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Table of Contents:

*BATTERY INGESTION WARNING​…….………………………...………….5

*Introduction / Overview​……………………….………………………………6-8
1)Analog hearing aids…………………………………………..………….6
2) Programmable hearing aids………………………………..…………...6
3) Digital hearing aids………………………………………....…………6-7
4) Cochlear Implants……………………………………………………….7
5) Assistive technologies……………………………………………………8

*Hearing Aids………………………………………………………………….9-29
1) Types of Hearing Aids……………………………………………….9-13
A) Behind the ear………………………………………………………………….​9
B) Open canal / Open fit behind the ear…………………………………………​10
C) In the ear……………………………………………………………………...​10
D) In the Canal…………………………………………………………………​...11
E) Completely in the canal……………………………………………………….​11
F) Lyric / Invisible in the canal………………………...…………………….​11-12
G) Traditional bone conduction………………………………………………….​12
H) Eyeglass……………………………………………………………………....​12
I) Body worn……………………………………………………………………​..13
2) Surgically Implanted Bone Conduction Hearing Aids…………...14-16
A) Bone Conducted Hearing Aids…………………………………………....​14-15
B) Ponto Hearing Implant…………………………………………………….​15-16
3) Major Parts of a Hearing Aid……………………………………...17-18
A)Microphone…………………………………………………………………...​17
B)Amplifier……………………………………………………………………....​17

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C) Receiver…………………………………………………………………...….​17
D) Earhook…………………………………………………………………….....​18
E) Battery Compartment………………………………………………………....​18
F) User Controls………………………………………………………………….​18
4) Maintenance and Care of Hearing Aids…………………………..19-21
A)Earmold………………………………………………………………………..​19
B) Hearing Aid…………………………………………………………………...​20
C) Battery………………………………………………………………………...​20
D) Tubing……………………………………………………………….………..​20
5) Listening Check Procedure…………………………………………....22
6) Hearing Aid Survival Kit……………………………………………...23
7) Troubleshooting Malfunctioning Amplification Systems…...…...24-25
8) “Big Six” Hearing Aid Manufacturers…………………………....26-27
9) Hearing Aid Features……………………………………………....28-29
A) Volume Control……………..………………………………………………..​28
B)Telecoil………………………………………………………………………..​28
C) Multiple Microphone Directionality………………………………………….​28
D) Compression………………………………………………………………….​28
E) Clipping…………………………………………………………………….....​29
F) Direct Audio Input…………………………………………………………….​29
G) Booted or Integrated FM……………………………………………………..​29
H) Frequency Shifting…………………………………………………………....​29
I) Remote Control………………………………………………………………..​29

*Speech Banana​………………………………………………………………30-31

*Implants​……………………………………………………………………...32-39

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1)Cochlear Implants…………………………………………………..32-34
A) Candidacy…………………………………………………………………….​32
B) How the Cochlear Implant Works………………...……………………….....​32
C) Cochlear Implant Manufacturers……………………………………………..​33
D) Major Parts of the Cochlear Implant………………………………………....​34
2) Other Implants……………………………………………………...35-39
A)Middle Ear Implant……………………………………………………......​35-36
B) Auditory Brainstem Implant……………………………………………....​36-38
C) Auditory Midbrain Implant……………………………………………….​38-39

*Assistive Hearing / Listening Technology​…………………...…………….40-44


1) Types of Assistive Hearing / Listening Technologies……………..40-41
A) Frequency Modulation System……………………………………………….​40
B) Infrared………………………………………………………………………..​40
C) Hard Wired…………………………………………………………………....​41
D) Teleloops……………………………………………………………………...​41
E) Bluetooth Technologies……………………...……………………………….​41

2) Manufacturers of Assistive Hearing / Listening Technologies….......42


3) Alerting Devices…………………………………………………….43-44
A) Telephone……………………………………………………...……………..​43
B) Door Alerts…………………………………………………………………....​43
C) Baby Alerts…………………………………………………………………...​43
D) Alarm Clocks…………………………………………………………………​43
E) Smoke, Fire, Carbon Monoxide Detector………………………………….....​44
4) Where You Can Find Alerting Devices……………………………….44

*Communication​……………………………………………………………..45-49

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1) Tips for speaking with hearing impaired individuals………...….45-46
2) NYS Deaf Relay………………………………………………………...47
3) Suggestions for working with hearing impaired children in the
regular classroom……………………………………………………...48-49

*References…………………………………………………………………...50-54

*Lesson Plans………………………………………………………………...

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BATTERY WARNING

IF YOUR CHILD OR A LOVED ONE SWALLOWS A HEARING AID


BATTERY, YOU SHOULD IMMEDIATELY CALL:

800-498-8666
● Steps to follow:
○ Call the national hotline, found at poison.org.
○ If available, provide the battery identification number provided
on the package or on a matching battery
○ X-RAY might be critical to be obtained immediately to make sure
the battery has passed through the esophagus
○ Do not induce vomiting, eat, or drink until the x-ray is performed.
○ Watch for a fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, or blood in the
stools.

● Swallowed batteries can burn a hole through the esophagus in as little


as 2 hours, and lead to severe damage to an individual’s health, or even
be life threatening.
● Tips for Protection:
○ Store batteries out of sight, and reach of children
○ Wrap used batteries, and securely discard them in a safe spot
○ Make sure the battery lock is activated on a child-resistant battery
compartment when being worn
○ Alert family members, friends of the risks if they are around
○ Never put batteries in the mouth
○ Avoid storing batteries where they may be mistaken as pills, or food
○ It is also important that if they get stuck in the ears or nose, to follow the
same procedure
● The hotline number can be found as well at the bottom of every page in

this manual ​ ↘
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*Introduction/ Overview:

1) Analog hearing aid


● Simply convert acoustic energy
to electrical energy, which is
amplified, and then converted
back to acoustic energy.
● Settings and sounds are
processed via analog technology
● Amplify all sounds that enter into the microphone;
not great at increasing the signal to noise ratio
● Tend to be the biggest hearing aids on the market
● Typically less expensive and have simple volume controls

2) Programmable hearing aid


● Acoustic energy is converted to electrical energy then becomes amplified. Sound is
digitally modified (filtered and enhances) and changed back into acoustic energy in a
bigger form.
● Programmable hearing aids are amplifiers that use digital technologies.
● These hearing aids can be modified specifically for each individual’s hearing loss.
● There are programmes that the user can use that are tailored for specific learning
environments such as a quiet environment, noisy environment, theater situations, etc.
● There may be a button on the hearing aid that changes the channel or some form of a
remote may be used.

3) Digital hearing aid


● Convert acoustic energy into numerical code (similar to computer code), which is
amplified, and then converted back to acoustic energy.
● Settings and sounds are processed digitally

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● The code can be manipulated by the
hearing aid to sort out background
noise and increase the amplification of
the signal.
● The code includes information such as
the direction that the sound is coming
from, the pitch, and the loudness of the sound.
● Easy to adjust according to the type of listening environment the hearing aid user is in.
Most digital hearing aids will adjust automatically. Digital hearing aids can be
customized to the individual’s specific hearing needs.
● Digital hearing aids increase the signal to noise ratio much more than analog hearing
aids.
● Digital hearing aids are typically the smallest and most powerful hearing aids. These type
of hearing aids tend to be the most expensive.

4) Cochlear implant
● A cochlear implant is an electronic medical device that
replaces the function of the damaged inner ear. Unlike
hearing aids, which make sounds louder, cochlear implants
do the work of damaged cochlear and inner eat to provide
acoustic signals to the brain.
● Cochlear implants bypass the outer, middle, and inner ear and
directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
● Cochlear implants must be surgically inserted. There is an external
part and an internal part that is inserted during surgery.
● Certain individuals are better cochlear implant candidates than
others.
● Most people wear two cochlear implants because this helps make
identifying the direction that sound is coming from much easier.

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5) Assistive technology / Assistive Devices
● Assistive technology / devices is an umbrella term that is used to describe any ​device,
software or equipment that helps people with disabilities work around challenges so they
can learn, communicate and simply function better.
● Assistive technologies for individuals with hearing impairments include assistive
listening devices, augmentative and alternative communication devices, and alerting
devices.
● These devices help individuals with hearing
loss function more typically and easily. Also,
they help people hear and understand what is
occuring around them with more ease.
● These are devices that can help you hear in
loud or busy places. Some devices even let
you see or read messages.
● These devices can be used with or without
hearing aids or cochlear implants.

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*Hearing Aids:
Goal of hearing aids is to 1) make soft sounds audible, 2) make normal conversational speech
comfortable, and 3) make loud sounds loud (but not uncomfortable).
O= OFF
T= Telecoil
M= Microphone / ON
T&M= Telecoil & Microphone

1) Different Types of Hearing Aids:


A) Behind the ear hearing aids (BTE)

● Most of the parts of the hearing aid are found in a small plastic
case that sits behind the ear
● Most common hearing aid worn by children because of durability and
ability to replace earmold when the child grows
● This larger hearing aid has larger amplifiers and receivers which helps
compensate for severe to profound hearing loss
● This style hearing aid is the biggest so it is the least likely to get lost.
It also holds its battery the longest since it is larger.
● Best for mild to profound hearing loss

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B) Open canal / open fit BTE

● Also called receiver in the canal (RIC) hearing aid


● A thin invisible wire connects the hearing aid that
sits behind the ear to the receiver which is found in
the ear canal
● No occlusion effect because the ear canal is open so
sound can enter and exit. The user experiences a
much more natural listening experience.
○ Background noises are typically heard naturally and speech and
important signals are heard through the hearing aid.
● Since it is an open fit style, there is more of a risk that sound will enter back into the
microphone and create feedback.
● Increased comfort and cosmetic appeal
● Best for mild to moderate hearing loss

C) In the ear (ITE)

● All of the hearing aid components are found in a case


that fills just the outer portion of the ear
● There are two types: one fills the entire bottom half of
the ear and one fills only part of the bottom half of the
ear
● ITE are easier to manipulate than some of the smaller hearing aids
● These are not the best hearing aids for children because children’s ears grow and ITE
hearing aids do not allow for easy adjustments for a growing ear.
● Best for mild to severe hearing loss

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D) In the canal (ITC)

● All of the hearing aid components are found in the ear


canal
● ITC hearing aids are less visible than BTE’s but still can
be seen. They are often made to match the skin color of
the patient.
● These hearing aids are custom fit for the patient which
requires an impression process.
● ITC hearing aids are more susceptible to clogging due to wax and it can be much more
difficult to operate the controls as compared to a BTE hearing aid.
● Best for mild to moderate hearing loss

E) Completely in the canal (CIC)

● All of the hearing aid components are found completely in


the ear canal
● A mold of the patient’s ear canal is taken in order to create a
custom fit CIC hearing aid.
● These are the most discreet hearing aids. The color of the
hearing aid can be matched to the color of the patient’s skin
in order to hide the hearing aid even more.
● A clear wire is attached to the hearing aid to aid in the removal process
● May lead to the
occlusion effect
because the ear canal is
completely plugged.
● Best for mild to
moderate hearing loss

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F) Lyric/Invisible in the Canal (IIC)

● IIC hearing aid sits deep in the ear canal


● This is the only hearing aid on the market that is 100% invisible
● The users natural resonance is preserved because the hearing aid sits
so close to the eardrum.
● This hearing aid can be worn 24/7 for extended periods of time (even
in the shower)

G) Traditional bone conduction aid

● Bypasses the middle ear and directly stimulates the cochlea.


● Great for individuals with conductive hearing loss
● Used if individual has no ear, a middle ear problem that cannot be
fixed, or chronic ear drainage
● Typically held in place by a headband. Users often experience
some skin irritation as the hearing aid must be firmly pressed
against the mastoid bone. This is one of the disadvantages of traditional
bone conduction hearing aids.

H) Eyeglass Hearing Aid

● Eyeglass hearing aids are bone conduction hearing aids that are
attached to eyeglasses.
● Some believe that it offers a cosmetic solution to hearing aids.
However, often times the frame of the glasses is quite large.
● A disadvantage of the eyeglass hearing aids is that if either the glasses
or hearing aid needs to go in for a repair, the user will lose both the
glasses and the hearing aids. They are a connected system and cannot be separated.
● This type of hearing aid is not very popular anymore and must be custom made which
can be very expensive.

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I) Body-worn Hearing Aid

● User wears a small box, containing all of the electrical components, a microphone that is
clipped to clothing, and a pair of earphones. The earphones deliver
the amplified sound that was picked up by the body worn
microphone directly to the ear.
● Body worn hearing aids are not very popular anymore despite their
strong amplification abilities.
● Body worn hearing aids have large controls that are easy to manipulate.
● Some disadvantages include the size of the hearing aid, body baffle, and
inability for true binaural hearing.
● Best for individuals with severe to profound hearing loss

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2) Surgically Implanted Bone Conduction Hearing Aids

A) Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)


● This type of hearing aid stimulates the cochlea by transmitting sound waves through the
bones in our ear, bypassing the outer and middle ear, also known as bone conduction.
● Once the cochlea receives these signals, they are converted to neural signals then
transferred to the brain and perceived as sound.

● Who benefits from a BAHA?


○ One ear must have a cochlea that can hear at a moderate level or better.
○ A patient with chronic middle ear conditions, outer ear problems, or an ear with
congenital defects.
○ This also could help a patient with “single
sided deafness”, where they have lost
almost all hearing in one ear.
○ BAHA’s are typically only approved for
patients over the age of ​5 years​.

● Parts of a BAHA
○ A titanium implant is placed on the skull bone behind the non-functioning ear.
○ An abutment connects a sound processor with the implant in the bone, which
creates direct bone conduction.
○ Following the minor surgery at about two months, and six for children, the
implant will have osseo integrated with the bone. This allows the sound processor
to be directly attached to the abutment.

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● Long Term Effects
○ Sounds can be heard more clearly, and naturally.
○ A patient can test the BAHA prior to the surgery.
○ This implant has well documented results, and has been reported comfortable.
○ It does not harm residual hearing, or compromise the hearing nerve sensitivity.
○ Many insurance companies will pay for the procedure itself.

←The Sound Processor

B) Ponto Hearing Implant

● What is the Ponto?


○ This osseointegrated hearing implant is a titanium fixture that includes an
abutment which is implanted behind the external ear, and used with an external
bone conduction processor.
○ The sound processor can be worn, or taken off at any time.
○ Most bone-conductors are transcutaneous, however the Ponto works
percutaneously (through the skin).
○ This is the newest to be introduced that can help treat mixed and conductive
losses, along with single sided deafness.

● How is this different from the BAHA implant?


○ This implant uses a surround type coupler, rather than a snap coupler.

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○ It has an optional angled abutment available to permit angling of the sound
processor up to 10 degrees.
○ The device contains a side push button, rather than a dial or tab button controls.
○ The abutments can incorporate both Ponto sound processors, and BAHA sound
processors, and have a variety of programmable features.

● Candidacy
○ Recommended for patients above 5 years of age.
○ Individuals presenting with conductive hearing loss in one or both ears, mixed
conductive- sensorineural hearing loss, and also having bone thresholds better
than 45 dB.
○ Someone who has a congenital ear canal absence (congenital atresia), or single
sided deafness.

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3) Major Parts of a Hearing Aid
A) Microphone
○ The microphone picks up sounds in the environment, converts them to electrical
signals that can be understood by the sound
processor, and can differentiate between sounds
like speech, and background noise.
○ Directional: Mostly picks up sounds from the front
of the wearer, which can be helpful in a noisy
environment.
○ Omnidirectional: This microphone picks up sounds
from all directions, which gives you a better sense
of where the sounds come from. (Most hearing aids have both)
They also include modes that are based off of a situation you might be wearing
you hearing aids in.

B) Amplifier
○ Between the microphone, and the receiver, the amplifier increases the amplitude
or strength of the electrical signals.
○ The amplifier then sends the signals
through a speaker to the receiver for
further processing.

C) Receiver
○ The receiver is essentially the last station where signals go.
○ It gathers electrical signals delivered by the amplifier, and
converts them back into acoustic energy, or sound. This
○ energy is sent to the inner ear and finally the brain is finally able
to process the sounds as speech.

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D) Earhook (Behind the ear or BTE)
○ The earhook on a BTE hearing aid hooks over the outside of
the ear.
○ The hook connects the microphone, and amplifier casing to
the tubing and ear mold that fits inside the ear canal.
○ The hook should fit snugly, and should be secured to the
casing/tubing.

E) Battery Compartment
○ In most hearing aids, the battery compartment is located close
to the on and off switch on the casing behind the ear.
○ The batteries are recommended to be removed, and the
compartment left open at night to allow moisture to escape.
(Most last 5-14 days)

F) User Controls
○ On/ Off switch: In a BTE hearing aid, this is located on the casing
that fits behind the ear.
■ A user can control this function and if they are on the
phone will commonly select T, and when engaging in the
conversations around them, M.
■ O= off, T= Telecoil, M=Microphone
○ Volume Control: This control is normally located above the on
and off switch. The typical volume level is 2- 2.5. If someone is
using at a level above 4, the hearing aid is not appropriate for the
user.

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4) Maintenance and care of a hearing aid
Maintenance and care of a hearing aid falls under the scope of practice of SLPs. The better care
you take of your hearing aid, the longer it will last you. It is important to develop a daily
cleaning routine for your hearing aids Different parts of a hearing aid can be cleaned in different
ways:

A) Earmold
○ A wax loop can be used to remove any dirt or wax
that has built up
○ Once the ear mold is removed from the hearing aid, it
may be soaked in soapy water
■ Cleaning tablets are available that contain an
antibacterial element that helps kill off germs. This is mostly used after an
ear infection to ensure a completely germ free ear mold.
○ Ensure that the ear mold is completely dry before inserting the hearing aids into
the ear
■ Never use a hair dryer to dry hearing aids.
○ A visual inspection of the ear mold should be done daily to make sure there are no
cracks or wax in the holes
○ For RIC and ITE hearing aids that do not have an ear mold but rather a receiver
that goes down into the canal, there are wax guards and wax filters that are
designed to protect receivers from wax and debris.
■ Wax filters and wax guards need to be changed on a need basis; everyone
produces a different amount of wax so change yours when it is
appropriate.
■ RIC and ITE hearing aids need to be cleaned daily with special attention
because the receiver lies in the ear canal where wax tends to build up. A
build up of wax on the receiver may cause the hearing aid to not function
normally.

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B) Hearing aid
○ Can be wiped with a dry/damp soft cloth
○ Cleaning solutions are never to be used on hearing aids as
they can lead to deterioration and discoloration
○ Every night, the batteries should be removed from the
hearing aid, and the hearing aid should be placed into a dry aid
kit. This ensures that there is no moisture in the hearing aids.
■ There are electronic hearing aid dryers that you can
purchase instead of a dry aid kit. Some electronic
dryers use drying tablets and some do not. Some
disinfect hearing aids using UV light and some do not.
Widex developed an electronic hearing aid dryer that is
called “Dry N Go” that is a portable cleaning
technology.
○ Visual inspections should be completely daily to ensure there are no cracks in the
casing, ease of control movement, and make sure the hearing aid is clean.

C) Battery
○ The batteries should be replaced regularly. Use a battery checker every morning
to check the status of the batteries in the hearing aid.
○ A visual inspection can be done to look for dirt, rust,
or corrosion on the inside of the battery
compartment

D) Tubing
○ A visual inspection of the tubing of a hearing aid should be done daily to make
sure there are no cracks or twists. Also the tubing should be clear and flexible not
discolored and excessively hard.

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● Hearing aids should be turned off (O) when not being used
● Hearing aids should be checked by Audiologists annually
● Avoid contact with hairspray and mineral makeups as the fine
mist may clog the microphone or controls
● Store hearing aids in their protective case or in a dry aid kit at
night that is away from pets, children, and extreme
temperatures

● Hearing aid cleaning devices are available, such as D-Dry by Phonak, that use UV light
to clean hearing aids
○ UV light reduces the accumulation of germs and protects against a buildup of
moisture
● It is important that young children are taught to care for their hearing
aids as soon as they are old enough to do so. Children need to be
included in the daily maintenance and cleaning of their hearing aid so
they learn how to properly care for them. This helps teach children a
sense of responsibility.

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5) Listening Check Procedure

In order to​ e​ nsure that a Hearing Aid or Cochlear Implant is working properly, there are steps to
take to confirm proper function. An audiologist typically performs an auditory test that includes
6 sounds, otherwise known as the “Ling Test”. The 6 sounds that are chosen are based off of the
varying frequencies that are present in everyday speech.

● The presenter should sit at a distance around 3 feet ahead of the client.

● The presenter’s mouth should not be visible, as the client may be able to discriminate the

sounds based off of reading their lips, hindering their actual ability to detect the sound.

● The sounds, “ah”, “ee”, “oo”, “sh”, “s”, and “m” are presented in a varying order.

● The audiologist will have the child perform a specific activity such as toss a block into a

bucket when they hear the sound.

● The next step is discrimination. This is where

the client must determine whether the sounds

heard were the same or different.

● The final step is identification. The listener

must repeat the sound that was heard. If the

client is a child, they can point to a picture of

the sound.

● If all of these components are within normal limits, then you can

conclude that there are no issues within the hardware of the devices.

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6. Hearing Aid “Survival Kit”
Every SLP should have a “hearing aid survival kit” in their therapy room. A hearing aid survival
kit may solve some hearing aid problems and help therapy run more smoothly. The following
items should be included in the survival kit:

A) Hearing aid batteries​ (of all sizes 675 & 13


especially)

B) Tubing dryer​ (suck moisture out of tubing)

C) Wax loop​ (to clean wax out of the ear


mold & hearing aid)

D) Hearing aid stethoscope

E) Battery tester

F) Dry aid kit​ (remove any moisture that is in


the hearing aid)

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7. Troubleshooting Malfunctioning Amplification Systems

● Is your hearing aid not producing any sound?


○ Visually examine the hearing aid. Is there ear wax blocking
the microphone opening? If so clear away the debris.
○ Make sure your hearing aid is turned on (M)
○ Make sure the battery door is secure, that the batteries are in
properly, and that the batteries are not dead
○ Turn up the volume control with your remote control or dial
○ Try to change settings if you have access to the programming
○ Replace the battery or test the voltage with a hearing aid battery
Tester (can buy for under $10 online)
○ Contact your Audiologist if you think the hearing aid is damaged

● Is your hearing aid weaker than usual?


○ Visually examine the microphone for ear wax, and the tubing for cracks,
blockages or moisture
○ Turn up the volume with the remote control, or volume wheel; adjust the volume
up and down to make sure the volume changes
○ Check tubing for cracks, fraying, and moisture
○ Check to see that there isn’t any wax clogging the ear mold
○ Try a different program, it may have been switched on accident
○ Consider if your hearing has changed, and you may need to schedule a hearing
test with your hearing professional

● Does the sound come off as distorted/scratchy/staticy?


○ Visually examine the batteries and replace if corroded
○ Inspect the battery contacts (metal prongs that connect with the battery when the
door is closed)

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■ If corroded open and close the compartment, replace the battery and see if
this helps
○ Flick the on/off switch to remove any built up dirt
○ Check the tubing and replace it if it is bent, cracked, or frayed
○ Use a dry aid kit if you have been sweating or around moisture
○ Try another program as stated above
○ If you think the aids have been damaged, contact your hearing professional

● Are your hearing aids producing a whistle or feedback?


○ First, remove them and re-insert to see if they were not in the ear properly
○ Turn down the volume to see if sound was leaking out
■ you might have to have the fit adjusted
○ If you think your ear canal is blocked with wax, see a healthcare professional to
have them cleaned
■ Sound can bounce off a blockage and leak out of the aid
○ If you have recently lost weight, you may need to have the size adjusted, or have
the earmold and hearing aid remade
○ If the hearing aid is still whistling, take of pieces of the hearing aid starting with
the ear mold to try to determine where the problem is

● Your hearing care professional can assist you with the process of any of
the above problems

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8. Big Six Hearing Aid Manufacturers
The “Big 6 Six” control 98% of the global market for hearing aids. The following is a list of the
“Big Six” along with contact information:

A) 1. Sonova (Brand: Phonak)


● www.sonova.com/en
● www.phonak.com
■ Address: 4520 Weaver Parkway,
Warrenville, IL 60555
■ Email:​info@phonak.com
■ Phone: General inquiries / product
troubleshooting: 1-800-679-4871
■ Phone: Comprehensive service plans: 888-777-7316
■ Hearing aids available: RIC, BTE, IIC, ITE, ITC, CIC, rechargeable RIC,
super power BTE, & lyric

B) 2. William Demant (Brands: Oticon, Bernafon)


● www.demant.com
■ Address: Demant A/S Kongebakken 9, 2765
Smørum, Denmark
■ Phone: +45 3917 7300
● www.oticon.com
■ Address: 580 Howard Avenue, Somerset, NJ
08873
■ Email: peoplefirst@oticonusa.com
■ Hearing aids available: RIC, BTE, & IIC
● www.bernafon.com
■ Address: 2501 Cottontail Lane, Somerset, NJ 08873
■ Email: ​info@bernafon-us.com
■ Hearing aids available: BTE, RIC, & ITE

C) 3. Sivantos (Brands: Signia & Rexton)


● www.sivantos.com
■ Phone: +49 152 02874320
■ Email: ​gert.vansanten@sivantos.com
● www.signiausa.com
■ Online form to fill out for help
■ Hearing aids available: ITE, ITC, RIC, & CIC
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● www.rexton.com
■ Online form to fill out for help
■ Hearing aids available: RIC, ITC, CIC, BTE, & IIC

D) 4. GN Store Nord (Brand: ReSound)


● www.gn.com
■ Address: Lautrupbjerg 7 2750 Ballerup, Denmark, +45
34 75 00 00
■ Email: ​info@gn.com
● www.resound.com
■ Address: 8001 E Bloomington Freeway, Bloomington,
MN 55420
■ Phone & Email for Consumers: (888) 735-4327
consumerhelp@gnresound.com
■ Phone & Email for Hearing Care Professionals: (800) 248-4327
gnresound@gnresound.com
■ Phone Technical Support: (800) 248-4327
■ Hearing aids available: RIC, BTE, ITE, ITC, & CIC

E) 5. Starkey Technologies (Brand: Starkey)


● www.starkey.com
■ Address: 6700 Washington Avenue S., Eden
Prairie, MN 55344-3476
■ Phone: (888) 782-7075
■ Hearing aids available: RIC, CIC, BTE, ITC, &
ITE

F) 6. Widex (Brand: Widex)


● www.widex.com
■ Phone: (844) 497-8844
■ Online form to fill out for help
■ Hearing aids available: ITE, CIC, CIC-MICRO,
BTE, & IIC

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9. Hearing aid features

A) Volume Control
● Most hearing aids have a volume control that can be found directly on the hearing
aid or adjusted with a remote control. It is very useful for the user to be able to
adjust the volume of the hearing aid.
● The volume control can be in the form of a wheel, button, lever, or remote.

B) Telecoil
● The telecoil, also called telephone switch,
allows for an alternate input source. The
telecoil picks up magnetic signals instead
of acoustic energy.
● Magnetic signals are converted into
electrical energy and then into acoustic
energy.
● Magnetic signals can be from telephones, CD, TV, assistive listening
devices, or a loop in a room.
● Telecoils improve the signal to noise ratio.

C) Multiple Microphone Directionality


● Some hearing aids have front and back facing
microphones. This helps the hearing aid focus on the sound
going into the front microphone and diminish sound
coming from the back microphone.

D) Compression
● Some hearing aids have a compression component that helps the amplified sound
from becoming painful when a loud sound is present in the listeners environment.
● Compression helps the individual hear better in quiet situations by increasing
amplification and reduces the amplification of loud sounds in noisy environments.

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E) Clipping
● Clipping eliminates all amplification above a certain input level. This helps sound
from becoming painfully loud to the hearing aid user.
● This may result in the distortion of sound because the hearing aid will not amplify
sounds above a certain decibel level.

F) Direct Audio Input


● Direct audio input is an alternate input source. The hearing aid picks up electrical
energy instead of or in addition to acoustic energy.
● The electrical energy can be from a telephone, TV, radio, or FM system
● Direct audio input improves the signal to noise ratio but is only available for BTE
hearing aids

G) Booted or Integrated FM
● Some hearing aids have FM receivers either in
the form of a boot or integrated in the hearing
aid. The FM receiver can be plugged into the
boot instead of wearing a box on a harness.
● Booted or Integrated FM provides the listener
with a clear signal that can be heard up to
300-400 feet away from the speaker.
● Improves the signal to noise ratio.

H) Frequency Shifting
● Frequency shifting is a feature that lowers the frequencies of sounds that an
individual cannot hear into frequencies that can be heard.
● This feature is best for individuals with steeply sloping hearing loss
configurations.

I) Remote Control
● Some hearing aids, mostly the smaller versions, require the
use of a remote control for adjustments. Remotes can
control the volume, program, and mode that the hearing aid
is in.
● Remote controls can be disguised as watches, phones,
necklaces, etc.

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*Speech Banana

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● 500 Hz:
● Discrimination of duration and loudness can be achieved
● Discrimination of male and female speakers can be achieved
● 1000 Hz:
○ Detection of vowels
○ Identification of consonant manner, contrasts, and suprasegmentals (stress,
intonation)
● 3000 Hz:
○ Identification of all vowels
● 4000 Hz:
○ Identification of consonant place of articulation contrasts

● Everything below the hearing loss configuration can be heard by the individual
● F1: detection of sound
● F2: discrimination of sound

● Visual of the sounds a patient might not be hearing due to the configuration of their
hearing loss

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*Implants:
1) Cochlear Implants
A Cochlear Implant is an electronic device that replaces the function of the damaged inner ear.
They differ from Hearing aids while instead of amplifying that sounds that are not heard, the
implant works to provide sound signals to the brain.

A) Who is a candidate?
● An individual who has moderate to profound
hearing loss in both ears.
● An individual with profound hearing loss in only
one ear.
● Someone who may receive little to no benefit
from a Hearing aid.
● An individual who scores less than 65% on a
sentence recognition test conducted by a hearing
professional.

B) How does the Cochlear Implant work?


● The Cochlear Implant includes a sound processor that is worn behind the ear, or
on the body. This includes a battery that powers the implant. The processor picks
up the sound that is being heard, and turns it into a digital code.
● The digitally- coded sound that is transmitted by the processor through the coil on
the outside of the head to the implant.
● The implant then converts the digitally- coded sound into electric impulses that
are sent along the array of electrodes that are placed in the cochlea, or inner ear.
● The electrodes then stimulate the hearing nerve, and then the impulses are sent to
the brain where they are interpreted as sound.

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C) Cochlear Implant Manufacturers
● Advanced Bionics: Naida CI, Neptune, Harmony ear-level processor, Platinum
Sound Processor (body worn processor), Chorus Sound Processor
○ 28515 Westinghouse PL, Valencia, CA 91355
○ Phone number: 1-866-844-4327
○ Email: ​hear@AdvancedBionics.com
○ https://advancedbionics.com/us/en/home/get-connected.html
● Cochlear Corporation- Nucleus: Nucleus System 6 CP900 Series, Nucleus system
5 CP810, Freedom Sound Processor
○ Cochlear Americas
■ 13059 E.Peakview Avenue Centennial, CO 80111, USA
■ Toll free number: +1-800-523-5798
■ Telephone: +1-303-790-9010
■ https://www.cochlear.com/us
○ Cochlear Headquarters
■ 1 University Avenue, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
■ Telephone: +6-129-428-6555
■ https://www.cochlear.com/
● Med- El: Rondo Speech Processor, Tempo + Speech Processor, Opus Speech
Processor, Sonnet Speech Processor
○ 2645 Meridian Parkway, Suite 100, Durham, North Carolina 27713
○ Phone number: 1-919-572-2222
○ Toll Free: (888) MED-EL-CI (633-3524)
○ Email: ​implants.us@medel.com
○ https://www.medel.com/us/contac​t

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D) Major Parts of a Cochlear Implant

The major parts of a cochlear implant include:


● Microphone
● Processor
● External transmitter
● Internal receiver
● Electrode array

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2) Other Implants

A) Middle Ear Implant: Vibrant Soundbridge


● What is the Soundbridge?
○ This implant directly vibrates bones in the middle ear, and is used in adults 18
years and above.
○ ​This procedure leaves the ear canal completely open, and is the first FDA
approved implantable device for the middle ear to treat Sensorineural loss.

● How does it work?


○ This implant utilizes a technology that
directly drives the ossicular chain, or
middle ear bones by bypassing the ear
canal and the tympanic membrane.
○ It uses mechanical energy to vibrate
the middle ear bones without
altering middle ear structures.
○ The Floating Mass Transducer is
attached to the long process of the
incus bone, and this helps to convert sounds to mechanical energy, which is then
transmitted to auditory ossicles.
○ The external audio processor picks up environment sounds and transmits them
across the skin to the receiver of the implant (vibrating ossicles prosthesis).
○ The signal is then directed to the transducer causing vibrations. The motions of
the bones creates movement of the cochlea and stimulates the hair cells.
○ The hair cells stimulate the auditory nerve, and the brain interprets the vibration
as sound.

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● Candidacy
○ The Soundbridge is for those who currently use hearing aids and experience
occlusion, and feedback.
○ Someone with moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss, and stable hearing
loss.
○ The patient should have normal middle ear function, and a minimum of 50%
speech recognition score under headphones.
○ They should also have realistic expectations, and be motivated.

● Benefits
○ Patients have experienced an ease of communication, reverberation, reduced cues,
reduced background noise, and reduced sound distortion.
○ Many private insurance companies cover the procedure, however Medicaid and
Medicare do not offer coverage at this time.

B) Auditory Brainstem Implant (ABI)


● What is the ABI?
○ An auditory brainstem implant is a
device that is surgically implanted
and provides sound sensation to an
individual with severe hearing loss
relating to the cochlea and auditory
nerve.
○ This bypasses the inner ear and the
auditory nerve, and uses electrodes to
stimulate hearing on the brain stem
directly.

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○ This surgery is more complex and dangerous in comparison to a Cochlear
Implant.

● How does the ABI work?


○ The implant consists of two parts: a processor worn on top of the ear, a receiver
which is implanted under the skin on the side of the head, and an electronic
paddle which is positioned in the cochlear nucleus complex on the brain stem
surface.
○ The processor includes a microphone which picks up surrounding sounds. This
converts sounds to an electronic signal and sends it to the internal implant.
○ The receiver is in the internal part, and the paddle electrodes activate neurons in
the brainstem which creates sound and pitch sensations.

● What can it do?


○ Improve sound awareness, improve the ability to detect all sounds and
differentiate between male and female voices.
○ Increases the ability to comprehend environmental sounds, and improve
someone’s skills with face to face communication.

● Prior to the surgery


○ A complete medical history is gathered, CT and MRI imaging are done,
behavioral testing is utilized, communication evaluations test language
development, and the neuropsychological evaluation is done to examine brain
function levels.

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● After the surgery
○ Activation takes place 4 to 6 weeks after surgery, and programming continues
monthly during the first year

● Who is a candidate?
○ Originally for patients with neurofibromatosis (NF2), where tumors grow along
the auditory nerve, known as acoustic neuromas.
○ Someone born with no functioning auditory nerve in either ear, or an improperly
developed one.
○ A client who is deaf due to an abnormally shaped inner ear, incomplete
development of the cochlea, absence of inner ear structures, overgrowth or
improper bone development in the inner ear.
○ Someone who has an injured inner auditory nerve in result from the temporal
bone fractures.
○ Those who cannot benefit from a cochlear implant, or other hearing aids.

C) Auditory Midbrain Implant (AMI)


This new form of hearing implant is still under clinical trial, however if eventually approved
could represent a new alternative to the current Auditory Brainstem Implant.

● Candidacy Criteria
○ Patients between the ages of 18 and 75
○ A patient who has been diagnosed with Neurofibromatosis Type 2(NF2).
○ Bilateral deafness without a functioning auditory nerve.
○ Someone who is eligible for removal of a tumor, or an existing ABI.
○ Someone receiving no or minimal benefit from a previous ABI.
○ No lesions between the Inferior Colliculus, and Auditory Cortex.
○ Post- Linguistic onset of contralateral severe to profound neural hearing loss.

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● Exclusion
○ Medical, psychological, or neurological conditions that would prevent surgery.
○ Pregnant/ breastfeeding women, allergies to the components, or other serious
diseases that could cause potential danger to a patient.
● What does the AMI do?
○ This device presents electrical stimulation into the Inferior Colliculus (IC),
located in the midbrain region.
○ This includes two shanks with 11 electrodes that are inserted into the IC with
varying pitch layers to stimulate individual temporal pulse patterns.
○ The AMI works to improve hearing capacity with environmental sounds, and the
enhancement of lip reading.
○ HOWEVER, this speech perception is less of a Cochlear Implant capability.

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*Assistive Hearing/Listening Technologies:
1) Types of Assistive Hearing/Listening Technologies
Assistive listening/hearing systems (ALSs) are amplifiers that bring sound directly to the
user’s ear. ALSs help increase the signal to noise ratio. ALSs also allow the individual to
hear the signal louder than everyone else without everyone else hearing the sound louder
themselves. Each ALS has three basic parts: a microphone, a transmission technology,
and some sort of device for receiving the signal and bringing the sound to the ear.
The following is a list of some of the most common Assistive Hearing Technologies:

A) Frequency Modulation System (FM)


● FM systems use radio broadcast technology to bring
sound directly to the user’s ear.
● The user wears a portable receiver and the speaker
wears a microphone. This allows the listener to hear
the speaker directly in his/her ear even though the
speaker is up to 150 feet away.
● FM systems are mobile and flexible because they are worn
on portable body-worn transmitters. The speaker and
listener can move around a room and the system will
still work.
● FM systems cost about $700
● Some FM systems use receivers that can be plugged into
the hearing
● They are often used in schools because of its ability to
increase the signal to noise ratio

B) Infrared
● Utilize light based technology
● The listener must be within direct line of sight of the light beam from the receiver
for maximum effectivity.
● Frequently installed in places of entertainment and for situations where privacy is
needed such as courtrooms or doctors offices. The infrared light does not pass
through walls so there is no risk of others outside the room hearing the
information.
● A major disadvantage of infrared systems is that the signal can be blocked in
someone/something comes between the speaker and the listener. Sunlight also can
cause a blockage of infrared signal.

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C) Hardwired systems
● Hardwired systems require a wire to connect the microphone to the amplifier and
to the receiver. The speaker wears a small microphone that can be clipped onto a
collar and the listener has an amplifier clipped to their shirt or in a pocket. The
listener must also wear a headset to receive the auditory information. The
headsets may be large over the ear earphones or earbuds.
● Hardwired systems increase the signal to noise ratio because the listener hears the
speaker's voice right in his/her ear.
● These devices are relatively inexpensive and are highly durable.

D) Teleloops
● Individuals with telecoils can use teleloops. Telecoils
allow hearing aids to have an alternate input source.
Instead of acoustic energy being the input source,
electrical energy is the input source. Teleloops use an
electromagnetic field to carry the sound from a
speaker’s mouth to the listener’s ear.
● A wire loop, wire mat, or loop that goes around the
entire room is connected to a power source, an
amplifier, and a microphone.
● The user and the speaker can move around (up to 300 ft
apart) without interfering with the signal

E) Bluetooth technologies
● Allow for a hearing aid to be
connected to a phone, speaker, tv, or
computer.
● There is only a short distance that the
hearing aid user can be from the device
that he/she is connected to. However,
there is nothing that can interfere with
the signal.
● A major downfall of bluetooth
technologies is that they do not do broadcast. A person who is using hearing aid
bluetooth connection cannot hear what is going around in the room they are in.
They can only hear what they are directly connected to.

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2) Manufacturers of Assistive Listening Devices
● Assistive Listening Device Systems Inc.
● Centrum Sound
● Global Assistive Devices, Inc.
● Oticon
● Sound Choice Assistive Listening, Inc.
● Widex
● Williams Sound

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3) Alerting Devices
Alerting devices are any devices that helps a person with hearing loss communicate. These
devices often help people hear and understand what is going around them with more ease. They
also help eliminate some of the safety issues that surround hearing loss and give individuals with
hearing loss more independence. Alerting devices can use one or more of the following:
● Visual- flashing light
● Vibrotactile- vibration
● Auditory- increased amplification
The following is a list of some of the most commonly used alerting devices:
A) Telephone
● Visual and vibratory
● Some phone companies offer bracelets that vibrate or light up
when the individual is receiving a call or text message

B) Door alerts
● Visual and vibratory factors
● Can alert you if a window has been opened in your home
● Can be connected to a smartphone

C) Baby alerts
● Transmitters are made to detect a baby’s cry and send it to a
central alerting system to alert the individual that their baby is
crying.

D) Alarm clock
● Alarm clocks that light up and vibrate are
available. Some even have the ability to shake the
bed to wake up the individual with hearing loss.

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E) Smoke, fire, and carbon monoxide detectors
● May be sold as one device that detects smoke, fire, and carbon
monoxide
● Extra amplification, visual, and vibratory aspects
● Some can shake the bed or have components that go under the
individual’s pillow to wake them up in the case of an emergency

4) Where can you find Alerting Devices?


● Many online websites (amazon, ebay, etc)
● www.harriscomm.com
● www.lssproducts.com
● www.hearworldusa.com
● www.maxiaids.com
● www. Enablemart.com
● www.alertus.com
● www.Abledata.acl.gov
● www.Rehabmart.com
● There are some common manufacturers and catalogs such as:
○ Sonic
○ Clarity Alert
○ Bellman
○ Krown
○ Harris Communications
○ LS & S
○ Hear World Communications

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*Communication:
1) Communication tips for speaking with hearing impaired
individuals
● The following are tips to use to allow for effective communication:
○ Find out how the child communicates
■ Some children use sign language, some use verbal language, and some use
sign and verbal language
■ If the child uses sign language, ask if they need an interpreter
○ Always face the person when you are talking to them
○ Get the child’s attention
○ Position yourself 3-6ft away from one another
■ Do not speak to the person from another room
○ Make sure the conversation is
taking place in adequate lighting
and in an appropriate level of
background noise
○ Use facial expressions and gestures
to enhance meaning
■ Using visual cues can help
increase comprehension
○ Speak clearly but naturally
○ Make sure the speaker is using
proper articulation but avoiding
over articulating
○ Avoid talking too fast
○ Avoid using unnecessarily complex
sentences
○ Make sure you are speaking at an appropriate volume
○ Speak one person at a time

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■ Group conversations are difficult for children with hearing loss to
understand
○ Keep your hands away from your face while talking
○ If the individual is having a hard time understanding the message, rephrase the
sentence instead of repeating it
○ Set the context to help the listener to better understand the conversation
○ Always provide the individual with a response
○ If the conversation is taking place in an environment that is interfering with the
comprehension of the conversation, move to a quieter environment
○ Never give up
■ If the child with hearing loss is not understanding the message, find
another way to communicate it to them

2)​ ​NYS Deaf Relay

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● This service is a state wide service which connects telephone users with people who are:

deaf, hard of hearing, deaf- blind, speech disabled, or late deafened people who use text

telephones, or voice carry-over phones.

● These calls can be made 24 hours a day without restrictions on the number, length, or

type of phone calls.

● NO RECORDS ARE MAINTAINED, CONFIDENTIAL.

● Steps to follow:

○ Dial ​711, ​or Toll-Free #: ​1-800-421-1220

○ Give the operator the phone number of the person you are calling

○ The operator will connect you, and assist with communication

○ This number can be found at ​www.nyrelay.com

● Benefits of Relay Services

○ Store/ refer back to frequently dialed numbers

○ Utilize multiple technologies

○ Retrieve voicemails

○ The services are monitored to ensure high quality satisfaction.

3) Suggestions for working with a hearing impaired child in


the regular classroom

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While working with a child who is hearing impaired it is important that every member of the
team understands how crucial the child’s environment is to proper language development and
academic success
● Work closely with the child’s audiologist
○ Although time is minimum, they can be helpful for test ideas to determine how a
child is perceiving sound input at different distances
○ It is important to know which classroom behaviors are impacted by improved
hearing and malfunction of hearing equipment

● Consult the district’s teacher of the hearing impaired frequently


○ They understand the strategies behind teaching in the academic setting
○ They may have advice for 1:1, group therapy, and in class therapy sessions
○ They also can teach you how to troubleshoot equipment and how to hook up
certain devices such as an FM boot

● Record in depth observations


○ This can help determine if progress is being made in all areas, not only what an
IEP may show
○ These can include: improved social skills, responses to noises, and even changes
during class lessons
○ This can assist an audiologist in mapping a cochlear implant to ensure maximum
learning, as parents do not know what goes on during a school day

● Make sure the classroom teacher is kept in the loop


○ Show ways of modifying the classroom
○ Visiting the classroom frequently can help address difficulties that may be
interfering with the child’s learning
○ Instructional language techniques, and proper amplification are things the teacher
must be educated about as well

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● Speech services should be delivered in a room that has guaranteed safety
○ Should be enough furniture to accommodate the SLP, teachers, and child
○ Acoustic levels should meet the standard noise and reverberation criteria proposed
by ANSI
○ Air conditioning, ventilation and heating should not exceed 30-35 dBA
○ Instruction should occur away from distracting noise sources
○ Try to avoid fluorescent lighting as it can cause extra noise
○ It is beneficial to cover windows with drapes
○ Using rubber caps or tennis balls on chairs can reduce noise as well
○ Be prepared for emergencies, infection control, and risk management situations

● By thinking outside of the box, and following standard protocols a child


will benefit in the long run from multiple things such as: therapy
sessions, classroom instructions, positive behaviors, and making sure a
child is encouraged

*References:

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Advanced Bionics. (n.d.). Contact Us. Retrieved April 10, 2019, from

https://advancedbionics.com/us/en/home/get-connected.html

“Analog vs. Digital Hearing Aids.” ​Audicus​, 19 Mar. 2015, ​www.audicus.com/the-digital

-edge-analog-​ vs-digital-hearing-aids/.

Assistive Devices for People with Hearing, Voice, Speech, or Language Disorders. (2018, March

16). Retrieved from ​https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/assistive-devices-people-

hearing-voice-speech-or-language-disorders

“Assistive Listening Systems and Devices.” ​National Association of the Deaf,​ 26 Dec. 2016,

​www.nad.org/resources/technology/assistive-listening/assistive-listening

-systems-and-devices/​.

“Assistive Listening Devices (ALDS) – Beginnings.” ​Beginnings RSS,​ ​cbegin.org/assistive-

listening- devices-alds/.

“Bernafon Hearing Aids.” ​Bernafon Hearing Aids​, ​www.bernafon.com/​.

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Center for Devices and Radiological Health. “Hearing Aids - Types of Hearing Aids.” ​U S Food

and Drug Administration Home Page​, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 16 Jan.

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Consumer/ConsumerProducts/HearingAids

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/16379-auditory-brainstem-implant

Cochlear Implants. (2018, June 15). Retrieved from ​https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-

implants

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/au/home/understand/hearing-and-hl/hl-treatments/cochlear-implant

Communicating with People with Hearing Loss. (n.d.). Retrieved from ​https://www.ucsfhealth​.

org/ education/communicating_with_people_with_hearing_loss/

Contact MED-EL. (n.d.). Retrieved April 02, 2019, from https://www.medel.com/us/contact

“Contact Signia USA.” ​Signia Hearing Aids,​ www.signiausa.com/contact/.

Cook, Digby. “‘The Big Six’ Hearing Aid Companies.” ​HEARING LOSS JOURNAL,​ 11 July

2016, www.hearinglossjournal.com/the-big-six-hearing-aid-companies/.

“Daily Care for the Hearing Aid.” ​American Speech-Language-Hearing Association,​ ASHA,

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Duca, M. D. (2013, November 14). Kid Confidential: Tips for Working with Students with

Hearing Impairment in the Schools. ​ASHA Leader Magazine.​ Retrieved April 11, 2019.

Ear Associates. (n.d.). Middle Ear Implants. Retrieved April 10, 2019, from

http://www.earassociates.com/services-middle-ear-surgery-otitis-media-san-jose-ca.html

Ear Center of Greensboro. (2018, September 9). Ponto Hearing Implant - A Direct Bone

Conduction Hearing Implant. Retrieved April 10, 2019, from

http://www.earcentergreensboro.com/hearing-implants/ponto_device.php

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https://www.everydayhearing.com/ling-6-sound-test/

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“GN Group.” ​GN Group​, ​www.gn.com/​.

Hannover Medical School. (2016, December 6). Auditory Midbrain Implant Study. Retrieved

April 11, 2019, from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02984202

“Hearing Aids: The Different Types & How They Work.” ​WebMD​, WebMD, 10 May 2017,

www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/hearing-aids.

“Hearing Aid Types Explained | Retirement Living | 2018.” ​Retirement Living​, 1 Mar. 2019,

www.retirementliving.com/hearing-aid-types-explained​.

Hearing Assistive Technology. Retrieved from ​https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/​hearing-

assistive -technology/

How to speak to someone with a hearing aid. (n.d.). Retrieved from ​https://www.worcsacute.nhs​.

uk/how -to-speak-to-someone-with-a-hearing-aid

Jones, S. (2018, February 13). Alerting devices for the hearing impaired. Retrieved March 21,

2019, from ​https://www.healthyhearing.com/help/assistive-listening-devices/

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