Assignment No.

01 Pakistan Studies
0001-BS-PHY-2019 BS Physics 3rd Semester
Question No. 01
Repercussions of 1965 war
Economy
The 1965 war destroyed Pakistan's economy. After which Pakistan had to take a loan from the IMF to support
its economy. As a result, the Pakistani rupee depreciated significantly. Commodity prices rose. And inflation
rose in Pakistan. Declining exports pushed up inflation. Which increased unemployment. Also, the bulk of the
budget was spent on strengthening Pakistan's defense. Pakistan's economic and defense problems have been
intensified by the war, and only the West can effectively bail the country out, this is particularly true in the
case of military aid. Ayyub may also realize that the only powers capable of applying significant and concrete
pressure upon the Indians over Kashmir are his Western allies. He will therefore probably undertake sufficient
fence-mending in the West to ensure a reasonable level of economic and diplomatic support.
Friendship of Islamic Countries and China
Iran, Indonesia, and especially China gave political support to Pakistan during the war, thus suggesting new
directions in Pakistan that might translate into support for its security concerns. The most important result of
the 1965 war was that Pakistan, in those years, became increasingly dependent on China for its defense needs
and began to reach out to Muslim countries. During this war, countries such as Indonesia, Jordan, and Saudi
Arabia assisted. China has added Pakistan to the 3x infantry division. These parts, mostly equipped with
Chinese products, are called the "Chinese division". It provided about 900 tanks and Mag 19F aircraft.
United State reaction
Pakistan was rudely shocked by the reaction of the United States to the war. Judging the matter to be largely
Pakistan s fault, the United States not only refused to come to Pakistan’s aid under the terms of the Agreement
of Cooperation but issued a statement declaring its neutrality while also cutting off military supplies.
Reaction on ceasefire
The ceasefire was criticized by many Pakistanis who, relying on fabricated official reports and the controlled
Pakistani press, believed that the leadership had surrendered military gains. The protests led to student riots.
Pakistan State's reports had suggested that their military was performing admirably in the war which they
incorrectly blamed as being initiated by India and thus the Tashkent Declaration was seen as having forfeited
the gains.
Politics
Politically, the biggest impact of the 1965 war was the fall of General Ayyub Khan and the rise of Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto. Actually, in 1966 an agreement had been signed between India and Pakistan at Tashkent, which is
called the “Tashkent Agreement”. From Pakistan General Ayyub Khan who was president then, from the
Indian side Lal Bhadur Shastri signed on that agreement. The agreement was that no country will attack each
other in the future. After this agreement, when General Ayyub Khan returned, he has to face a lot of criticism
as he did not talk about the “Kashmir Issue” which was the major cause of war in 1965. The Pakistani people,
especially the students, were incensed. Rallies against General Ayyub began to take place in cities. General
Ayyub Khan's foreign minister has resigned and started a campaign against General Ayyub Khan. When the
situation got out of control, General Ayyub Khan resigned from the presidency. General Yahiya Khan took
charge and became the president of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. He announced to held an election as soon
as possible.
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 Assignment No. 01 Pakistan Studies
International consideration
The conflict has altered the framework of great power relationships with the subcontinent. In the case of
Pakistan, the forces tending to pull Rawalpindi simultaneously in two the West and toward the neutralist East
have intensified, Popular sentiment in Pakistan is running heavily against the ceasefire, largely because as
previously pointed out, government-inspired news coverage of the war left the strong impression that Pakistan
was winning. Pakistanis who were already highly incensed at the US suspension of MAP aid are likely to
blame what they consider to be an untimely cease-fire upon US pressure 0. The second postponement of the
Western aid consortium pledging session may be seen as a bold power play, even among those in the leadership
elite who were aware that a Pakistani victory had become impossible.
Exposure of Pakistan Military
Pakistan's machine has been weakened by the struggle. With the threat' from India as real as ever, Ayyub will
be under great pressure to rebuild his armed forces, Pakistan will almost certainly explore alternatives to the
US MAP support upon which the army and air force are now almost exclusively dependent Ayyub is unlikely
to receive military aid from the Soviet orbit, which gives priority to India, Communist China has little to offer.
In the absence of Western aid, Pakistan will therefore be forced to choose between military impotence and
hard currency purchases. Foreign exchange expenditures for arms will reduce funds needed for Third Plan
economic development programs.
Assessment of loss
Causalities
 3,000 Indian soldiers, 3,800 Pakistani soldiers.

Aircraft Lost
 20 PAF, Pakistan claims India rejected neutral arbitration.

Land Area
 India held 710 Sq. mi (1,800 km2) of Pakistani territory and
 Pakistan held 210 Sq. mi (540 km2) of Indian territory

Conclusion
 Overall, the war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to
the other. Losses were relatively heavy on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800
troops.
 Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would
only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan.

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