8.6.

Order of Filling orbitals

 Electrons are arranged in orbitals according to some rules
(1) Afbau’s Principle
Electrons are filled in the orbitals with the lowest energy first and then an orbital with higher energy following the energy lev el diagram below

(2) Pauli’s exclusion principle:

Maximum of 2 electrons can occupy an orbitals
Each electron is shown as an arrow, indicating it’s spin: or 
The two electrons must have opposite spins to counteract the repulsion of 2 negative electrons
 CORRECT: INCORRECT:
(3) Hund’s Rule
Electrons occupy orbitals singly before pairing takes place
Example: a 2p orbital with 4 electrons

8.7. Writing electronic configuration using s, p and d configuration

 How to write a ground state electronic configuration of an atom
1s2
(a) From hydrogen to carbon

(b) For elements of group 2 of the periodic table

 (c) For elements of period 3 of the periodic table

(d) For potassium and calcium of period 4 of the periodic table

Note:- the next orbital in line after 3p is 4s and then only 3d

(e) For period 4 elements after calcium

Note: - From scandium onwards, electrons are filled in 3d orbitals. A filled 3d orbital has lower energy than that of a 4s orbitals
2 elements have an unexpected electronic configuration
 Chromium has an electronic configuration of [Ar]3d54s1 as it is more stable than[Ar]3d44s2.
o A half filled 3d subshell is more stable
 Copper has an electronic configuration of [Ar]3d104s1 as it is more stable than [Ar]3d94s2.
o A fully filled 3d subshell is more stable
 Half/completed filled shells are more stable
o Only for 3d/4d/5d …. Subshells
o 3d must be completely filled before 4p subshells

(f) For period 4 elements after zinc, electrons will fill up 4p subshells