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Liban v. Gordon - GR No. 175352, Jul 15, 2009
Liban v. Gordon - GR No. 175352, Jul 15, 2009
DECISION
CARPIO , J : p
The Case
This is a petition to declare Senator Richard J. Gordon (respondent) as having
forfeited his seat in the Senate.
The Facts
Petitioners Dante V. Liban, Reynaldo M. Bernardo, and Salvador M. Viari
(petitioners) led with this Court a Petition to Declare Richard J. Gordon as Having
Forfeited His Seat in the Senate. Petitioners are o cers of the Board of Directors of the
Quezon City Red Cross Chapter while respondent is Chairman of the Philippine National
Red Cross (PNRC) Board of Governors.
During respondent's incumbency as a member of the Senate of the Philippines, 1
he was elected Chairman of the PNRC during the 23 February 2006 meeting of the
PNRC Board of Governors. Petitioners allege that by accepting the chairmanship of the
PNRC Board of Governors, respondent has ceased to be a member of the Senate as
provided in Section 13, Article VI of the Constitution, which reads:
SEC. 13. No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may hold
any other o ce or employment in the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or
instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or
their subsidiaries, during his term without forfeiting his seat. Neither shall he be
appointed to any o ce which may have been created or the emoluments thereof
increased during the term for which he was elected.
2. Whether Section 13, Article VI of the Philippine Constitution applies to the case
of respondent who is Chairman of the PNRC and at the same time a
Member of the Senate; cDCIHT
The substantial issue boils down to whether the o ce of the PNRC Chairman is a
government o ce or an o ce in a government-owned or controlled corporation for
purposes of the prohibition in Section 13, Article VI of the Constitution.
The Court's Ruling
We find the petition without merit.
Petitioners Have No Standing to File this Petition
A careful reading of the petition reveals that it is an action for quo warranto.
Section 1, Rule 66 of the Rules of Court provides:
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Section 1. Action by Government against individuals. — An action for the
usurpation of a public o ce , position or franchise may be commenced by
a veri ed petition brought in the name of the Republic of the Philippines
against :
12. Unless restrained, therefore, respondent will continue to falsely act and
represent himself as a senator or member of the House of Senate, collecting the
salaries, emoluments and other compensations, bene ts and privileges
appertaining and due only to the legitimate senators, to the damage, great and
irreparable injury of the Government and the Filipino people. 5 (Emphasis
supplied)
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Thus, petitioners are alleging that by accepting the position of Chairman of the
PNRC Board of Governors, respondent has automatically forfeited his seat in the
Senate. In short, petitioners led an action for usurpation of public o ce against
respondent, a public o cer who allegedly committed an act which constitutes a ground
for the forfeiture of his public o ce. Clearly, such an action is for quo warranto,
specifically under Section 1 (b), Rule 66 of the Rules of Court.
Quo warranto is generally commenced by the Government as the proper party
plaintiff. However, under Section 5, Rule 66 of the Rules of Court, an individual may
commence such an action if he claims to be entitled to the public o ce allegedly
usurped by another, in which case he can bring the action in his own name. The person
instituting quo warranto proceedings in his own behalf must claim and be able to show
that he is entitled to the o ce in dispute, otherwise the action may be dismissed at any
stage. 6 In the present case, petitioners do not claim to be entitled to the Senate o ce
of respondent. Clearly, petitioners have no standing to file the present petition.
Even if the Court disregards the in rmities of the petition and treats it as a
taxpayer's suit, the petition would still fail on the merits.
PNRC is a Private Organization Performing Public Functions
On 22 March 1947, President Manuel A. Roxas signed Republic Act No. 95, 7
otherwise known as the PNRC Charter. The PNRC is a non-pro t, donor-funded,
voluntary, humanitarian organization, whose mission is to bring timely, effective, and
compassionate humanitarian assistance for the most vulnerable without consideration
of nationality, race, religion, gender, social status, or political a liation. 8 The PNRC
provides six major services: Blood Services, Disaster Management, Safety Services,
Community Health and Nursing, Social Services and Voluntary Service. 9 HScDIC
WHEREAS, more than sixty nations of the world have rati ed or adhered to
the subsequent revision of said convention, namely the 'Convention of Geneva of
July 29 [sic], 1929 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick
of Armies in the Field' (referred to in this Charter as the Geneva Red Cross
Convention);
The PNRC is a member * National Society of the International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement (Movement), which is composed of the International Committee of
the Red Cross (ICRC), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies (International Federation), and the National Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies (National Societies). The Movement is united and guided by its seven
Fundamental Principles:
1. HUMANITY — The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of
a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the
battle eld, endeavors, in its international and national capacity, to prevent
and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to
protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. It
promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace
amongst all peoples. AcCTaD
6. UNITY — There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in any
one country. It must be open to all. It must carry on its humanitarian work
throughout its territory.
To ensure and maintain its autonomy, neutrality, and independence, the PNRC
cannot be owned or controlled by the government. Indeed, the Philippine government
does not own the PNRC. The PNRC does not have government assets and does not
receive any appropriation from the Philippine Congress. 1 3 The PNRC is nanced
primarily by contributions from private individuals and private entities obtained through
solicitation campaigns organized by its Board of Governors, as provided under Section
11 of the PNRC Charter:
SEC. 11. As a national voluntary organization, the Philippine National
Red Cross shall be nanced primarily by contributions obtained through
solicitation campaigns throughout the year which shall be organized by
the Board of Governors and conducted by the Chapters in their
respective jurisdictions . These fund raising campaigns shall be conducted
independently of other fund drives by other organizations. (Emphasis supplied)
The government does not control the PNRC. Under the PNRC Charter, as
amended, only six of the thirty members of the PNRC Board of Governors are
appointed by the President of the Philippines . Thus, twenty-four members, or four-
fths (4/5), of the PNRC Board of Governors are not appointed by the President.
Section 6 of the PNRC Charter, as amended, provides:
SEC. 6. The governing powers and authority shall be vested in a Board of
Governors composed of thirty members, six of whom shall be appointed by the
President of the Philippines, eighteen shall be elected by chapter delegates in
biennial conventions and the remaining six shall be selected by the twenty-four
members of the Board already chosen. . . . .
Thus, of the twenty-four members of the PNRC Board, eighteen are elected by the
chapter delegates of the PNRC, and six are elected by the twenty-four members already
chosen — a select group where the private sector members have three-fourths majority.
Clearly, an overwhelming majority of four-fifths of the PNRC Board are elected
or chosen by the private sector members of the PNRC .
The PNRC Board of Governors, which exercises all corporate powers of the PNRC,
elects the PNRC Chairman and all other o cers of the PNRC. The incumbent Chairman
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of PNRC, respondent Senator Gordon, was elected, as all PNRC Chairmen are elected, by
a private sector-controlled PNRC Board four- fths of whom are private sector
members of the PNRC. The PNRC Chairman is not appointed by the President or by any
subordinate government official.
Under Section 16, Article VII of the Constitution, 1 4 the President appoints all
o cials and employees in the Executive branch whose appointments are vested in the
President by the Constitution or by law. The President also appoints those whose
appointments are not otherwise provided by law. Under this Section 16, the law may
also authorize the 'heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards' to appoint
o cers lower in rank than such heads of departments, agencies, commissions or
boards. 1 5 In Ru no v. Endriga , 1 6 the Court explained appointments under Section 16 in
this wise: TIESCA
Under Section 16, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution, the President
appoints three groups of o cers. The rst group refers to the heads of the
Executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, o cers
of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other o cers
whose appointments are vested in the President by the Constitution. The second
group refers to those whom the President may be authorized by law to appoint.
The third group refers to all other o cers of the Government whose appointments
are not otherwise provided by law.
Under the same Section 16, there is a fourth group of lower-ranked o cers
whose appointments Congress may by law vest in the heads of departments,
agencies, commissions, or boards. . . .
xxx xxx xxx
In a department in the Executive branch, the head is the Secretary. The law
may not authorize the Undersecretary, acting as such Undersecretary, to appoint
lower-ranked o cers in the Executive department. In an agency, the power is
vested in the head of the agency for it would be preposterous to vest it in the
agency itself. In a commission, the head is the chairperson of the commission. In
a board, the head is also the chairperson of the board. In the last three situations,
the law may not also authorize o cers other than the heads of the agency,
commission, or board to appoint lower-ranked officers. HIACac
The President does not appoint the Chairman of the PNRC. Neither does the head
of any department, agency, commission or board appoint the PNRC Chairman. Thus, the
PNRC Chairman is not an o cial or employee of the Executive branch since his
appointment does not fall under Section 16, Article VII of the Constitution. Certainly, the
PNRC Chairman is not an o cial or employee of the Judiciary or Legislature. This leads
us to the obvious conclusion that the PNRC Chairman is not an o cial or employee of
the Philippine Government. Not being a government o cial or employee, the
PNRC Chairman, as such, does not hold a government office or employment .
Under Section 17, Article VII of the Constitution, 1 7 the President exercises
control over all government o ces in the Executive branch. If an o ce is legally not
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under the control of the President, then such o ce is not part of the
Executive branch . In Ru no v. Endriga , 1 8 the Court explained the President's power of
control over all government offices as follows:
Every government o ce, entity, or agency must fall under the Executive,
Legislative, or Judicial branches, or must belong to one of the independent
constitutional bodies, or must be a quasi-judicial body or local government unit.
Otherwise, such government o ce, entity, or agency has no legal and
constitutional basis for its existence.
The CCP does not fall under the Legislative or Judicial branches of
government. The CCP is also not one of the independent constitutional bodies.
Neither is the CCP a quasi-judicial body nor a local government unit. Thus, the CCP
must fall under the Executive branch. Under the Revised Administrative Code of
1987, any agency "not placed by law or order creating them under any speci c
department" falls "under the Office of the President".
Since the President exercises control over "all the executive departments,
bureaus, and o ces", the President necessarily exercises control over the CCP
which is an o ce in the Executive branch. In mandating that the President "shall
have control of all executive . . . o ces", Section 17, Article VII of the 1987
Constitution does not exempt any executive o ce — one performing executive
functions outside of the independent constitutional bodies — from the President's
power of control. There is no dispute that the CCP performs executive, and not
legislative, judicial, or quasi-judicial functions.
The President's power of control applies to the acts or decisions
of all o cers in the Executive branch. This is true whether such o cers
are appointed by the President or by heads of departments, agencies,
commissions, or boards. The power of control means the power to
revise or reverse the acts or decisions of a subordinate o cer involving
the exercise of discretion. SaICcT
In short, the President sits at the apex of the Executive branch, and
exercises 'control of all the executive departments, bureaus, and o ces.' There
can be no instance under the Constitution where an officer of the Executive branch
is outside the control of the President. The Executive branch is unitary since there
is only one President vested with executive power exercising control over the entire
Executive branch. Any o ce in the Executive branch that is not under the control
of the President is a lost command whose existence is without any legal or
constitutional basis. (Emphasis supplied)
An overwhelming four- fths majority of the PNRC Board are private sector
individuals elected to the PNRC Board by the private sector members of the PNRC. The
PNRC Board exercises all corporate powers of the PNRC. The PNRC is controlled by
private sector individuals. Decisions or actions of the PNRC Board are not reviewable by
the President. The President cannot reverse or modify the decisions or actions
of the PNRC Board. Neither can the President reverse or modify the decisions
or actions of the PNRC Chairman . It is the PNRC Board that can review, reverse or
modify the decisions or actions of the PNRC Chairman. This proves again that the o ce
of the PNRC Chairman is a private office, not a government office.
Although the State is often represented in the governing bodies of a National
Society, this can be justi ed by the need for proper coordination with the public
authorities, and the government representatives may take part in decision-making within
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a National Society. However, the freely-elected representatives of a National Society's
active members must remain in a large majority in a National Society's governing
bodies. 1 9
The PNRC is not government-owned but privately owned. The vast majority of
the thousands of PNRC members are private individuals, including students .
Under the PNRC Charter, those who contribute to the annual fund campaign of the PNRC
are entitled to membership in the PNRC for one year. Thus, any one between 6 and 65
years of age can be a PNRC member for one year upon contributing P35, P100, P300,
P500 or P1,000 for the year. 2 0 Even foreigners, whether residents or not, can be
members of the PNRC. Section 5 of the PNRC Charter, as amended by Presidential
Decree No. 1264, 2 1 reads:
SEC. 5. Membership in the Philippine National Red Cross shall be open to
the entire population in the Philippines regardless of citizenship. Any contribution
to the Philippine National Red Cross Annual Fund Campaign shall entitle the
contributor to membership for one year and said contribution shall be deductible
in full for taxation purposes.
Thus, the PNRC is a privately owned, privately funded, and privately run charitable
organization. The PNRC is not a government-owned or controlled corporation.
Petitioners anchor their petition on the 1999 case of Camporedondo v. NLRC, 2 2
which ruled that the PNRC is a government-owned or controlled corporation. In ruling
that the PNRC is a government-owned or controlled corporation, the simple test used
was whether the corporation was created by its own special charter for the exercise of
a public function or by incorporation under the general corporation law. Since the PNRC
was created under a special charter, the Court then ruled that it is a government
corporation. However, the Camporedondo ruling failed to consider the de nition of a
government-owned or controlled corporation as provided under Section 2 (13) of the
Introductory Provisions of the Administrative Code of 1987: aHTDAc
The subsequent 1973 and 1987 Constitutions contain similar provisions prohibiting
Congress from creating private corporations except by general law. Section 1 of the
PNRC Charter, as amended, creates the PNRC as a "body corporate and politic", thus:
SEC. 1. There is hereby created in the Republic of the Philippines a
body corporate and politic to be the voluntary organization o cially
designated to assist the Republic of the Philippines in discharging the
obligations set forth in the Geneva Conventions and to perform such
other duties as are inherent upon a National Red Cross Society . The
national headquarters of this Corporation shall be located in Metropolitan Manila.
(Emphasis supplied)
Sec. 16. The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide for the
formation, organization, or regulation of private corporations. Government-owned
or controlled corporations may be created or established by special charters in the
interest of the common good and subject to the test of economic viability.
The Constitution emphatically prohibits the creation of private corporations
except by general law applicable to all citizens. The purpose of this constitutional
provision is to ban private corporations created by special charters, which
historically gave certain individuals, families or groups special privileges denied to
other citizens.
In Feliciano, the Court held that the Local Water Districts are government-owned
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or controlled corporations since they exist by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 198,
which constitutes their special charter. The seed capital assets of the Local Water
Districts, such as waterworks and sewerage facilities, were public property which were
managed, operated by or under the control of the city, municipality or province before
the assets were transferred to the Local Water Districts. The Local Water Districts also
receive subsidies and loans from the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA). In
fact, under the 2009 General Appropriations Act, 2 5 the LWUA has a budget amounting
to P400,000,000 for its subsidy requirements. 2 6 There is no private capital
invested in the Local Water Districts . The capital assets and operating funds of the
Local Water Districts all come from the government, either through transfer of assets,
loans, subsidies or the income from such assets or funds.
The government also controls the Local Water Districts because the municipal or
city mayor, or the provincial governor, appoints all the board directors of the Local
Water Districts. Furthermore, the board directors and other personnel of the Local
Water Districts are government employees subject to civil service laws and anti-graft
laws. Clearly, the Local Water Districts are considered government-owned or controlled
corporations not only because of their creation by special charter but also because the
government in fact owns and controls the Local Water Districts. CDEaAI
Just like the Local Water Districts, the PNRC was created through a special
charter. However, unlike the Local Water Districts, the elements of government
ownership and control are clearly lacking in the PNRC . Thus, although the PNRC
is created by a special charter, it cannot be considered a government-owned or
controlled corporation in the absence of the essential elements of ownership and
control by the government. In creating the PNRC as a corporate entity, Congress was in
fact creating a private corporation. However, the constitutional prohibition against the
creation of private corporations by special charters provides no exception even for non-
pro t or charitable corporations. Consequently, the PNRC Charter, insofar as it creates
the PNRC as a private corporation and grants it corporate powers, 2 7 is void for being
unconstitutional. Thus, Sections 1, 2 8 2, 2 9 3, 3 0 4 (a), 3 1 5, 3 2 6, 3 3 7, 3 4 8, 3 5 9, 3 6 10, 3 7
11, 3 8 12, 3 9 and 13 4 0 of the PNRC Charter, as amended, are void.
The other provisions 4 1 of the PNRC Charter remain valid as they can be
considered as a recognition by the State that the unincorporated PNRC is the local
National Society of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and thus
entitled to the bene ts, exemptions and privileges set forth in the PNRC Charter. The
other provisions of the PNRC Charter implement the Philippine Government's treaty
obligations under Article 4 (5) of the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement, which provides that to be recognized as a National Society, the
Society must be "duly recognized by the legal government of its country on the basis of
the Geneva Conventions and of the national legislation as a voluntary aid society,
auxiliary to the public authorities in the humanitarian field."
In sum, we hold that the o ce of the PNRC Chairman is not a government o ce
or an o ce in a government-owned or controlled corporation for purposes of the
prohibition in Section 13, Article VI of the 1987 Constitution. However, since the PNRC
Charter is void insofar as it creates the PNRC as a private corporation, the PNRC should
incorporate under the Corporation Code and register with the Securities and Exchange
Commission if it wants to be a private corporation.
WHEREFORE , we declare that the o ce of the Chairman of the Philippine
National Red Cross is not a government o ce or an o ce in a government-owned or
controlled corporation for purposes of the prohibition in Section 13, Article VI of the
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1987 Constitution. We also declare that Sections 1, 2, 3, 4 (a), 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and
13 of the Charter of the Philippine National Red Cross, or Republic Act No. 95, as
amended by Presidential Decree Nos. 1264 and 1643, are VOID because they create the
PNRC as a private corporation or grant it corporate powers.
SO ORDERED .
Puno, C.J., Quisumbing, Carpio Morales, Chico-Nazario, Velasco, Jr., and Leonardo-De
Castro, JJ., concur.
Corona, J., took no part.
Ynares-Santiago, Brion, Peralta and Bersamin, JJ., join the dissenting opinion of J.
Nachura.
Nachura, J., please see dissent.
Separate Opinions
NACHURA , J., dissenting:
Footnotes
5. Id. at 3-5.
6. The Secretary of Justice Cuevas v. Atty. Bacal, 400 Phil. 1115 (2000); Garcia v. Perez, 188
Phil. 43 (1980).
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7. An Act to Incorporate the Philippine National Red Cross, as amended by Presidential Decree
No. 1264.
10. Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the
Field.
11. Article 4 of the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement reads:
ARTICLE 4
2. Be the only National Red Cross or Red Crescent Society of the said State and be
directed by a central body which shall alone be competent to represent it in its dealings
with other components of the Movement.
3. Be duly recognized by the legal government of its country on the basis of the Geneva
Conventions and of the national legislation as a voluntary aid society, auxiliary to the
public authorities in the humanitarian field.
6. Be so organized as to be able to ful ll the tasks de ned in its own statutes, including
the preparation in peace time for its statutory tasks in case of armed conflicts.
7. Extend its activities to the entire territory of the State.
8. Recruit its voluntary members and its staff without consideration of race, sex, class,
religion or political opinions.
9. Adhere to the present Statutes, share in the fellowship which unites the components of
the Movement and cooperate with them.
10. Respect the Fundamental Principles of the Movement and be guided in its
work by the principles of international humanitarian law . (Emphasis supplied)
13. Although under Section 4 (c) of the PNRC Charter, as amended, the PNRC is allotted one
lottery draw yearly by the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes for the support of its
disaster relief operations, in addition to its existing lottery draws for the Blood
Program, such allotments are donations given to most charitable organizations.
The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments,
appoint the heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, or o cers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain,
and other o cers whose appointments are vested in him in this Constitution. He shall
also appoint all other o cers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise
provided for by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. The
Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of other o cers lower in rank in the
President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or
boards.
The President shall have the power to make appointments during the recess of the
Congress, whether voluntary or compulsory, but such appointments shall be effective
only until after disapproval by the Commission on Appointments or until the next
adjournment of the Congress.
15. Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. Nos. 139554 & 139565, 21 July 2006, 496 SCRA 13.
16. Id. at 50-57.
The President shall have control of all the executive departments, bureaus, and o ces.
He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.
18. Supra note 15 at 63-65.
SEC. 36. Corporate powers and capacity. — Every corporation incorporated under this
Code has the power and capacity:
1. To sue and be sued in its corporate name;
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2. Of succession by its corporate name for the period of time stated in the articles of
incorporation and the certificate of incorporation;
5. To adopt by-laws, not contrary to law, morals or public policy, and to amend or repeal
the same in accordance with this Code;
6. In case of stock corporations, to issue or sell stocks to subscribers and to sell treasury
stocks in accordance with the provisions of this Code; and to admit members to the
corporation if it be a non-stock corporation;
7. To purchase, receive, take or grant, hold, convey, sell, lease, pledge, mortgage and
otherwise deal with such real and personal property, including securities and bonds of
other corporations, as the transaction of the lawful business of the corporation may
reasonably and necessarily require, subject to the limitations prescribed by law and the
Constitution;
8. To adopt any plan of merger or consolidation as provided in this Code;
9. To make reasonable donations, including those for the public welfare or for hospital,
charitable, cultural, scienti c, civic, or similar purposes: Provided, That no corporation,
domestic or foreign, shall give donations in aid of any political party or candidate or for
purposes of partisan political activity;
10. To establish pension, retirement and other plans for the bene t of its directors,
trustees, officers and employees; and
11. To exercise such other powers as may be essential or necessary to carry out its
purpose or purposes as stated in its articles of incorporation.
28. SEC. 1. There is hereby created in the Republic of the Philippines a body corporate and
politic to be the voluntary organization officially designated to assist the Republic of
the Philippines in discharging the obligations set forth in the Geneva Conventions and
to perform such other duties as are inherent upon a national Red Cross Society. The
national headquarters of this Corporation shall be located in Metro Manila.
29. SEC. 2. The name of this corporation shall be "The Philippine National Red Cross" and by
that name shall have perpetual succession with the power to sue and be sued; to own
and hold such real and personal estate as shall be deemed advisable and to accept
bequests, donations and contributions of property of all classes for the purpose of
this Corporation hereinafter set forth; to adopt a seal and to alter and destroy the
same at pleasure; and to have the right to adopt and to use, in carrying out its
purposes hereinafter designated, as an emblem and badge, a red Greek cross on a
white ground, the same as has been described in the Geneva Conventions, and
adopted by the several nations ratifying or adhering thereto; to ordain and establish
by-laws and regulations not inconsistent with the laws of the Republic of the
Philippines, and generally to do all such acts and things as may be necessary to carry
into effect the provisions of this Act and promote the purposes of said organization;
and the corporation hereby created is designated as the organization which is
authorized to act in matters of relief under said Convention. In accordance with the
Geneva Conventions, the issuance of the distinctive Red Cross emblem to medical
units and establishments, personnel and materials neutralized in time of war shall be
left to the military authorities. The red Greek cross on a white ground, as has been
described by the Geneva Conventions is not, and shall not be construed as a religious
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symbol, and shall have equal efficacy and applicability to persons of all faiths, creeds
and beliefs. The operational jurisdiction of the Philippine National Red Cross shall be
over the entire territory of the Philippines.
30. SEC. 3. That the purposes of this Corporation shall be as follows:
a. To provide volunteer aid to the sick and wounded of the armed forces in time of war, in
accordance with the spirit of and under the conditions prescribed by the Geneva
Conventions to which the Republic of the Philippines proclaimed its adherence;
b. For the purposes mentioned in the preceding sub-section, to perform all duties
devolving upon the Corporation as a result of the adherence of the Republic of the
Philippines to the said Convention;
c. To act in matters of voluntary relief and in accordance with the authorities of the
armed forces as a medium of communication between the people of the Republic of the
Philippines and their Armed Forces, in time of peace and in time of war, and to act in
such matters between similar national societies of other governments and the
Government and people and the Armed Forces of the Republic of the Philippines;
d. To establish and maintain a system of national and international relief in time of
peace and in time of war and apply the same in meeting the emergency needs caused by
typhoons, flood, fires, earthquakes, and other natural disasters and to devise and carry on
measures for minimizing the suffering caused by such disasters;
e. To devise and promote such other services in time of peace and in time of war as may
be found desirable in improving the health, safety and welfare of the Filipino people;
f. To devise such means as to make every citizen and/or resident of the Philippines a
member of the Red Cross.
31. SEC. 4. In furtherance of the purposes mentioned in the preceding sub-paragraphs, the
Philippine National Red Cross shall:
a. Be authorized to secure loans from any nancial institution which shall not exceed its
budget of the previous year.
32. SEC. 5. Membership in the Philippine National Red Cross shall be open to the entire
population in the Philippines regardless of citizenship. Any contribution to the
Philippine National Red Cross Annual Fund Campaign shall entitle the contributor to
membership for one year and said contribution shall be deductible in full for taxation
purposes.
33. SEC. 6. The governing powers and authority shall be vested in the Board of Governors
composed of thirty members, six of whom shall be appointed by the President of the
Philippines, eighteen shall be elected by chapter delegates in biennial conventions
and the remaining six shall be selected by the twenty-four members of the Board
already chosen. At least one but not more than three of the Presidential appointees
shall be chosen from the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
a. The term of o ce of all members of the Board shall be four years, including those
appointed by the President of the Philippines, renewable at the pleasure of the appointing
power or elective bodies.
35. SEC. 8. The Biennial meeting of chapter delegates shall be held on such date and such
place as may be specified by the Board of Governors to elect members of the Board
of Governors and advice the Board of Governors on the activities of the Philippine
National Red Cross; Provided, however, that during periods of great emergency, the
Board of Governors in its discretion may determine that the best interest of the
corporation shall be served by postponing such biennial meeting.
36. SEC. 9. The power to ordain, adopt and amend by-laws and regulations shall be vested in
the Board of Governors.
37. SEC. 10. The members of the Board of Governors, as well as the officers of the
corporation, shall serve without compensation. The compensation of the paid staff of
the corporation shall be determined by the Board of Governors upon the
recommendation of the Secretary General.
38. SEC. 11. As a national voluntary organization, the Philippine National Red Cross shall be
financed primarily by contributions obtained through solicitation campaigns
throughout the year which shall be organized by the Board of Governors and
conducted by the Chapters in their respective jurisdictions. These fund raising
campaigns shall be conducted independently of other fund drives by other
organizations.
39. SEC. 12. The Board of Governors shall promulgate rules and regulations for the
organization of local units of the Philippine National Red Cross to be known as
Chapters. Said rules and regulations shall fix the relationship of the Chapters to the
Corporation, define their territorial jurisdictions, and determine the number of
delegates for each chapter based on population, fund campaign potentials and
service needs.
40. SEC. 13. The Corporation shall, at the end of every calendar year submit to the President of
the Philippines an annual report containing the activities of the Corporation showing
its financial condition, the receipts and disbursements.
41. The valid provisions are Sections 4 (b) and (c), 14, 15, 16, and 17:
SEC. 4. In furtherance of the purposes mentioned in the preceding sub-paragraphs, the
Philippine National Red Cross shall:
b. Be exempt from payment of all duties, taxes, fees, and other charges of all kinds on all
importations and purchases for its exclusive use, on donations for its disaster relief work
and other Red Cross services, and in its bene ts and fund raising drives all provisions of
law to the contrary notwithstanding.
c. Be allotted by the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes O ce one lottery draw yearly for the
support of its disaster relief operations in addition to its existing lottery draws for the
Blood Program.
SEC. 17. All acts or parts of acts which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Decree
are hereby repealed.
NACHURA, J., dis s enting:
2. See Del Rosario v. Montaña, G.R. No. 134433, May 28, 2004, 430 SCRA 109, 116; Del Mar v.
Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corp., 400 Phil. 307, 326-327; Sen. Defensor-
Santiago v. Guingona, Jr., 359 Phil. 276, 295-296 (1998).
3. G.R. No. 170338, December 23, 2008.
4. G.R. No. 168338, February 15, 2008, 545 SCRA 441.
5. Id.
9. Supra note 7.
10. Entitled "An Act to Incorporate the Philippine National Red Cross."
14. The amendatory laws are Republic Act No. 855 (January 11, 1953), Republic Act No. 6373
(August 16, 1971) and Presidential Decree No. 1264 (December 15, 1977).
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15. 370 Phil. 901, 906 (1999).
20. See for instance Proclamation No. 50, which categorized GOCCs into parent and
subsidiary corporations, cited in Philippine National Construction Corporation v.
Pabion, et al., supra.
21. See also the definition of a GOCC in Section 2 (a) of Administrative Order No. 59
(December 5, 1988), which provides:
"xxx xxx xxx
25. <http://www.redcross.org/portal/site/en/menuitem.86f46a12f382290517a8f210b80f78a0/?
vgnextoid=271a2aebdaadb110VgnVCM10000089f0870aRCRD> (visited July 9,
2009).
31. 43 F.3d 678 (1994); 516 U.S. 822 (1995); 516 U.S. 1002, 116 S.Ct. 550 (1995).
32. Section 16, Article XII, Philippine Constitution.
33. Beltran v. Secretary of Health, G.R. Nos. 133640, 133661 and 139147, November 25, 2005,
476 SCRA 168, 199.
34. Perez v. People, G.R. No. 164763, February 12, 2008, 544 SCRA 532, 565.
35. G.R. No. 150974, June 29, 2007, 526 SCRA 1, 8.
"Section 13. No Senator or Member of the House of Representatives may hold any
other office or employment in the government, or any subdivision, agency or
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instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or
their subsidiaries, during his term without forfeiting his seat. Neither shall he be
appointed to any office which may have been created or the emoluments thereof
increased during the term for which he was elected."
37. No. L-68159, March 18, 1985, 135 SCRA 431.
40. G.R. No. 138965, June 30, 2006, 494 SCRA 53, 63-64.
"The spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree of
the President shall not during his tenure be appointed as Members of the
Constitutional Commissions, or the Office of the Ombudsman, or as Secretaries,
Undersecretaries, chairmen or head of bureaus or offices, including government-
owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries."
42. Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary , supra note 5, at 331-335; emphasis supplied.
43. See Cruz, Philippine Political Law, 1998 ed., p. 129.
"Section 10. The members of the Board of Governors, as well as the officers of the
corporation, shall serve without compensation. The compensation of the paid staff of
the corporation shall be determined by the Board of Governors upon the
recommendation of the Secretary General. "
49. See R.A. No. 7640, Executive Order (E.O.) No. 305, Series of 1987; R.A. No. 8292, R.A. No.
9500, and the JELAC Memorandum of Agreement.