Model Engineering College Energy Meter Monitoring Via Power Line Communication

Model Engineering College Energy Meter Monitoring via
Power Line Communication
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Power is the soul of world which is related to electricity and “electricity” is the
word which now rules the world. So, proper and wise utilization of electricity is of
immense importance in the present scenario. Hence, it is necessary to measure power
consumption at all levels- households, industries, offices and other commercial
purposes. Normally, large scale industries consist of various departments like
production, storage, packing, administration, transportation etc. situated far away
from each other. For such industries, it is necessary to maintain a systematic record of
daily power consumed by every department to keep check on excess power
consumed.
This project is mainly implemented for the purpose of getting a fully
automatic electricity billing system. The aim of this project is to measure and monitor
the electricity consumed by consumers in a locality and transmitting the measured
reading between the consumer and utility. It also helps in reducing the malpractices
and damages of the meter and also eliminates the issues and practical difficulties
associated with human operators.
Automatic meter reading (AMR) is a technology which automatically gathers
data from energy metering devices and transfers it to the master station in order to
analyse it for billing purposes. Data are read remotely, without the need to physically
access the meter. This makes monitoring of meters at hard to reach locations simpler
and accurate. Other advantages include reducing peak demand for energy, supporting
the time-of-use concept for billing, enabling customers to make informed decisions,
and reducing the cost of meter reading. Various communication technologies in AMR
have been proposed recently, including mobile technologies, based on radio
frequency, transmission over the power line, or telephonic platforms (wired or
wireless). The inherent communication infrastructure presented by Power Line Carrier
Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering 1
(PLC), which significantly reduces the cost of building a new communication

network, makes PLC a favourable solution for AMR systems.
The concept of Power Line Communication is used for the transfer of data
between consumer and utility. Power Line Communication uses the high power line
for the communication. The data is transmitted at a higher frequency than that of the
transmission frequency. The main advantage of this method is that no additional
transmission line is required for the transmission of data.

CHAPTER 2
CONCEPT AND WORKING
A PC based energy meter is usually an electrical meter that records

consumption of electric energy in pre-set time intervals and communicates that
information back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes. This energy meter
enables two way communication between the meter and the central system. Unlike
conventional energy meters, PC based energy meters can gather data for remote
reporting. Such an advanced metering system differs from traditional energy meter in
that it enables two way communications with the meter.
This PC based power monitoring system has mainly three parts. First one is
the monitoring device which is connected with the power supply entering the
building. It initially collects the data. The second one is the transmitter which
transmits the data to the PC through a Radio Frequency network. There is a receiver
connected to the PC which receives the data from the monitoring device to the PC
which stores the data. The PC software records the data for analysis and cost
measurement. Many additional features may be added like power outage notification,
power quality, low voltage notification etc.
2.1 Block diagram and explanation
2.1.1 Consumer Side
The energy meter IC ADE7757 is directly fed from the single phase AC
supply. The hall-effect current sensor ACS712 is connected in series with the load and
the voltage measuring circuit across the load. These values are fed to the
microcontroller (PIC16F877A). The power drawn by the load is transferred to the
microcontroller via an opto-coupler. The microcontroller is so programmed to convert
the pulses into number of electrical units (here, 100 pulses= 1 kWh). From the PIC the
voltage, current and no. of units consumed are displayed on the LCD segment. Also
the data are transferred to the Electricity Board (EB) side via a PLC modem through
existing transmission lines.
230V single phase AC supply
LCD Display
(16x2)
M
I
Energy Interfacing C
PLC
meter IC circuit R
(Modem)
ADE7757 (Optocoupler) O
C
O
N
T
R
Relay and O
interfacing L
circuit L
E
R
Load
Fig 2.1: Consumer side
The PLC modem also receives the data from the EB side and displays the bill
amount on the LCD display. Depending on the signal from the EB side, based on
whether the bill dues are cleared or not, the relay can be activated, thereby
disconnecting the supply.

2.1.2 Electricity Board Side
230V single phase AC supply
Level DB15 Computer

PLC Modem converter connector
MAX232
Fig 2.2: EB side
The data transferred from the consumer side are received at the utility via a
PLC modem from the transmission line. These information are transferred to a
computer using a DB15 connector. MAX232 IC is used for voltage level conversion.
Based on the no. of units consumed, the bill amount is calculated and transferred back
to the consumer.

CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
3.1 Power supply
The power supply module is used for powering up the different sections. 230V
single phase AC is stepped down to a lower voltage using a step-down transformer.
This stepped down voltage is rectified and filtered using suitable components to get
the desired 5V DC.
3.1.1 Step-down transformer
A transformer is a stationary device having no electrical connection between

its primary and secondary limbs. It is used for voltage level conversion in its limbs
keeping the power constant.
A step down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than its
primary voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the
secondary winding. This kind of transformer “steps down” the voltage applied to it.
As a step-down unit, the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into
low-voltage, high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary
winding is necessary due to the increase in current. The primary winding, which
doesn’t have to conduct as much current, may be made of smaller gauge wire.
Here, a 230/9 V transformer is used. This transformer steps down the 230V
coming at the primary into 9V at the secondary.
3.1.2 Bridge rectifier and filter
Bridge rectifier is used for rectifying the obtained stepped-down voltage. It

can be implemented either using four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-
wave rectification or with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired

internally. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give
the fixed voltage output. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and
output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels for ripple smoothening and
filtering.
3.1.3 Voltage regulators

The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed
voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant
value. The smoothened 9V DC can be converted to +5 and +12V DC using 7805 and
7812 voltage regulators respectively. They are members of the 78xx series of fixed
linear voltage regulator ICs. The
xx in 78xx indicates the fixed
output voltage it is designed to
provide.
+5V DC is required for
i. Energy processing IC
(ADE7757)
Fig 3.1: Pin-out of 78xx voltage regulator
ii. Microcontroller
(PIC16F877A)
iii. 16*2 LCD display segment
iv. Power line communication (PLC) modem
v. Signal relay
vi. Voltage Measurement Circuit
vii. Hall effect current sensor(ACS712)
viii. Level Converter MAX232
+12V DC supply is required for the voltage measuring circuit.
3.2 Metering unit
3.2.1 Energy meter IC (ADE7757)

An electronic device that measures the amount of
electrical energy supplied to a residence or business. It is
electrically fed and composed of electronic controllers. It Fig 3.2: Energy meter IC
incorporates an interface which allows data to be
transmitted from the remote terminal to the isolator block. In energy meter section,
energy used by consumer is evaluated digitally. Energy meter module is composed of
ADE7757 which is an energy metering IC with integrated oscillator and load which
produces the analog signal can be converted into digital signal and using this digital
signal in the form of pulses ADE7757outputs average real power information based
on the load.
The ADE7757 is a high accuracy
electrical energy measurement IC. The
ADE7757 supplies average real power
information on the low frequency outputs
F1 and F2.These outputs may be used to
directly drive an electromechanical counter
or interface with an MCU. The high
frequency CF logic output, ideal for Fig 3.3: Pin-out of ADE7757
calibration purposes, provides instantaneous
real power information. The ADE7757 includes a power supply monitoring circuit on
the VDD supply pin. The ADE7757 will remain inactive until the supply voltage on
VDD reaches approximately 4 V. If the supply falls below 4 V, the ADE7757 will also
remain inactive and the F1, F2, and CF outputs will be in their non-active modes.
Internal phase matching circuitry ensures that the voltage and current channels are
phase matched while the HPF in the current channel eliminates dc offsets. An internal
no-load threshold ensures that the ADE7757 does not exhibit creep when no load is
present. The ADE7757 is available in a 16-lead SOIC narrow-body package.
Fig 3.4: Functional block diagram of ADE7757

3.2.2 Opto-coupler
Each opto-coupler consists of Gallium
Arsenide infrared LED and a silicon NPN
phototransistor. It is used to interface the energy
meter IC with the microcontroller. In electronics,
an opto-isolator, also called an opto-coupler,
photo-coupler, or optical isolator, is a component
that transfers electrical signals between two
isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators
prevent high voltages from affecting the system Fig 3.5: Pin-out of opto-coupler
receiving the signal.
3.3 Control and display unit
3.3.1 Microcontroller
PIC 16F877 is one of the most advanced microcontroller from Microchip. This
controller is widely used for experimental and modern applications because of its low
price, wide range of applications, high quality, and ease of availability.PIC16F877A
devices are available in 40-pin packages. This device is from the PIC16F87XAfamily
and share common architecture. The features are as listed below:
1. The 40 pin device has five I/O ports.

2. The 40 pin device has fifteen interrupts.
3. The 40 pin device has eight A/D input
channels.
4. The Parallel Slave Port is implemented
only on the 40 pin devices.
5. High-Performance RISC (Reduced
Instruction Set Computing) CPU.
6. Only 35 single-word instructions to learn.
7. All single-cycle instructions except for
program branches which are two-cycle.
8. Operating speed: DC–20 MHz clock input
Fig 3.6: Pin-out of PIC16F877A
DC – 200ns instruction cycle.
9. Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory.

10. Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM).
11. Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory.
3.3.2Hall effect current sensor ACS712

The sensor gives precise current measurement for both AC and DC signals.
Thick copper conductor and signal traces allows for survival of the device up to 5
times over current conditions. The ACS712 outputs an analog voltage output signal
that varies linearly with sensed current. The device requires 5V DC for VCC and a
couple of filter capacitors. The features of
this sensor are as given below:
 Low noise analog signal path.

 Device bandwidth is set via the
FILTER pin.
 5us output rise time in response to

Fig 3.7: Current sensor module
input current.
 80 kHz bandwidth.
 1.5% output error at 25 degrees C.
 1.2m ohm internal conductor resistance.
 5.0 VDC single supply operation.
 185 mV/A output sensitivity.
 Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents.
 Factory-trimmed for accuracy.
 Extremely stable output offset voltage.
 Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis.
 Ratio metric output from supply voltage.
3.3.3Voltage measuring op-amp 741

741 IC is a general purpose operational amplifier. It can be used as

comparators, multi vibrators, DC amplifiers, summing amplifiers, integrators or
differentiators and active filters. Its important
Fig 3.8: Pin-out of 741 IC
features include:
 Overload protection on the input and output.
 No latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded.
3.3.4 16*2 LCD display

LCD screen is an electronic display module and finds a wide range of
applications. A 16*2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly used
in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and
other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16*2 LCD means it
can display 16 characters per line
and there are 2 such lines.
In this LCD each character
is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers namely;
Command and Data. The command
register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to
LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be
Fig 3.9: 16*2 LCD display segment
displayed on the LCD. The data is
the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Here, it is connected to
the PIC microcontroller at the consumer end. It displays voltage, current, no. of units
consumed and bill amount.

3.3.5 Signal relay

Relay provides the useful functionality of switching the power ON/OFF to the
user based on the signal sent from the controller corresponding to the status of bill
payment. It consists of a relay and its transistor driving circuit. The transistor used is
BC 547. Fig 3.10: Signal relay
3.4 Electricity Board (EB) side
3.4.1 MAX232
It is used as a level converter IC. It is used for

serial transmission and reception. The MAX232 device
is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive
voltage generator using four capacitors to supply
TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V
supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs
to 5- V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a
typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis Fig 3.11: Pin-out of MAX232
of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30V inputs. Each

driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.
3.4.2 DB15 connector
DB-xx is the designation for a series of port

connectors for attaching devices to computers. A
female DB15 connector is used.
Fig 3.12: DB15 connector

3.4.3 RS232 serial communication cable
RS232 is the most known serial port used in

transmitting the data in communication and
interface. Even though serial port is harder to
program than the parallel port, this is the most
effective method in which the data transmission

Fig 3.13: RS232 serial communication
cable
requires less wires that yields to the less cost. The RS232 is the communication line
which enables the data transmission by only using three wire links. The three links
provides ‘transmit’, ‘receive’ and common ground.
The RS232 serial port-
o Receives readings transmitted via PLC modem.
o The tariff is calculated for bill generation and transmitted to individual
customers via PLC modem.
o Output is displayed on PC using Turbo C/C++ software.
3.5 Power line communication (PLC) modem
Power line modem is useful to send and receive serial data over existing AC
main power lines of the building. It has high immunity to electrical noise persistence
in the power line and built in error checking, so it never gives out corrupt data. The
modem is in form of a ready to use circuit module, which is capable of providing
9600 baud rate low rate bi-directional data communication. Due to its small size it can
be integrated into and made part of the user’s power line data communication system.
The module provides bi-directional half-duplex communication over the mains of any
voltage up to 250V AC and for frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Half Duplex
communications means it can either transmit or receive data at a time but not both at
the same time.
a. Front view b. Back view
Fig 3.14: PLC modem
Features of PLC modem:

 Transmit and Receive serial data at 9600 bps.

 Data Tx/Rx LEDs.
 Powered from 5V.
 Built in error checking.
 Direct interface with microcontroller Uart, txd, rxd pins.

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Turbo C
Turbo C is a discontinued Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and
compiler for the C programming language. As an IDE, it included a source code
editor, a fast compiler, a linker and an offline help file for reference. It was noted for
its integrated development environment, small size, fast compile speed,
comprehensive manuals and low price. Turbo C features:
 Inline assembly with full access to the C language symbolic structures and
names - this allowed programmers to write some assembly language codes
right into their programs without the need for a separate assembler.
 Support for all memory models-This had to do with the segmented memory
architecture used by 16-bit processors of that era, where each segment was
limited to 64 kilobytes (Kb). The models were called tiny, small, medium,
large and huge, which determined the size of the data used by a program, as
well as the size of the program itself.
 Speed or size optimization-The compiler could be configured to produce an
executable program that was either fast or small in size, but not both.
 Constant folding -This feature allowed the Turbo C compiler to evaluate
constant expressions during compile time rather than during run time.
4.2 Proteus
 Proteus PCB design combines the ISIS schematic capture and ARES PCB
layout programs to provide a powerful, integrated and easy to use suite of
tools for professional PCB design. All Proteus PCB design products include

 an integrated shape based auto router and a basic layout. It combines a superb
mixed mode circuit simulator based on the industry standard.
 ISIS of PROTEUS was used in simulation of circuits, testing of programs and
algorithms. CPU Models available for microcontrollers such as the PIC and
8051 series. Interactive peripheral models include LED and LCD displays, a
universal matrix keypad, and a whole library of switches, pots, lamps, LEDs
etc. are available in PROTEUS which makes it very user friendly.
4.3 PIC C
PIC C is an ANSI C compiler designed especially for PIC microcontrollers.
Key Compiler Features are listed below:
 Easily migrate between all Microchip PIC MCUs devices.

 Minimize development time with: peripheral drivers and standard C
constructs.
 C++ style input/output streams with full data formatting to any device or for
strings.
 Use CCS libraries and object code royalty free.
 Convenient functions like #bit and #byte allow C variables to be placed at
absolute addresses.
 The integral one-bit type (short int) permits the compiler to generate very
efficient Bit-oriented code.
 Easily define, set-up and manage interrupts.
4.4 PIC kit 2
They are used to program and debug microcontrollers, as well as program

EEPROM.

CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION
5.1Power supply
The power supply section consists of a 230/9V transformer which steps down
the230V supply voltage to 9V. The obtained voltage is rectified and filtered using
bridge rectifiers and capacitors. This is regulated using 7805 IC and used for various
sections.
Fig 5.1 Power supply circuit
5.2 Metering circuit
The metering circuit

basically consists of the energy
meter IC ADE7757 and the
optocoupler for interfacing with
the microcontroller. The

Fig 5.2 Energy meter IC ADE7757

circuit
frequency of power drawn by the load is obtained at frequency pins F1 and F2. The
frequency at pin CF

is 16 times of that at pins F1 and F2. The pulses at CF are transferred to the PIC via
an optocoupler.
5.3 Controlling circuit
The controlling circuit consists of the voltage measuring circuit, PIC, LCD
display and relay. The values measured by the voltage circuit and current sensor are
transferred to the PIC. Depending on the signal received from the EB side, the relay
will be actuated.
Fig 5.3: Controlling circuit
5.4 EB side
At the EB side, the data received by the PLC modem is transferred to the serial
port of the computer via a DB15 connector. A MAX232 IC is used for level
conversion.

Fig 5.4: EB side circuit
Fig 5.5: Final Project Implementation


CHAPTER 6
PCB FABRICATION
6.1 PCB fabrication

The materials required for PCB fabrication are copper clad sheet, little paint, drilling
machine and ferric chloride solution. The PCB fabrication involves the following
steps:
6.1.1 Preparation of the PCB layout

The layout is commonly prepared in the scale of 2:1. It offers a
reasonable compromise below accuracy gain and handling convenience as 2:1 part of
art work has the actual PCB area. Grid systems are commonly used for preparation of
the layout. The use of the grid sheet gives more convenience in placement of
components and conductors. The grid system based on 0.1 is found to be too coursing,
a grid equidistant of 0.1mm is recommended. The procedure is a follows:
• Each and every PCB is viewed from component side.
• The designing of the layout is started with an absolutely clear component list and
circuit diagram.
• The large components are placed first and the space in between is filled with smaller
ones.
• In the designing of PCB layout, it is very important to divide circuit into sub units.
Each of these sub units are realized in the defined portion of the board.
• The components are placed in the print sheet tanning and standard length and width.
• The punched component layout is circled to taking the standard size of the land
pads.

6.1.2 Pattern transfer

After the film is processed the film master are obtained. The transfer of the
conductor which is on the film master on to the copper clad base material is done by
two methods mainly photo printing and screen printing. Photo printing is extremely
accurate which is also applied to the fabrication of semiconductors. Screen printing is
comparatively cheap and simple method for pattern transfer although less precise than
photo printing. But this is less costly, so this method is commonly used.
6.1.3 Screen printing

In screen printing, the processing is very simple. A screen fabric with
uniform meshes and opening stretched and fixed on a solid frame of metal or wood.
The circuit pattern is photographically transferred on to queue through the opening
master onto the surface of the material to be printed. The light sensitive material is
coated on to the screen and using film master the pattern is transferred to the screen.
Then using ink the pattern is transferred to the copper clad sheet. Two methods are
used for screened printing pattern into screen.
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
In direct method the photographically sensitive film is transferred to screen. The film
is exposed and then pasted to the screen. The pattern is then transferred to screen
using the links and squeegee.
6.1.4 Etching
The removal of unwanted copper from copper clad sheet is known as
etching. For these 4 types of tanks are used.
1. Ferric Chloride
2. Cupric Chloride
3. Chromic acid
4 .Alkaline ammonia
Among these Ferric Chloride is cheap and also suited for home and
industrial applications. The high corrosive power of FeCl leads to short etching time
and little under etching. Ferric chloride matches well photo and screen printed resists.

6.1.5 Drilling
Drilling of components, mounting holes into the PCBs is by the most
important mechanical machining operation in PCB production process. The
importance of hole drilling on PCB has further group with electronic component
miniaturization and its need for smaller hole diameters and higher packing density
where hole punching is practically routed out.
Four types of drilling are commonly used.
1. Drilling by direct sight
2. Drilling by optical sight
3. Jig drilling
4. NC drilling
6.1.6 Component mounting

Component is basically mounted on one side of the board. On polarized
two lead components are mounted to give the marking or the orientation throughout
the board. The component orientation can be both horizontal as well as vertical but
uniformly, direction is placed. The uniformity in orientation of polarized component
is determined during design of PCB.
6.2 PCB layouts
Fig 6.1: PCB layout of power supply

Fig 6.2: Energy meter IC PCB layout
Fig 6.3: Consumer side PCB layout

Fig 6.4: EB side PCB layout

CHAPTER 7
FLOWCHARTS OF THE PROGRAMMING
7.1 Consumer Side
The flowchart for the consumer side is as follows:
Start
Initialise pulses=0
kWh=0
Voltage Measurement and

Display on LCD
Current Measurement and

Display on LCD
Count the number of

pulses,p
Turn on the supply using
kWh=p/1600 relay
Display kWh on LCD
Transmit kWh through Yes

serial communication Check if relay =0
using PIC and PLC No
Receive the bill

transmitted from EB side
and display it on LCD
Check if relay =1
Turn off the supply using
relay
No Yes

7.2 Electricity Board (EB) Side
The flowchart for the EB side is as follows:
Start
Receive kWh from serial

port
Display the kWh on the EB

side PC
Calculate the bill according
to the kWh received and
display it in the PC
Transmit the bill through

the port with a *start and
#stop characters
Check if bill is
paid
No Transmit the bill relay
signal =1 to turn off supply
Yes
Stop

CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
8.1 Advantages
o Longer range compared to wireless data transmission.

o No need of additional wires for data transmission. Data can be sent via
existing power lines itself.
o Eliminates the problems associated with human monitoring of energy meter.
o Even meters at far-away or hilly and difficult to reach locations can easily be
monitored without errors.
o Lesser chances of delay in meter reading, delayed bill delivery and delayed
cash flow.
o Central database for billing, troubleshooting and analysing.
o Billing can be based on near real-time consumption rather than on estimates
based on past or predicted consumption.
8.2 Limitations
o Small size of ADE7757 was a major issue which compelled us to directly

proceed with PCB fabrication for the specific circuit. Due to its small size, it
was unable to test the IC and its performance using a breadboard, matrix board
or by any other means.
o Cost and availability of PLC modem.
o Complexity in programming EEPROM for data storage purposes.
o Overall cost of the system.
o Greater noise in the transmission line limits practical transmission speed.

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
We have developed an effective system suitable for remote monitoring of the

energy meter. We believe that the proposed system will help eliminate the issues
incurred during meter reading with human involvement. With the developed system,
it is possible to monitor energy meters located even at hard-to-reach locations.
9.1 Future aspects
 Extension to 3 phase supply.

 Inclusion of memory storage option in microcontroller.
 Monitoring of other parameters like power factor etc.
 Detection of power theft.
 Transmission of data as voice signals.
 Inclusion of alarm signal if consumption exceeds the set limit or if bill is not
paid.
 Prioritising the devices to be disconnected in case of over consumption.
 Interfacing with GSM modem for bill display.

REFERENCES
[1] Chunjuan WEI _ ,Junjie YANG “Implementation of Automatic Meter Reading

System Using PLC and GPRS” Journal of Information and Computational
Science 8:16 (2011)4343 –4350
[2] Ahmed Husein, and Mohamed El-Geziry “Practical Issues of Power Line
Communication for Automatic Meter ReadingSystems”Proceedings of the 14
th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON’10),
Cairo University, Egypt,December 19-21, 2010,
[3] Tarek Khalifa, Kshirasagar Naik and Amiya Nayak "A Survey of
Communication Protocols for Automatic Meter ReadingApplications,"IEEE
communications sureveys & tutorial, 2011, 2013 (2):168 –182.
[4] Automatic meter reading manual.
[5] Power line communication manual.
[6] "Automatic meter reading," in Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2016.
[Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_meter_reading.
[7] "Electric power transmission," in Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2016.
[Online].Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission.

APPENDIX 1
PROGRAMMING
Program of Consumer Side
The program of the consumer side was written and complied in PIC C using
PIC C Compiler. The code is as follows:
#include "C:\Users\user\Documents\pic c\main.h"
#define LCD_TYPE 1
#include <lcd.c>
#use delay(clock=20000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600,parity=N, xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7,bits=8)
#include<string.h>
void main()
int p,kWh,j;
float v1,v,a,b,i1,i;
char ch,str[10];
lcd_init();
setup_adc_ports(AN0_AN1_AN3);
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_DIV_32);
setup_psp(PSP_DISABLED);
setup_spi(SPI_SS_DISABLED);
setup_timer_0(RTCC_INTERNAL|RTCC_DIV_1);
setup_timer_1(T1_DISABLED);
setup_timer_2(T2_DISABLED,0,1);
setup_comparator(NC_NC_NC_NC);
setup_vref(FALSE);
// TODO: USER CODE!!
p=0;
kWh=0;
do
set_adc_channel(0);//Voltage Measurement
a=0;
for(j=0;j<1000;j++)
if(read_adc()>a)
a=read_adc();
v1=b*5/1023;
v=(2*v1)/0.022;
printf(lcd_putc,"voltage= %f",v);
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_putc("\f");
set_adc_channel(1);//Current Measurement
b=read_adc();
i1=b*5/1023;
i=(8*i1)-20;
printf(lcd_putc,"Current= %f",i);
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_putc("\f");
if(input(pin_B0)==1)//kWh measurement
p++;
kWh=p/1600;
printf(lcd_putc,"%d kWh",kWh);
putc(kWh); //Sending kWh through serial communication
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_putc("\f");
ch=getchar(); //Bill Display
if(ch=='*')
while(getchar()!='#')
str[i]=getchar();
i=i+1;
str[i]='\0';
lcd_putc(str);
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_putc("\f");
if(ch=='1') //Relay
output_low(pin_C1);
if(ch=='0')
output_high(pin_C2);
while(1);
Program for EB side
The program for the EB (Electricity Board) side was written in Turbo C. The
code is as follows:
#include<conio.h>
#include<bios.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#define port1 0x328 //Com port
void main()
clrscr();
int kwh;
float bill;
kwh=inportb(port1);
cout<<" The data received is "<<kwh<<"\n";
bill=kwh*2.80+20; //Bill
cout<<" The bil amount is "<<bill<<"\n";
outportb(port1,'*');
outportb(port1,bill);
outportb(port1,'#');
outportb(port1,1) //Relay
delay_ms(10000);
outportb(port1,0)
getch();

APPENDIX 2
BILL OF MATERIALS
Sl.No: Component Quantity Cost (p.u) Total

1 PIC 16F877A 1 150.00 150.00
Microcontroller
2 Optocoupler IC 4N35 1 10.00 10.00
3 LCD 16X2 Display 1 150.00 150.00
4 Crystal 12MHz 1 10.00 10.00
5 LED Lamps 5 1.00 5.00
6 Ceramic Capacitor 15nF 5 3.00 15.00
7 Electrolytic Capacitor 10 1.00 10.00
10uF
8 Capacitor 10 0.50 5.00
9 Diodes IN4007 2 0.50 1.00
10 Transistor BC547 2 1.00 2.00
11 Potentiometer 10k 1 6.00 6.00
12 Resistors 30 0.50 15.00
13 Resistors 5 6.00 30.00
14 Connecting Wires 1 30.00 30.00
15 PLC Modem 2 2500.00 5000.00
16 Resistors 40 0.50 20.00
17 5V relay 1 45.00 45.00
18 741 Op-amp IC 1 10.00 10.00
19 ADE7757 Energy Meter 1 780.00 780.00
IC
20 Hall Effect Current
Sensor ACS712 1 375.00 375.00
21 MAX232 1 20.00 20.00
22 PIC IC Holder 1 6.00 6.00
23 LCD Connector 1 19.00 19.00
24 PCB Fabrication 4 250.00 1000.00
25 Transformer 230/9V 2 60.00 120.00
26 DB15 Connector 1 9.00 9.00
27 Voltage Regulator 2 10.00 20.00

28 SIL Connector 40 0.07 2.75
29 USB to TTL Serial
converter 1 225.00 225.00
Total 8100.00

APPENDIX 3
DATASHEETS


Model Engineering College Energy Meter Monitoring Via Power Line Communication

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Model Engineering College Energy Meter Monitoring Via Power Line Communication

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Model Engineering College Energy Meter Monitoring via

Power Line Communication

Department of Electrical and

(PLC), which significantly reduces the cost of building a new communication

Department of Electrical and

CONCEPT AND WORKING

A PC based energy meter is usually an electrical meter that records

2.1 Block diagram and explanation

2.1.1 Consumer Side

230V single phase AC supply

Fig 2.1: Consumer side

Department of Electrical and

2.1.2 Electricity Board Side

230V single phase AC supply

Level DB15 Computer

Fig 2.2: EB side

Department of Electrical and

3.1 Power supply

3.1.1 Step-down transformer

A transformer is a stationary device having no electrical connection between

3.1.2 Bridge rectifier and filter

Bridge rectifier is used for rectifying the obtained stepped-down voltage. It

Department of Electrical and

3.1.3 Voltage regulators

3.2 Metering unit

3.2.1 Energy meter IC (ADE7757)

Fig 3.4: Functional block diagram of ADE7757

Department of Electrical and

3.3 Control and display unit

1. The 40 pin device has five I/O ports.

9. Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory.

3.3.2Hall effect current sensor ACS712

 Low noise analog signal path.

 5us output rise time in response to

3.3.3Voltage measuring op-amp 741

Department of Electrical and

741 IC is a general purpose operational amplifier. It can be used as

3.3.4 16*2 LCD display

Department of Electrical and

3.3.5 Signal relay

3.4 Electricity Board (EB) side

It is used as a level converter IC. It is used for

of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30V inputs. Each

3.4.2 DB15 connector

DB-xx is the designation for a series of port

Fig 3.12: DB15 connector

RS232 is the most known serial port used in

Department of Electrical and

3.5 Power line communication (PLC) modem

a. Front view b. Back view

Fig 3.14: PLC modem

Features of PLC modem:

Department of Electrical and

 Transmit and Receive serial data at 9600 bps.

Department of Electrical and

Department of Electrical and

PIC C is an ANSI C compiler designed especially for PIC microcontrollers.

Key Compiler Features are listed below:

 Easily migrate between all Microchip PIC MCUs devices.

4.4 PIC kit 2

They are used to program and debug microcontrollers, as well as program

Department of Electrical and