nt veuringhane wis 0 aes ice 13 Goals and objectives ‘re glo prove th guy fie of spl by edgar ets andi ened ty waters dane bcs ‘povie nc oa nd tae eng wate al popu by 75 FRc arkn ond ceca of wake ect roms mena etmen a yg wa ‘reurgz comma pron water enero nd preva frome cv ct nnd spp cece eps or we p> ‘ren pic evar boat war sity sf lene pases wale (nln capac bung of leant rtitons © 0000114 Pole Pines enon sf isking ater eas lt Spe atenon or emorng xsing pics ‘Nomen ar nr sar of proses e000 325 Polley Gudeines incr acon oe cing pure wl en ply Dans eerie olson ob arto: Pe Matting no ays an eubtaing eigen 1 pg pei unserve nd undersea 2 Uperntinoestg yen (0 etn and Consation af Wt Resoures Pe Npoepe nner een {Descent of ant ate gay stort 2 Pretion ct ramsener aren War tisimem and sate een Stcmply with Natal raking Water sy Sands 1 Prometon of Wat Softy Phasing ‘hepopeCot iene Teciologi Straten Coma Pain and Empowerment 2 Eel wee Pui Avatese Capac Devlpmen Sone rl nein and adnate dansin ‘ste ate Fatneip Reseach and Developme Een Prepress and Response 2 000 Legion 1 Spek of Pai Se Dikig Wate Ae 1.6 implementation Pet of ne steabanea ning frpoven of wae ecrsingly ements snd mentoring lb oe by de Minty of Fick er ee eeepc wala ev, Err sing commie ore SRMTRENMN Poy iplonenton Comite Gough ‘Sivan Paley rma a Conent orfotmplnentton ois ly og snation Po 42, NATIONAL SANTTATION POLICY, 2006 124 introduction pris ond fume and ply guidelines 1 feral and proviral ow es el poverans elues ao spp tao wg ‘uy pinay eas Fe pon f ect away oe deli is 13. Ring fear nie rao Tres 1B Comte pe det erent Steines afeiand es wt (3 Pret fen at npn rcs 1S Raster tine Gey 208 10% aan watery 208 Laws veloped and ented by TMAS © Overton pln wil developed fallen sets 3 Sandan nit develop appropriate muni and istral wastwair ee acts nd al te gent fd wae Co fats goemnet apes wl ea eer on pa rst Seat tl nl fo se npn hus, sd oN inde tel agra waste (© Suton ply and plas wil be reve psa poral ose jeri (Peer eorztn wl nar th develope of we fit sian System sd oe 9. echoing il promot awareness 1 Rawand propo for “Open Delton Fe” (uw durin ts ius) (© Impnenston wil te cai out_by “Natal Sartaton Paty 1fmenitnsConmitas ander Misty fone” 4122 Definition af Sanitation and Scope ‘Jonrnends er canny, yin, yup leon an anion sound ne iui sald wane. et cnet red fr ws re ant SPN Gi) oad changer ix state toads consumption nt procon Pimpin ree natin of on pn dntn fe ment ih pil us Sm Mo Sa Been oo Pre sen123 Polly Measures ec000 "aman ate nt (5) ning by ths goverment -Adotin f Camper Shing Mad ral ore chee in te wn ‘daar or 00 peplaion ten ly Maiti by EPA aeording > NEOS Santaton apc Bung Provision of ui leon pple of ult opt and er BO) Patt Parship HWM among HWM Ren, 205 Review of ton poy every veya 113, NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE Pouicy, 2012 22.1 Introduction i Repo of sk foc Sor ciate change TFCQ ered io 208 ie sed hail ‘eck of poly, Aponte fc fs Py cuenta Neh ‘cebiiy adore tapas of eae carge. NCCP contains {2 ronment isc nothadapnion sn mission 122 Goals of the Paigy ‘Tey rane con oe taro es et Pi ue 123 objectives ° ooooo ‘To parma sina economle growth by arenting cen ft climate ‘oinogat th ply with br tere toa pall “fo ocuton pron er mati aap Toca we 6 oc and ney uy “omic es ring fom entree wat events ‘Tosmengten nessa dass aking and cordnatin mash as (© Toten efi tf aol and tren nat opp, (© To for he development of appropri oni nets 19 ensue pobican pete secrete ‘ocslunc evar lanl dal apy fret sable “To promote conserva of mati! sur an ange ena ‘mate change Adaptation Areas Agric and stock Foray doy Bangle an Paste Disste Fraprn Scions Mats Poverty and Gand) goocoeccoce imate Change tigation Areas rend rg ny a nay Censraton Transport Asc ae Lvik eoocoone Corton Sequestration ond Fos,236 Policy implementation Mechanism (© Nasional line Change Poy lnlenstation Commit inde Misses of Clinate Change a1 Cirpason Alo indus ‘Secwtry MOC, Plog and Development eegn Af Son ant Teel Indus and Prodan, Franc, Wate and Power ad ood lcm the repens of NDMA, ENERCON, PRD ae seen provi EPA (© Provincl Cliat Change Poy lpenentsion Commie cn sine sing 137 Funding (9 Green lina Fund which promi! 10 ion y 200 trouphout the woe forall developing cout (2 Foran of Nt lina Chang Fuel er ani Commision a 3 GLOBAL INITIATIVES ON ENVIRONMENT [MULIMATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS (MEAS) Meaning ofthe erm ik tcl esonertl pene 6 hay ining eponen fetes fw oa cotaing coors tt he itferen types ‘Gofal ermal MEA, 6g Centetn on Bolg Diver (30) lal MEA, Tay 08 Ages an ile on Eionent (1951) ‘Reon MEA «Baa Conn Bas fe np nn ar he Cont of Tens tounday Movanent nd Mangement of Hazardous Waste in tes 980 Frmewock MEAS whith ropa furine agent or exeatin of MEAS sgeneg UNFCCC © Appentdrien MEAN eg CIS ooo Genera structure of MEAS (Set Uderake -tday actir an coriton (© Confrence of Putin (COM: Confrence oui at tar adopon dst Process of MEAS Making (O- Proeegttn pe gsi pass Adoption and agate tna aon yin fece 20002. CONVENTION oN BloLoGicAL Divensrry (CBD) 2A. invoduetion Iheratona Yar of Biadiveiy ws arate 20, DN dase LN deen ory Ths mera ety wi toning vce an gous: 1 Comers Hagia erty 2 Seow of ser compnents 5 Far an egiuie sing of tenet wing ou ofthe wean of geese 22 Provisions 18 Connon rgd invert Cmmon Cnc of Mik a Ininwgal pte dcop ‘Ament overran, ean etic ences {DSi wocisoa corto efor fo sone ge of wing bigs roms ruin Ih covers he reply expunge of Hotchonogy cups Cartage Petco Boa 4 Fortchoslogy dope and ner 1 seettaarng Provider ui dactn abr onthe us of Peationay Pipe Seoftaiversy Cals forced an spe copenton ovis of ran recur ound coun torepert a elo nplsent eat cents Rope une UNEP. SISTA (atin Boy Sof Pt nt Tes Ais) plans a aoa! el se Hough‘ Biot Steir int ac Pa (SAP that we pile nme of npn {inser Atl ts Multa isenenetl gee (0. NAGOYA proton a uplemenary epeannt ba cn gol 3 of tis ‘ulated Econ Arent Tired On | iow 398 [Loan — [Woda ail leave ‘Desa 1d | Condon | SOPs Sige 18 Paris 16 ‘Devos | Saray GonatN [Sener Mera Takata at 3 a ‘option fei [Sige ima] Rafe | July 2 158 Remcha ramaiat| (CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON Bio-Sarery Introduction 1s an itera apeement on Bosaty at spp 1 Convert on ogo Diver eh ptt bol Seay fom Be potential ie pe ally cutie gust relng nm eden Woche. mae se at rnc tn new flo mtb hod on Pret Pre (ie 8 of Bo Efnfrancs» cara Pep) and lw deropng atone tlc pale Fh api ome Bnet Cunt can fan ingore of = ply woed ila ey el heen onaph dene of ety oe ode. a Objective (0 Tatring an adel of protection in the eld of the ole aa ling SE TRE San) ng mes 1 IMO Prodi a dt at prod matali of rig moda Spam eign contain dance novel oostone of epic Geet toe ough ewe far Hoe 6 Appieations Oe appie wo tantenndary nove! tana, ung and ws fa ng ‘moll ogame at ay hav ads a ffs eh command ‘inte os of sop ery ules and Procedures (© Mainprocearal coments an + Alvanoa orn apeaint precede fr LMOe © Be intnatnaly For LMOs tht ae nde 10 be ed diya fo ed for (© Peace prea mst ena tat LMOs are he a apr under st. 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