 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




١٠٣
  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬
   

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ?   ?  ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ١٠٣  
 
   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Statics ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EStaticsF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KFree Body Diagram‫א‬‫א‬ J
K J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Truss System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٧W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 •
 •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KVectors‫א‬

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 Vector‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢{١
 Coplanar Vectors‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F1 F3

F2
١ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Colinear Vectors ‫א‬E٢
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬

F1 F2


 ٢

 Concurrent Vectors ‫א‬E3

 K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F3 F2
F1

 ٣

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ٣{١
 K٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


F2
F1
F1 + F2
F1
F2
  ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬

A+B=B+A
 K

 ‫א‬٤{١
‫א‬ (٥ ‫ )أﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬α‫א‬BA 
 W
A.B = A.B.Cos(α)

 Kvector scalar‫א‬


A
α  
O 
B

٥

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 K‫א‬٥{١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ E٦FC, B,A
 W

A = Acos(α1) + ASin(α1)
B = BCos(α2) + BSin(α2)
C = CCos(α3) + CSin(α3)

 K‫א‬‫א‬C, B, A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α3،α2،α1
y

Cy
C
D
Dy
By
B
Ay
A
O Bx Cx x
Ax
Dx

 ٦

‫א‬
 ‫א‬y‫א‬x‫א‬D‫א‬ ٦‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Dx = A.Cos(α1) + B.Cos(α 2) + C.Cos(α3)
Dy = A.Sin(α1) + B.Sin(α 2) + C.Sin(α3)

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 WD‫א‬‫א‬

D = D x2 + D y2
Dy
Tan (α ) =
Dx
Dy
α = Tan −1
(
Dx)

 K‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α

 ‫א‬٦{١
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ vector‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KN‫א‬kN ‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FEF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
FxWW ‫א‬،٧‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ هﻲ א‬α،٧‫א‬Fy

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

Fy F

α
Fx

 ٧

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fx = FCos (α )
Fy = FSin(α )
 WF ‫א‬‫א‬

2
F = F x + F y2
Fy
α = Tan −1
(
Fx
)

 W١
 W٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F1 = 25 kN, F2 = 50 kN, F3 = 100 kN
 W‫א‬
‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬ ٨‫א‬
 KEFKy

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 y
50 kN 
F2x

F2 25 kN
F2y
  
F1y F1
60 45 
x
30 F1x 
F3 F3y
100 kN F3x

٨ 


F1x = F1cos 45 = 25cos 45 = 17.68 kN
F1y = F1sin 45 = 25sin 45 = 25 kN
F2x = J 50cos (60 ) = -25 kN
F2y = 50sin (60 ) = 43.30 kN
F3x = 100cos( 30 ) = -86.60
F3y = 100 sin( 30 ) = - 50 kN


‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬F2x, F3x, F3y ‫א‬
 K

Rx = F1x + F2x + F3x = 17.68 – 25 -86.60 = - 93.92 kN

Ry = F1y + F2y + F3y = 17.68 + 43.30 – 50 = 10.98 kN

 WR‫א‬




-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

2
R = R x + R y2
Ry
 α = Tan −1
(
Rx
)
 W‫א‬

R = (−93.92)2 + (10.98)2 = 94.56 kN

α = Tan−1(10.98/ 93.92) = 6.670

 Graphical Method ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{١

٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
F2 = 30 kN ‫א‬‫א‬F1= 20 kN‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩

 W‫א‬
F1 = 20 kN

F2 = 30 kN
 

 ٩

 10 kN ١

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬ 20 kNO‫א‬
R‫א‬K١٠‫א‬30 kN‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬




F1 = 20 kN R F1 = 20 kN

α 
O O
F1 = 20 kN OF1 = 20 kN F1 = 20 kN 

١٠

 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Particle‫א‬‫א‬٨{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩{١
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬z, y, x‫א‬(Fx, Fy, Fz)
 WE١١‫א‬F
 F = Fx + Fy + Fz

Fx = F Cos(αx )
Fy = F Cos(αy)
Fz = F Cos(αz)
 W
x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬αx
y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬αy
z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ αz
 W‫א‬

 F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2

y

Fy A


F
αy

αz αx Fx

x
O
Fz 
B 
z
١١

-١٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 

K‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١


١٢٠ kN ١٢٠ kN ٨0 kN ١٥ kN 

110 ٤٥ 20 kN
١٠٠ kN

E F E F EF 

١٢ 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠٠ kN

٠
١٥٠ kN ٣٥٠
٩٠ ١٣ 
١٨٠ kN 

‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠٠ kN
٩٠ kN
٠
٦٥
٤٥ ١٨٠ kN

١٤

-١١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 K١٥‫א‬A‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

40 kN ٣0 kN 

α
A
α
٦0 kN


 ١٥

-١٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •

K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٥W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 •
 •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬١{٢
KO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١‫א‬F O
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FxE‫א‬FZ‫א‬

Moment = Force x Perpendicular Distance
M=Fxd

 W
kN.mN.mO‫א‬ F ‫א‬M
 KmO‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

O 
- + 
d

F 

١ 

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W١
 K٢‫א‬O‫א‬F= 400 N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬
F = 400 N

2m O




٢ 


 WO‫א‬‫א‬
Mo = + 400 x 2 = + 800 N.m

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢
 K٣‫א‬‫א‬F= 250 kNO‫א‬‫א‬


10 m
250 kN

٣  
 WO‫א‬‫א‬
Mo = - 250 x 10 = - 2500 N.m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W٣
 K٤‫א‬O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

500 kN O 

 ٤
 W‫א‬
،d‫א‬ O‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬
 WKO‫א‬‫א‬

Mo = 500 x 0 = 0 kN.m

 ٢{٢
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W٤ 
 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A ‫א‬‫א‬

50 kN

100 kN 100 kN
50 kN 1m
1m A 50 kN

3m 3m 2m 2m


٥ 


- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬
،A‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KA‫א‬

MA = J 50x0 H100x2 J 100x3 H50x6 J 50x1 =
= 0 H200 J 300 H300 J 50 = H150 kN.m

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50 kN‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 KA ‫א‬

Varignon’s Theorem ??٣{٢
OFE ‫א‬F??
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،O ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W٥
 K٦‫א‬O‫א‬F = 100 kN‫א‬

100 kN

٣٠٠ 
10 m
O

40 m

٦ 
- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    




30٠
٨٧ kN
O 10 m

40 m

٧ 


 W‫א‬
٣٠‫א‬ ‫א‬F = 100 kN‫א‬ ٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ O‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KO‫א‬
 WE٧FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Fx = Fcos(30) = 100xcos(30) = 87 kN W‫א‬‫א‬
Fy = Fsin(30) = 100xsin(30) = 50 kNW‫א‬‫א‬

 ZO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H87 x 10 = H870 kN.m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 - 50x40 = -2000 kN.m
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬O‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Mo = -2000 +870 = -1130 kN.m

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W٦
 KEF٨‫א‬A‫א‬F = 1000 N‫א‬

3m 3m
Fx = 1000Cos(50) 
50 ٠ 500

١٠٠٠ N
١٠٠٠ N
Fy = 1000Sin(50)
10 m

10 m

A

A

 EF  E F

 ٨ 
 W‫א‬
EF٨‫א‬ Fy  FxF‫א‬
 KA‫א‬

 Fx = Fcos(50) =1000xCos(50) = 642.78 N Z‫א‬‫א‬
Fy = Fsin(50) = 1000xSin(50) = 766 N Z‫א‬‫א‬
 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Mx = +642.78x10 = +6427.8 N.m
 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
My = +766x3 = +2298 N.m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MA = +6427.8 +2298= +8725.8 N.m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 Couple‫א‬‫א‬٤{٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Mo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٩‫א‬

A F


h


F B 

 ٩

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK٩‫א‬ h/2  ‫א‬
M1 = Fxh/2
M2 = Fxh/2

 Z‫א‬‫א‬
M1 + M2ZF(h/2 + h/2)ZFxh/2 + Fxh/2 ZFxh

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

F 


d +



F M = Fd 

 ١٠

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K١١‫א‬

F

h d 
O

F 
 ١١ 

Kh‫א‬E١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬O
 WO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Mo = Fx(d + h) – Fxh
= Fxd + Fxh –Fxh = Fxd

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W١
 K١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

50 kN 50 kN 

10 m




 ١٢

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،١٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W

C = J 50 x 10 = -500 kN.m

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬500 kN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

500 kN.m


 ١٣

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥K٢
FBAF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ B‫א‬–F  F
 ‫א‬EEF١٤
KEF١٤‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬–F‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

C = -Fxd

‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


B -F F F 
B
B 
d d
F d
A A
F
A C =F.d 

 EF EF EF


 ١٤

 W٢
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬F = 20 kN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF١٥‫א‬


 1`

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

20 kN B 20 kN B 
B
٢0 m

٢0 m ٢0 m
d 
A 450
20 kN
450 A 450 
A
20 kN 20 kN
C = 282.8 
kN m

 EF
 EF EF


 ١٥ 

 W‫א‬
A ‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬KEF١٥‫א‬20 kN‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 WC
C = +20xd kN.m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d  
0
d = 20xSin(45 ) = 20x0.707 = 14.14 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬
C = +20x14.14 = +282.8 kN.m
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬B‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬،EF١٥‫א‬+282.8 kN.m‫א‬A ‫א‬
 KEF١٥‫א‬EF١٥‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ٦{٢

 F = 50 kN‫א‬‫א‬O‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K١٦‫א‬


٥٠
kN

O 30٠
5m

 ١٦

 K١٧‫א‬A‫א‬F‫א‬E٢

١٠

F = 100 
kN
٤٥٠ 
٢٥


A 

 ١٧ 

O‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬ E٣
 K١٨‫א‬



- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    


20 50 
kN kN

5m 5m 
O

15 m
F

 ١٨

 K١٩‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

A 20 kN 

٥m

٥m ٥m

٥m
B

25 kN 10 kN


 ١٩ 

 K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬ E٥


100 200

٣٠٠

٥٠ kN ٥٠ kN

A B 
20 m ١٠m

 ٢٠


- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
free ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬body digram

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 •
 •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ١{٣
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Roller Support ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Ax = 0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FA ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬
y 

x

A A A 
Ay Ay Ay 

١

Hinge Support ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEF٢‫א‬A‫א‬
 KEF٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

Ax

A
A 
Ay

E F EF

٢ 
Fixed or Cantiliver Support ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣
A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬KEF3‫א‬
KEF٣‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬

MA

Ax
A 
(‫)أ‬ Ay (‫)ب‬ 
٣ 
Equilibrium Conditions‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٣
 ،4‫א‬‫א‬
 
F1 F2y 
F2 y

F2x

F٣ F4
x

R1 
R2
‫א‬ –٤ 
y‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

 ∑F x =0
F4 – F2x – F3 =0
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2

 ∑Fy = 0
R1 + R2 – F1 –F2y = 0
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E3
 W‫א‬‫א‬

∑M = 0

 K‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٣
Colinear Forces ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
F2‫א‬F1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KF1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ∑F x =0
F2 -F1= 0
F1 = F2 



F1 F2



‫א‬ W٥  
Concurrent Forces ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K٦‫א‬
‫א‬O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Kyx‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

F3 F2

F1

 W٦  

Parallel Forces ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،K٧‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑F x =0
 ∑M = 0
K ∑Fy =0‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ : ٧ 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

Opposite Couples ‫א‬‫א‬E

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-M +M 


‫א‬‫ א‬W ٨  

Free-Body Diagram‫א‬‫א‬٨{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Free-Body Diagram‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬١
 KEF٩‫א‬‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AB ‫א‬‫א‬
hinge A‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬،AyAxsupport
‫א‬FByroller support
KEF٩‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬،E 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

B‫א‬A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑F x = 0 W‫א‬‫א‬E
 Ax = 0
  WA‫א‬‫א‬E
 ∑MA = 0
+100x2 +100x4 –Byx6 = 0
+200 +400 – 6By = 0
+6By = 600
By = + 600/6 = + 100 kN

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬+100 kN B‫א‬By‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kyx‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬E٩FA ‫א‬‫א‬
 KAy ‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬E
 ∑
Fy =0
Ay + By -100 -100 =0
Ay = 200 -By

 WAy‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬By = +100 kN 
Ay = 200 – 100 = +100 kN
100 kN 100 kN 


D B

A C

2m 2m 2m

– EF٩ 
- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

100 kN 100 kN

y

Ax
B
x 
A C D

By
Ay ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬WEF٩  
 W٢
A‫א‬‫א‬EF١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬


100 100 kN

450 
A B 

2m 2m 2m


 WEF ١٠ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AB ‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬،AyAxhinge support
Byroller support
AB‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF١٠‫א‬
 W

+70.7 kN = +100Cos(45) W‫א‬‫א‬
+70.7 kN = +100Sin(45) W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑F x = 0 Wx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 Ax +70.7 = 0 Ax = - 70.7 kN

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،A‫א‬‫א‬
 Kx‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ∑ M A = 0 WA‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬

+100x2 + 70.7x4 – Byx6 = 0
+200 + 282.8 = 6By
By = +482.8/6 = + 80.47 kN

 KA‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬

 ∑F =0W،‫א‬‫א‬E
y


Ay + By -100 -70.7 = 0
Ay + By = +170.7
Ay = +170.7 – By = +170.7 – 80.47 = +90.23 kN
Ay = +90.23 kNWA‫א‬Ay‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    



100 100 kN
50sin(45) y 
50cos(45) 450 
Ax x
B
A 
Ay
2m 2m 2m
By


‫א‬‫ א‬WEF ١٠  
 W٣
50 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC‫א‬kN

10 m
2m 
A
C 

1000

5m

B

‫א‬ WEF١١ 

 W‫א‬
 EF١١‫א‬EF١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ∑F x = 0 Wx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Bx – Ax =0

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Wy

 ∑F =0y

Ay – 50 -1000 = 0
Ay = + 1050 kN

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ∑ M A = 0 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
+1000x10 + 50x2 – Bxx5 = 0
+10000 +100 -5Bx = 0
+10100 = 5Bx
 Bx = +10100/5 = +2020 kN

 WAx‫א‬‫א‬Bx 
Bx – Ax = 0
Ax = Bx = +2020 kN

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ax‫א‬‫א‬Ax‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬x‫א‬Ax ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

10 m
2m  ١
Ax
A
C 
Ay

5m

50 kN
1000 
Bx
B 

‫א‬‫ א‬: EF١١ 

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ٩{٣
EF١٢EF١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬

500 kN 
A A
500 kN 

٤٥٠

5m C
5m

C

B B

3m 3m 3m 3m 
EF EF 

١٢

E،،،F١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

100 N 1٥0 N 

A B 
6m
6m 6m 

 EF  


- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    


240 N 1٢0 N 
100 N 
A B 
١٠ m ١٠ m ١٠ m


EF

240 N 
M = +100 kN.m

A B 
١٠ m ١٠ m ١٠ m 

EF


300 kN
250 kN

600 
A B 
٥m ٥m 5m

EF 

١٣



- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬K١٤١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



800 kN

3m


3m 
500 kN

A B

2m ٢m 1m


١٤

- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١٦W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 •
 •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬١{٤
EF ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤
‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF١‫א‬Simple Beam •
‫א‬KE٣F
K‫א‬‫א‬
EF١‫א‬Continuous Beam •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
EF١‫א‬Cantiliver Beam  •
‫א‬KE٣F
K‫א‬‫א‬
EF١‫א‬Overhanging Beam •
‫א‬KE٣F
K‫א‬‫א‬
EF١‫א‬Built-in Beam‫א‬ •
‫א‬٦‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
End-supported Cantiliver Beam •
 EF١‫א‬
‫א‬٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

Compound Beam  •

 EF١EF١‫א‬
hinge 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،roller ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



Simple BeamWEF١ 





Continuous Beam WEF١  




Cantiliver BeamWEF١ 






- ٤٥ -

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    





 ‫א‬WEF١ 
Built-in Beam





 WEF١
End-supported cantiliver Beam 




 ‫א‬ WEF١
Compound Beam composed of cantiliver and simple beam connected by internal hinge 





 WEF١ 
Compound Beam composed of cantiliver and simple beam connected by internal roller


- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤
W‫א‬‫ א‬E١
،EF٢‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF٢‫א‬

W‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
‫א‬
 KEF٢‫א‬

W E٥
 KEF٢‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    


F kN

y
 x


WEF 

w kN/m 



‫א‬WEF

w2 kN/m 
w1 kN/m 



‫א‬WEF


w (kN/m)




WEF 
- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    


M (kN.m)




WEF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٤
‫א‬Kxy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kyx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٤
‫א‬‫ א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬


∑F =0
 x
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ∑Fy =0
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ∑M = 0
 BA‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

W‫א‬‫ א‬E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬O‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Kx‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EEF٣‫א‬A ‫א‬x 
 KEF٣‫א‬OB ‫א‬AO‫א‬F‫א‬
 WVx‫א‬
A‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vx
‫א‬O‫א‬Vx‫א‬ K٣‫א‬
KEF٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WMx ‫א‬
C‫א‬‫א‬ C‫א‬Mx‫א‬
 KO‫א‬‫א‬OB ‫א‬‫א‬AO‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    


y
C
w 
P
x B

A
O

C
x 

WEF٣

P
Vx w 
Mx Mx

A B
O 
RA Vx RB

EF٣

+V 

 

+M


 ‫א‬

‫א‬WEF٣


- ٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W١
 KEF٤‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10 kN 

5m

5m
A B 
C

3m


WEF4

10 kN 
5m 5m 
A B 
C

RA = 5 kN RB = 5 kN 


10 kN

MC MC 
3m 5m
A B 
C
VC 
VC
RA = 5 kN RB = 5 kN 

‫א‬‫א‬WEF4


- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 WAC

 ∑F =0 y
RA – Vc =0 Vc = RA = + 5 kN

 WAC‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬E٢

 ∑M = 0
RA.3 – Mc = 0 Mc = 5x3 = + 15 kN.m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W٢
 KE١FEF٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥‫א‬RA = RB = +5kN W‫א‬١‫א‬

10 kN

a b
5m C 5m
A B

x a
b 
x

RA = 5 kN RB = 5 kN
W٥ 
- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬A‫א‬xCA‫א‬a-a ‫א‬‫א‬
K٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

∑F =0 y
5–V=0
V = 5 kN
 K+5kN٥x‫א‬‫א‬
∑M a = 0 Wa-a‫א‬‫א‬
5.x – M = 0
M = 5x

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kx ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٥m٠xFx

 ٥  ٤  ٣  ٢  ١  ٠ EmFx

 25  20  15  10  ٥  ٠ M‫א‬
kN.m



x
M

V
5 kN

a-a‫א‬‫א‬W٦


- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

‫א‬A‫א‬xBC‫א‬b-b ‫א‬‫א‬
K7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
 ‫א‬
b-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠٥x‫א‬FWb


∑F =0 y
5 – 10 -V = 0
V = -5 kN

 K-5 kN١٠٥x‫א‬‫א‬

 ∑M b =0 Wb-b‫א‬‫א‬

5.x – ١٠.(x – 5) -M = 0
M = 5x -10.x +50 = 50 – 5.x = 5(10 – x)

10 kN 
5m 
M 
x
 V
5 kN

b-b‫א‬‫א‬W7

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kx ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE10 m٥xFx


- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ١٠  ٩  ٨  ٧  ٦  ٥  EmFx

 ٠  ٥  ١٠  ١٥  ٢٠  ٢٥ M‫א‬
kN.m

x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10 kN
 K٨‫א‬
5m C 5m 
A B


5 kN 5 kN



+5 kN ‫א‬ Shear Force 

+ V

- - 5 kN 


‫א‬ 
Bending 
Moment
M 
+


+25 kN.m


‫א‬‫א‬W٨
- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W٢
 K٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = 5x10 = 50 kN
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
RA = RB = 50/2 = +25 kN

 a-a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬9‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬xa-a 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x‫א‬‫א‬ a-a‫א‬x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = 5.x WE١٠F

 KA‫א‬x/2‫א‬

∑F =0 y

25 – 5.x - V = 0
V = 25 – 5x
 xFx‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 10 m ٠
∑M a = 0 Wa-a‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

x
25 . x − 5 x . − M = 0
2
x2
25 x − 5 − M = 0
2
5
M = 25 x − x 2
2
‫א‬‫א‬ Kx ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٠٠xFx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10  9  8  7 6  ٥ ٤  ٣ ٢  ١ ٠  EmFx

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 ‫א‬

kN
 0 22.5 40 52.5 60 62.5 60 52.5 40 22.5 0 M‫א‬
kN.m


x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١١‫א‬‫א‬ K١١‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬x=5 m‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    


a
5 kN/m

A B
x 10 m
a
25 kN 25 kN

W9

5 kN/m

M
x V
25 kN

5.x kN
x/2

M
x
V
25 kN

a-a‫א‬‫א‬W10

- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    


5 kN/m


A B
5m C 5m 
25 kN 25 kN



+25 kN

‫א‬ 
+

- 

- 25 kN


‫א‬ 
0 0


++


Mmax =+62.5 kN.m 

‫א‬‫א‬W١١ 

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧{٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Dr. BeamPro
 K١٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬














 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Dr. BeamPro ‫א‬ :١٢

- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

 W٨{٤
،١٦،١٥،١٤،١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٣،٢٢،،٢١،٢٠،١٩،١٨،١٧
10 kN/m

A
3m
١٣

20 kN 15 kN

3m 5m 3m 
A B
C D 

١٤
10 kN 5 kN
6m 6m
A
12 m 
١٥
10 kN/m

A B
3m C 5m D 3m

١٦
10 kN/m

A
5m 5m

١٧
- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

١٠ kN
٢0 kN/m

A
5m 5m
١٨

20 kN 20 kN
10 kN/m
2m 2m 2m 2m
A B
C 5m D

١٩
10 kN/m 20 kN

A C
B 3 m
5m

٢٠

5 kN/m


A

B
10 m 
٢١

10 kN 5 kN

B C D E
A 
2m 2m 2m 2m 

٢٢

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١١W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 •
 •
 •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬١{٥
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬joint‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥،٤، ٣‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬statically determinate trusses













 ‫א‬W١ 


- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ 






٣ 






PRATT 







ENGLISH HOWE

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ 

- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    




PRATT 






WARREN 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF٤






PRATT 






BAILEY

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ 

- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    







WARREN

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF٥

Determinacy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
K١‫א‬‫א‬joints‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬HE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Z‫א‬

 ‫א‬EFbW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬r
 ‫א‬jointsE‫א‬F‫א‬J

b + r Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑F =0 ∑F =0W‫א‬‫א‬
y x

 Kb + rZ‫א‬2JZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

unstableEF‫א‬  b + r 〈 2J
 statically determinate ‫א‬ b + r = 2J
 EF

F statically indeterminate‫א‬  b + r〉 2J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬


 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ b + r ≤ 2J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Krigid frameEF٦‫א‬
‫א‬ nonrigid frameEF‫א‬
‫א‬EF٦‫א‬B‫א‬
F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬، 
 KD‫א‬B‫א‬C‫א‬AE‫א‬

B
B 
C 


A C A D 
E F EF 

‫א‬‫א‬W٦ 

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 W١
 K٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






٧ 

 W‫א‬
b  ‫א‬٦J‫א‬‫א‬٧‫א‬
 W3 r‫א‬٩
b + r = 9 + 3 = 12
2J = 2x6 = 12
b + r = 2JW‫א‬‫א‬
 KstableEF‫א‬

 W٢
 K٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
J = 5 E‫א‬F‫א‬
b = 6‫א‬
r = 3‫א‬
b+r=6+3=9 W
2J = 2x5 = 10
 b + r 〈 2J W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 KunstableEF‫א‬
٣


٤
٢ 


٥
١ 

٨ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤{٥
 Section Method‫א‬Joints Method‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٩‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Joints Method E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢‫א‬F ٢‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 W١
‫א‬‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kjoints method‫א‬‫א‬٩‫א‬


3 kN 
E F


15 m

A B C D 
20 m 20 m 20 m
12 
9 kN
RA kN RB 

٩ 
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ∑ M D = 0 WD‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬

RA.60 – 9x40 – 3x40 – 12x20 = 0

Rax60 = 720
RA = 720/60 = 12 kN

∑F =0W‫א‬‫א‬
y

RA + RB – 9 – 3 -12 = 0
RA + RB = +24
RB = 24 - RA = 24 – 12 = 12 kN

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 EFA ‫א‬E
‫א‬AE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


FAE

٥ ٣ 
A
FAB

٤

RA = 12 kN 

FAEyFAExFAE ‫א‬
 FAEy = 3/5 FAE  4/5 FAE ZFAEx
 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑F =0
y

RA + FAEy = 0
12 + (3/5)xFAE = 0
FAE = - (5/3)x12 = - 20 kN

‫א‬AE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 WA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑Fx=0
FAB + FAEx = 0
FAB + (4/5)xFAE =0
 FAB = - (4/5)xFAE = -(4/5)x (-20) = +16 kN

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

‫א‬AB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 B‫א‬E


FBE


B
FBC

FBA = 16 kN


٩ kN

  ∑ Fx = 0
FBC – 16 = 0
FBC = + 16 kN Tension
 ∑F =0
y

FBE J 9 = 0
FBE = + 9 kN Tension

 E‫א‬E

3 kN 

٥ E FEF
3 
20 kN 
٤ FEC 
9 kN

∑F =0 y

- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

-9 -3 – (3/5)xFEC + (3/5)x20 = 0
(3/5)xFEC = 12 -12 = 0 kN
FEC = 0

 ∑Fx=0
FEF + (4/5) FEC + (4/5)x20 = 0
FEF = -(4/5)x20 – (4/5)xFEC = - 16 kN Compression

 C‫א‬E

FCF 
FCE = 0 
٥

C 3
FBC FCD 
٤ 
12 kN

 ∑Fx=0
FCD - FBC = 0
 FCD = FBC = + 16 kN Tension


 ∑F =0 y
FCF - 12 = 0
FCF = +12 Tension

 F‫א‬E
F

FEF 
FFD 
12 kN


- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 ∑Fx=0
(4/5) xFFD + FEF = 0
(4/5)xFFD = -FEF = - 16 kN
FFD = - (5/4)x16 = - 20 kN Compression

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬
 K–‫א‬H‫א‬

3 kN 
 W‫א‬
 H

E - 16 kN F

 J
+ 12 kN

0 kN - 20 kN
+ 9 kN

- 20 kN 
A B C D 
+ 16 kN + 16 kN + 16 kN 
12 12
9 kN 12
kN kN
kN


١٠


 Section Method ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 W٢
‫א‬‫א‬CEEF BC‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ksection method‫א‬‫א‬٩‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
CEEFBC‫א‬a-a١١‫א‬K
  K١١‫א‬


3 kN
a 
E F 


B C D
A 

9 kN a 12 
RA kN RB 
١١ 

‫א‬‫א‬a-a ‫א‬
KCEEFBC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٢‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

3 kN 
FEF FEF 
E F

FEC
FEC 15 m 
A B FBC C D 
20 m FBC

12
9 kN
12 kN 12 
kN kN

12

C‫א‬‫א‬a-a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WFEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WC‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ∑MC =0
-FEF x 15 -12x20 =0
FEF = -240/15 = - 16 kN Compression
‫ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد‬E‫א‬‫א‬a-a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
W FBC ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة‬
 ∑ME =0
+12x20 – FBCx15 = 0
FBC = +240/15 = + 16 kN Tension
‫א‬‫א‬a-a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
W FEC ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬
 ∑Fy=0
12 - 9 -3 - (3/5) FEC = 0
 12 - 12 - (3/5) FEC= 0
 FEC= 0
‫א‬EC‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

 ٥{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 Kjoints‫א‬

A

B

5m
C 

D

E 5m F 5m G 5m

10 kN 
13

 K١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
A



B

14

‫א‬‫א‬،١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬joints‫א‬‫א‬



- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

C
20 kN

5m

A B
10 m 10 m

20 kN

١٥

‫א‬‫א‬،١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬joints‫א‬‫א‬

E F


10 m 

D

A
10 m 10 m 10 m
B C 

20 Kn 10 Kn 
١٦

‫א‬‫א‬،١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬joints‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

15 kN

25 kN

A 45 45 45 45 B
5m 5m

10 kN

١٧

 Kjoints‫א‬‫א‬١٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
150 Kn E

2m 
D


4m

150 Kn
A B
C 
120 Kn 
4m 8m 

 ١٨

‫א‬‫א‬cd, Cd, CD, BC, cC‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬‫א‬ section method‫א‬‫א‬١٩‫א‬
 K

- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    


b c d e g

40 m

A H
B C D E G

40 Kn 40 Kn 30 Kn

6x30 = 180 m


١٩


٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ CH, CI, BJ‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬section method‫א‬‫א‬

K 10 kN
10 kN
J 10 kN
I 10 kN
10 m
H
10 kN
G

F
A B C D E
5@5 = 25 m

20

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
 ‫א‬    

K٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AD DB‫א‬‫א‬E٩

A 6m B 50 kN

5m

D
50 kN
C
E
5m

F G

2 3 3 3

٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
K
5 kN 20 kN 5 kN

B C
A

1.6 m

D F
3m E 3m

12 kN

٢٢

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •


K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٨W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٥ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  F‫א‬K١‫א‬
 F  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 N/mm2 N/m2σ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

F

σ =
A
 W
kN/mm2, N/m2, N/mm2 ‫ ﺑـ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :σ
kg, kN , N  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF
m2 , cm2, mm2‫א‬WA

F F

F
σ

 Section a-a-

W١
- ٨٦ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،P = 30 kN‫א‬
 K3cmx2cm‫א‬‫א‬




 W‫א‬
 WA‫א‬
-4
A = 3x 2 = 6 cm2= 6x10 m2

 W30 kN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3
P 30 x10 
σ= = = 5 x10 7 N = 50 N
A 6 x10 − 4 m2 mm2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٦
‫א‬FL0‫א‬
F‫א‬،٢‫א‬∆L E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬ε‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

∆L
ε=
 L0
 W
m , cm, mm‫א‬‫א‬∆L
mm, cm, m ‫א‬‫א‬L0
KEF‫א‬ε

- ٨٧ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    



F F

L0 ∆L 

 ‫א‬W٢

 W٢
30 L0 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬70 kN‫א‬ F10 cm cm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.02 cm

 W‫א‬


70 kN 70 kN
10 cm

30 cm

 ٣
A‫א‬E
π π
A= D2 = (0.1) 2 = 7.85 x10−3 m 2
4 4

F 70 x103
σ= = −3
= 8.92 x106 N 2 = 8.92 MN 2
A 7.85 x10 m m


‫א‬σ‫א‬‫א‬E


- ٨٨ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

F 70 x103
 σ= = −3
= 8.92 x106 N 2 = 8.92 MN 2
A 7.85 x10 m m

‫א‬ε‫א‬E

∆L 0 . 02 x 10 − 2 −3
 ε = = = 0 . 67 x 10
L0 30 x 10 − 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
high-strength ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Ksteel
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬200 N/mm2  ‫א‬٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Hooke
‫א‬‫א‬EElastic modulus (Young’s modulus)‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬

350
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ‬
(Ν/mm2)

300

250 ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر‬

200
σ
‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬

150
Stress

100
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬

50

0
0 .0 5 0 .1

S tra in ε ‫اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4

- ٨٩ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 WE‫א‬
σ
E=
 ε
σ = E.ε
kN/m2 , N/mm2 W‫א‬‫א‬

 E F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF
 ‫א‬WA

 ‫א‬‫א‬WL0
: F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬: ∆L


σ
E=
 ε

 Wεσ

F
σ A = F .L 0
 E = =
ε ∆L ∆ L.A
L0

- ٩٠ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

L0‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
 W



F .L0
∆L =
 E. A


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  
 K٤‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩١ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

 EGpaFE‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٢١٠–١٩٠  ‫א‬

 ٧٩J ٧٠  ‫א‬

 ١١٠J ٩٦  ‫א‬

 ١٤–٠{٧  ‫א‬

 ٣١–١٧  E‫א‬F‫א‬

 ١٣J ١١  ‫א‬


 W٣
Fy yield load‫א‬‫א‬2 cm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Fmax = 150 kN‫א‬= 80 kN
 K٥‫א‬Fb = 70 kN‫א‬

Fmax
150
Load (κΝ)

Fy
80
70
Fb

Elongation


 ‫א‬‫א‬W٥ 

- ٩٢ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K1 cm

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١
A0‫א‬‫א‬
π
 A0 = (0.02) 2 = 0.314 x10 −3 m 2
4

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Fy 80 x103
 σy = = = 254 x10 6 N
m2
A0 0.314 x10 −3
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢

Fmax 150 x103
 σ max = = = 477 x10 6 N
m2
A0 0.314 x10 −3

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
π
 A= (0.01) 2 = 0.0785 x10 −3 m 2
4
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Fb 70 x103
 σb = = = 892 x10 6 N
m2
A 0.0785 x10 −3



- ٩٣ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٦

 ‫א‬ E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٧٦‫א‬shear stress‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

V

τ=
A
 W
N/m2, kg/cm2, N/mm2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬τ
kG, kN, N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
m2, cm2, mm2‫א‬A

 WE٧Fγ‫א‬‫א‬

∆L
 γ =
L
 W
 m, cm, mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W∆L
m, cm, mm ‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬γ

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬



τ = Gγ
- ٩٤ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 W
،‫א‬kN/m2, N/mm2 ‫א‬G
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G‫א‬ 2‫א‬
 W E E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬G


E
 G =
2(1 + υ )

 W
Poisson’s ratio ?‫א‬?ν

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2

 EGpaFG‫א‬  ‫א‬
 80–75  ‫א‬

 30J 26  ‫א‬

 41J 36  ‫א‬




10 kN
10 kN


10 kN 10 kN


 ‫א‬W٦


- ٩٥ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    




‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W٧ 
 ‫א‬٥{٦
 8‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

M
σ= y
I

 W
kG.m , N.m , kN.m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WM
 mm4 , cm4, m4  moment of inertia ‫א‬WI
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬neutal axis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wy 

- ٩٦ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    










 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A ‫א‬٣‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 y
bh3
Ix = 
12
h

hb3
Iy = x
12 b

4 4

πR πD 
Ix = Iy = =
4 64 x
R


D


- ٩٧ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 W
 K٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10 kN 


A  B ١٠ cm

١٠ m
٥ cm 
‫א‬



٩

 W‫א‬

RA = RB = +٥kNZ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
M = 5 x5 = 25kN .m



b.h3 5 x103
I= = = 0.42 x103 cm 4 
12 12

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10
y = h = = 5cm 
2 2
 W‫א‬

- ٩٨ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    


M 25 x10 3 x10 N N
σ = y= x 5 = 2976 = 29 . 76 
I 0 .42 x10 3 cm 2 mm 2


 ٦{٦

،F = 20 kN‫א‬ 2.5 cm‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬E = 70 GN/m2‫א‬
6 cm 40 cm‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،1 MN/m2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E = 200 GN/m2.

6 cm

P
40 cm



6 mm19 mm E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K116 kN
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٩ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

P = 116 kN

19 m m

6 mm



ABC E٤
BC‫א‬50 mmAB‫א‬،P‫א‬
 ‫א‬40 MpaAB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K38 mm
.BC ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬σ‫א‬

C P
A B

13.3 ‫א‬12 mm1m‫א‬ E٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬kN
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.5 mm‫א‬


12 mm
13.3 kN 13.3 kN

 1m

- ١٠٠ -
  C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

q = 6.4 kN/m 3.5 m E٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
(b = 140 mm, h = 240 mmF‫א‬
K‫א‬

q kN/m

240 mm

3.5 m

140 mm



‫א‬q = 60 kN/m 2 m E٧
K‫א‬(b = 50 mm, h = 150 mmF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 c = 500 mm‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬d = 25 mm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

q kN/m

150 mm
B d

c 50 mm 
L=2m 

- ١٠١ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

P ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬= 16 kN
 K‫א‬(b = 100 mm, h = 250 mmF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
5.5 kN/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P P

B C
A D 250 mm

100 mm 
2.5 m
0.5 m 0.5 m 

- ١٠٢ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
Area Moments of Inertia




 
- ١٠٣ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J B
 Areas and Volume




















 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٤ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    


1. Right Angles

c
a

A b C

a
sin A = = cos B
c
b
cos A = = sin B
c
a
tan A = = cot B
b
c
sec A = = cosec B
b
c
 cosec A = = sec B
a
b
cot A = = tan B
a

2. Derived Relationships

a = c sin A = c cos B = b tan A = b cot B = c 2 - b 2

b = c cos A = c sin B = a cot A = a tan B = c 2 - a 2

a a b b
c= = = = = a 2 + b2
sin A cos B sin B cos A

- ١٠٥ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

3. Oblique Triangles

c
a

A C
b

a- Sine Law

a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

b- Cosine Law
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2 bc cos A

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2 ac cos B

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2 ab cos C

4. General Trigonometric Formulas

1 1
sin A = 2 sin A cos A = 1 - cos 2 A = tan A cos A
2 2

1 1
cos A = 2 cos 2 A - 1 = 1 - sin 2 A
2 2

1 1
cos A = cos 2 A - sin 2 A = 1 - sin 2 A
2 2

sin A sin 2A
tan A = = = sec 2 A - 1
cos A 1 + cos 2A

a- Addition and Subtraction Identities

- ١٠٦ -
 C,B,A  ١٠٣  
    

sin (A ± B) = sin A . cos B ± sin B . cos A

cos (A ± B) = cos A . cos B ± sin A . sin B

tan A ± tan B
tan (A ± B) =
1 ± tan A . tan B

1 1
sin A + sin B = 2 sin ( A + B) . sin (A - B)
2 2

1 1
sin A − sin B = 2 cos ( A + B) . sin (A - B)
2 2

1 1
cos A + cos B = 2 cos ( A + B) . cos (A - B)
2 2

1 1
cos A − cos B = 2 sin ( A + B) . sin (A - B)
2 2

b- double-Angle Identities

sin 2A = 2 sin A . cos A

cos 2A = cos 2 A - sin 2 A = 1 - 2 sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A - 1

2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A

c- Half-Angle Identities

A 1 - cos A
sin =
2 2

A 1 + cos A
cos =
2 2

A sin A
tan =
2 1 + cos A

- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٣  
    

 K١٩٩٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KK١
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 ‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٠٠٤٠J ٤J ١٢F١٩٩٩،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KE٠٠٤٠J ٤J ١٢F١٩٩٩،‫א‬

. Engineering Mechanics – Statics, 2nd Edition.٤
By Anthony Bedford and Wallace Fowler, Addison-Wesley, 1999.

 Chapman & Hall, New York, 1986.. Jafar Vossoughi, Statics for Architects,٥

 for Engineers,. Ferdinand P. Beer and E. Russell Johnston, Vector Mechanics٦
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1990.

- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬  ١٠٣  
    

‫א‬ 
١ KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢  Vector‫א‬ ١{١
٢  ‫א‬‫א‬٢{١

٢  ٣{١
 ‫א‬٤{١
٢
 ‫א‬٥{١
٤
 ‫א‬٦{١
٥
Graphical ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{١
٨  Method
٩ Particle‫א‬‫א‬٨{١
١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩{١
١١  ١٠{١

١٣  ………………….………………….. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤  ‫א‬‫ א‬١{٢
١٦  ٢{٢

١٧ Varignon’s Theorem ??٣{٢

 Couple‫א‬‫א‬٤{٢
٢٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥K٢
٢٣
 ٦{٢
٢٥
٢٧  .………………….. KKK……K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨  ١{٣
٢٨ Hinge Support ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣
 ‫א‬  ١٠٣  
    

٢٩ Fixed or Cantiliver Support ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣

٢٩ Equilibrium Conditions‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٣
٣٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٣
٣١
Free-Body Diagram‫א‬‫א‬٨{٣
٣٣
 ٩{٣
٣٩
٤٣  KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤  ‫א‬١{٤
٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤
٤٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤
٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٤

٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٤

٥٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٤
٦١
 ٨{٤
٦٢
٦٥  KK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦٦  ‫א‬١{٥
٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٥
٦٩  Determinacy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤{٥
٧٢  Joints Method E‫א‬F‫א‬E١
٧٧  Section Method ‫א‬E٢
٨٠  ٥{٥
٨٥  K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٣  
    

٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٦
٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٦
٨٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٦
٩٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٦
٩٦  ‫א‬٥{٦
٩٩  ٦{٦
٩٩
١٠٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WA
١٠٤ KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WB
١٠٨  KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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