saqarTvelo – somxeTi

gamomcemloba artanuji
 guram maisuraZe

qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis
istoriografiidan

kavkasiuri saxli
Tbilisi
2008
UDC (uak) 821.353.1.091.821.19
m-178
GEORGIA-ARMENIA

The Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Georgian Academy of Sciences

Guram Maisuradze
proeqtis avtori naira gelaSvili

mxatvari kote sulaberiZe

redaqtori istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

devi berZeniSvili FROM THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF
recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
GEORGIAN-ARMENIAN RELATIONS
liana davlianiZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
aleqsandre dauSvili

madlobas vuxdiT evropul fond

HORIZON-s finansuri daxmarebisTvis

Our deep gratitude for financial support

to the European Foundation HORIZON

ARTANUJI Publishers
Tbilisi 2006
ISBN 978-9941-400-07-0
 Sinaarsi

redaqtorisagan ................................................................................................ 9
Sesavali .............................................................................................................. 11

Tavi I
Sua saukuneebis somxuri istoriografiis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi da misi arekvla Tanadroul qarTul
istoriografiaSi ..................................................................................... 15

Tavi II
XIX saukunis somxuri istoriografia carizmis
antiqarTuli ideologiuri politikis samsaxurSi ................. 95

Tavi III
qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis asaxva
mezobelTa sabWour istoriografiaSi ........................................ 139

Tavi IV
axali xedva Tu Zveli inercia? ..................................................... 246

daskvna .............................................................................................................. 279

From the of Georgian – Armenian Resations (Summary) ............................ 285

saZieblebi ....................................................................................................... 296

6 7
 redaqtorisagan

guram maisuraZis wigni – `qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis is-

toriografiidan~, sayuradRebo naSromia, sadac ori mezobeli
xalxis urTierTobebze dawerili TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebia ganx-
ilul-Sefasebuli uZvelesi droidan dRemde. avtori vrclad
moixilavs Zveli somexi istorikosebis tendenciur Tu gazviade-
bul cnobebs, romlebic somxeTis saxelmwifos upiratesobas amt-
kicebdnen amierkavkasiaSi da mis gareTac. g. maisuraZe axsnas uZeb-
nis am tendenciurobas.
somexi istorikosebis sapirispirod aqve Seswavlilia Sua sau-
kuneebis qarTvel istorikosTa cnobebi da Sefasebulia isini,
rogorc sapasuxo reaqcia.
calke TavebSia ganxiluli XIX da XX saukuneebis somxur-
qarTul urTierTobaTa amsaxveli literatura. obieqturad axs-
nili da Sefasebulia cilobisa Tu dapirispirebis faqtebi; aRsani-
Snavia avtoris zomieri toni paeqrobisas, rac mis argumentacias
damajereblobas matebs. sasurveli iqneboda am wignis gamocema
ucxo enazec.

d. berZeniSvili
5.07.05

8 9
 Sesavali

xalxTa istoriul urTierTobaTa Tema yovelTvis aqtualuri

iyo amierkavkasiur istoriografiaSi, rac, albaT, TviT am qveynis
warsulis TaviseburebebiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. kavka-
sia ZvelTaganve msoflio mniSvnelobis savaWro da samxedro-
strategiuli magistralebis gzasayars warmoadgenda, ramac is
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis samyaros damakavSirebel oqros
xidad aqcia. gangebis mier kuTvnilma am erTob sapatio da,
amasTanave, saxifaTo rolma kavkasia did saxelmwifoTa sacilo-
bel qveynad gawira. kavkasiis dauflebisaTvis brZolis istoriis
faqtebi cxadyofs, rom mis gasakontroleblad msoflios did
saxelmwifoTa metoqeoba adgilobriv xalxebs, Tu erTi mxriv,
politikuri orientaciis mixedviT erTmaneTisadmi dapirispire-
bul nawilebad TiSavda, meore mxriv, saerTo mtris faqtori maT
gaerTianebisakenac ubiZgebda. es situacia mTeli sisruliT aisaxa
amierkavkasiur istoriografiaSi, sadac erTimeoris gverdiT
Tanaarsebobda da adamianTa cnobierebaze zemoqmedebda, rogorc
kavkasiis gaerTianebis idea, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo ten-
denciebis gamovleniT, ise mis sapirispirod, hegemonisturi mis-
wrafebebis Sesabamisad gaazrebuli faqtebisa da movlenebis ara
marto subieqturi, aramed zogjer, gayalbebuli warmodgenebi.
pirvelma yvelaze mkafio gamovlineba Sua saukuneebSi, leonti
mrovelis eTnogenetikur koncefciaSi pova Tavisi adgili, xolo
meore, upiratesad Zveli somxuri istoriografiis damaxasiaTebel
movlenad iqca.
kavkasiis istoriis gadmocemisas istoriografiaSi gamJRavneb-
uli erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba, ra Tqma unda,
obieqturi da subieqturi mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da saSi-
nao da sagareo politikuri faqtorebis rTuli gadaxlarTvis
Sedegs warmoadgenda, sadac sagareo faqtori, kavkasiis geografi-

10 11
uli mdebareobis gamo, mainc gansakuTrebul, TiTqmis gadamwyvet
rols TamaSobda am qveynis istoriaSi da istoriografiamac, aseT
viTarebaSi, politikuri brZolis iaraRis mniSvneloba SeiZina.
rogorc, Cvens droSi, mTiani yarabaRis problemebis gamwvavebam
gviCvena, konfliqturi situaciis warmoqmnaSi arcTu umniSvnelo
wili edo istorikosTa erTi nawilis mier istoriuli faqtebis
tendenciur gaSuqebas. aseve, afxazTa mier gamogonili istoriu-
li suraTi daedo safuZvlad afxazuri sazogadoebis gauTviTc-
nobierebeli nawilis Cabmas imperiis gegmebis realizaciaSi. igive
suraTis mowmeni varT Sida qarTlSi datrialebuli ambebisas da
sxv.
saqarTvelosa da somxeTis, masTan erTad ki, saerTod, kavkasi-
is istoriis kvlevis politizirebam bevri arakompetenturi piri
miizida da miatmasna mecnierebas, ris Sedegadac istoriis sub-
ieqtur gaazrebaSi ukve privitivizmmac gaidga Rrma fesvebi. sam-
wuxaroa, agreTve, rom naCqarevi daskvnebi da zogjer susti pro-
fesiuli momzadebis mizeziT damaxinjebuli istoriuli suraTia
asaxuli saSualo da umaRlesi skolebis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, rac
axalgazrdobaSi arajansaRi ganwyobilebis gavrcelebis umTavre-
si wyaro xdeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa viTareba am-
ierkavkasiis istoriuli geografiis mecnieruli kvlevis saqmeSi.
mdgomareobas isic amZimebs, rom istoriul geografias, rogorc
istoriul mecnierebas, zogan (magaliTad, azerbaijanSi) aravi-
Tari tradicia ara aqvs. aseT dros mezobelTa gamocdilebisa
da miRwevebis gauTvaliswinebloba ukve winaswar ganapirobebs mkv-
levris gardauval marcxs. amierkavkasiis istoriis subieqturi
gaazrebis mizezebis Ziebisas ar SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes is
sagulisxmo faqtic, rom am tendencias somxeTSi istoriuli
tradiciac kvebavs. Zvel somxur wyaroebs aseTi mimarTuleba nam-
dvilad axasiaTebT. sagareo faqtoris zegavleniT somxeTisaTvs
Tavsmoxveuli ideologiuri politika sazogadoebis zeda fenebSi
xSirad erovnuli interesebis gamomxatveladac aRiqmeboda, rac
saTanado asaxvas povebda saistorio mwerlobaSi. raRaca msgavsi
xdeba Tanamedrove somxur istoriografiaSic, sadac obieqturi,
mecnieruli kvlevis sazianod, gansakuTrebiT, istoriuli
12
geografiis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, upiratesoba TiTqmis,
yovelTvis politikur mosazrebebs eZleva.
XX s-is 90 wlebis dasawyisSi damoukidebeli qarTuli da somx-
uri saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebam, bunebrivia, istorikosebs Soris
politikuri koniunqturisagan Tavisufali, gulwrfeli saubris
saWiroeba warmoSva saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili proble-
mebis garSemo. Tavisuflebis pirobebSi saubris msurveli sakmaod
bevri aRmoCnda. perioduli gamocemebis, ZiriTadad, gazeTebis
furclebi aWrelda momzadebuli Tu moumzadebeli avtorebis,
specialistebisa Tu araspecialistebis statiebiT. visac rogor
SeeZlo ise icavda sakuTari istoriis Rirsebas. amaSi sagangaSo,
ra Tqma unda, araferia. WeSmariteba xom kamaTSi unda daibados.
mTavaria mokamaTesTan keTilmosurne damokidebulebis SenarCune-
ba da sxvisi azris pativiscemis unaris gamomJRavneba, gansakuTre-
biT maSin, roca saqme istoriul mezoblebTan urTierTobas exe-
ba, miT umetes, aTeuli saukuneebiT erTmaneTTan umWidroesad
dakavSirebul saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istorias. didi ivane
javaxiSvili jer kidev, XX s-is dasawyisSi werda: `SeuZlebelia
qarTveli eris istorias swerde da amasTan ar icnobde da ar
afasebde somexTa Zvel da mdidar istorias. marto geografiuli
mezobloba rodi akavSirebda qarTvels da somexs. am moZme erTa
kavSirurTierToba ara marto aTeul saukuneebs iTvlis, aramed
sixarulisa da Wiris TiTqmis ganuyoflobas iTvaliswinebs. isto-
riuli bedis erTgvarovneba imaSi poulobs Tavis gamoxatulobas,
rom arasdros erTi eris bedniereba meoris xarjze ar momxdara
da yovelTvis erTi da igive saerTo mteri hyavdaT da Tavs
yovelTvis erTad icavdnen* . didi winapris es Segoneba dResac
aqtualurad JRers da urTierTsasikeTo TanamSromlobisaken
mogviwodebs.
warmodgenili naSromi ar iTvaliswinebs dasmul sakiTxze
qarTuli da somxuri istoriografiis srul mimoxilvas. is mxo-
lod erTi SedarebiT viwro problemiT ifargleba da ukve xseneb-
*
sergo jorbenaZe, cxovreba da Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa, Tbili-
si, I981, gv. 502.
13
uli im cnobili tendenciis aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis
pirobebis Seswavlas cdilobs, romelic didi xania xels uSlis
ara marto qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis obieqtur
gaSuqebas, aramed mTlianad amierkavkasiis istoriis realuri Tavi I
suraTis warmosaxvasac. am TvalsazrisiT, yuradReba, ZiriTadad,
somxur istoriografiazea gamaxvilebuli, ramdenadac aseTi ten- Sua saukuneebis somxuri istoriografiis
denciis ganviTarebisaTvis Sesaferisi politikuri niadagis arse-
ZiriTadi tendenciebi da misi arekvla
boba somxeTis istoriul pirobebSi bevrad ufro TvalsaCinod
Tanadroul qarTul istoriografiaSi
ikveTeba.

somxuri istoriografiis `oqros saukune~ maSin dadga (V s.),

roca somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis didma marcxma (erovnuli xe-
lisufleba dasavleT somxeTSi 391 w. gaauqmes romaelebma, aRmo-
savleTSi ki, sparselebma 428 w.), erovnuli TviTSegnebis dacvas
samkvdro-sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis funqcia daakisra. aseT situ-
aciaSi somex istorikosTa patriotul movaleobad iqca Zliereb-
is xanis somxeTis istoriis mTeli didebulebiT, Tundac gazvia-
debiT, warmoCena, oRondac mas damoukideblobisaTvis xalxis
darazmva da sulierad ganmtkiceba SeZleboda. aqedan gamom-
dinare somxeTisa da somexTa gamorCeulobis ideam Sua saukunee-
bis somxur istoriografiaSi myarad daimkvidra adgili da sax-
elmwifoebrivi marcxiT Selaxuli Rirsebis dacvis erT-erT Zir-
iTad saSualebad iqca.
Zvel somex istorikosTa TxzulebebSi Tavdapirvelad re-
ligiur-politikuri uflebebis dacvisaken mimarTulma motivebma
imZlavres (koriuni, agaTangelosi, favstos buzandi), ramdenadac
somxeTis gayofisa (387 w.) da samefos gauqmebis Semdeg iranmac
da bizantiamac es qveyana sakuTari ideologiuri da kulturuli
wnexis qveS moaqcies da misi saSualebiT cdilobdnen upiratesad
TavianTi batonobis uzrunvelyofas maT kuTvnil nawilebSi.
iranelebi, romelTa xelSi somxeTis 4/5 aRmoCnda, TavianTi mTa-
vari metoqis, bizantiis gavlenis Sesasusteblad Seudgnen qris-
tianTa devnas da Seecadnen zoroastruli religiis gavrcelebas
somexTa Soris. amave mizniT, krZalavdnen berZnuli enis funqcion-
irebas da aZlierebdnen siriuli enis poziciebs, romelic spar-
seTSi qristianTa enad iyo miRebuli. mfarvelobdnen da somxur
eklesiaSi awinaurebdnen siriel samRvdelo pirebs. SahinSahis

14 15
gansakuTrebuli mfarvelobis pirobebSi selevkiis sirieli kaTa-
likosi Tavs ukve mTeli aRmosavleTis qristianTa meTaurad
grZnobda da miiswrafoda ra aseTi mdgomareobis mosapoveblad,
Tavis titulaturaSi somxeTis garda saqarTveloca da albaneT-
ic Seitana 1 . amis sapirispiro viTareba iyo Seqmnili dasavleT
somxeTSi, sadac saxelmwifo da saeklesio enad mxolod berZnuli
iyo miRebuli. somxuri eklesiis mdgomareobas isic arTulebda,
rom Tavidanve saRvTismsaxuro ena somxeTSi berZnuli da siriu-
li iyo, ramdenadac qristianoba somxeTSi sirielebisa da berZneb-
is saSualebiT gavrcelda da somxur eklesiaSi wirva Tavidanve
ucxo enaze warmoebda2 , rac sakuTari politikuri xelisuflebis
aryofnis pirobebSi, somxur eklesias gadagvarebiT, xolo erov-
nul TviTSegnebas ganadgurebiT emuqreboda. am didi saSiSroebis
winaaRmdeg miimarTa, pirvel rigSi, somxuri eklesiis moRvaweTa
mTeli Zalisxmeva, rasac aqtiurad dauWira mxari somex arSakun-
Ta erT-erTma ukanasknelma xelisufalma mefe vramSapuhma. somx-
uri eklesiis nacionalizacia wirva-locvis, samsaxurisa da qad-
agebis somxur enaze warmarTvas saWiroebda, risTvisac aucilebe-
li iyo somxuri damwerlobis da sasuliero literaturis somx-
ursave enaze Seqmna. Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba am didi
kulturuli amocanis gadaWras kaTalikos sahaksa da meudabnoe
bers maStocs miawers. somxuri eklesiis gaerovnebulobasTan er-
Tad, rogorc amis Sesaxeb Zveli somxuri wyaroebi gadmogvcemen,
iwyeba misi avtoritetis amaRlebisaTvis farTo propaganda. niSan-
doblivia, rom Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis warmomad-
genelTa didi umravlesoba umaRlesi rangis sasuliero pirebi
iyvnen (kaTalikosi, episkoposi da a. S.) da etyoba, amitomac maT
Txzulebebs qristianobisa da somxuri eklesiis apologia lait-
motivad gasdevs Tavidan bolomde. rogorc m. abeRiani SeniSnavs,
magaliTad, agaTangelosis mizani iyo somxuri eklesiis aRmoce-
nebis istoria iseTnairad warmoedgina, rom mas Rrma STabeWd-
ileba moexdina da Rirsi yofiliyo gakvirvebisa... da ramdena-
dac somxuri eklesia ukve Tavs damoukideblad grZnobda berZneb-
isa da sirielebis gavlenisagan, saWiro iyo mematianes, aseve,
1 4
Ìàíóê Àáåãÿí, Èñòîðèÿ äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Åðåâàí, 1975, ñ. 57.
2
iqve, gv. 51-52.
16
eCvenebina, rom is daarsebulia ara wm. grigolis mier III s-sa, Tu
IV s. dasawyisSi, ara mociqulebis mier, aramed TviT cidan Camo-
suli qristes mier3 .
aseT wregadasul ambiciebs TavisTavad xeli unda Seewyo ara
marto qristianobis winaSe somxuri eklesiis gansakuTrebuli
damsaxurebisa da misi upiratesobis gancdisaTvis, aramed, siriu-
li eklesiis analogiurad, aRmosavleTis qveynebis qristianTa
meTauris pretenziebis gaCenisTvisac, ris sababsac bizantiasTan
dapirispirebuli sasanianTa iranis politika iZleoda. sasaniane-
bi somxeTs, rogorc aRmosavluri tradiciebis matarebel qvey-
anas, sakuTari kulturul-politikuri samyaros Semadgenel naw-
ilad miiCnevdnen da TavianTi politikis sayrden bazad iTval-
iswinebdnen kavkasiaSi. mazdeanur religiasTan dapirispirebis
miuxedavad, somxuri eklesiis dogmaturi uTanxmoeba bizantia-
sTan, irans saSualebas aZlevda masze dayrdnobiT ideologiuri
situacia kavkasiaSi Tavisi mTavari metoqis sawinaaRmdegod ware-
marTa. amitom, irani sul male somxuri eklesiis SezRudvidan
misi mfarvelobis taqtikas daadga, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg,
rac 554 w. dvinis saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT somxurma
eklesiam sabolood gawyvita kavSiri bizantiis eklesiasTan. am
droidan iranelTa xelSewyobiT somxuri eklesiis funqciebi
qveyanaSi gamudmebiT farTovdeboda. mas gadasaxadebis akrefac
ki miendo. male is, somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis
pirobebSi, somexi xalxis erTaderTi oficialuri warmomadgene-
li gaxda. somxuri eklesia TandaTan iranelTa batonobis sayrden
bazad iqca kavkasiaSi, xolo qristianobis monofizituri
mimarTuleba bizantiis winaaRmdeg ideologiuri da politikuri
brZolis erT-erT umTavres iaraRad. gasagebia, rom somxuri
eklesias am funqciis gansamtkiceblad iranis xelisuflebas misi
gavlenis sferos geografiuli sazRvrebis gafarToebisTvisac
unda ezruna. 6I4 w. ktezifonSi cnobili sparsuli saeklesio kreba
Sahis piriT brZanebda: `yvela qristianma, vinc Cems xelmwifobas
emorCileba, somexTa sarwmunoeba unda miiRoso~4 . amiT somxuri
3
ix. m. abeRianis dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 102-103.
ê»μ»áëÇ »åÇëÏáåáëÇ å³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1939« ¿ç 200; Ëóêîíèí Â. Ã.
Äðåâíèé è ðàííåñðåäíåâåêîâûé Èðàí, Ìîñêâà, 1987, ñ. 180-188.
17
eklesiis ierarqiulma pretenziebma kavkasiaSi farTo gasaqani mi-
iRo da msaxurma istoriografiamac ara marto somxuri eklesiis,
aramed mTlianad kavkasiis politikuri istoriis suraTis war-
mosaxvac am Targze scada.
somxuri samRvdeloebisa da eklesiis gazrdili pretenziebis
kvali sakmaod cxadad atyvia Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlo-
bis pirvelsave Zeglebs, sadac didi pompezurobiTaa aRbeWdili
qristianobis winaSe somxeTis kulturuli rolis gansakuTrebu-
lad warmosaxvis cda da am Zeglebis sxvadasxva redaqciebSi met-
naklebi sisruliTaa gamJRavnebuli aRmosavleTis qristianuli
qveynebis sulieri meTauris miCemebis survili. somexTa moqcevis
berZnul, arabul, qarTul redaqciebSi mocemuli istoriuli su-
raTis Tanaxmad, somexTa ganmanaTlebeli da somexTa mefe ufle-
bamosilebi Canan, mouxmon iberiisa da albaneTis mefeebs, Semdeg
ki maT qveynebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis gansamtkiceblad
iqadagon, daniSnon episkoposebi da organizaciulad moawyon
eklesiebi5 . somexTa moqcevis qarTul redaqciaSi, romelic erT-
e
E rT uZveles Targmans warmoadgens, somexTa ganmanaTlebeli gri-
goli somexTa garda mTeli aRmosavleTis momqceveladaa gamoy-
vanili: `esreT ukue ara xolo somxiTi gareSeicva mis (e. i. grig-
olis) mier qadagebaman cxovrebisaman, aramed sparseTi da asureTi
da midni... amaT yovelTagani tkbilsa mas uRelsa qristessa moiy-
vanna erni mravalni~6 . am Zeglis mixedviT, somexTa damsaxureba
qristianobis winaSe berZnebis TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo. Zeglis
avtori wers: `da iyvnes ornive ese varskvlav brwyinvale kon-
stantine da Trdat, konstantine kerZoTa dasavlisaTa, xolo
Trdat aRmosavliT, da brwyinavdes da gananaTlebdes~7 . am Temam
Tavisi Semdgomi ganviTareba gviandel ZeglebSic pova. magaliTad,
e. w. `xelSekrulebis wignis~ (`daSanc TuRT~) mixedviT, TiTqos,
romsa da somxeTs erTmaneTs Soris gavlenis sferoebad gaeyoT
mTeli qristianuli samyaro, romlis ZaliTac dasavleTi roma-
5
ix. georgika, t. I, Tbilisi, I96I, gv.70-73; Í. Ìàðð. Êðåùåíèå àðìÿí,
ãðóçèí, àáõàçîâ è àëàíîâ ñâ. Ãðèãîðèåì, Ñïá, 1905, ñ. 63-211.
6
cxovreba wm. grigol parTelisa, gamocemuli leon meliqseT-be-
gis mier, tfilisi, 1920, gv. 43.
7
iqve, gv. 46.
18
elebs hrgebiaT, aRmosavleTi – somxebs. am natyuari Zeglis
Tanaxmad, dokuments, Turme, xels awerdnen romis mxridan
imperatori konstantine da papi silvestri, somxeTis mxridan ki
mefe Trdati da grigol ganmanaTlebeli8 .
somexTa moqcevas ukavSirdeba da mis analogiuradaa gad-
mocemuli somxuri anbanisa da damwerlobis Seqmnis ambavic.
grigol ganmanaTleblis msgavsad, somxuri anbanis Semqmnelic
saerTo kavkasiur moRvawedaa gamoyvanili da, amis Sesabamisad,
masve miewereba, somxurTan erTad, qarTul da albanur anbanTa
Seqmnac. koriunis mixedviT, aRmosavleT somxeTSi damwerlobis
danergvis Semdeg, maStoci Tavis moswavleebTan erTad iberiaSi
gamgzavrebula, iq mas qarTuli anbani Seuqmnia da mTargmnelo-
biTi saqmianobac gaumarTia (igulisxmeba RvTismsaxurebisTvis
saWiro literaturis Targmnis dawyeba). somexi misioneris gan-
manaTlebluri saqmianobis xelSesawyobad qarTvel mefesa da
episkoposs qveynis sxvadasxva mxridan saswavleblad mravalricxo-
vani axalgazrdoba SeukrebiaT, romelTagan SemdegSi zogierTebi
episkoposebadac ki dauniSniaT9 .
Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis kritikuli ganxilvisas
pirvelad iv. javaxiSvilma SeniSna, rom maStocisa da grigolis
mniSvnelobis mTeli kavkasiisaTvis ganzogadeba erTi da imave
wrisa da TiTqmis erTi da imave mweral gadamkeTeblis saqme unda
yofiliyo... orive ZeglSi erTi da imave mimarTulebisa da Teori-
is gamoxatuleba yofila10. niSandoblivia, rom s. eremianis azri-
Tac, wm. grigolis Rvawli qarTvelTa gaqristianebis saqmeSi gan-
sazRvruli politikuri mosazrebebiT aris Setanili ZeglSi
daaxloebiT IX-X ss.. erTi istoriografiuli naSromisaTvis ga-
keTebul SeniSvnaSi igi wers: `Èçó÷åíèå àðàáñêîé âåðñèè èñòîðèè
Àãàòàíãåëîñà ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî âåðñèÿ î êðåùåíèè ñâ. Ãðèãîðèåì òàêæå ãðóçèí,
àëáàíîâ, àáõàçîâ è àëàíîâ ìîãëà âîçíèêíóòü òîëüêî IX-X ââ., êîãäà àðìÿíñêèå
8
¸³ß³Ýó ÃÕÃáÛ ùÝÝáõÃÇõÝ áõ Ñ»ñùáõÙÁ ³ñ³ñ Ω Þ³Ñݳ½³ñ»³Ýó« ä³ñÇë« 1862«
¿ç. 21« 25
9
Êîðþí. Æèçíü Ìàøòîöà. Òåêñò ðàçíî÷òåíèÿìè ðóêîïèñåé, ïåðåâîä,
ïðåäèñëîâèå è êîììåíòàðèè Ì. Àáåãÿíà, Åðåâàí, 1941, ãë. XV.
10
iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, Tbilisi,
I935, gv. 183.
19
Áàãðàòèäû âåëè áîðüáó çà óñòàíîâëåíèå ñâîèõ ñþçåðåííûõ ïðàâ íàä âñåìè
õðèñòèàíñêèìè ôåîäàëàìè ñòðàí Çàêàâêàçüÿ~11.
pirveli istorikosi, romelic somxuri eklesiis istoriasTan
erTad, qveynis saSinao da sagareo urTierTobis istoriasac gad-
mogvcems aris V s. meore naxevarSi mcxovrebi, m. abeRianis dax-
asiaTebiT `Taviseburi somxuri patriotizmiT aRsavse~12, favs-
tos buzandi. am avtoris `somxeTis istoria~, faqtobrivad, mami-
konianTa sagvareulo istoriis saxotbo Txzulebas warmoadgens,
sadac faqtebi da movlenebi xsenebuli `Taviseburi
patriotizmis~ prizmaSia gatarebuli. aseTi saxiTaa gadmocemuli
am TxzulebaSi arsebuli qarTul-somxur urTierTobaTa
amsaxveli fragmentebic. favstos buzandis gadmocemiT, somxeTSi
papis mefobisas (369-374) misi xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg somxeTis
mTeli rigi olqebi ajanyebulan da misgan gandgoma ucdiaT.
sparseTTan omis damTavrebis Semdeg ki sparapet muSeR mamikonians
uTavia ajanyebis CaxSoba da somxeTisagan gamdgari qveynebis dab-
runeba. gamdgarTa Soris asaxelebs `gugarqis~ (qvemo qarTlis
somxuri saxelwodeba) xelisufalsac. igi wers: sparapetma muSeRma
gailaSqra iveriis mefeze, sastikad Seaviwrova, daimorCila
iverTa mTeli qveyana, maxvils misca azatebi da naxararuli
gvarebi, vinc ki moixelTa. sparapetma muSeRma brZana jvars ecvaT
farnavazianebi, xolo gugarqis bdeSxs, romelic adre somxeTis
mefes emorCileboda da bolos aujanyda, Tavi mohkveTa da misi
gvaris mamrobiTi STamomavloba gaJlita, qalebi ki tyved waiy-
vana. mTeli mxare xelaxla daimorCila, waiyvana mZevlebi, dan-
arCenebi ki daxarka. daikava ra teritoria Zvel sazRvramde,
romelic iyo somxeTsa da iverias Soris, anu did mdinare
mtkvramde, dabrunda ukan13.
qarTlis mimarT somxeTis teritoriuli pretenziebi pirve-
lad, vgoneb, am ZeglSia fiqsirebuli, Tumca, sakontrolo
masaliT, favstos buzandis mier emociurad monaTxrobi ar das-
turdeba da, albaT, somexi avtoris subieqtur ganwyobilebas
11
Êóëüòóðà ðàííåôåîäàëüíîé Àðìåíèè IV-VII ââ., Åðåâàí, 1980, ñ. 45.
12
Ìàíóê Àáåãÿí, Èñòîðèÿ äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, ñ. 106.
13
ö³íëïáë ´áõ½³Ý¹« ä³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³Ûáó« ºñ»í³Ý« 1968« ¿ç. 252
20
ufro unda mieweros, vidre realur viTarebas, romelTa Sesaxeb
avTenturi wyaroebi sul sxva suraTs gvixataven14.
ganxilul TxzulebebSi ganviTarebuli somxeTis gandidebis
idea Tavis apogeas aRwevs movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoria-
Si~, sadac somexTa gamorCeulobis azri koncefciis donezea ayva-
nili. am ideis ufro mZafrad aRsaqmelad da misTvis praqtikuli
mniSvnelobis misaniWeblad naSromi sruldeba e. w. `godebiT~, sa-
dac m. xorenaci iZleva arSakunianTa somxuri samefos damxobis
Semdgomdroindel somxeTSi Seqmnili mZime socialur-ekonomikuri,
politikuri da kulturul-moraluri dacemis saSinel suraTs.
mkveTri kontrasti warsulsa da awmyos Soris qmnis erovnuli
Rirsebis mwvaved gancdis saSualebas, rac, cxadia, arsebulisadmi
Seurigeblobisa da amboxiskenaa mimarTuli. `godebis~ pirvelsave
winadadebaSi aSkarad SeigrZnoba avtoris politikuri amocana –
didebuli warsulis SexsenebiT protestis grZnobiT ganawyos
xalxi usaxuri sinamdvilisadmi: `dagtiri Sen somexTa qveyanav,
dagtiri Sen, yovelTa CrdiloelTa Soris gamorCeulo, rameTu
aRixocnen (pirisagan miwisa) mefe da mRvdeli, mrCeveli da moZR-
vari; dairRva mSvidobianoba da fesvi gaidga uwesrigobam, Seirya
marTlmadidebloba da ugunurobis wyalobiT ganmtkicda mwvale-
bloba da a. S.15. warsulsa da awmyos Soris kontrastis kidev
ufro gaZlierebas xels uwyobs Txzulebis ZiriTad nawilSi
somxeTis istoriis gansakuTrebuli brwyinvalebiT warmoCena,
risTvisac avtori faqtebisa da movlenebis araTu Selamazebas,
aramed, rig SemTxvevebSi, maT gayalbebasac ar erideba.
somxuri istoriografiis mamad saxeldebuli m. xorenacis
`somxeTis istoria~ pirveli naSromia, sadac gadmocemulia qvey-
nis gabmuli istoria uZvelesi droidan V s-mde, somex arSakunian-
14
ix. n. janaSia, qvemo qarTlis istoriuli geografiidan, wignSi
`istoriul wyaroTmcodneobiTi narkvevebi~, Tbilisi, I986, gv. 55-
92; a. bogveraZe, qarTlis (iberiis) samefos 369 w. gayofis sakiTx-
isaTvis, kr. `Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan~, Tbili-
si, 1976, gv. 88-98; daviT musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII sauku-
neebSi, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 61-64 da sxv.
15
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, al. abdalaZis gamocema, Tbi-
lisi, I984, gv. 240.
21
Ta samefos damxobamde. somexTa warmomavloba m. xorenacs bib-
liuri mamamTavridan gamohyavs, riTac is somxeTis istorias
msoflio istoriul process ukavSirebs da iq sapatio adgils
uZebnis. m. xorenacisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txrobis maJoruli
toni, somex xelisufalTa warmatebebis kvalobaze, TandaTan,
sazeimo JReradobas iZens da bolos, aRtacebaSi gadadis, roca
tigran ervandianisa da Trdat III-is sagmiro saqmeebis aRweras
iwyebs. misi politikuri idealia iseTi xelisufali, romelsac
SeeZleboda somxeTis sazRvrebis yvela mimarTulebiT da yvelaze
Sors gatana. am idealis Sesabamisad warmogvidgens m. xorenaci
somxuri eTnosisa da erovnuli teritoriis formirebis process,
romelic monoeTnikuri samyaros warmoqmniT unda dasruldes.
am Temas m. xorenacis TxzulebaSi erTi upirvelesTagani adgili
ukavia.
somxeTis uZvelesi da Zveli istoriis gadmocemisas m. xore-
naci, ZiriTadad, samxreT kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis
mniSvnelovani nawilis asparezze Slis Tavis Txrobas, riTac, Cans,
arapirdapir moxazavs somxeTis istoriuli teritoriis navar-
audebel sazRvrebsac. misi gadmocemiT, somexTa eTnarqi haiki,
babilonSi, vaJis (aramaneakis) SeZenis Semdeg gaeSura CrdiloeTis
mxareebSi mdebare araradis qveynisaken (vanis tbis samxreTiT)
Tavisi vaJebiTa da qaliSvilebiT, SviliSvilebiT, daaxloebiT sa-
mas mZleTa mZle kacTan, agreTve, msaxurebsa da SemokedlebulebT-
an erTad, mTeli avla-didebiT. igi mivida da damkvidrda erTi
mTis Zirs, vakeze, sadac ukve dasaxlebuliyo mcire xalxi adrin-
deli gafantvis dros. haikma daimorCila isini da aago iq samemkvi-
dreo saxli, romelic saSviliSvilod gadasca kadmoss, aramaneakis
Zes. amas Zveli zepirgadmocemebic adasturebeno – SeniSnavs
m. xorenaci16. somexi mematianis Tanaxmad, amis Semdeg haiki kvlav
ganagrZobs STamomavlebisTvis teritoriebis gafarToebas dapy-
robebis gziT. igi wers: haiki danarCeni amaliT gaemarTa Crdilo-
dasavleTisaken (igulisxmeba vanis tbis sanaxebi), mivida da
damkvidrda zeganze, romelsac daarqva harqi, ramdenadac aq dasax-
ldnen mamani Torgomis saxlis modgmisa. gaaSena man agreTve erTi
sofeli da Tavis saxelis mixedviT uwoda haikaSeni. velis samxreT
16
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 70.
22
nawilSi, erT wagrZelebul mTasTan adridanve cxovrobdnen mcir-
eodeni kacni, romlebic nebiT damorCildnen gmirs17. dawvrilebiT
aRwers mematiane titan belze saocari gamarjvebis ambavs, ris
aRsaniSnavadac haiks brZolis velze, vanis tbis samxreT-aRmosav-
leTiT, dastakerti gauSenebia da saxelad misTvis haiqi daurqme-
via. amis gamo mTel mxaresac hioc Zori (somexTa xevi) Seurqme-
via18. `Cveni winapris, haikis saxelis mixedviT Cven qveyanas haiqi
hqvia~-o, dasZens bolos mematiane19. amiT sruldeba Txroba haikis
mier gaweul Rvawlze somexTaTvis sakuTari teritoriis Seqmni-
saTvis, rac faqtobrivad, vanis tbis midamoebiT Semoifargla.
somexTa teritoriis SemdgomSi gafarToeba ukve haikis STa-
momavlebs miewereba, romlebic CrdiloeTis mxareebSi cdiloben
TavianTi samflobeloebis Seqmnas. am procesSi isini saTaves ude-
ben somxuri sanaxararoebis warmoqmnas samxreT kavkasiaSi. haikis
STamomavlebis mier axali teritoriebis aTvisebasa da sanax-
araroebis daarsebas m. xorenaci ase gadmogvcems: haikis Svili
xori gamravlda CrdiloeTis mxareebSi, daafuZvna iq soflebi,
amboben, rom misgan momdinareobs xorxorunTa gvaris didi sanax-
araro. aseve haikis Svili aramaneaki Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken
mTebiT mozRudul erT tafobze damkvidrda, gaaSena misi Crdi-
lo nawili da mimdebare mTis Ziri. Tavisi saxelis mimsgavsebiT
mTas uwoda aragawi, xolo savargulebs aragawis Ziri... arama-
neakis vaJma aramaisma aiSena samkvidro saxli mdinaris piras mde-
bare erT borcvze, romelsac Tavisi saxelis mixedviT armaviri
daarqva, xolo mdinares, SviliSvilis erastis saxelisagan erasxi.
vaJiSvili Sara mTeli Tavisi saxleuliTa da avladidebiT gag-
zavna man erT maxlobel, nayofier, mosavlian velze, romelzedac
aragawad wodebuli mTis ZirSi, mis CrdiloeTiT, miedinebian wyal-
ni aramciredni. misi saxelis mixedviT gavars Siraki daerqva20.
ase TandaTanobiT haikis STamomavlebi iTvisebdnen, m. xorenacis
gadmocemiT, Semdgomdroindel somxeTis teritoriebs, romelTa
konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs mematiane arsad ar aRniSnavs
da mxolod toponimTa mixedviT Tu Seiqmnis mkiTxveli warmod-
17
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 70.
18
iqve, gv. 72.
19
iqve.
20
iqve, gv. 72-74.
23
genas somxeTis Tavdapirveli teritoriis moculobaze. am mxriv,
yvelaze ufro Crdilo nawilad matianeSi saxeldeba sevanis tbis
midamoebi. m. xorenacis gadmocemiT, haikis erT-erTi STamomavali
gelami gaeSura erTi tbis napirze mdebare Crdilo-aRmosavle-
Tis mTisaken. gaaSena man im tbis sanapiro, daasaxla iq xalxi da
Tavisi saxelisagan mTas geli daarqva, xolo dasaxlebas –
gelaquni, romliTac iwodeba zRvac21. amis Semdeg m. xorenaci
did samflobeloTagan mxolod sivnieTis warmoqmnaze saubrobs,
romlis gaCenasa da saxelwodebas gelamis vaJis sisakis saxelsa
da mis sameurneo saqmianobas ukavSirebs sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad.
amiT mematiane asrulebs Txrobas haikis naSierTa, misgan
warmoSobili gvarebisa da maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, rac,
faqtobrivad, kavkasiaSi somexTa Tavdapirveli samkvidrebelis
Seqmnis istorias warmoadgens. ase rom, somexTa uZvelesi teri-
toria kavkasiaSi, m. xorenacis mowmobiT, moicavda did sivrces
vanis tbidan sevanis tbamde, ris dasadasturebladac am sivrceSi
arsebul toponimebs somexi mematiane somexTa eTnarqisa da misi
STamomavlebis SesaZlo saxelebTan aigivebs, Tumca wyaroebis ze-
gavleniT iZulebulia, arapirdapir mainc, am teritoriaze ufro
Zveli mosaxleobis arsebobis SesaZleblobac dauSvas. m. xorenacis
SeniSvniT, `sakvirvelia mematianes naTqvami, rom Cvens qveyanaSi
mraval adgilas gafantulad cxovrobda mcirericxovani xalxi,
Cveni Zireuli winapris, haikis mosvlamde~22.
m. xorenacis mixedviT, somexTa ZiriTadi samkvidreblis Seqm-
nis procesi, TiTqos, SedarebiT mSvidobiani da samarTliani xas-
iaTisa iyo, ramdenadac haiki da misi STamomavlebi ufro xSirad
dausaxlebel, Tavisufal adgilebs ikavebdnen da mxolod aqa-iq
xvdebodaT maT mosaxleoba, romelic, Tavisi mcirericxovnobis
gamo, iZulebuli iyo damorCileboda somxebs. SedarebiT mSvido-
biani ganviTarebis am procesis dasrulebis Semdeg somexTa winap-
rebs, Cans, axali teritoriebis mosapoveblad mezoblebTan brZo-
lebis gadaxda uxdebodaT. istorikosis ganmartebiT, arsebobs
gadmocemebi haikiani aramis mamacuri saqmeebis, gmiruli brZo-
lebisa da somexTa sazRvrebis yovelive mimarTulebiT gafar-
21
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 74.
22
iqve, gv. 73.
24
Toebis Sesaxeb23. aSkaraa mematianis am sityvebs politikuri ide-
alis mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli, romliTac, misi azriT, yovelma
Rirseulma somexma xelisufalma unda ixelmZRvanelos. aseT
gamorCeul xelisuflad somxeTis istoriaSi m. xorenaci mefe
tigran ervandians (ervandis Zes) asaxelebs, romelsac uSurvelad
aqebs, `brZensa da kacTaTvis saWiro yvela TvisebiT Semkuls~
uwodebs. m. xorenaci aRtacebiT auwyebs Tavis mkiTxvels: tigranma
daipyro berZnebic da aramciredi xniT daimorCila isini. tig-
ranis wyalobiT ganivrco Cveni qveynis sazRvrebi imdenad, rom
Zvel droSi metisTvis aRar migviRwevia. Tanamedroveebs SurdaT
tigranisa, xolo STamomavloba Senatroda mas da mis dros...
tigranma Tavisi vaJkacobiT ganadida Cveni eri. Cven, manamde
ucxoTeslTa uRlis qveS myofebma, sxvebi davimorCileT da mox-
arkeebad vaqcieT24.
m. xorenacis politikuri koncefcia, rogorc misi am msje-
lobidan mkafiod warmoCindeba, uaRresad agresiulia. igi iwonebs
da axalisebs sxvisi teritoriebis mitacebas, xalxebis damor-
Cilebasa da daxarkvas, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviT somxeTi
araerTxel gamxdara amgvari agresiis msxverpli. miT ufro Seu-
sabamo da sakvirvelia, TiTqos, aseTi ideebis xotba istorikosi-
sagan, romelic guldaTuTquli godebs ZaladobiT damxobili
mSobliuri samefos gamo. magram, adreuli Sua saukuneebis cno-
bierebisaTvis, rogorc Cans, sxva RirebulebebTan SedarebiT Zala-
sa da Zaladobas meti fasi hqonda, ris safuZvelzec es fenomeni
yovelTvis poulobda gamarTlebas adamianTa gonebaSi. Tavisi naS-
romis dasawyisSi m.xorenaci wers: patara eri varT, friad ricxv
mcire da uZluri, xSirad ucxo samefosagan dapyrobili, magram
Cvens qveyanaSic momxdara bevri Rirssaxsovari sagmiro saqme25.
gasagebia, rom am Rirssaxsovar sagmiro saqmeebSi somexTa mier
sxva qveynebis dapyroba igulisxmeba, rac savsebiT Seefereboda
istorikosis epoqis suliskveTebas. amitomac, m. xorenacis Tval-
sazrisi qveynis SesaZlo sazRvrebze, mTlianad, xsenebul agresi-
ul ganwyobas efuZneba. am mxriv, albaT, niSandoblivicaa, rom
23
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 75.
24
iqve, gv. 88-89.
25
iqve, gv. 58.
25
m. xorenaci gaurbis geografiuli nomenklaturis gamoyenebiT
somxeTis sazRvrebis konkretul Cvenebas, ramdenadac, misi azriT,
somxeTis yvela mimarTulebiT gafarToeba Seuqcevadi da mudmivi
procesi unda yofiliyo. am Tvalsazriss igi parTiis pirveli
arSakidi mefis piriT gadmogvcems teqstis im nawilSi, sadac wers:
arSakma Tavisi Zalauflebis simtkicisaTvis mizanSewonilad CaTv-
ala misive Zma valarSaki gaemefebina somxeTSi. sataxto qalaqad
gadasca mas nizibini, xolo samflobelod gamouyo dasavleT
asureTis erTi nawili, palestina, azia, mTeli Sua xmeleTi, Teta-
lia, pontos zRvidan im adgilamde, sadac kavkasiis (mTa) uerTde-
ba dasavleTis zRvas, agreTve atropatina. `sxvac Seni iyoso,
uTxra mas, ramdensac Seni goneba da simamace miswvdeba, rameTu
vaJkacT iseTive sazRvrebi aqvT, ra zomiTac maTi iaraRi
gasWris~26. somxeTis politikuri sivrcis usasrulod gafarToe-
bis survili aq, sabolood, koncefciis saxiT yalibdeba: `ra zom-
iTac iaraRi gasWris~, imave zomiTve SeiZleba gagrZeldes qveynis
sazRvrebio. am koncefciiT, nebismieri mezoblis teritoria Sei-
Zleba miCneuli iyos somxeTis nawilad, Tuki misi iaraRi mezob-
lisas sZlevs. aseT konteqstSi unda ganixilavdes is kavkasiasac,
romelic mTlianad CarTulia mis mierve Semoxazul, parTiis xe-
lSi gadasuli somxeTis sazRvrebSi. mematianisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
belia, rom kavkasiis qveynebsa da xalxebs ver amCnevs (n. berZeniS-
vili) da mas mxolod zogadi geografiuli terminiT `CrdiloeT-
iT~ da `CrdiloelebiT~ aRniSnavs, riTac, etyoba, cdilobs somx-
eTs daqvemdebarebuli qveynis STabeWdileba Seuqmnas mkiTxvels
kavkasiaze. amitomaa mis TxzulebaSi qarTli somxeTis nawilad,
xolo qarTveli xelisuflebi somxeTis samefos moxeleebad war-
modgenili. magaliTad, `mefem Sehyra kabadokielTa (jari), mTeli
rCeuli (meomrebi) qarTvelTa da alvanelTa27; / somexTa mefem /
aleqsandres mier iverielTa xelisuflad dadgenil mihrdats
miando CrdiloeTis mTebisa da pontos zRvis ganmgebloba~28. igive
damokidebuleba grZeldeba kavkasiisa da qarTvelTa mimarT Zv.
w. II da I s. naxevris politikuri movlenebis gadmocemisas da
26
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 67.
27
iqve, gv. 92.
28
iqve, gv. 111.
26
Semdegac. antonusis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad artavazd II-s,
Turme, ubrZanebia `SeekribaT aTi aTasobiT jari atrpatakanSi,
agreTve, kavkasiel mTielTa, alvanTa da qarTvelTa Soris~29.
qarTlis gamaqristianebel mirian mefes ki m. xorenaci qarTvelTa
winamZRols uwodebs da Trdat somexTa mefis erT-erT
mxedarTmTavrad warmogvidgens 30. erTi sityviT, rogorc mar-
Tebulad adreve SeniSna l. janaSiam, m. xorenacis koncefciiT,
qarTli somxeTis erT-erTi mxarea, xolo qarTlis mmarTveli
somxeTis mefis qveSevrdomia31. aseTivea m. xorenacis damokide-
buleba kavkasiis sxva qveynebis mimarTac.
m. xorenaci, misive TqmiT, simarTlis weris momxrea da kide-
vac qadagebs amas Tavis naSromSi, magram praqtikulad, ramdena-
dac erTxel SemuSavebuli koncefciis prizmaSi atarebs poli-
tikur movlenebs da mas umorCilebs istoriul faqtebs, amdenad
mis TxrobaSi araiSviaTad vxvdebiT qronologiisa da faqtebis
aRrevas, xolo calkeul SemTxvevaSi pirvelwyaroebis Segnebul
gayalbebasac. ase magaliTad, parTel arSakidTa umcrosi Stos
pirveli warmomadgeneli somxeTSi ax. w. I s. meore naxevarSi gamef-
da, m. xorenacis ki es faqti Zv. w. III s. Sua wlebisTvis gadaaqvs,
roca es dinastia iranSi damkvidrda, riTac, etyoba, surda somex
arSakidTa `erovnulobisaTvis~ uxsovar droSive daedo saTave.
m. xorenacis cnoba tigran ervandianisadmi qarTvelTa da
alvanelTa daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb areulia tigran II-is (Zv. w.
I s.) epoqis ambebTan, roca qarTvelebi da alvanelebi pontosa da
somxeTis samefoebTan erTiani frontiT saerTo mtrebs, ro-
maelebs ebrZodnen. strabonis cnobiT, artaSes I-is dros (Zv. w.
II s.) gogarene (qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili) somxeTs SeuerT-
da, ris Sedegadac qarTveli pitiaxSi somxeTis mefis moxeled
iqca. magram m. xorenaci azviadebs, roca artaSes I-is xelisufle-
bas, mihrdatis saxiT, TiTqmis mTel qarTlze avrcelebs. xseneb-
uli koncefciis bralia, agreTve, rom qarTlis gamaqristianebel
29
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. II9.
30
iqve, gv. I70, I84, I86.
31
l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
Tbilisi, I962, gv. I85.
27
mirian mefes, faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod, somxeTis politikur
sivrceSi Semaval xelisuflad warmogvidgens, maSin rodesac,
piriqiT, miriani somxeTis mimarT aqtiur politikas atarebda da
sparselTa daxmarebiT iq sakuTari interesebis dacvas cdilob-
da32. laSa janaSias dakvirvebiTac, omis pirvel periodSi, rode-
sac iranelebma xelT igdes romis imperiis teritoriis nawili,
SesaZlebelia, somxeTi, Tu misi romelime olqi iranelebma sagam-
geod Caabares kidec mirians33.
somxeTis gandidebis saqmeSi m. xorenaci mniSvnelovnad usw-
rebs da aWarbebs winamorbed avtorebs. Tu koriunis, agaTangelo-
sis, favtos buzandisa da sxvaTa TxzulebebSi ZiriTadad saubar-
ia qristianebisa da qristianuli kulturis gavrcelebaSi somex
moRvaweTa iniciativaze da mezoblebSi maT misionerul rolze,
m. xorenaci qarTlsa da masTan erTad kavkasias politikuradac
da sulieri kulturiTac somxeTze damokidebul qveynad warmogvi-
Cens rogorc Zvel warmarTul, ise qristianul xanaSic. misi mtki-
cebiT, tigran I-is vaJi – vahagni, romelsac vaJkacobiT herakles
adarebdnen da sasomxeTSi mis Sesaxeb sazRapro Tqmulebebi yofi-
la gavrcelebuli, Turme, qarTvelebs gauRmerTebiaT, TavianT
qveyanaSi misive zomis qandakeba daudgamT, Tayvans scemdnen da
msxverpls swiravdneno34. m. xorenacis mier moyvanili gadmocema
miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom somxur warmarTul panTeonSi vahag-
ni uzenaes RvTaeba aramazdTan iyo gaTanabrebuli da anaitTan
erTad RvTaebaTa pirvel sameuls qmnida35. ufro metic, qarTlSi
wm. ninos moRvaweobis ambis gadmocemisas qarTuli warmarTuli
panTeonis uzenaes RvTaeba armazs, somxuri aramazdiT aRniSnavs36,
riTac, etyoba, surs mkiTxveli daarwmunos, TiTqos, qarTlic
somxur kulturul sivrceSi Semavali qveyana yofiliyos.
32
ix. n. lomouri, narkvevebi qarTlis samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi,
1975, gv. 43.
33
l. janaSia, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi narkvevebi, Tbilisi,
1986, gv. 9.
34
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, al. abdalaZis gamocema, gv. 95.
35
Ìàíóê Àáåãÿí, Èñòîðèÿ äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Åðåâàí, 1975, ñ. 27.
36
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 171.
28
igive mediduri damokidebuleba qarTlisa da gare samyaros
mimarT SeiniSneba m. xorenacis TxrobaSi qristianuli religiis
aRmocenebisa da misi gavrcelebis ambis gadmocemisas, sadac igi
upirveles adgils somxebs akuTvnebs. m. xorenacis mtkicebiT,
qristes am qveynad yofnisas somxebs hyoliaT mefe abgari, romel-
mac, Turme, Tavidanve irwmuna qristes saswaulebrivi moqmedebis
RvTiuri unari da masSi namdvilad Ze RmrTisa Seicno. misive gad-
mocemiT, dasneulebulma abgarma werili gaugzavna qristes da
sTxova masTan misuliyo da moerCina. Cvenma macxovarma, wers
m. xorenaci, ar miiRo abgaris miwveva, Tumca werilis Rirsi ki gax-
adao, da Sehpirda `raJams avmaRldebi SenTan gamovuSveb EerT-
erT Cems mowafes, raTa gangkurnos sneulebaTagan da moganiWoT
cxovreba Senc da Sens garSemo myofTac~ 37 . rogorc iTqva,
asrulda kidec. qristes erT-erTma _ mowafem Tadeosma gankurna
abgari, ris Semdeg abgarTan erTad mTeli qalaqi moinaTlao.
abgarma Tadeoss wasvlisas gaatana firmani, raTa yvelas Seewy-
narebina qristes saxareba. somexTa mefe abgari amiT ar
dakmayofilda da Seecada qristes sarwmunoebaze mezobeli didi
xelisuflebic miemxro. man werili miswera romis keisars
tiberioss, asureTis mefes nersehs, sparsTa mefe artaSess da
urCia maT erwmunaT qriste da misi sityva38. rogorc samecniero
literaturaSi kargadaa SeniSnuli mTeli es moTxroba somexi
mematianis SeTxzulia, rasac safuZvlad daudo siriuli xalxuri
gadmocemebi edesis mefe abgar ukamas Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi ki
gaqristianda ara qristes Tanamedrove abgari, aramed II-III ss.
mcxovrebi edesis mefe abgar IX (I79-2I4)39. m. abeRianis Tvalsazrisi-
Tac, mTel ganyofilebas abgaris Sesaxeb araferi aqvs saerTo
somxeTis istoriasTan da misi moxvedra m. xorenacis istoriaSi
saeWvo wyaroebis bralia 40 . miuxedavad imisa, rom qristes
37
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 126; ix. agreTve, gv. 122-
131.
38
iqve, gv. 128-130.
39
literatura sakiTxis garSemo ix. a. abdalaZis wignSi `qarTlis
cxovreba~ da saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierToba, Tbilisi, 1982, gv.
146-147 da sxv.
40
manuk abeRianis dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 157.
29
amaRlebis droidan somxeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebasa da sxva
xalxTa winaSe am mxriv gansakuTrebul damsaxurebaze mtkicebas
realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnda, amgvari gadmocemebi somxeTis
eklesias upiratesobis gancdisa da sxvaTa mimarT pretenziebis
sababs mainc aZlevda. aseTi damokidebuleba sakmaod mkafiod aqvs
gamoxatuli m.xorenacs qarTlSi qristianobis gavrcelebaze
saubrisas. am sakiTxs igi calke paragrafs uTmobs Tavis
TxzulebaSi, sadac somxeTSi mimdinare procesebis paralelurad
da masTan uSualo kavSirSi dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems wm. ninos
moRvaweobis calkeul epizodebs, riTac, etyoba, surs qarTlis
moqceva somxeTis istoriis nawilad, Tu mis gagrZelebad
warmogvidginos. m. xorenacis Tanaxmad, wm. nino (somxur teqstSi
nuned iwodeba) somxeTSi wamebul rifsimianTa amxanagi iyo, wamebas
SemTxveviT gadarCenili. yuradRebis gamaxvileba ninos rifsimi-
anobaze, aSkaraa, miznad isaxavda qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis
somxuri samyarodan warmomavlobaze STabeWdilebis Seqmnas,
ramdenadac somxuri tendenciiT, rifsime da misi megobrebi somex
wmindanebad da somxebad miaCndaT da ara romaelebad. amitomacaa,
rom m. xorenacis mtkicebiT, wm. nino grigol ganmanaTleblis
xelqveiTi, misi brZanebebis momlodine da Semsrulebelia. igi
wers: `sanatrelma nunem moiTxova sando kacebi da gagzavna isini
wm. grigorTan imis gasagebad, Tu ris gakeTebas ubrZanebda mas
Semdeg, rac qarTvelebma siamovnebiT Seiwynares saxareba. (nunem)
miiRo brZaneba moespo kerpebi, rogorc es Tavad (grigorma) qna
da aRmarTa jvari patiosani jer kidev manamde, sanam ufali
uwyalobebda maT mwyemss winamZRvrad~41. amasTan erTad, m. xorena-
ci imeorebs koriunis cnobas mesropis mier qarTvelebisa da
albanelebisaTvis anbanis Seqmnis Taobaze42.
amgvarad, Tavis winamorbed avtorebTan SedarebiT m. xorena-
ci kidev ufro metad afarToebs drosa da sivrceSi somxeTis
politikuri da kulturuli gavlenis sazRvrebs da mis
farglebSi mis mierve, `CrdiloeTad~ wodebul mTel kavkasias
aqcevs. es koncefcia erTob mimzidveli aRmoCnda sakuTari sax-
elmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZoli politikuri
41
movses xorenaci, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. I70-I7I.
42
iqve, gv. 223-224.
30
wreebisaTvis, romelTa saSualebiT, etyoba, misi gavlena mTel
somxur istoriografias gadaswvda mraval saukuneTa manZilze.
niSandoblivia, rom m. xorenacis Semdeg Zveli somxeTis istoriis
dawera aRaravis ucdia da saWiroebis SemTxvevebSi Sua saukuneebis
somexi avtorebi, ubralod, SemoklebiT gadmoscemdnen m. xorena-
cis, ris Semdeg agrZelebdnen Txrobas43. m. abeRianis dakvirve-
biT, 1400 wlis ganmavlobaSi, XIX s. miwurulamde, m. xorenacis
istoriis sinamdvileSi eWvi ar eparebodaT, somxeTis istorias m.
xorenacis mixedviT aswavlidnen da mis calkeul nawilebs
TanmimdevrobiT azepirebinebdnen moswavleebs44.
CrdiloelTa Soris somxeTis gamorCeulobis m. xorenaciseu-
li idea Tavs iCens ukve VII s. somexi istorikosis sebeosis
TxzulebaSic, sadac somxeTis mmarTveli Teodoros rStuni gan-
sakuTrebuli privilegiebiT aRWurvil piradaa warmodgenili,
romlis brZanebebis mixedviT moqmedebdnen qarTveli Tu albane-
li xelisuflebi45. amave STabeWdilebis gaZlierebas emsaxureba
sebeosis mier motanili erTob saeWvo cnoba, romlis mixedviTac
xalifa moaviam, Turme, Teodoros rStunis `uboZa xelisufleba
somxeTsa, qarTlsa, albaneTsa da sivnieTze kavkasionamde da Wo-
ris cixesimagremde... Tedorosi ki dapirda xalifas, rom am qve-
yanas mas daumorCilebda46. TviT sebeosis am cnobidan kargad
Cans, rom moavia, ubralod, kavkasiis damorCilebis uflebas aZ-
levda Teodoros rStunis, rac imxanad jerjerobiT arabebis-
Tvisac miuwvdomeli Canda. am cnobis namdviloba saeWvod miaCniaT
somxuri istoriografiis zog warmomadgenelsac47.
somxeTis gandidebisa da kavkasiaSi misi politikuri da kul-
turul-ideologiuri primatobis Tema somxur istoriografiaSi
axal energias iZens IX-X saukuneebSi, roca arabTa egidiT axlad
43
Ì. Ì. Ìêðÿí, Ìîâñåñ Õîðåíàöè, Åðåâàí, 1969, ñ. 38-39.
44
manuk abeRiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 155.
45
el. cagareiSvili, somxuri wyaroebi arabeT-saqarTvelos urT-
ierTobis Sesaxeb `mravalTavi~, I, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 477.
46
el. cagareiSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 478.
47
Þçáàøÿí Ê. Í. Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ IX-
XI ââ. Ì., 1988, ñ. 42.
31
aRdgenili somxuri saxelmwifos bagratuniani mesveurebi mfar-
velTa politikur interesebTan garkveuli TanxvedriT iwyeben
mTeli kavkasiis dasaufleblad brZolas. fsevdo Sapuh bagra-
tuni, hovhannes drasxanakertci da sxvebi TavianT TxzulebebSi
somex xelisuflebs Tavidanve somexTa da qarTvelTa xelisufle-
bad warmogvidgenen, xolo somxur eklesias kavkasiis qristianTa
meTaurad. ase magaliTad, fsevdo Sapuh bagratuni araerTgzis
amkobs smbat I-s “somexTa da qarTvelTa mefisa da TviTmpyrobe-
lis” tituliT48, asoRikis TqmiT ki, aSot I ocdaaTi wlis ganmav-
lobaSi iyo somxeTisa da qarTlis xan iSxani da xan iSxanTa iSx-
ani, xolo smbat I memkvidreobiT flobda somxeTsa da qarTls49.
kavkasiaSi somxuri eklesiis meTauri rolis saCveneblad ki
h. drasxanakertcis Tavis TxzulebaSi mohyavs konstantinopolis
patriarqis nikoloz mistikosis werili misdami, sadac somxuri
eklesiisa da misi meTauris xsenebul rolze calkeuli miniSnebebi
SeimCneva. ufro metic, somexi mematianis mier gadmocemul ni-
koloz mistikosis werilis mixedviT, TiTqos, bizantia amierkavka-
siaSi antiarabuli frontis organizaciaSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelo-
bas somxur eklesiasa da mis meTaurs akuTvnebda. sayuradReboa,
rom h. drasxanakertci kavkasiaSi somexTa wamyvan rolze saubrobs
iseT araordinalur situaciaSi, roca samSoblodan arabTagan
ltolvili kaTalikosi Tavs adarnase qarTvelTa mefesTan afareb-
da, xolo misive cnobiT, qarTvelTa mefesa da mis jars somxeTis
samefo taxtze maTTvis sasurveli kandidati (aSot smbatis Ze)
ahyavdaT50. aSkaraa, rom h. drasxanakertci movses xorenecis kon-
cefcias, faqtobrivad, brmad mihyveboda.
mTel kavkasiaze somxeTis uflebis IX-X ss. somxur istori-
ografiaSi dawyebuli mtkicebebi, sxvadasxva formiT, TiTqmis XI s.
bolomde grZeldeba. am xanis somex istorikosTa cnobebi Crdi-
loeTis mimarTulebiT teritoriebis gafarToebis Taobaze aSkar-
48
Èñòîðèÿ àíîíèìíîãî ïîâåñòâîâàòåëÿ ïñåâäî-Øàïóõ-Áàãðàòóíè, ïåðåâîä ñ
äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîãî, ïðåäèñëîâèå è êîìåíòàðèè Ì. Î. Äàðáèíÿí-Ìåëèêÿí,
Åðåâàí, 1971, ñ. 163-165 è äð.
49
asoRiki, dasaxelebuli gamocema, gv. I07-I08
50
ioane drasxanakerteli, somxeTis istoria, el. cagareiSvilis
gamocema gamokvleviTurT, Tbilisi, I965, gv. 189_I91, I95.
32
ad scildeba realurobas. isini gazviadebulad warmogvidgenen
aSot I-is, smbat I-isa da aSot II-is samxedro-politikur RonisZ-
iebaTa Sedegebis mniSvnelobas. maT SromebSi xotbis Sesxmis sur-
vili ZiriTadad gansazRvravs faqtebis dafiqsirebis wess, ris
Sedegadac iqmneba kavkasiaSi somexi bagratuni mefeebis ga-
nusazRvreli Zalauflebis iluziuri suraTi. momdevno saukuneeb-
Si, somxuri samefos dasustebisa da TandaTanobiTi gaqrobis
kvalobaze, somex avtorTa Txrobis mediduri toni da hegemonis-
turi midrekilebebi, TiTqos, TandaTan cxreba.
V-X ss. ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili mTeli es mravalricxovani
somxuri saistorio literatura, ra Tqma unda, Tavis sasargeblo
ideologiuri wnexis qveS aqcevda Sua saukuneebis kavkasiis sa-
zogadoebas da somxur mosaxleobaSi amkvidrebda misi gamorCeu-
lobisa da kavkasiaSi gansakuTrebuli moraluri uflebebiT sarge-
blobis azrs. aqedan gamomdinare, maTive azriT, somxuri saxelm-
wifoebriobis aRdgena, ra formiTa da vis mierac ar unda momx-
dariyo, unda ganxorcielebuliyo mis `istoriul sazRvrebSi~, anu
zRvidan zRvamde, misi CrdiloeTis sazRvari ki kavkasiis mTebs
Tu ar miebjineboda, mtkvramde mainc unda gavrcelebuliyo. Zir-
iTadad, m. xorenacidan momdinare, cocxal miTiur legendad qceu-
li es Tvalsazrisi, eklesiisa da somxuri mwerlobis garjiT,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Zlierad zemoqmedebda somexTa goneba-
ze da am pretenziaTa realizaciis SesaZlebel dros moTminebiT
eloda.
aseTi ideologiuri foni da kavkasiis istoriis somxuri mod-
eli, gasagebia, SeuTavsebeli iyo kavkasiis gaerTianebis procesSi
CarTuli gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos politikuri interesebi-
saTvis, ris gamoc am istoriis axali modelis Seqmna gadaudebel
amocanad unda qceuliyo.
kavkasiaSi sarwmunoebrivi primatobisTvis brZolas qarTlisa
da somxeTis eklesiebs Soris, gare faqtorebis zegavleniT (iran-
bizantiis ideologiuri dapirispireba), adridanve Caeyara safuZ-
veli, rac Semdeg kidev ufro ganviTarda qveynis gaerTianebi-
saTvis mezobelTa metoqeobis pirobebSi. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
sazogadoebis, romelic IX-X saukuneebSive mkafiod avlenda
kavkasiaSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi wamyvani mdgomareobis
damkvidrebis survils, erovnuli Rirsebis SegnebisaTvis SeuTavse-
33
beli xdeboda sakuTari qristianuli warsulis mniSvnelobis
damcrobis cdebi, ris gamoc is erTmorwmune bizantiis medi-
durobasac veRar hguobda. etyoba, amitomac, m. xorenacisa da
saerTod somxuri istoriografiis ideologiuri wnexis Sesasuste-
blad da misi zemoqmedebis gasaneitraleblad, adreul Sua sauku-
neebSive iqmneba qarTuli erovnuli tendenciis matarebeli, kargad
argumentirebuli qarTlis gaqristianebis istoria, romelic
arsebiTad upirispirdeboda rogorc somxuri, ise erTmorwmune
berZnuli eklesiis hegemonistur midrekilebebs. amis saukeTeso
magaliTia `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~ matianeSi Sesuli qarTlis
gaqristianebis istoria, romelic specialur literaturaSi
`fsevdoepigrafikuli~ an `Satberdul-WeliSuri~ `ninos cxovrebis~
saxeliT moixsenieba 51 . am Txzulebis avtoris mtkicebiT,
saqristianoSi qarTlis gansakuTrebuli roli winaswar, jer kidev
qristianobis gavrcelebamde iyo gansazRvruli, ramdenadac erT-
erTi udidesi qristianuli relikvia `samoseli qristesi yovlad
zegardmo qsovili... pirvel mowevn(u)l iyo kuarTi igi qristesi
ierusalimiT mcxeTad~52. amave avtoris cnobiT, berZenTa siamayis
umTavresi sagnis, qristes Zelis anu jvris flobaSic qarTvelebi
berZnebs eziarebian, ramdenadac am Zelis nawilebi qristes `ferxTa
ficarni~ da samsWvalni, romliTac qriste jvars iyo gakruli,
qarTlSi imyofeboda. pirveli eruSeTis eklesiis, xolo meore
manglisis eklesiis saZirkvelSi Cades53. albaT, amitomac iyo, rom
jer kidev VIII s., ioane sabanisZe berZenTa gasagonad amayad
acxadebda: `ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTismieri
moipoves, aramed Cuenca, SorielTa amaT mk¢drTa... aha esera
qarTlisaca mk¢drTa aqus sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad
wmidaTa~ 54 . qristianuli warsuliT berZnebTan gaTanabrebas
gulisxmobda, agreTve, SedarebiT gvian gavrcelebuli azri
qarTvelTa qveynis RvTismSoblis `wilxvedrilobaze~, ramdenadac
51
m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Sesav-
lis problemebi, `cxovreba wmindisa ninoisi~, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 4.
52
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, w. I, Tbilisi,
1964, gv. 87.
53
Zeglebi, I, gv. 86-87.
54
iqve, gv. 55.
34
bizantiis sataxto qalaqi RvTismSoblis sagangebo mfarvelobaSi
iTvleboda. aseTi Sedarebisas qarTvelebs araTu msoflio civi-
lizaciis erT-erT umTavres mesveurad aRiarebuli berZnebis
Tanabari, aramed kidev ufro meti siamayis sababic eZleodaT. es
viTareba ki TavisTavad ukve gulisxmobda upiratesobas somxur
tradiciaze, rac damajereblad aisaxa kidec `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~
krebulSi Sesul ninos cxovrebaSi. k. kekeliZis dakvirvebiT, am
TxzulebaSi gansakuTrebiT gazviadebuli da gandidebulia ninos
pirovneba. is, marTalia, aris `tyue~, magram ara ubralo, is `hromi
mTavaria~, Svili gamoCenili mxedarTmTavrisa da misioneris zabil-
onisa, romelmac branjTa mTeli eri moaqcia qristes sarwmunoeba-
ze. ninos biZa dedis mxridan cnobili patriarqia, isic ara
romelime Cveulebrivi qalaqisa, aramed ierusalimisa, romelic
akvania qristianobisa. nino imdenad didi pirovnebaa, rom TviT
elene dedofali mas `uwodda dedoflad da T¢sad sworad~ da
`dedoflobiT mociqulad da maxareblad Seamkobda~... ninos wili
udevs, TiTqos, TviT elene dedoflis moqcevaSi. Txzulebis mixed-
viT nino naTlavs somexTa wmindanebad miCneul rifsimesa da misi
saxlis 50 wevrs. es kidev cotaa, SeniSnavs k. kekeliZe, nino
gamoyvanilia TxzulebaSi mTeli aRmosavluri amierkavkasiis mis-
ionerad; qarTl-kaxeTisa da mTiulTa moqcevis Semdeg is, mis mier
moqceuli suji dedoflis meSveobiT, monaTlavs bodbeSi, agreTve,
mTavrebs iseTi somxuri provinciebisas, rogoricaa sivnieTi da
guaspurakani (vaspurakani). ninos samisionero asparezi – `queyana¡
Crdiloisa¡~ aris `queyana¡ kavkasiaTa¡~. k. kekeliZe principulad
uaryofs, mis dros mecnierebaSi damkvidrebul Sexedulebas,
TiTqos, `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~ avtori somxuri tradiciis gavle-
nas ganicdides, ris gamoc mis TxzulebaSi Seugnebel gardanaS-
Tebs vxvdebodeT qarTlisa da somxeTis eklesiebis Tavdapirvel
urTierTobaze. aseT gardanaSTad Tvlian, wers k. kekeliZe, ninos
moxvedras rifsimianTa sazogadoebaSi da mis, am sazogadoebasTan
erTad, somxeTSi misvlas. magram araferi `Seugnebeli~ aq Cven ara
gvaqvs, piriqiT, am SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs matianis avtoris
savsebiT Segnebul aqtTan; mas surs gvaCvenos, rom somxuri ek-
lesiis safuZveli daido im adamianTa Zvlebze, romelnic ninos
mier iyvnen moqceulni da masTan erTad moevlinnen somxeTs. meore
aseT “Seugnebel” gardanaSTs xedaven im epizodSi, sadac avtori
35
ninos miiyvans saswavleblad ierusalimSi dvinel miaforTan,
romelsac is ori wlis ganmavlobaSi `msaxurobs~. arc es faqtia
maCvenebeli qarTlisa da somxeTis eklesiebis Tavdapirveli urT-
ierTobisa. nino CvenSi samisionerod gamogzavna ara somexma
miaforma, aramed `RmerTma~ da misma biZam, ierusalimis patriarq-
ma. arcTu qristianoba uswavlia ninos am dvineli miaforisagan,
ukanaskneli mas uTvaliswinebs bed-iRbals mxolod qristes
relikviebisas, rogoricaa juari, tiloni, sudari da samoselni,
gansakuTrebiT kuarTi. avtors imitom miuyvania nino dvinel mi-
aforTan, rom ukanasknelma Tavisi sakuTari piriT aRiaros upi-
ratesoba qarTlisa sxva qveynebis winaSe: mas, qarTls, anu ufro
zustad, `CrdiloTa mcxeTelTa~, rogorc somexi miafori ambobs,
RvTis gangebam wilad arguna iseTi didi siwminde, rogoricaa
kuarTi uflisa, is kuarTi, romelsac erTmaneTs ecilebodnen
sxvadasxva qveynis qristianebi55.
amrigad, qarTveli avtoris daskvniT, qarTlisa da wm. ninos
mniSvneloba aRmosavleTis saqristianos winaSe gacilebiT didia,
vidre somxeTisa da misi ganmanaTleblis grigol parTelisa.
qristianuli rwmenis siZveliTac qarTli win uswrebs somxeTs,
ramdenadac qarTlis gansakuTrebuli roli qristianobis gavr-
celebaSi winaswar iyo gansazRvruli. amitomac moxda, rom qris-
tianuli rwmenis Casaxvisas somxeTi qarTlze aRmoCnda damok-
idebuli: somexTa eklesiis safuZveli daido im adamianTa Zvle-
bze, romlebic ninos mier iyvnen moqceulni da masTan erTad
moevlinen somxeTs. erTi sityviT, qarTveli mwerali mTlianad
uaryofs ra V s.a da Semdgomi xanis somex mweralTa pretenziebs,
kavkasiaSi qristianobis gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis istoriis
Tavis variants gvTavazobs, sadac istoriuli procesis mTavar
warmmarTvel Zalad ukve qarTlia gamoyvanili.
qarTlis gaqristianebis istoriis somxurisgan sruliad gan-
sxvavebuli da sapirispiro versiis Seqmnis Semdeg, qarTuli da
somxuri eklesiebisa da politikuri erTeulebis metoqeobis
pirobebSi, erTob saSuri unda yofiliyo msgavsi suliskveTebis
qarTvelTa politikuri istoriis dawerac, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
55
k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan,
I, Tbilisi I956, gv. 75-83.
36
Secvlida kavkasiis istoriaze somxuri koncefciiT Seqmnil war-
modgenebs. X s. arsebuli istoriuli pirobebi (bizantiasTan
ideologiur WidilSi somxuri eklesiis dasustebiT gamowveuli)
qarTuli eklesiisa da misi mesveurebis aqtiurobas uwyobda xels.
somxur eklesiasTan dogmatur brZolaSi qarTveli moRvaweebi
kulturuli faqtorebis moSveliebasac cdilobdnen, sadac mTa-
var iaraRad qarTul enas irCevdnen. am xanaSi iqmneba ioane zo-
simes `qeba¡ qarTuli enisa¡~, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTuli ena
araTu berZnulis Tanasworad, aramed masTan da sxvebTan Sedare-
biT upiratesobis mqonedac cxaddeba56. imave saukunis meore mwe-
rali giorgi merCule ki enisa da konfesiis safuZvelze eTni-
kuri sazRvrebis miRmac qarTlis usazRvrod gafarToebis Sesa-
Zleblobas asabuTebs: `qarTlad friadi queyana aRiricxebis,
romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yove-
li aResrulebis~57. qarTuli eklesiis gavlena dRiTi dRe izrde-
ba, is hereTsa da sivnieTSic aRwevs, xolo somexTa kaTalikoss
vahan I-s somxur eklesiaSi qarTuli wesebis danergvaSi amxelen58.
somxuri samefoebis dasustebisa da gaqrobis kvalad (XI s. Sua
wlebi) qarTuli eklesia Setevaze gadadis da mTels kavkasiaSi
somxuri eklesiis Seviwroebas iwyebs. I046 w. RrtilaSi gamarTul
qarTvel-somexTa saeklesio paeqrobaze qarTveli beri eqvTime
grZeli datuqsviT ekamaTeba somex winamZRvars sosTens da qarTu-
li sarwmunoebis upiratesobas umtkicebs. paeqrobis mowme bagrat
IV-c, faqtobrivad, Zalas atans da sosTenisgan somxuri sarwmu-
noebis datovebas da qarTulze moqcevas moiTxovs59. somxuri sar-
wmunoebis gmobam im xanad qarTul sasuliero literaturaSi far-
To xasiaTi miiRo60.
56
ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, Tbili-
si, 1980, gv. 167.
57
ix. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII,
Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 277-279.
58
§êï»÷³ÝáëÇ î³ñûÝ»óõáÛ ²ëáÕÏ³Ý ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ îÇ»½»ñ³Ï³Ý¦« ä»ï»ñμáõñ·« 1885«
¿ç. 181-182
59
m. sabinini, saqarTvelos samoTxe, peterburgi, 1882, gv. 617-620.
60
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, Tbilisi,
1967, gv. 123; mcire sjulis kanoni, e. giunaSvilis gamocema,
Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 33-34, 46-48, 63-64 da sxv.
37
 aSkaraa, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mesveurebi Cqarobdnen
qarTuli sarwmunoebis bazis gafarToebas mTel kavkasiaSi, raTa
momavalSi qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi am qveynis xalx-
ebis Semoyvana ar gaZnelebodaT. magram am politikas erTi mniS-
vnelovani nakli axlda. konfesiur winaaRmdegobaTa daZleva `sar-
wmunoebrivi eqspansiis gziT~ SeuZlebeli iyo, miT umetes iseTi
mdidari kulturis qveyanaSi, rogoric somxeTi iyo. aseTi gziT
politikuri amocanebis gadaWra TviT Zlierma bizantiamac ver
SeZlo. konfesiur niadagze ganviTarebul siZulvils ki yovelTvis
da yvelgan didi boroteba mohqonda. aseTi finali qarTuli sax-
elmwifoebrivi politikisaTvis, romelic somexTa mindobasa da
Tavis garSemo darazmvas cdilobda, ra Tqma unda, yovlad miuRe-
beli iyo. albaT, amitomac, am xanaSive SeimCneva somxebTan konfe-
siuri dapirispirebis Serbilebis cdebi, rac mkafiod aisaxa ars-
en safarelis traqtatSi `ganyofisaT¢s qarTvelTa da somexTa~.
arsenis mtkicebiT, somexi xalxi ar aris damnaSave istoriis
winaSe. sparseTis mefeebma aiZules somxeTis xelisufalni da ek-
lesiis mesveurni gadaexviaT marTlmadideblobidan da mieRoT
`sjuli iakobTa~. amitom saeklesio ganxeTqileba kavkasiaSi
moklebulia Sinagan kanonzomierebas da arsen safarelis rwmeniT,
xelsayrel politikur situaciaSi kavkasiis qveynebis ideologi-
uri gaerTianeba SeuZlebeli ar aris61.
XI s. 40-ian wlebSi ganviTarebuli politikuri movlenebi sul
ufro cxadyofdnen gaerTianebuli saqarTvelosTvis somexTa
mxardaWeris gafarToebis mniSvnelobas. bagrat IV-m, marTalia,
mcire xniT, magram somexTave daxmarebiT daikava anisis samefos
dedaqalaqi cxra cixiTurT da Sirakis vrceli qveyana, faqtobri-
vad, Tavisi kontrolis TvalsawierSi moaqcia, riTac somxeTis
memkvidreobisaTvis brZolaSi mkveTrad daupirispirda bizantias.
liparit baRvaSis Ralatisa da bizantiis dawolis garda, Cans,
arc somexTa mxardaWera iyo imdenad farTo da myari, rom bagrat
IV-s SeZleboda anisis ufro xangrZlivad dakaveba. somxur poli-
tikur wreebze da xalxze ufro mniSvnelovani gavlenis mopove-
61
arsen safareli, ganyobisaT¢s qarTvelTa da somexTa, teqsti kri-
tikulad daadgina, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo zaza aleq-
siZem, Tbilisi, I980, gv. I76-I78, 200.
38
bas, cxadia, xels uSlida rogorc konfesiur uTanxmoebaTa sim-
wvave, ise somxuri istoriografiis tendenciebi. kavkasiis mo-
mavali gaerTianeba, saiTkenac gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos bagra-
tioni xelisuflebi Tanmimdevrulad iswrafodnen, araqristiani
mosaxleobis mindobasac gulisxmobda, ris gamoc qarTuli ide-
ologiuri politika ufro damajerebel argumentebs iTxovda,
vidre es qalkedonuri sarwmunoebis bazis gafarToeba Tu dapir-
ispirebuli konfesiebis morigebis saeWvo cdebi SeiZleboda
yofiliyo. aseT pirobebSi Tavisi gadamwyveti sityva unda eTqva
qarTul saistorio mwerlobas, romelic SeZlebda kavkasiis gaer-
Tianebis pretenziis mqone qveynis istoriis Sesaferi RirsebiT
warmoCenasTan erTad, somxurisgan gansxvavebuli, magram kavkasi-
is istoriis iseTi modelis agebas, romelic Seqmnil istoriul
pirobebSi orive xalxis Rirsebas daicavda da misaRebs gaxdida
Tanabrad. niSandoblivia, rom XI s., TiTqmis erTdroulad, ram-
denime qarTveli istorikosi (leonti mroveli, juanSeri, mat-
iane qarTlisa¡s avtori da sumbat daviTis Ze) wers uZvelesi
droidan XI saukunemde Tavisi qveynis gabmuli istoriis sxva-
dasxva nawilebs, sadac somxur Temas, gansakuTrebiT leontisTan,
erTob mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. rogorc Cans, dasmuli prob-
lemis gadaWris ZiriTadi tvirTis simZime leonti mrovels
daekisra. amasave mowmobs leontis mTavari Txzulebis `cxovreba
qarTvelTa mefeTa~-s qronologiuri sazRvrebic – uZvelesi
droidan V s-mde, romelSic, agreTve, gaSlili aqvs movses
xorenacis Tavisi `somxeTis istoriis~, somxuri istoriografiis
suliskveTebis am ZiriTadi wyaros, Txroba. aqedan gamomdinare
Cans, rom leontis somxebisTvisac unda gaewia angariSi, raTa
misi `mefeTa istoria~ somxebisTvisac misaRebi gamxdariyo.
SemTxveviTi arc isaa, rom qarTlis cxovrebis krebulis Seqmnidan
sul male, ukve XII s. is somxur enaze iTargmna. aSkara iyo, leonti
mrovels Zalze rTuli amocanis gadawyveta uwevda. movses xo-
renacis didi avtoritetisa da somexi xalxis cnobierebaze misi
gansakuTrebuli zegavlenis gamo, m. xorenacis xelaRebiT uar-
yofa SeuZlebeli iyo. ubralod, aseT simarTleSi somxebs ver
daajerebda. m. xorenacis kritikis sxva gza unda monaxuliyo da
leontimac genialuri simartiviT gadaWra saWirboroto didi
sakiTxi. uaryofis nacvlad m. xorenacis ZiriTadi debulebebi
39
da maT safuZvelze gaSuqebuli faqtebi Seaswora, xolo mis
eqspansiur koncefcias kavkasiis xalxTa sisxliT naTesaobisa da
Zmobis sakuTari koncefcia daupirispira (konfesiur
urTierTobaTa gamwvavebis pirobebSi `sisxliT naTesaobis~ argu-
menti gacilebiT qmediTunariani da upiratesi iyo), riTac ara
marto moraluri upiratesoba moipova xorenacize, aramed drois
moTxovnebsac ukeT moergo. kavkasiaSi ZvelTaganve gaCaRebul
ideologiur brZolaSi qarTveli politikosi-mematiane Tavisi
axali koncefciiT aSkarad gamarjvebuli Canda. Tuki leontis
koncefcias realuri politikuri situacia umagrebda niadags
(selCukiani Turqebis gamaCanagebeli Semosevebis winaaRmdeg kav-
kasiis xalxTa Zalebis gaerTianebis aucilebloba), somex moRva-
weTa erTi nawilis mier xorenacis koncefciis reanimacia im
dros, roca somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis ukanaskneli nams-
xvrevebic qreboda, ubralod anaqronizmad gamoiyureboda.
n. berZeniSvilis dakvirvebiT, realurad, leonti mroveli naS-
romis mTel sigrZeze ebrZvis xorenels, agaTangeloss, asabuTebs
qarTls...62. misive TqmiT, leontim marjved gamoiyena xoreneli
da originaluri istoria Seqmna. man ar uaryo cxadliv xorenelis
istoriuli debulebani, Tumca arsebiTad Seaswora isini da, rac
mTavaria, daurTo originaluri Teoria TargamosianTa Sesaxeb
da Semdeg mTeli istoria am TargamosianTa urTierTobis fonze
gaSala, ramac saSualeba misca originaluri istoriuli cxovreba
warmoeCina63, SinaarsiT da formiT iseTi istoria, romelic mo-
mavali didi saqarTvelos politikur interesebs Seesabameboda.
leonti mroveli `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas~ swored am Ta-
visi originaluri koncefciis warmodgeniT iwyebs, riTac mkiTxve-
lis yuradRebas amaxvilebs rogorc Tavisi Txzulebis mTavar po-
litikur amocanaze, ise mis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze qveynis
momavlisaTvis: `pirvelad vahsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa da qar-
TvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa da megrelTa da
kavkasianTa – amaT T¢sTa erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos~64.
leontis mier kavkasiis xalxTa sisxliT naTesaobis am Teoriis
62
n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 379-380.
63
iqve, gv. 26I.
64
qarTlis cxovreba, IO , gv. 3.
40
wamoyeneba ukve niSnavda movses xorenacis koncefciis uaryofas
da mis kritikas. Tu qarTveli mematiane kavkasiis xalxebis warmo-
mavlobas erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi ganixilavda, m. xorenaci
kavkasiaSi somxebis garda veravis amCnevda, somexTa eTnogenezi
misTvis iyo monoeTnikuri samyaros warmoqmnis procesi, romelic
somexTa eTnikuri ganviTarebis orbitaSi aqcevda maT samoqmedo
teritoriaze somexTa mosvlamde dasaxlebul mcirericxovan xalx-
ebs da somxur samyarosTan Serwymas ganapirobebda. ase rom,
m. xorenacis monoeTnikur samyaros leonti erTmaneTis monaTesave
mravalerovan kavkasias upirispirebda. kavkasiis xalxebis mraval-
saukunovani xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba da saerTo politikuri Tav-
gadasavali met damajereblobas sZenda leontis Teorias. XI s.
meore naxevrisaTvis m. xorenacis koncefcias praqtikuli mniS-
vneloba aRar SeiZleboda hqonoda, radgan kavkasiis xalxTa Zmo-
bis mowodeba cocxali politikuri programis mniSvnelobas iZen-
da. im dros, roca moZalebuli mtris winaaRmdeg kavkasiaSi erTa-
derTi angariSgasawevi politikuri Zala gaerTianebuli qarTuli
samefo iyo, masTan Zmobis damadasturebeli Teoria Tavdacvisa
da TavSesafris ZiebaSi myofi somxeTisaTvis araTu misaRebi da
sasurveli, aramed aucilebelic iyo. kavkasiis xalxTa naTesaobis
idea sasargeblo iyo imdroindeli qarTuli sagareo politiki-
sTvisac. somxeTis memkvidreobisTvis brZolaSi bizantiasTan dapi-
rispirebuli gaerTianebuli saqarTvelo leontis Teoriis saxiT
axal damatebiT arguments iZenda somxeTze kanonieri uflebis
dasamtkiceblad. mTavari politikuri amocaniTve iyo gansazRvru-
li kavkasiis xalxTa mamamTavrad Targamosis dasaxeleba im dros,
roca berZnul-laTinuri da somxur-qristianuli mwerloba mas mxo-
lod somexTa mamamTavrad miiCnevda. miuxedavad amisa, leonti
sxvagvarad ver moiqceoda, radganac mxolod Targamosis saxlis
wevrs SeeZlo `somxeTis memkvidreobaze~ kanonieri pretenziis gac-
xadeba.
Tavis koncefciaze dayrdnobiT leonti TanmimdevrobiT as-
worebs da cvlis m. xorenacis umTavres debulebebs qarTul-somx-
ur istoriul urTierTobaTa Taobaze da axali SinaarsiT avsebs
kavkasiis istoriis yvelaze mniSvnelovan furclebs. maT Soris
upirvelesi, ra Tqma unda, iyo erovnuli teritoriis formirebis
sakiTxi. m. xorenacis mier somexTaTvis Semoxazul vrcel teri-
41
torias, misgan gansxvavebiT, leonti Targamosis wilxvedril qvey-
nad acxadebs: `xolo qveyana igi, romeli wiliT xdomoda (Tar-
gamoss), ese ars sazRvari queyanisa misisa: aRmosavliT zRua gur-
genisa, dasavliT zRua pontosa, da samxriT zRua oreTisa, da
CrdiloT mTa kavkasia~65.
Targamosis samflobelos samxreTis sazRvari “zRua oreTi-
sa” vanis tba an xmelTaSua zRva SeiZleba iyos, rac, faqtobri-
vad, emTxveva somxeTis pirveli arSakidi mefisaTvis mizomil ter-
itorias. leonti ki, ramdenadac kavkasiis xalxebis uklebliv
yvela eTnarqs Targamosis Svilebad miiCnevs, am vrcel
teritoriaze uflebas, somexTa garda, kavkasiis sxva xalxebsac
unawilebs, ra Tqma unda, Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli ufros-
umcrosobis sayovelTao wesis mixedviT, sadac ufros vaJs,
momdevno ZmebTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovani upiratesobani gaaCnia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am wesis Tanaxmad, ufrosi vaJi mamis
uflebisa da qonebis uSualo memkvidrea da is ikavebs mamis
rezidencias da iRebs xelisuflebas misgan. sxva Svilebic
inarCuneben memkvidreobis uflebas mamis qonebaze. leontis
mixedviT, TviT Targamosma gaunawila Tavisi qveyana da naTesavi
Tavis gamorCeul rva Svils, romelTac gmirebs uwodebs. igi wers:
`... ganuyo Targamos queyana da naTesavi T¢si rvaT amaT gmirTa:
naxevari naTesavisa misisa da naxevari da umjobesi queyanisa mi-
sisa misca haoss, xolo S¢dTa amaT misca xuedri maTi arZan-
gebisaebr maTisa: warmoiyvanna S¢dni igi CrdiloT kerZo da
ganuyvnna queyanani Rirsebisaebr maTisa. misca qarTloss da uCina
sazRvari: aRmosavliT hereTi da mdinare berdujisi; dasavliT
zRua pontosi, samxriT mTa, romeli mihyvebis berdujis mdinaris
Tavsa, da mTa, romeli mihyvebis dasavliT kerZo, romlisa wyali
gardmodis CrdiloT kerZo da mierTvis mtkuarsa, romel
mihyvebis mTa Soris klarjeTsa da taos vidre zRuamdis; da
CrdiloT sazRvari Rado, romeli gamovlis Stod kavkasisagan
da mohkidavs wueri dasasrulsa Radosa, romelsa aw hq¢an lixi.
da amaT sazRvarTa saSual misca yoveli qarTloss66.
65
qarTlis cxovreba, I gv. 4.
66
iqve, gv. 4-5.
42
leontis Tanaxmad, Targamosis SvilebSi haosi pirveli Svili
da `umetesi gmiri~ iyo, ris gamoc mama mas Tavis qveynis naxevarsa
da umjobes nawils akuTvnebs, Tumca qarTveli mematiane am `um-
jobesi~ naxevris arc sazRvrebs asaxelebs da arc mis gansakuTre-
bul sikeTeze iZleva raime cnobas. qarTveli mematianis yuradRe-
ba, m. xorenacis sapirispirod, ZiriTadad, amierkavkasiiskenaa mi-
pyrobili, romlis centralur nawilSi is qarTul qveynebs –
qarTls, egriss da hereTs aTavsebs da detalurad aRwers Ti-
Toeuli maTganis sazRvrebs. gansakurebiT ki, yuradRebas amax-
vilebs am qveynebis somxeTisagan gamomyof samxreTis sazRvarze,
romelic misi aRweriT, md. berdujis saTaveebidan iwyeboda da
mtkvrisa da araqsis auzebis wyalgamyofs gahyveboda mTels si-
grZeze mtkvris saTaveebis CaTvliT (provincia `kola~), xolo
aqedan qeds, romelic gahyofda klarjeTs (md. Woroxis qvemo
dinebis auzi) taosagan (md. Woroxis Sua dinebis auzi). leontis
am CvenebaTa antikuri xanis ucxouri wyaroebiT damowmebis Sede-
gad d. musxeliSvili askvnis, rom qarTuli erovnuli tradicia
Semonaxuli leonti mrovelis mier, arsebiTad swori unda iyos67.
qarTlsa da somxeTs Soris gamaval sazRvars `xunaniTgan vidre
zRuamde sperisa~ 68 leonti mravalgzis axsenebs, rac, albaT,
imasac niSnavs, rom, misi azriT, uZvelesi droidanve somxeTisa
da qarTlis samijno zonad ucvlelad mtkvrisa da araqsis wyal-
gamyofi qedi rCeboda. ufro metic, araqsis auzSi mdebare rig
teritoriebs, is zogjer, qarTlis farglebSi aTavsebs. magali-
Tad, leontis cnobiT, farnavazis mefobisas aboci samSvildis
saerisTavos SemadgenlobaSi iyo da, amdenad, misi azriT, qarT-
lis samxreTis sazRvris md. araqsamde gavrcelebasac kanonieri
safuZveli gaaCnda. misive cnobiT, am sasazRvro zolis Tavis
sasargeblod SecvlisaTvis qarTvel da somex xelisuflebs Soris
konfliqtebic yofila, magram ZiriTadi sazRvari mainc, sab-
olood, ucvleli rCeboda, romelic Semdeg saerTaSoriso aRi-
arebiTac yofila dakanonebuli. am aqts leonti miawers bizan-
tiis imperators konstantine dids, romelmac Turme `ganuCina
67
d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi, I, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 79-80.
68
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 8.
43
sazRvari mirians da Trdats esreT: romelTa queyanaTa mdinareni
dian samxreTiT da mierTvian ra£ssa, ese queyanani Trdatis kerZad
dayarna; da romlisa queyanisa mdinareni CrdiloT dian da mi-
erTvian mtkuarsa, ese mirianis kerZad dayarna. da ese ra ganugo
konstantine mefeman da Suamdgomel eqmna maT, da warvida T¢sad
samefod 69 . amiT leonti, saerTod, asrulebs saubars somex-
qarTvelTa sazRvris Sesaxeb anu, rogorc TviTon ambobs, `Ziebas
sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa~. niSandoblivia, rom leontis mier dasax-
elebuli es sazRvari Sua saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze sinamdvileSic
ucvleli darCa.
amrigad, leonti mrovelisa da m. xorenacis TxzulebebSi war-
modgenili Tvalsazrisi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis kuTvnili ter-
itoriebis Taobaze erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli da
arsebiTad sapirispirocaa. m. xorenaciT somexTa kuTvnili qveya-
na moicavda vrcel teritorias xmelTaSua zRvidan kavkasiis wyal-
gamyof qedamde, romlis meCxerad dasaxlebuli erTi nawili
babilonidan vanis tbis midamoebSi mravalricxovani SvilebiTa da
SviliSvilebiT gamosaxlebulma haikma da Semdeg misma STamomav-
lebma TandaTanobiT aiTvises samxedro moqmedebebisa da sameur-
neo saqmianobis Sedegad. amas garda, wina aziis mniSvnelovani naw-
ili da mTeli kavkasia maT parTiis mefe arSakma miakuTvna. ase
rom, m. xorenacis azriT, kavkasiisa da wina aziis erTi nawilis
momcveli es teritoria somxebs savsebiT kanonier safuZvelze
ekavaT da moziare aravin hyavdaT. leonti mroveli, faqtobrivad,
imave vrcel teritorias `kavkasiis mTidan oreTis zRvamde~
qarTvelTa da somexTa, agreTve, kavkasiis sxva xalxebis, saerTo
winapris Targamosis wilxvedril (igulisxmeba RmerTisgan) qvey-
nad miiCnevs, rac imas niSnavs, rom Targamosis Svilebi (gamorCeu-
li rva Svili) yvela erTad, mamis qonebis memkvidreebi arian da
mamis wilxvedrili maTi saerTo qonebacaa, sadac TiToeul maT-
gans sakuTari wili udevs maxloblobisa da ufros-umcrosobis
sayovelTaod miRebuli wesis mixedviT. SesaZloa, amitomac leon-
ti yovel maTgans Sesabamis rigiT nomers akuTvnebs: `pirvelsa
erqva haos, meoresa qarTlos, mesamesa bardos~ da a. S.70.
69
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 70.
70
iqve, gv. 4.
44
aseT viTarebaSi bunebrivad Tavs iCens Targamosis Svilebs
Soris uflebrivi Tanafardobis sakiTxi. ufros Svils, e. i. gvarSi
ufross, saerTo qonebis umetesi nawili – mTeli naxevari da, rac
mTavaria, xelisuflebis gamomxatveli mamis sayofeli (e. i. taxti)
gadaecema, ris gamoc, albaT, qonebis es nawili `umjobesad~
iTvleba. mamis Semdeg is gvaris, anu saxlis ufrosi, e. i.
mamasaxlisi xdeba, amasTan danarCeni Zmebis samiznec, romlebic
memkvidreobis wesis safuZvelze TavianT rigs elian mamis samyo-
felis dasakaveblad. amdenad, leonti mroveli ara marto asworebs
m.xorenacis versias somxuri teritoriis warmoqmnaze da e. w.
`somxur CrdiloeTs~ qarTvelebTan erTad ZvelTaganve kavkasiis
xalxebiT asaxlebs, aramed mtkvrisa da araqsis wyalgamyofi zonis
samxreTiT mdebare teritoriazec momavlisaTvis pretenziasac
acxadebs, rogorc Targamosis rigiT meore memkvidris STamomavali.
aSkaraa, rom sagangebod Txzulebis dasawyisSi gaJRerebuli
mTavari idea (`ambavi rva ZmaTa~), romliTac leonti mroveli
m. xorenacs upirispirdeba, aris kavkasiis xalxTa saerTo warmo-
mavlobisa da, amdenad maTi Zmoba-naTesaobis idea, rac TavisTa-
vad gulisxmobda saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli ZalebiT
SebrZolebas. leontis dros am ideis legitimacias myar niadags
uqmnida selCukiani Turqebis moxSirebuli TavdasxmebiT Seqmnili
udidesi safrTxe, romelic gadagvarebiTa da ganadgurebiT emu-
qreboda mTel kavkasiur civilizacias, sadac wamyvan kulturul
Zalas saqarTvelo da somxeTi warmoadgendnen. amasTan, is savse-
biT pasuxobda kavkasiaSi hegemonobisaTvis gamarTul mraval-
saukunovan brZolaSi, faqtobrivad, gamarjvebuli gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv interesebs, romelic amjerad (XI s.
II nax.-Si) somxebisgan gamijvnas ki ar eswrafoda, aramed maT
mindobasa da Tavis garSemo darazmvas cdilobda. aseT pirobebSi
kavkasiis xalxTa naTesaobis Tvalsazriss SedarebiT advilad unda
SeeRwia adamianTa cnobierebaSi da misaRebi gamxdariyo leontis
mier Seqmnili legenda Targamosisa da misi rva Svilis Sesaxeb. Tu
xsenebul garemoebaTa zegavleniT, qristianul mwerlobaSi arse-
bul versiebTan leontis versiis SeTavseba ase Tu ise mainc Sesa-
Zlebeli iyo, somexTa winapris haikis miCqmalva da misi mniSvnelo-
bis damcroba im ubralo mizeziT ver moxerxdeboda, rom berZnul-
45
laTinuri da mravalsaukunovani somxuri tradiciiT, ukve karga
xniT damkvidrebuli azriT, Togarma-Targamosis erTaderT memkvi-
dred haiki-haosi iTvleboda da mis adgilas romelime Zmadwode-
bulis gadmonacvleba, somxur mosaxleobaSi mainc, eWvs qveS daay-
enebda, saerTod, leontis versiis siswores, rac imdroindeli
qarTuli politikisTvis erTob saWiro kavkasiis xalxTa gamaer-
Tianebeli ideis diskreditacias gamoiwvevda. Targamosis samkvid-
rod miCneul teritoriazec (araratis mTis midamoebi) ZvelTa-
ganve somxebi saxlobdnen, rac memkvidreobis wesebze Sua sauku-
neebSi arsebuli warmodgenebi somexTa winapars, upirobod, mamis
pirmSod warmoaCenda. amitom, undoda Tu ara es leonti mrovels,
somexTa eTnarqi – haosi Targamosis pirvel Svilad da ZmaTa Soris
`umetes gmirad~ da maTze `gamgeblad da uflad~ unda ecno.
Targamosis pirvel Svilad haosis cnobam da, amdenad, ierar-
qiis saTaveSi misma Cayenebam leontis Txzulebas formalurad,
TiTqos, `prosomxuri~ mimarTuleba misca, magram, sinamdvileSi, is
m. xorenacisa da misi TanamoRvawe somexi avtorebis mier warmod-
genili suraTisgan ara marto gansxvavebuli, aramed arsebiTad
sawinaaRmdego iyo. m. xorenaci da V-X ss. somxuri saistorio
mwerloba kavkasiis istorias miTiuri haikidan dawyebuli somxuri
samefoebis arsebobamde, anu XI s. naxevramde, somxeTis sruli poli-
tikuri batonobis xanad saxavs, sadac qarTveli xelisuflebi
somxeTis morCil moxeleebad gamoiyurebian. istoriis asparezze
haosis Zmebis SemoyvaniT ki, qarTvelebi da kavkasiis sxva xalxebi
haosis sagmiro saqmeebis Tanamonawiled da gamarjvebebis Tanazi-
arad gamohyavs leontis. amasTan, somexTa am upiratesobas miTi-
uri xanis irealuri samyaros farglebiT zRudavs. haosis Semdeg
Txzulebis dasawyisSi warmodgenili ierarqia sadRac qreba,
leonti gamorCeulad aravis asaxelebs da yvelas maT saerTo sax-
eliT TargamosianebiT aRniSnavs, haosis STamomavlebi calke ar
saxeldebian. iqmneba Tanabaruflebianobis sruli STabeWdileba.
Targamosianebi karga xans erTad arian, erTad moqmedeben, erTad
icaven Tavs. faqtebi: xazarebi gaZlierdnen da kavkasianebi
Seaviwroves. am ukanasknelebma daxmareba sTxoves danarCen
Targamosianebs. radganac im dros, leontis ganmartebiT, isini
`iyvnes mS¢dobiT siyuarulsa erTmaneTisasa~, Seikribnen `yovelni
naTesavni Targamosianni, da gardavles mTa kavkasia da motyuennes
46
yovelni sazRvarni xazareTisani, da aRaSennes qalaqni pirsa
xazareTisasa, da wamovides~ 71 . Cveni avtoris warmodgeniT,
Targamosianebs gaaCndaT erTi mTliani qveyana, romlis dacva
yvelas saerTo sazrunavia. xazarebi kvlav da ufro metad ga-
Zlierdnen, maTi simravlis gamo Targamosianebma winaaRmdegoba
veRar gauwies da xazarebma “wartyunes queyana TargamosianTa, da
Semusrnes yovelni qalaqni araratisani da masisisani da Crdi-
losani. da daurCes cixe-qalaqni Tuxarisi, samS¢lde da mtueris
cixe, romel ars xunani, Sida qarTli da egrisi~72. motanil teqst-
Si TargamosianTa qveynis orgvari gagebaa mocemuli. viwro gagebiT
esaa TiToeuli Targamosianis kuTvnili calke samkvidro, romel-
ic Targamosma Tavis droze SemousazRvra Tavis Svilebs. farTo
gagebiT ki es am qveynebis erTobliobaa da saerToa yvela
TargamosianisTvis. swored am saerTo qveyniTa da misi erTiani
ZalebiT warsdgebian xolme isini gare samyaros winaSe. niSan-
doblivia, rom axla ukve, miTosuri xanisgan gansxvavebiT, Targa-
mosianTa Soris ufros-umcrosobaze ubralo miniSnebasac aRar
vxvdebiT, saerTo personaluri winamZRoli maT aRar hyavdaT.
magram, Targamosianebic yvela erTnairi SesaZleblobisa da unar-
is, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo da leontic TargamosianTa saerTo masidan
am niSniT gamoarCevs qarTvelebsa da somxebs `somexTa da qarTvel-
Ta da yovelTa TargamosianTa~ 73 , romlebzec, misi azriT,
damokidebuli iyo TargamosianTa da maTi saerTo bedic. amito-
mac, yvela kritikul momentSi Cveni avtori maT erTad axsenebs,
rogorc TargamosianTa saerTo politikis mTavar ganmsazRvrel
Zalas. magaliTad, Targamosianebze gabatonebuli sparsTa mefe
TurqebTan iwyebs brZolas. leontis TqmiT, `maSin poves Jami mar-
jue somexTa da qarTvelTa, da ganudges sparsTa da ganamagres
cixeni da qalaqni maTni. da SeerTnes yovelni naTesavni Targamo-
sianni~74. ramdenime wlis Semdeg sparsTa mefe did laSqars agza-
vnis `somexTa da qarTvelTa da yovelni TargamosianTa zeda~75.
igive suraTi ixateba sxva epizodebis gamocemisasac: `ver wina-
71
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 11.
72
iqve, gv. 11-I2.
73
iqve, gv. I4.
74
iqve, gv. I4.
75
iqve.
47
aRudges somexni da qarTvelni~, `maSin dauteva spandiat brZola
somexTa da qarTvelTa~, `ganTavisufldes somexni da qarTvelni~
da a. S.76. erTi sityviT, leontisaTvis kavkasiaSi politikuri situ-
aciis ganmsazRvreli yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori somexTa da
qarTvelTa kavSiria da cdilobs Semdgomi xanis (ukve saxelmwifo-
Ta urTierTobis doneze) istoriis gadmocemis drosac mkafiod
warmoaCinos qarTvel da somex xelisufalTa umWidroesi kavSiri
da TanamSromloba istoriis mTel manZilze.
qarTvel mkvlevarTa erTma nawilma yuradReba miaqcia im
faqts, rom qarTvelebisa da somxebis erTad moxseniebisas, somex-
Ta xseneba yovelTvis win uswrebs qarTvelebis xsenebas, rac le-
onti mrovelis subieqturi ganwyobilebis gamovlenad miiCnia.
marTalia, `somexni da qarTvelni~ – aseTi TanamimdevrobiT, vi-
dre piruku, qarTvelTa da somexTa xseneba SedarebiT ufro xSir-
ia (12 jer 4-is winaaRmdeg), magram is mainc myar safuZvels ver
iZleva xsenebuli daskvnisaTvis. jer erTi, ar Cans, rom leontis
teqstSi eTnosebis dasaxeleba ierarqiuli principis Tanamim-
devrobiT xdebodes, ramdenadac erTad moxseniebisas osebi or
SemTxvevaSi qarTvelebs win uswreben, Tumca maT upiratesobaze
aranairi miniSneba ar aris da arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo, asevea
gamoTqma `Turqni da qarTvelni~77. ierarqiul princips rom udeb-
des safuZvlad eTnosTa dasaxelebas leonti aRar ityoda
laSqarze `berZenTa, somexTa, ovsTa, megrTa da qarTvelTao78.
anda `ovsTa, lekTa da qarTvelTa~79. yvelas rom Tavi davaneboT,
CamoTvlaSi megrTa win mainc unda daeyenebina qarTvelni, radga-
nac misive, mtkicebiT, quji farnavazs Tavis uflad cnobda.
aSkaraa, rom haosis miTiuri epoqis gadmocemis Semdeg, eTnosTa
CamoTvlas leonti ierarqiuli sqemis mixedviT aRar unda awar-
moebdes. safiqrebelia, leonti kavkasiis xalxTa warmomavlobis
Tavisi versiis logikidan gamodiodes, roca somxebisa da qarTve-
lebis erTad moxseniebisas haosis STamomavlebi win uswreben
qarTvelebs. haosma mamis samkvidreblis naxevari miiRo, meore
76
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 16.
77
iqve, gv. 15.
78
iqve, gv. 57.
79
iqve, gv. 46.
48
naxevari ki misma Zmebma gainawiles, ris gamoc qarTlosis STamo-
mavlebis qveyana Tavisi moculobiT haosis STamomavlebis qveya-
nasTan SedarebiT ufro mcire unda yofiliyo. realuradac, is-
toriis sakmao periodSi, somxeTi qarTlze gacilebiT vrcel qvey-
anas warmoadgenda. es viTareba, Cans, aiZulebda leontis somxebi
qarTvelebze win moexsenebina, rogorc ufro didi qveynis warmo-
madgenlebi. aseTi varaudis SemTxvevaSi, dasmuli sakiTxisadmi
leontis subieqturi damokidebulebis SesaZlebloba, vfiqrob,
gamosaricxia.
Txzulebis dasawyisSi mocemuli haosis ufrosobiT Seqmnili
STabeWdileba, romelic ZiriTadad miTiuri periodiT ifargleba,
am eTnarqis Semdeg TandaTan fermkrTaldeba da qarTlSi saxelm-
wifos warmoqmnisTanave mTlianad qreba. leontis mier moTxro-
bili qarTlisa da somxeTis samefoebis politikuri urTierTo-
bis uZvelesi istoria arsebiTad gansxvavdeba da, faqtobrivad,
upirispirdeba kidec Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis did-
mpyrobelur ideologias, romlis sanacvlod qarTveli mematiane
TanamSromlobis da naTesaobis ideas amkvidrebs. umTavresad, am
TvalsazrisiT alagebs da aSuqebs is Zveli istoriis, TviT somx-
ur wyaroebSi dacul faqtebsac ki.
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis pro-
cess leonti kavkasiaSi aleqsandre makedonelis SesaZlo laSqro-
basa da mis mier gatarebul RonisZiebebs ukavSirebs. misi TqmiT,
daipyro ra al. makedonelma `yovelni kideni qveynisani~ sikvdil-
amde cota xniT adre, sicocxleSive oTx Tanatomels gaunawila
Tavisi uzarmazari samflobelo. maT Soris `misca antioqozs
asurastani da somxiTi, da kerZo aRmosavleTisa uCina mas~80. xolo
`bizantioss misca saberZneTi da qarTli, da uCina kerZo Crdi-
losa~81. ase rom, aleqsandre makedonelis dapyrobiTi omebis Sed-
egad saqarTvelo da somxeTi, leontis Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva
politikur sivrceSi aRmoCndnen, rac, TiTqos, qmnida maT Soris
dapirispirebis sababs, magram situacia male icvleba da qarTve-
lebi da somxebi kvlav erT politikur garemoSi, kerZod, selev-
kidebis samefos gavlenis sferoSi aRmoCndebian da maT Tanam-
80
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. I9.
81
iqve, gv. 20.
49
Sromlobas Zveleburad xeli ewyoba. aleqsandres mier qarTlis
patrikad daniSnulma azonma ukiduresad daamZima misi batonobis
uReli, rasac win aRudga qarTlis mosaxleoba mcxeTis mamasax-
lisis ZmisSvilis farnavazis meTaurobiT. kacTmoZule azoni
qarTlidan gandevnes. farnavazi daeufla qarTls `T¢nier klar-
jeTisa”. gamarjvebis bolomde misayvanad ki, radganac azons
berZnebi umagrebdnen zurgs, asurastanis mefes antioqoss ZRveniT
mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis da aRuTqva mas msaxureba. antioqosma
`Seiwynara ZRueni misi, da uwoda Svilad T¢sad, da warmosca
g¢rg¢ni. da ubrZana erisTavTa somxeTisaTa, raTa Seeweodian far-
navazs~82. am brZanebis Sesabamisad `moerTnes erisTavni antio-
qozisni somxiTiT~83 da farnavazis sakuTar laSqarTan erTad,
romelic qarTlis mxedarTa garda egrisisa da osTa meomre-
bisagan Sedgeboda, Seuties da sZlies berZnebs, azoni ki mokles.
amis Semdeg, ganagrZobs qarTveli mematiane, `farnavaz uSiS iqmna
yovelTa mterTa T¢sTagan da mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da
egursa zeda. da ganamravlna yovelni m£edarni qarTlosianni,
ganawesna erisTavni rvani da spaspeti~84 . Semdeg CamoTvlis saTi-
Taod yvela saerisTavos Tavisi administraciuli sazRvrebis Cve-
nebiT da SeniSnavs, rom `esreT ganawesa ese yoveli farnavaz
mimsgavsebulad samefosa sparsTasa~85. leontis gadmocemiT, `oc-
daSvidi wlisa mefe iqmna, da samocdaxuT wel mefobda nebier. da
msaxurebda igi antioqoss, mefesa asurastanisasa... da aRaSena da
ganavso qarTli... da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa
Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani~86.
qarTlSi saxelmwifos warmoqmnisTanave e. w. TargamosianebT-
an, gansakuTrebiT ki somxebTan, qarTvelTa urTierTobaSi axali
etapi SeiniSneba. am urTierTobaSi TandaTanobiT Tavs iCens
qarTvelTa upiratesoba da iniciativa. rogorc vnaxeT, haosis
Semdeg, leontis mixedviT, TargamosianTa Soris iniciatori da
winamZRoli aravin Cans. isini erTad iReben gadawyvetilebas da
82
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 23.
83
iqve.
84
iqve, gv. 24.
85
iqve, gv. 25.
86
iqve, gv. 25-26.
50
erTad moqmedeben: `Sekrbes yovelni naTesavni Targamosianni~,
`SeerTnes yovelni naTesavni Targamosianni~ da a. S. Targamosian-
ebidan iniciativis mqoned leonti, zogjer asaxelebs somxebsa
da qarTvelebs erTad, magram amaTgan romelimesTvis STamomav-
lobiTi upiratesobis miniWebas sulac ar cdilobs, Tu ar CavTv-
liT somexTa da qarTvelTa erTad xsenebisas moyvanil Tanamim-
devrobas, ris Sesaxebac ukve iTqva, sayuradRebo ufro sxva mo-
mentia. qarTlSi mirvanis gamefebamde leonti somexTa mefesa Tu
misi administraciis ZiriTad warmomadgenel erisTavs niSandobli-
vad arsad axsenebs, romlebic somxur saxelmwifoebriobas gana-
saxierebdnen. Cans, qarTlSi mirvanis gamefebamde leonti arc
varaudobda somxeTSi samefos arsebobas. asurastanis mefesTan
farnavazis urTierTobis WrilSi naxseneb `somxeTis erisTavebs~
rom somxuri administraciis warmomadgenlebad ar miiCnevs, amas
leonti savsebiT gasagebad gamoTqvams, roca wers: `moerTnes
erisTavni antioqozisni somxiTiT~, e. i. es erisTavebi antioqiis
administraciis warmomadgenlebi yofilan somxeTSi da amitomac
ubrZanebs maT asurastanis mefe farnavazisTvis daxmarebis aR-
moCenas. farnavazamde qarTlSi, leontis Tanaxmad, mamasaxlisTa
mmarTvelobis sistema iyo gabatonebuli. aseTsave viTarebis ar-
sebobas, etyoba, gulisxmobs Tanadroul somxeTSic, ramdenadac
iq mefis an mis administraciaze araviTar miniSnebas ar iZleva.
farnavazis meTaurobiT da antioqosis daxmarebiT qarTli Tavisu-
fldeba berZenTa damokidebulebisagan da sakuTar saxelmwifoe-
briobas qmnis, romelic organizaciulad sparsTa samefos msgav-
sad ewyoba. es saxelmwifo wyobileba, faqtobrivad, iseTivea,
rasac m. xorenaci xatavs somxeTisaTvis, mxolod im gansxvavebiT,
rom is droSi win uswrebs somxurs da amiT SesaZlo somxur gav-
lenas emijneba. haosis ufrosobidan momdinare STamomavlobiT
miRebuli privilegiebi aq ukve sabolood kargavs Zalasa da mniS-
vnelobas. marTalia, farnavazi da misi memkvidreebi asurastanis
mefes msaxurobdnen, e. i. vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofebian,
magram leontis Tanaxmad, es `msaxureba~ imdenad msubuqi da for-
maluria, rom maT Soris urTierToba ufro samokavSireo da me-
87
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 465.
51
gobrulia sagulvebeli87. ase rom, farnavazis samefo damoukide-
beli qarTuli saxelmwifo iyo da mas ukve saerTaSoriso aRi-
arebac hqonda mopovebuli, ramdenadac farnavazs TviT
asurastanis mefe antioqosma gamougzavna samefo gvirgvini.
gasagebia, rom aseTi xelisuflebis winaSe somxeTis mamasaxlisis
(rogoradac leontis unda warmoedgina im drois somexTa
xelisufali) SesaZlo STamomavlobiTi privilegiebi arafers
niSnavda, radganac es ukanaskneli mefesTan SedarebiT bevrad
ufro dabali rangis xelisufali iyo.
qarTlis mesame mefe mirian I-is mefobis dasasrulisaTvis,
leontis cnobiT, `amis-ze miicuala antioqisa mefoba babilons.
da mas Jamsa Sina mefe iqmna somxiTs romelsa erqua arSak (aSkaraa,
gulisxmobs Zv. w. 190 w. magneziasTan antioqos III-is sastik marcxs
romaelebisagan, ris Semdeg Zv. w. 189 w. artaSesma Tavi somxeTis
mefed gamoacxada), ezraxa mirvan arSaks, da misca asuli T¢si
Zesa arSakissa, arSaks~88. g. meliqiSvilis SeniSvniT, qarTuli wyaro
savsebiT samarTlianad ukavSirebs somxeTis samefos warmoqmnas
antioqosis mefobis dasasruls89. somxeTSi samefos warmoqmni-
sTanave, leontis mowmobiT, mezobeli qveynebis samefo saxlebi
moyvrdebian, rac uSualod gamomdinareobs qarTveli mematianis
koncefciis ZiriTadi Sinaarsidan, kavkasiis xalxTa da gansakuTre-
biT qarTveli da somexi xalxebis naTesaobisa da TanamSromlobis
ideidan. es idea leontis naSroms Tavidan bolomde gasdevs da
warmodgenili TiTqmis yvela siuJeti mis gaSuqebas emsaxureba.
m. xorenacisgan gansxvavebiT, Txroba didi taqtiTa da orive mx-
aris Rirsebis dacviT mihyavs. rodesac somxeTSi mefe gaCnda da
amis gamo qarTveli da somexi umaRlesi xelisuflebi rangiT ga-
Tanabrdnen, STamomavlobiT miRebuli privilegiebis mniSvneloba
mkiTxvelis TvalSi kvlav somexTa sasargeblod unda warmarTu-
liyo. etyoba, amitomac, vidre somxeTSi mefobis gaCenis ambavs
gadmogvcemdes, winaswar gvauwyebs mesame qarTveli mefis mirva-
nis nebroTianobas (radganac qarTvelTa meore mefe saurmags
vaJi ar hyavda, Tavis memkvidred da Svilad mouyvania Tavisi
88
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 28.
89
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 466.
52
colis naTesavTagani `sparseTiT Svili nebroTisi~, romelsac
erqva saxeli mirvan)90. axla ukve STamomavlobiT gansazRvruli
upiratesoba, rogorc qveynierebis pirveli mefis nebroTis STa-
momavlisa, qarTvelTa mxares iyo da haosis STamomavlebis
pretenziebs safuZveli gamoclili hqonda. qarTveli mefis es
upiratesoba Tumca aSkarad xazgasmulad ar aris gacxadebuli,
magram misi da STamomavlebis nebroTianoba TavisTavad
gulisxmobda maT gamorCeulobas. aseTi siuJetis SemotaniT
leonti ostaturad xsnis mezobel xelisufalTa urTierTobaSi
ierarqiuli damokidebulebis SesaZleblobas da, faqtobrivad,
ukuagdebs m. xorenacis qedmaRlur damokidebulebas saqarTve-
losa da qarTvel xelisufalTa mimarT. amis Semdeg leonti mro-
veli Tavisi Txzulebis TiTqmis bolomde, ZiriTadad, qarTvel-
somexTa TanamSromlobisa da danaTesavebis faqtebs gadmogvcems,
riTac mkiTxvelis yuradRebas kavkasiis xalxebis erTianobis
sasargeblod warmarTavs.
danaTesaveba, leontis Tanaxmad, pirvel rigSi, mezobeli qvey-
nebis samefo saxlebs Soris myardeba, ris Sedegadac farnavazian-
Ta qarTuli dinastia parTuli warmoSobis arSakianTa somxur
dinastias ukavSirdeba. aseTi dakavSirebis leontis cdebi kargad
aqvs SeniSnuli p. ingoroyvas. misi dakvirvebiT, `moqceva¡ qarT-
lisa¡~-is qarTvel mefeTa siaSi moxseniebuli arsok da arsuk
leonti mrovelTan Secvlilia saxeliT `arSak~. p. ingoroyvas
azriT, varianti `arSak~ aris mwignobruli interpretacia saxelisa
arsok (arsuk), im mosazrebiT, raTa es pirni daekavSirebinaT ar-
Sakidebis dinastiasTan, Tumca aseTi dakavSirebis safuZvels ver
xedavs91. saxeli `arSak~, leontis warmodgeniT, Zveli somxeTis
Zlierebis xanis samefo dinastias ganasaxierebs92 da mas, e. i.
arSakunianTa dinastias erTgan ganmadidebeli epiTetiTac `dide-
bulTa arSakunianTa~ moixseniebs93. amis gamo zogi mkvlevari le-
ontis mikerZoebaSi adanaSaulebs, TiTqos, aseTi damokidebuleba
90
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 27.
91
pavle ingoroyva, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV. Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 513.
92
ix. agreTve, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 466.
93
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 63.
53
arSakunianebisadmi misi subieqturi ganwyobilebis gamoxatuleba
yofiliyos. sagulisxmoa, rom sumbat daviTis Ze kidev ufro ma-
Ral xarisxSi warmogvidgens arSakunianTa dinastias. bagrat IV-
is dedis mariam dedoflis keTilSobilebisa da gansakuTrebuli
Rirsebis warmosaCenad bagrationTa dinastiis mematiane wers, rom
mariami `naSobi iyo brwyinvaleTa maT ZlierTa da didTa mefeTa
arSakunianTa~94. miuxedavad imisa, rom mariam dedofali mamiT
vaspurakanis samefo dinastiis arwunebis, xolo dedis mxridan
bagratunebis warmomadgeneli iyo, qarTveli mematiane amiT ar
kmayofildeba da dedoflis gansadideblad misi azriT, ufro
sapatio arSakunianobas miawers. aSkaraa, rom Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi arSakunianTa dinastiaze maRali warmodgena hqon-
daT da maTTan kavSiri sapatiod miaCndaT. sagulisxmoa, rom somex
arSakunianebs basil I-is winaprad asaxelebs bizantiuri istori-
ografiac95. ase rom, leontis TxrobaSi farnavazianebisa da ar-
Sakunianebis calkeuli warmomadgenlebis damoyvreba da amis
safuZvelze Semdeg qarTlis samefo taxtze arSakuniani ufliswu-
lis aRmoCena arafers saCoTiros maSin ar Seicavda. sayuradRebo
sul sxvaa. msgavsi faqtebi m. xorenacisTvis ucnobia. Zneli war-
mosadgenia romelime periodSi farnavazianTa taxtze somexi ar-
Sakunianebi msxdariyvnen da amis Sesaxeb m. xorenacs araferi eTq-
va. es xom somexi mematianis koncefciis sruliad sawinaaRmdego
moqmedeba iqneboda? isRa dagvrCenia qarTlis taxtze arSakuniani
mefeebis arseboba, ZiriTadad, leontis iniciativas mivaweroT. es,
sxvaTa Soris, leontis TxrobaSic igrZnoba, ramdenadac ama Tu
im arSakuniani ufliswulis qarTlis taxtze moxvedra da maTi
warmomavlobis istoria xelovnuri SenaTxzobis daRs atarebs.
qristianobamdeli xanis qarTlis 23 mefidan I7 arSakuniani ga-
mohyavs, Tumca maTi umravlesobis arSakunianoba damajereblo-
bas savsebiT moklebulia. leontis Tanaxmad, pirveli arSakuniani
qarTlis mefe somexi mefis vaJi arSaki yofila (leonti ar asax-
elebs am somexi mefis saxels, magram Tu mis miniSnebebs gaviTva-
liswinebT selevkianTa samefos dacemis Sesaxeb, maSin is artaSes
94
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 386.
95
ix. Ê. Í. Þçáàøÿí, Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ
IX-XI ââ., Ìîñêâà, 1988, ñ. 101-105.
54
I-s unda gulisxmobdes), romelic qarTlis erisTavebs mouwveviaT
farnajomis nacvlad, radganac am ukanasknels qarTvelTa rju-
lisTvis uRalatia da sparsulis danergvas Sesdgomia. arSakis
Semdeg qarTlis mefe, leontis Tanaxmad, xdeba misi vaJi artagi,
mis Semdeg ki am ukanasknelis vaJi bartomi. e. i. qarTlis taxti
STamomavlobiT gadaecemoda mamidan Svilze arSakunian mefeebs.
faqtobrivad, aq wydeba arSakunianTa zeoba qarTlis taxtze, ris
Semdeg qarTlis taxts sparselTa daxmarebiT ikavebs farnajomis
vaJi mirvan nebroTiani. am ukanasknelis vaJs taxts ecileba
aderkis Ze qarTami, asulis wuli bartom mefisa, romelic Tavis
mxriv egriseli qujis Ziswulia. aderkis mxolod deda hyavda
arSakuniani da, miuxedavad amisa, gamefebis Semdeg leonti mas
arSakunianad naTlavs rogorc bartomis Zes, Tumca, sinamdvile-
Si, bartoms Ze ar hyolia da amitom qujis STamomavali qarTami
iSvila, romlis Svilic iyo aderki. ase rom, aderki bartomis
Svilobilis Svilia da warmomavlobiT arSakuniani ver iqneboda.
winaaRmdegoba leontis TxrobaSi sruliad aSkaraa. gaugebrobas
iwvevs isic, rom aderkis yvela momdevno mefe qristian mirian-
amde, misi pirdapiri STamomavalia da isinic arSakunianTa rigSi
arian CaTvlili. amas garda, nebroTiani qarTveli mefeebic somx-
eTis arSakunianebTan danaTesavebas cdiloben: aZleven maT Tavi-
anT qalebs colad an TviTon irTaven colad arSakunianTa qa-
lebs96. erTi sityviT, qarTuli samefo dinastiis kavSiri somxe-
Tis arSakunianebTan uZvelesi istoriis TiTqmis arc erT etapze
ar wydeba. leontis daJinebuli cdebi qristianobamdeli xanis
qarTveli mefeebis umetesi nawilis gaarSakianebisa sruliad
aSkaraa. aseT mcdelobas, ra Tqma unda, raRaca motivi unda
gaaCndes da ramdenime mniSvnelovani amocanis gadawyvetas unda
emsaxurebodes. rodesac bizantiuri istoriografia axali (make-
donelTa) dinastiis damaarsebels, ubralo warmomavlobis adri-
anopolel basil I-s (867-886) Soreul winaprebs somex arSakunian-
Ta Soris uZebnida da Trdat I-is STamomavlad saxavda, cxadia,
amiT bizantia Tavis pretenziebs acxadebda warmoqmnis procesSi
myof bagratunTa somxeTze 97. leonti mrovelis droisTvisac
96
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 28, 33, da sxv.
97
k. iuzbaSiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 100-105.
55
somxeTis memkvidreobis dauflebis amocana savsebiT realurad
idga bizantiisa da saqarTvelos winaSe, romlis realizacia
safuZvlian samarTlebriv dasabuTebasac iTxovda. qarTvel da
somex bagrationTa saerTo warmomavlobis gverdiT, Zvel qarTul
da somxur dinastiaTa naTesaobis warmoCenas, erTi mxriv, xeli
unda Seewyo politikuri azris qarTvelTa pretenziebis sasar-
geblod warmarTvisaTvis da, meore mxriv, somxuri sazogadoeba
qarTuli saxelmwifosadmi ndobiT ganewyo. Tu ara aseTi mizani,
umotivo da gaugebari iqneboda somexi arSakunianebisa da
farnavazianebis dakavSirebis leonti mrovelis daJinebuli cdebi.
leonti mroveli, Cans, iTvaliswinebda, rom farnavazianTa
gaarSakunianebis misi diplomatiuri xerxi, SesaZloa gamaRiziane-
beli yofiliyo qarTuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili-
saTvis, romelTa ganviTarebuli Rirsebis grZnoba Znelad unda
Segueboda Zveli qarTuli samefo dinastiis Tundac nawilis somx-
ur warmomavlobas, ris gamoc, etyoba, Tavis am legendarul gad-
mocemas sagulisxmo ganmartebebs urTavs. arSakuniani ufliswule-
bis gamoCena qarTlis samefo taxtze, leontis Tanaxmad, araa
dakavSirebuli mezoblebs Soris omebTan an somexTa mxridan Zal-
adobis raime gamovlenasTan. qarTlis taxtze maT qarTveli
erisTavebi iwveven. qarTlis taxtze asvlis umTavresi da gadamw-
yveti piroba qarTlis `mk¢drTa da erisTavTa~ Tanxmobis garda,
aris pretendentis farnavazianoba. leonti sagangebod SeniSnavs:
`qarTvelTa didi saTnooba aqunda farnavazianTa mimarT; da ara
unda sx¢sa naTesavisa mefoba, romelsamca ara Sesdgmida far-
navazianoba~98. am principis Sesabamisad, leontis mier dasaxe-
lebuli qarTlis taxtis pretedentebi, saidanac ar unda moewviaT
isini erisTavebs – sparseTidan, somxeTidan, Tu TviT saqarTve-
los mxareebidan, naTesaobis romelime xaziT (mamis an dedis)
yovelTvis farnavazianebi arian. amitom qarTlis arSakuniani me-
feebic warmoSobiT naxevrad mainc qarTvelebi arian, xolo Ta-
vianTi moRvaweobiTa da saqmianobiT sruli qarTvelebi, qarTu-
li politikuri interesebis, sarwmunoebisa da kulturis erTgu-
li damcvelebi. magaliTad, leontis mixedviT, qarTlis erisTave-
98
qarTlis cxovreba, I gv. 32.
99
iqve, gv. 29.
56
bi somexi mefis Ze arSaks imitom iwveven, rom gandevnon sparsuli
sjulis SemomRebeli farnajomi da daicvan mamapapuri sarwmu-
noeba99. aseve sxva arSakunianebic zrunaven qarTlis Zlierebi-
saTvis `dajda mefed arSak... da mefobda igi nebierad, da umata
yovelTa simagreTa qarTlisaTa. da umetes moamtkicna zRudeni
javaxeTs, qalaqsa wundas~100, e. i. somxeTTan sazRvrispira mxaree-
bi. bartom arSakunianma ki `umata zRudeTa mcxeTisaTa da yovel-
Ta simagreTa qarTlisaTa~101. aderki arSakuniani `dajda mcxeTas
da mefobda keTilad~102. leontis gadmocemiT, qarTlis arSaku-
niani mefeebi wlebis manZilze Tavdauzogavad ebrZvian ervandian
somex mefeebs qarTlis samxreTis sazRvrebis dasacavad da, sab-
olood aRweven kidec mizans. qarTveli mematianis TqmiT,
`sim£niTa maTiTa ukumoixunes sazRvarni qarTlisani~103. ase rom,
leontis mixedviT, qarTlis arSakunian mefeebs mxolod saxeli
uCanT araqarTuli, Torem TavianTi arsiT Tavankara qarTvelebi
arian.
Tavisi istoriuli koncefciidan gamomdinare, leonti mrove-
li sakmaod did adgils uTmobs TxzulebaSi qarTvel-somexTa
samxedro-politikuri TanamSromlobis faqtebis aRweras, romelTa
mizani rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo-politikuri amocanebis
gadawyveta iyo. swored am konteqstSia warmodgenili arSakuniani
ufliswulebis aRzeveba farnavazianTa qarTlis taxtze. qarTlis
meoTxe mefe farnajomi religiuri reformis gatarebas Seudga,
ramac qveyanaSi politikuri krizisi gamoiwvia. farnajoms zurgs
Zlieri sparseTi umagrebda, amitom mefiT ukmayofilo qarTlis
erisTavebma daxmarebisaTvis somxeTis mefes mimarTes da qarTlis
taxti mis Svils SesTavazes, romelsac colad `farnavazianTa
naTesavi~ hyavda. im dros qarTuli sazogadoebis SexedulebiT
ucxo Zalis gamoyeneba Sinapolitikur brZolaSi Cveulebrivi da
misaRebi iyo, Tuki mizani amarTlebda aseT moqmedebas104. simar-
.
100
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 30
101
iqve.
102
iqve, gv. 35.
103
iqve, gv. 50.
104
n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1965,
gv. 11-12.
57
Tle ki erisTavebis mxares iyo, romlebic mamaTa sjuls icavdnen
da sparsuli wesebis danergvas ewinaaRmdegebodnen. qarTvel-somex-
Ta samxedro kavSirma mowinaaRmdegeze gaimarjva, daicva erovnuli
sarwmunoeba. amitom somexi ufliswulis gamefeba da somexTa Zalis
gamoyeneba Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli TvalsazrisiT savsebiT
gamarTlebuli iyo. amis Semdeg, leontis gadmocemiT, qarTlis
taxtis garSemo iwyeba gaafTrebuli brZola pretendentebs Soris,
romlebic aqtiurad iyeneben ucxo Zalas, xan sparselebisa da xan
somxebis saxiT. mkvlevrebi yuradRebas aqceven im faqts, rom
qarTlis taxtze somxeTis samefo saxlis warmomadgenelTa yofnisas
es brZolebi ufro xSirad qarTvel-somexTa gaerTianebuli laSqris
gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba, rasac somexTa upiratesobad aRiqvamen da
leontis subieqturi ganwyobiT, anda somxuri tradiciis gavleniT
xsnian105. leonti mrovelis istoriuli koncefcia amgvari axsnis
sababs, vfiqrob, maincdamainc ar unda iZleodes. g. meliqiSvili,
romlis azriT, leontis Txzulebas `armenofiluri daRi azis~,
SeniSnavs, rom teqsti dawerilia keTilganwyobiT rogorc somexTa,
ise qarTvelTa mimarT 106 da es savsebiT gasagebia. leontis
koncefciis mizani kavkasiis xalxTa, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTvelTa
da somexTa, TanamSromlobisa da erTianobis propagandaa. amitomac
somex-qarTvelTa gaerTianebul Zalebs ufro xSirad amarjvebinebs,
raTa am kavSiris upiratesoba da mniSvneloba cxadyos qarTvelTa
nebismieri sxva SesaZlebeli aliansis winaSe. aqedan gamomdinare,
iseTi faqtebis gadmocemisas, sadac somexTa roli SedarebiT
gamokveTilad moCans, Cveni avtori cdilobs Seqmnili STabeWd-
ilebis Semamsubuqebel garemoebebiT gawonasworebas. magaliTad,
qarTlis taxtze arSakuniani mefeebis aRzevebis kanonzomiereba
gamarTlebulia maTi farnavazianobiT dedis an mamis xaziT, xolo
qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris warmoqmnili saomari moqmedebebis
aRwerisas orive mxares rig-rigobiT, daaxloebiT, Tanabar
warmatebas miawers, riTac dapirispirebuli mxareebi sabolood
dazavebamde da `status qvos~ aRdgenamde mihyavs. am epizodebis
105
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 63-65; a. abdalaZe, `qarT-
lis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierToba, Tb., 1982,
gv. 62-63 da sxva.
106
macne, # 3, 1967, gv. 56.
58
leontiseuli moTxroba imiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom faqtebisadmi
damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, is mkveTrad upirispirdeba m.
xorenacis analogiur moTxrobas da mTlianad uaryofs Zveli
droidanve kavkasiaSi somexTa ucilobeli politikuri batonobis
xorenaciseul koncefcias. qarTlze somxeTis politikuri
upiratesobis drois monakveTs leonti konkretuli qronologiuri
CarCoebiT sazRvravs, qarTlSi ormefobis dasawyis periods
amTxvevs da qarTvel-somexTa urTierTobis istoriaSi mas mokle
da SedarebiT umniSvnelo epizodad miiCnevs. igi wers: `aderkisiT-
gan vidre amaT mefobamde (e. i. aderkis SviliSvilebis, farsman da
kaosis mefobamde) iyvnes morCilebasa Sina somexTa mefisasa. da
umetes armazelni mefeni Seeweodes somexTa yovelTa mterTa
maTTa zeda. maSin mefe iqmna somxiTs didi igi mefe iarvand. da
daiviwya man keTili qarTvelTa, emZlavra farsmans armazelsa, da
mouRo sazRvarsa qarTlisasa qalaqi wunda da artani
mtkuramde~ 107 . moyvanili teqstidan gamomdinare, qarTlis
somxeTisadmi daqvemdebarebis periods leonti, TiTqos, qarTlis
mefeTa ori Taobis mmarTvelobis droiT sazRvravs (aderkisiTgan
farsman da kaosis mefobamde), magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
leontis cnobebs aderkis Svilebis, bartamisa da qarTamis mefobis
mSvidobiani da uSfoTveli xasiaTis Sesaxeb `da mefobda ese bartom
da qarTam mS¢dobiT da siyuarulsa zeda erTmaneTisasa~108, Cans
rom somexTadmi morCilebis xsenebuli periodi qarTlis mefeTa
meore wyvilis, farsman da kaosis mmarTvelobis xanaze, aderkis
SviliSvilebze modis, amasTan somexTa morCili mTlianad qarTli
ki ara, aramed mtkvris marjvena mxare, farsmanis sammarTvelo
nawili yofila: `umetes armazelni mefeni Seeweodnen somexTa
yovelTa mterTa maTTa zeda~-o. TavisTavad TargamosianTa urT-
ierTSewevna saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg uCveulos arafers Seicavda,
magram amjerad es `Sewevna~ calmxrivi da amasTan iZulebiTic
iyo, radganac `mefe iarvand… emZlavra farsman armazelsa, da mouRo
sazRvarsa qarTlisasa qalaqi wunda da artani mtkvramde~. aseTi
damokidebuleba qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris ki leontis kon-
cefciisaTvis miuRebeli iyo, ris gamoc somexTa mefis saqciels
107
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 44.
108
iqve, gv. 44.
59
saZraxisad miiCnevs da saqarTvelo-somxeTis tradiciuli urTier-
Tobis darRvevaSi iarvands adanaSaulebs: `daiviwya man keTili
qarTvelTao~. erTob sagulisxmoa, rom somexTa mefis mier javax-
eTis nawilis mitacebas m.xorenaci ar aRniSnavs, rac, TiTqos,
gansazRvrul eWvs unda aRZravdes moyvanili faqtis namdviloba-
ze. magram sasazRvro konfliqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rac
TavisTavad qarTlis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobis aRi-
arebasac niSnavda, romlis suverenuli uflebebi somexTa mefem
uxeSad daarRvia, ra Tqma unda, m. xorenacis politikur angariSebSi
ver Sevidoda. m. xorenacis TvalsazrisisTvis qarTlis arseboba
mxolod somxeTis SemadgenlobaSia dasaSvebi, rasac leontis mier
daxatuli somxeTTan sasazRvro konfliqtis suraTi mkveTrad ewi-
naaRmdegeboda. amitomac aris, rom leonti mrovelisa da m.
xorenacis mier am periodis saqarTvelosa da somxeTis urTierTo-
bis istoriis faqtebis gadmocema erTmaneTisagan mkafiod
gansxvavdeba SinaarsiTac da formiTac, romelTac urTierTisagan
gansxvavebuli, erTmaneTisagan sapirispiro politikuri koncefci-
is daRi azis.
somexTa mefis iarvandis Zaladoba, gasagebia, qarTlis xelis-
ufalTa sapasuxo moqmedebas iTxovda da leonti mrovelic
dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems mezobelTa Soris im dros ganviTare-
bul sabrZolo peripetiebs. qarTlis mefeebis, farsmanisa da kao-
sisgan gansxvavebiT, maTi memkvidreebi, armazel da azork leon-
tis daxasiaTebiT mamacni da marjveni iyvnen da Seecadnen kidec
somexTa mier mitacebuli qarTlis teritoriebis dabrunebas.
rogorc Cveni mematiane gvauwyebs `ganizraxes Zieba sazRvarTa
qarTlisaTa~109. maT miimxres CrdiloeTis xalxebi: osebi, paWani-
kebi, jiqebi, lekebi, durZukebi, didoelebi da vidre somxebi amis
Sesaxeb gaigebdnen, farulad Sekribes uricxvi laSqari, moulod-
nelad SeiWrnen somxeTSi da mTeli rigi olqebi – Sirakuani,
bagrevandi basianamde da naxWevanamde moaoxres, uamravi tyve da
didi nadavli, qoneba-ganZi Caigdes xelSi da ukan gabrundnen.
somexTa sardali smbat bivritiani daedevna da brZola gaumarTa
qarTvelebsa da osebs. amjerad ukve somxebma moaoxres qarTli.
magram qarTlis mefeni azork da armazel, leontis TqmiT, `si-
109
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 45.
60
ficxliTa gulisa maTisaTa ara SeuSindes, ara dascxres kirTe-
bisagan somexTa zeda~. qarTvelebTan damegobrebuli osebic er-
Toblivad utevdnen da aviwroebdnen somxebs, ris gamoc somxeb-
isa da qarTvel-ovsTa laSqars Soris brZola orive mxaris
cvalebadi upiratesobiT karga xans gagrZelda, bolos ki, roca
qarTvelebma somexTa laSqaris winamZRoli da mefis Ze zareni
daamarcxes javaxeTSi, daatyveves celis tbasTan da darialis
cixeSi gamoketes, daiwyo molaparakeba dapirispirebul mxareebs
Soris. qarTvelma mefeebma gaanTavisufles somexi ufliswuli da
aRuTqves, saWiro SemTxvevaSi, samxedro daxmareba `xolo amisT¢s
somexTa ukmosces sazRvari qarTlisa, qalaqi wunda da cixe de-
moTisa, javaxeTi da artani. da mieriTgan iqmnes moyuare somexni
da qarTvelni da ovsni. da samnive erTobiT brZodes mterTa~110
– sazeimod acxadebs leonti mroveli, riTac kvlav da kvlav
yuradRebas amaxvilebs misi koncefciis umTavres Tezisze:
kavkasiis xalxTa urTierTobaSi ZiriTadia TanamSromloba da
moyvroba maT Soris.
qarTvel-somexTa omebis istoriis leontis msgavsad gadmoce-
ma, gasagebia, rom m. xorenacs xels ar miscemda. misi koncefcia
aseT moTxrobas ubralod, ver iguebda. amitom is xsenebul movle-
nebze saubrisas mxolod zogadi SeniSvnebiT kmayofildeba, misTvis
uxerxul faqtebs ki saxeSecvlili SinaarsiT warmogvidgens, ase
magaliTad, mis TxzulebaSi qarTvel-somexTa omebi alan-somexTa
omebadaa monaTluli, xolo qarTvelebi, isic mxolod erTi nawili,
am omis uneblie da pasiur monawiledaa gamoyvanili. m. xorenaci
wers: `im xanebSi alanebi SeuTanxmdnen yvela mTielebs, miimxres
qarTvelTa naxevari qveyanac da didZali laSqriT moefinnen Cvens
miw-awyals. artaSesma Sehyara Tavisi mravalricxovani jari da
atyda omi or mamac mSvildosan naTesavs Soris~111. rogorc vxedavT,
m. xorenaci ar asaxelebs omis mizezebs, somexi mefis mier javaxeTis
nawilis mitacebas, laSqrobis moTaved alanebi gamohyavs da ara
qarTvelebi da maTi mefeebi azorki da armazeli, mkiTxvels uqmnis
STabeWdilebas, rom qarTvelebi sulac ar apirebdnen somxebTan
SebrZolebas da mxolod misi erTi naxevari miimxres alanebma,
110
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 45-49.
111
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 141.
61
meore naxevari ki, igulisxmeba, somexi mefis erTgulebas SerCa.
erTi sityviT, qarTli somxeTis daqvemdebarebul qveynadaa
nagulisxmevi, amitomac, arc qarTvelTa mier kavkasielebTan erTad
Sirakuanisa da bagrevandis dalaSqvraze da arc qarTlis
dasapyrobad somexTa sardlis smbat bivritianis mravalgzis
laSqrobaze ambobs raimes. somxeTTan dapirispirebul Rirseul Zal-
ad, mxolod alanebs miiCnevs: `atyda omi or mamac mSvildosan
naTesavs Soris~. misi damokidebuleba qarTlisa da qarTvelebis
mimarT aSkarad qedmaRluria, rac kidev ufro mkafiod iCens Tavs
im epizodSi, sadac saubaria qarTvelTa mier somexi ufliswulis
zarehis datyvevebaze. m. xorenaci wers: `zarehi iyo pativmoyvare
kaci, mxecebze nadirobaSi marjve, xolo omSi mxdali, uvargisi.
igi gamocdili hyavda qarTvelTa mefes, vinme qarZams, /romelmac/
aujanya qveyana, Seipyro da kavkasiis mTaze cixeSi Casva zarehi.
(qarZams) SeebrZolnen artavazdi da tirani smbatis TanxlebiT da
gamoiyvanes Zma talaxidan~ 112. teqstis am nawilSi yuradRebas
iqcevs qarTveli mefis kninobiTad moxsenieba – `vinme qarZami~,
rac uSualod gamoxatavs avtoris damokidebulebas qarTlis
uZvelesi istoriis mimarT. miiCnevs ra qarTvel mefeebs bevrad
ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis xelisuflebad, zarehis datyvevebas
maT warmatebad ki ar miiCnevs, aramed somexi ufliswulis uvargisi
TvisebebiT xsnis da qarTveli mefeebis brZolas somexTa Zala-
dobis winaaRmdeg mxolod antisomxur ajanyebad ganixilavs. ase-
Ti Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisia zarehis ganTavisuflebis garemoeba-
Ta xorenaciseuli aRwerac. misi mtkicebiT, somexi ufliswulis
ganTavisufleba dapirispirebuli mxareebis molaparakebis Sedegad
da orivesTvis misaReb safuZvelze ki ar momxdara, aramed zarehis
Zmebsa da mTavarsardal smbat bivritians samxedro Zalis
gamoyenebiT auZulebiaT qarZami daeTmo maTTvis tyve. am mxriv
niSandoblivia isic, rom qarTvelTa tyveobaSi yofnas somexi
ufliswulisTvis samarcxvino movlenad miiCnevs, ris gamoc mis
ganTavisuflebas talaxidan amoyvanas uTanabrebs.
leonti mroveli Tavisi koncefciis Sesabamisad mkiTxvelis
yuradRebas umTavresad mainc saerTo mtrebis (ZiriTadad spar-
selebis) winaaRmdeg qarTvel-somexTa erToblivi brZolis epi-
112
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 144-145.
62
zodebze amaxvilebs. amasTan damaxasiaTebelia, rom, Tu miTiur
xanaSi erToblivi brZolis winamZRoli somexTa eTnarqi iyo, me-
zobel saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis periodSi ukve aqtiurni
qarTvelebi Canan. aseTi suraTi ixateba, magaliTad, leontis
TxzulebaSi farsman qvelis moRvaweobis aRwerisas. Txroba gaSli-
lia mirdat da farsman mefeebis dapirispirebis fonze. `mirdats
Seeweodes sparsni, xolo farsmans somexni~113. mirdati borot
Zalas ganasaxierebs: `ese mirdat iyo kaci urvili da mosisxle~114,
farsmani ki – keTils. mis dasaxasiaTeblad leonti ar iSurebs
mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis aranair saSualebas: `xolo farsman
queli iyo kaci keTili da uxuad momniWebeli da Semndobeli,
asakiTa Suenieri, taniTa didi da Zlieri, m£ne m£edari da Sem-
marTebeli brZolisa, uSiSi viTarca u£orco da yoveliTave
umjobesi yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, romelni gardacvalebul
iyvnes uwinares missa~115. leontis mtkicebiT, farsman qveli TviT
mirdatis mxaris qarTvelebsac uyvardaT da sZuldaT mirdati
`mesisxleobisa da medgrobisaTvis~, ris gamoc maTgan umravlesi
gadaudga patrons. farsman qveli qarTlisa da somxeTis
mxedrobiT ebrZvis sparselebs, magram kritikul situaciebSi
mainc farsmanisa da misi spaspetis _ farnavazis moxerxeba da
gmiroba wyvets brZolis beds. leontis TqmiT, mraval did
gamarjvebaTa Sedegad `ganiTqua saxeli farsman quelisa da
spaspetisa misisa farnavazisi. da winamZRuar eqmna igi spaTa
qarTlisa da somxiTisaTa. da iwyo brZolad sparsTa da Seslvad
sparseTs. da verRaraodes vin winaaRudga farsman quelsa~116.
am teqstSi leonti mroveli erTgvari SeparviT uaRresad mniS-
vnelovan cnobas gvawvdis. qarTlTan erTad somxeTis jaris
winamZRvroba (e. i. sardloba) ar iyo qarTvel-somexTa urTier-
TobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveulebrivi movlena da Tavisi Si-
naarsiT mkafiod gansxvavdeboda samxedro daxmarebis im pirobe-
bisagan, romlis dasaxasiaTeblad mematianeebi iyenebdnen gamoTq-
mas `moirTo Zali somxiTiT~, spaseTiT Tu sxva mxridan. somxeTis
113
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 51.
114
iqve.
115
iqve.
116
iqve, gv. 52-53.
63
jaris sardloba qarTlis mefes am qveynis daqvemdebarebis Sem-
deg SeeZlo mxolod, miT umetes, rom leontis dasturiT es Sesa-
Zlebeli gamxdara farsman qvelis gaxmaurebuli gamarjvebebisa da
misi gavlenis gazrdis Sedegad. niSandoblivia, rom farsman I-sa
(I s. 30-60-iani ww.) da farsman II-is (II s. 30-50-iani ww.) brZolas somx-
eTisaTvis parTiis winaaRmdeg TanxmobiT adasturebs ramauli
wyaroebi (tacitusi da sxvebi)117, ris gamoc leontis es cnoba
damajereblobas imsaxurebs. ramdenadac leonti miznad isaxavda
orive xalxisTvis qarTvel-somexTa erTianobis gansakuTrebuli
sasikeTo mniSvneloba eCvenebina, albaT, amitomac gverds uvlis
farsman qvelis mier somxeTis daqvemdebarebisa Tu Tavisi poli-
tikuri gavlenis qveS moqcevis istoriis detalebs da yuradReba
gadaaqvs aseTi kavSiris warmatebul Sedegebze Zlieri saerTo
mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. leontis mtkicebiT, farsman qvelis
sardlobiT qarTvel-somexTa laSqars TviT didi da Zlieri
sparseTic ki veRar igeriebda da mxolod muxanaTi mzareulis
mosyidviT SeZles farsmanis mowamvla, ris Semdeg sparselebi bar-
tamisa da misi momxreebis daxmarebiT ipyroben qarTls. somexTa
mefe berZnebs ukavSirdeba, romelTac dasavleT saqarTveloc
uerTdeba. brZola spars-qarTvelebisa (bartamis momxreTa) da
somex-berZen-qarTvelTa laSqars Soris sabolood am ukanasknel-
Ta gamarjvebiT Tavdeba118, rac aseve qarTvel-somexTa kavSiris
upiratesobas cxadyofs. amis sapirispiro koncefciis Semoqmedi
m. xorenaci, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, dumiliT gverds uvlis
somxeTis istoriaSi farsman qvelis rolsa da mniSvnelobaze
saubars, miuxedavad imisa, rom berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi kar-
gad gaTviTcnobierebul mwerals, safiqrebelia, unda scodnoda
is mdidari masala, romelic laTin avtorebs gaaCndaT kavkasiaSi
saxelganTqmuli qarTveli mefis Sesaxeb. m. xorenaci farsmans
mxolod erTxel axsenebs, isic somexi mefis erT-erTi mxedarT-
ufrosis rangSi, romelic SezRuduli warmatebiT monawileobs
somexTa saSinao dinastiur brZolaSi taxtis erT-erTi preten-
dentis mxares119. m. xorenacisTvis qarTvel-somexTa Tanabaru-
117
ix. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 511-568; 643-776.
118
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 53-54.
119
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. I37-I38.
64
flebiani kavSiri miuRebelia. misgan gansxvavebiT, leonti ga-
nagrZobs gareSe ZalasTan qarTvel-somexTa erToblivi brZolis
epizodebis gadmocemas. farsman qvelis Svilis SviliSvili
amazaspic Zlieri da `msgavsi farsman quelisa~ iyo 120 . igi
warmatebiT ebrZoda moZalade osebs, magram gadamwyveti da
saboloo upiratesoba maSin moipova, roca, mematianis sityviT,
`moirTo Zali somxiTiT~. leontis Tanaxmad, amis Semdeg amazaspi
galaRda, gaampartavnda, didad Seaviwrova warCinebulni, ris
gamoc qarTlis erma is moiZula. amasTan, `mter eqmna igi somexTa,
da Seiyuarna sparsni~121. amis pasuxad dasavleT saqarTvelos xuTi
erisTavi ganudga amazasps da molaparakeba gamarTes somexTa
mefesTan. gaimarTa brZola da amjeradac sparselebi damarcxd-
nen qarTvel-somexTa gaerTianebuli laSqris winaSe, romelsac
berZnebic da osebic uWerdnen mxars. sparselebis winaaRmdeg
qarTvel-somexTa samxedro TanamSromlobis erTob STambeWdavi
suraTi aqvs daxatuli leontis ukanaskneli farnavaziani mefis
asfagurisa da somexTa mefe kosaros (xosros) urTierTobis
epizodebis gadmocemisas. igi wers: `kosaro somexTa mefeman uwyo
brZolad qasre mefesa sparsTasa, da Seeweoda mas asfagur, mefe
qarTvelTa, da aman asfagur ganuxunis karni kavkasianTani da
gamoiyvannis ovsni, lekni, da xazarni, da mividis kosaro mefisa
Tana somexTasa brZolad sparsTa. … d a pirvelsave Seslvasa
sparseTad ewyo qasre, mefe sparsTa, da aotes igi da mosres spa
misi. da mieriTgan verRara winaaRudga amaT mefe igi sparsTa, da
ganamravles Seslva sparseTad da tyuevna sparseTisa.… viTar iotes
somexTa da qarTvelTa da Crdilosa naTesavTa mefe sparsTa, da
ganamravles Seslva sparseTs da o£reba sparseTisa; da verRara
odes winaaRudga mefe sparsTa~122.
somxeTis istoriis am mniSvnelovan movlenaze saubari aqvs
m. xorenacsac, magram mis TxrobaSi qarTvel-somexTa samxedro
TanamSromlobis faqtebma asaxva ar pova. igi ZiriTadad saubrobs
iranSi parTuli samefo dinastiis sasanuriT Secvlaze da am mov-
leniT gamowveul reaqciaze arSakidul somxeTSi. mxolod erT
120
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 55.
121
iqve, gv. 57.
122
iqve, gv. 59-60.
65
winadadebaSi gakeTebuli miniSnebiT SeiZleba mixvedra, rom igi
im brZolebsac gulisxmobs, romelTa Sesaxeb vrclad mogviTxrobs
leonti mroveli. m. xorenacis TqmiT, somxeTis mefe xosrovma,
rogorc ki Seityo iranSi dawyebuli areulobis Sesaxeb, maSinve
gaemarTa parTiis ukanaskneli mefis, misi naTesavis artabanis
gadasarCenad. igi romaelTa daxmarebiT fiqrobda parTuli same-
fo dinastiis aRdgenas, magram ar gaumarTlda. ardaSir sasaniani
aqtiurad amoqmedda, miimxro iranis yvelaze gavleniani gvarebi,
xolo xosrovis naTesavi karen fahlavis gvari gaanadgura. poli-
tikuri garTulebebis gamo veRarc romaelebi daexmarnen somexTa
mefes. miuxedavad amisao – wers m. xorenaci – man (e. i. xosrovma)
“Tavis jariTa da keTilmosurneebis, agreTve, Crdiloel tomTa
SewevniT sZlia artaSirs, aota igi indoelTa qveynamde”123. somex-
Ta gamarjvebiT dasrulebuli brZolebis detalurad da mxatvru-
li xerxebiT aRweris moyvaruli somexi mematiane, amjerad,
rogorc vxedavT, metad sityvaZunwia. aSkaraa, somexTa mTavari
damxmaris rolSi qarTvelTa warmoCena mis koncefcias ewinaaRm-
degeboda, ris gamoc iZulebuli gaxda am SemTxvevisTvis bundo-
vani da gaurkveveli Sinaarsis epiTeti `keTilmosurneebi~ gamo-
eyenebina qarTvelTa magier. sasanianTa winaaRmdeg somexTa brZo-
lis am epizodSi qarTvelTa monawileobis cnobam Zvel somxur
saistorio mwerlobaSi mainc SeaRwia, Tumca am istoriografii-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciurobiT. grigol parTelis cxov-
rebis mixedviT, somexTa mefem (xosrom) `Sekriba mxedroba Zlieri
alvanTagan da qarTvelTa da sxvaTa naTesavTagan~ da am ZalebiT
sasanianTa saxelmwifos teritoriis rbeva-TareSi, Turme~ mTeli
aTi weli gagrZelebula124. moyvanil teqstSi qarTvelebis monaw-
ileoba somexTa brZolaSi isea warmodgenili, TiTqos, qarTli
III s. somexTa mefis xelqveiTi yofiliyos, rac simarTlisgan Zalze
Sorsaa. am droisaTvis iranSi sasanianTa gabatonebamde qarTlis
samefo imdenad Zlier politikur erTeuls warmoadgenda, rom
araTu romsa da parTias ar emorCileboda, aramed zogjer maT
123
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 159.
124
cxovreba wm. grigol parTelisa, leon meliqseT-begis gamoc. tfi-
lisi, 1920, gv. 7; Zveli metafrasuli krebuli, Tbilisi, 1986, gv.
470-471.
66
winaaRmdeg mtrul aqciebsac ar erideboda125. am droisaTvis ki
qarTli isev damoukidebeli da Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo126, rasac
leontis mier moxmobili cnobebic adasturebs. am SemTxvevaSic
leonti mroveli asworebs movses xorenacisa da, saerTod, Zveli
somxuri istoriografiis monacemebs qarTvel-somexTa urTier-
Tobis istoriaze da Rirseulad warmoaCens am urTierTobaSi
qarTvelTa rolsa da istoriul mniSvnelobas.
qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis mowmobiT, qarTvel-somexTa
laSqris aTwliani erToblivi TareSiT imdenad Sewuxebula ira-
nis Sahi, rom iZulebuli gamxdara migzavnili mkvlelis, arSaku-
nianTa monaTesave surenianTa gvaris warmomadgenlis anakis xeliT
moecilebina somxeTis mefe, ris Semdeg Sahma am qveynis dapyro-
bac SeZlo127. somxeTis dapyrobiT sparselTa jars gza gaexsna
qarTlSi SesaWreladac. Seqmnili kritikuli situaciis aRwerisas
leonti mroveli kidev erTxel aviTarebs msjelobas Tavisi kon-
cefciis erT-erTi umTavresi debulebis – saqarTvelosa da somx-
eTis TanamSromlobisa da urTierTkavSiris istoriuli aucile-
blobisa da kanonzomierebaTa sasargeblod. leontis Tanaxmad,
somxeTis dapyrobis Semdeg sparsTa mefe qarTlSi Semovida. qarT-
lis mefe asfaguri oseTisken gaemarTa, raTa damxmare laSqari
gamoeyvana cixe-qalaqTa gasamagreblad. magram oseTSi Sesuls
sikvdili ewia. mdgomareoba imiTac damZimda, rom asfagurs vaJi
ar hyavda da amis gamo farnavazianTa mefoba qarTlSi kidec
dasrulda. Seqmnili krizisis pirobebSi politikuri gadaw-
yvetilebis misaRebad qarTlis erisTavebi mcxeTaSi ikribebian
maeJan spaspetis winaSe. situaciis analizisas kvlav Tavs iCens
qarTlisa da somxeTis urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-
ba orive qveynisTvis. Zalebis gaerTianeba maT yovelTvis aZlevda
saerTo mtrebTan aqtiuri moqmedebis saSualebas (rac araerTgzis
cxadyo qarTvelma mematianem wina TavebSi moyvanili magaliTe-
biT), sul bolosac asfaguris SewevniT somxeTma did warmatebas
125
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv. 5I0-537.
126
iqve, gv. 568.
127
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 158-162; qarTlis cxovre-
ba, I, gv. 59-62.
67
miaRwia sasanianebTan brZolaSi. maTi kavSiris gawyveta ki ara
marto warumateblobis mizezi xdeba, aramed Tavdacvisunariano-
bis moSlasac iwvevs, rasac maeJan spaspetis piriT leonti mro-
veli ase gamoxatavs: `rameTu moikla sparsTagan didi igi mefe
somxiTisa, waRebul ars somxiTi, romelsa ekida samefo Cueni, da
aRuRia piri misi sparsTa mefesa STanTqmad yovlisa queyanisa.
aravin ars Cuen Tana winaaRmdgomi misi~128.
qarTlisa da somxeTis politikuri urTierTobis xasiaTis
gamomxatveli leontis mier aq gamoyenebuli zogadi termini `eki-
da~ araerTgvarovnadaa aRqmuli samecniero literaturaSi.
mkvlevarTa mniSvnelovani nawili, gansakuTrebiT is, romelic le-
ontis koncefcias armenofilurad miiCnevs, mas qristianobamde-
li saqarTvelos somxeTze daqvemdebarebis dasadastureblad moy-
vanil terminad aRiqvams129, rasac piradad leonti mrovelis sub-
ieqturi ganwyobilebiT xsnis. daqvemdebarebis gadmosacemad le-
onti ZiriTadad or termins iyenebs – `morCilebasa~ da `mon-
ebas~. magaliTad, `ese yovelni iyvnes morCil haosisa~; `da ese
rvanive erTobiT hmonebdes nebroTs gmirsa~; `ese oTxive iyvnes
morCil misa~; `xazarTa iCines mefe, da daemorCilnes yovelni
xazarni~; `monebda igi azo bizantioss~; `somexni da qarTvelni
iyvnen morCil aJRalanisi sparsTa mefisa” da sxva. 130 amave
`morCileba” terminiT gadmogvcems, rogorc iTqva, somxeTze
qarTlis daqvemdebarebis erT gansazRvrul mcire periodsac131.
iyenebs, agreTve, termin `msaxurebas”, magram, etyoba, ufro
msubuqi, vasaluri damokidebulebis gamosaxatavad. magaliTad,
`msaxurebda igi (farnavazi) antioqoss~132. termini `ekida~ amaTgan
sruliad gancalkevebuladaa warmodgenili da amitom mas
gansxvavebuli Sinaarsic unda hqondes. sxva adgilas sityva
`mokidebas~ iyenebs SeerTeba, Semovlebis azriT: `mohkida kiri-
zRude cixesa armazisasa~ xolo `mokidebuls~ – mosazRvris
128
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 62-63.
129
m. lorTqifaniZe, ra aris “qarTlis cxovreba”, Tbilisi, I989, gv.
79; a. abdalaZe, “qarTlis cxovreba” da saqarTvelo-somxeTis urT-
ierToba, gv. 63-64.
130
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 6,9, II, 20, 43.
131
iqve, gv. 44.
132
iqve, gv. 25.
68
azriT133. sulxan saba sityva `mokidebas~ ganmartavs, rogorc
`moyuareT mobmas~. amaze dayrdnobiT, CvenTvis saintereso wi-
nadadebas `qarTlis cxovrebis~ leqsikonis Semdgeneli sityva
`ekidas~ qveS, axal qarTulze ase xsnis: `sparselebma daipyres
somxeTi, romelTanac Cveni samefo, qarTli, megobrul
urTierTobaSi iyoo~ 134 . xsenebul terminSi daqvemdebarebis
moments gamoricxavda mari brosec, romelic sityva `ekida~-s
mWidro kavSirad gaiazrebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT n. berZeniSvili
SeniSnavda, rom am terminSi brose iuridiul Sinaarss ar
xedavdao135.
xsenebuli terminis (`ekida~) politikuri daqvemdebarebis Si-
naarsiT gadmocemisas leontis kritikosebi ZiriTadad emyarebian
n. berZeniSvilis avtoritets, romelmac I944 w. waikiTxa da I949 w.
dabeWda moxseneba `mokidebulis~ institutis Sesaxeb, sadac man
leontis mier gamoyenebuli am terminis Sinaarsze Tavisi azric
gamoTqva. igi werda: Cven vfiqrobT, rom `ekida~ leontis ar esmis
materialuri mezoblobis anu mosazRvreobis azriT. maSin maeJan
spaspeti am zmnas namyo droSi ar ixmarda: maeJani aRniSnavs im
urTierTobas, romelic iyo (`ekida~), da exla ki aRar aris,
somxeTis mosazRvred ki saqarTvelo iyo da aseTadve darCa is mas
Semdegac rac, somxeTi qasrem daipyro... miT ufro TanasworTa
kavSiris azriT ar esmis leontis `ekida~: amis winaaRmdegia misi
istoriuli koncefcia (SeiZleba swored am koncefciis gamo-
xatulebac iyo maeJan spaspetis pirSi somexTa mefis wodebuleba
`didi mefe~). darCa erTaderTi Sinaarsi, politikuri da-
mokidebuleba da swored am SinaarsiT, vfiqrobT Cven, xmarobs aq
am sityvas leonti mroveli136. ra Tqma unda, mezoblis da mo-
sazRvreobis azriT termin `ekida~-s leonti ar da verc gamoiy-
enebda, radganac saqarTvelosa da somxeTis mezobloba imdenad
cnobili faqti iyo, rom is damatebiT ganmartebas, ubralod, aRar
saWiroebda. isic bunebrivia, rom xsenebuli terminis Sinaarsis
133
qarTlis cxovrebis simfonia leqsikoni, I, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 127.
134
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 439.
135
n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, III, gv. 127, Sen. 38.
136
iqve, gv. 126-7.
69
gaxsnas n. berZeniSvili mematianis istoriul koncefcias udebs
safuZvlad. Tuki miviCnevT, rom leontis koncefcia Zvel kavka-
siaSi somexTa upiratesobas aRiarebda da, Cans, XX s. 40-ian wlebSi
n. berZeniSvili ase fiqrobda, maSin savsebiT logikuria misive
daskvna, rom leontis TanasworTa kavSiris azriT ar esmoda
`ekida~. leontis teqstze Semdgomi xangrZlivi dakvirvebisas n.
berZeniSvilma, vfiqrob, mniSvnelovanwilad Seicvala Tavisi
adrindeli damokidebuleba qarTveli mematianis istoriuli kon-
cefciis mimarT. 50-60-iani wlebis CanawerebSi, dasrulebul Tu
dausrulebul naSromebSi mecnieri araerTgzis aRniSnavda, rom
leonti mroveli mTeli Sromis sigrZeze ebrZvis da arsebiTad
asworebs da upirispirdeba xorenels da somexTagan damokidebule-
bas gaurbis137. aseTi xedvisas, cxadia, sxva axsnas hpovebda sadavo
terminic. misTvis, albaT, ufro Sesaferisi iqneboda sulxan sabas
ganmarteba, romlis Tanaxmad, sityva `ekidas~ identuri `mokideba~
`moyvareT mobmas~ niSnavda. didi qarTveli leqsikografis am
ganmartebis komentirebisas n. berZeniSvili SeniSnavda, rom saba
CvenTvis saintereso xaziT `mokidebaSi~ mxolod `moyvared mobmas”
aRniSnavda, magram sabas rom `mokidebulis~ socialur-politikuri
Sinaarsi kargad esmoda, es Cans mobma sityvis ganmartebidan: `mobma
zurgad moyuare anu didi vinme moikidos~. aq ukve saba orbeliani
moyvrobis garda sxvagvar mokidebasac gulisxmobs da aseTi aqtis
mizansac asaxelebs: esaa `zurgi~. feodaluri institutis
`mokidebulis~ kvlevisas n. berZeniSvili ganixilavs mokidebis
mraval sxvadasxva variants da ganmazogadebel daskvnaSi
CamoTvlis maTTvis damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad niSnebs. igi wers:…
mokidebuli im TaviTve farTo moculobis sazogadoebriv
gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. mokidebulis damaxasiaTebeli iyo misi
wevrebis Tavisufleba da interesTa Tanxmoba.… qarTuli feodal-
izmis yvela safexurze mokidebulis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi (interesTa
Tanxmobis niadagze met-naklebad Tavisufali gaerTianeba)
ucvleli darCa138. Tavisufleba da interesTa Tanxmoba ki mxolod
Tanabaruflebian pirTA Sorisaa SesaZlebeli, ris gamoc, vfiqrob,
leontis TanasworTa kavSiris azriT unda esmodes termini `ekida~.
137
n. berZeniSvili, sis, VIII, gv. 298, 339-381, 555-557 da sxva.
138
n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, gv. 134.
70
leontis drosTan SedarebiT axlo periodSi (XII s.), roca n.
berZeniSvilis dakvirvebiT termini `mokiduli~ ukve didi xnis win
Camoyalibebuli da savsebiT garkveuli Sinaarsis Semcveli cneba
iyo, konkretuli faqtebis analizi mkvlevars ar aZlevs saSualebas
terminis SinaarsSi maincdamainc daqvemdebarebulis niSnebi amoic-
nos. n. berZeniSvilis SeniSvniT, arc aqedan, e. i. 1190 w. ambebidan
Cans, rom `mokidebuli~ qveSe-dawesebuls, xelqveiTs niSnavda139.
XII s. termini `ekida~, rom daqvemdebarebis SinaarsiT ar
esmodaT, amis dasturia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli somxuri Targ-
manis Sesabamisi teqstic, sadac qarTlis somxeTTan mimarTebis
gamomxatveli nawili saerTod gamotovebulia140. somexi mTargmne-
li, romelic ilia abulaZis dakvirvebiT, cdilobs Tavisi qveyana
da Tanamemamuleebi yvelgan gandidebiT warmoadginos, risTvisac
TviTnebur redaqciul cvlilebebsac ar erideba, cxadia, uTargm-
nels ar datovebda somexTa upiratesobis gamomxatveli Sinaarsis
mqone qarTul sityvas da mis mniSvnelobas, albaT, kidev ufro
metad gamokveTda da gaaZlierebda. da, radgan ase ver iqceva,
Cans, leontis am gamonaTqvamSi somexi mTargmneli misTvis sasarge-
blos da gansakuTrebuls verafers xedavda. SesaZloa, somxuri is-
toriografiis klasikosebis msgavsad, Cveni mTargmnelisTvisac mi-
uRebeli iyo qarTlisa da somxeTis politikuri urTierTobis
TanabarTa kavSirad warmodgena, rac leontis teqstis am nawilSi
ikiTxeboda. amitom adgilis Targmnas, isev, misi gamotoveba arCia.
msgavsi manipulaciebi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ somexi mTargmnelisTvis,
rogorc ilia abulaZec aRniSnavs, ucxo ar iyo.
maeJan spaspetis sityvis mTeli winamoTxrobac somxeTze qarT-
lis politikuri damokidebulebis azris gamomricxvelia. am
mxriv, Txrobis arc erTi pasaJi eWvis safuZvels ar iZleva. ufo
metic, sparseTis winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaSi qarTveli mefis
rols leonti ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs141, rac savsebiT re-
alisturi Sefasebaa. romaelTa legionebis Semdeg sparseTis
.
139
n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, gv. 119
140
qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, il. abulaZis gamoc.
Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 66.
141
ase aRiqvams qarTveli mematianis Txrobas n. lomouric. ix. misi
`narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan~, Tbilisi, 1975,
gv. 19.
71
sapirispiro ufro srulfasovan Zalas, ra Tqma unda, Crdilo
kavkasiaSi momTabareTa samxedro SenaerTebi warmoadgendnen. maTi
amoqmedebisa da saWiro mimarTulebiT warmarTvis meqanizmi ki
qarTvelTa mefeebs epyraT xelT. `ara £elewifebis gamoslvad
didTa maT naTesavTa ovsTa da yivCayTa T¢nier brZanebisa
qarTvelTa mefisa~142. marTalia, es sityvebi vaxtang gorgasals
miekuTvneba, magram isic cxadia, rom mematiane sakmaod Zvel
tradicias gadmogvcems, ramdenadac karTa Sebmas da amiT kavkasi-
is gadasasvlelebze kontrolis dawesebas qarTuli wyaroebi jer
kidev farnavazis uSualo memkvidreebs miaweren143. aseTi Zlieri
zurgis mqone qveyanas ki ara marto somxeTi, aramed sparseTi da
romic uwevdnen angariSs. m. xorenacic ki, romelic qarTls,
TiTqmis, yovelTvis somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi gulisxmobs, amjerad
veRar iyenebs misTvis Cveul mbrZaneblur gamoTqmebs qarTlis
mimarT da bundovani, Tu neitraluri sityvebiT cdilobs
gadmosces asfaguris daxmarebis ambavi, romelsac Tavisi didi
mniSvnelobis gamo, gverdi veRar auara. leonti am SemTxvevaSic
asworebs da sicxade Seaqvs m. xorenacis dabindul teqstSi imiT,
rom saTiTaod CamoTvlis sasanianTa iranis winaaRmdeg mowyobili
samxedro kampaniis mTavar monawileebs: somxebs, qarTvelebs,
Crdilo kavkasielebs – `iotes somexTa da qarTvelTa da
Crdilosa naTesavTa mefe sparsTa~144. m. xorenacic, faqtobrivad,
mijnavs erTmaneTisagan somxur jarsa da maT Semwe `keTilmo-
surneebsa~, Tu CrdiloeTis mTiel tomebs. leontis teqstSi
laSqrobis monawileTa CamoTvlisas sxvebze win somexTa xseneba,
ra Tqma unda, upiratesobis gamomxatveli ver iqneba. xsenebuli
omi, pirvel rigSi, somexTa omi iyo da, bunebrivia, mematianes
isini mokavSireebze uwin unda exsenebina. leonti mrovelis mier
gadmocemuli qarTvel-somexTa urTierTobis amsaxveli faqtebi,
miT ufro, sasanianTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis ukve
moyvanili konkretuli siuJeti, rogorc vxedavT, ar iZleva
sababs qarTlis somxeTze politikuri damokidebulebis
warmosadgenad. aseTi viTarebisas ki, cxadia, naTesaobisa da
142
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 156.
143
iqve, gv. 28.
144
iqve, gv. 60.
72
moyvrobis safuZvelze qarTvel-somexTa TanamSromlobis mexotbe
mematianisaTvis miuRebeli unda yofiliyo am qveynebis urTier-
Tobis dasaxasiaTeblad daqvemdebarebis gamomxatveli terminis
gamoyeneba, rac misive koncefciisaTvis sruliad Seuferebeli
iqneboda. igi qarTlisa da somxeTis urTierTobas, gansakuTre-
biT ki samxedro-politikur sferoSi, moyvareTa kavSirad
warmogvidgens, rasac mTeli misi winamoTxrobac adasturebs. ase-
Ti urTierTobis gamosaxatavad yvelaze ufro moxerxebuli ter-
mini ki sabas mier `moyvareT mobmad~ ganmartebuli `mokideba~ da
leontis mier gamoyenebuli `ekida~ gamodis. namyo droSi termi-
nis xmareba am SemTxvevaSi savsebiT gasagebia: is urTierToba
qarTlsa da somxeTs Soris anu moyvruli TanamSromloba, romel-
ic aqamde arsebobda, maeJan spaspetis sityviT, aRar arsebobs
somxeTis mefis mokvlisa da sparselTa mier somxeTis dapyrobis
gamo. amitom moyvris gareSe darCenili qarTli martodmarto
aRmoCnda Zlieri mtris winaSe. somxeTi qarTlis fari iyo
samxreTidan, xolo qarTli Zlieri zurgi somxeTisaTvis Crdil-
oeTidan. Tavdacvis azriT, erTmaneTze damokidebuli es mezobe-
li qveynebi erTmaneTs ekidnen. aseTi azris Semcveli unda iyos
sityva `ekida~-s Sinaarsi, romelic, vfiqrob, gamoyenebulia poli-
tikuri partniorebis urTierTdamokidebulebis gadmosacemad da
ara erTis meoreze daqvemdebarebis gamosaxatavad.
leontisa da xorenacis damokidebuleba istoriuli faqtebis
SerCevisa da gadmocemisadmi, rogorc amjerad vnaxeT, sruliad
gansxvavebuli da urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa. aseTi viTareba
gamowveuli unda iyos ara imdenad mezobelTa metoqeobiT, ram-
denadac erTmaneTisgan sakmaod dacilebuli sxvadasxva istoriuli
epoqebisadmi maTi kuTvnilebiTa da am faqtoriT ganpirobebuli
gansxvavebuli konkretuli politikuri amocanebiT. xorenaci Tavis
Txzulebas istoriis qarcecxlSi damarcxebuli somexi xalxisaTvis
werda, romlis mizani iyo saxelmwifoebriobis dakargviT
gulgatexili TanamoZmeebis gamxneveba, warsuli didebis magaliTe-
biT maTi aRfrTovaneba da momavalSi damoukideblobis aRdgeni-
saTvis brZolaSi sulieri ganmtkiceba. leontis amocana ki, piri-
qiT, aRmavlobis gzaze myofi da kavkasiaSi ganviTarebuli gamae-
rTianebeli moZraobis avangardSi mdgomi qveynis interesebis sar-
ealizaciod sazogadoebrivi azris Semzadeba iyo, im qveynis in-
73
teresebisaTvis brZola, romelic imJamad ukve somxeTis memkvi-
dreobas bizantias ecileboda. amis gamoc, leontis Tavisi isto-
ria martooden qarTvelebisaTvis ar SeeZlo ewera. mas somxebi-
sTvisac unda gaewia angariSi, romelTa mimxrobasa da Tavis garSemo
darazmvas qarTuli saxelmwifo gegmavda. amitomacaa, rom leonti
xelaRebiT ki ar uaryofs xorenacs, aramed asworebs da cdilobs
Rirseulad warmoaCinos saqarTvelos istoria, ise ki, rom arc
somexTa Tavmoyvareobas miayenos ziani.
es gansxvavebuli tendenciebi leontisa da xorenacis Txzu-
lebaSi kidev ufro mkafiod iCens Tavs kavkasiaSi qristianuli
sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisa da pirveli qristiani qarTveli da
somexi mefeebis moRvaweobis gadmocemisas. es xana Sua saukuneeb-
is qristiani mwerlebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisa iyo da
TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda Sesaferisi RirsebiT warmoeCina
Tavisi qveynis istoriis es monakveTi.
Tavisi koncefciis erTguli da misi Tanamimdevruli damcve-
li m. xorenaci somxeTis pirvel qristian mefes Trdat III-s eli-
nuri miTebisa da aRmosavluri zRaprebis gmirebis TvisebebiT
amkobs, miawers ra mas goliaTur arabunebriv fizikur Zal-Rones,
ris safuZvelzec yvelaze rTuli da saxifaTo situaciebidan misi
gmiri uZleveli da gamarjvebuli gamohyavs. aseTi siuJetebia:
goliaTebTan da velur xarebTan SeWideba, veluri kuroebis xe-
liT dagleja, cxenidan CamoqveiTebuli Trdatis mier spiloebis
jogebis xmliT garekva, basilTa mefis cxenianad Suaze gapoba,
meomarTa mTeli razmebis damoukideblad amoxocva da sxva145.
m. xorenacis mtkicebiT, Trdati yvelgan da yovelTvis imarjveb-
da. misive mtkicebiT, saqarTvelos pirveli qristiani mefe mir-
iani Trdatis qveSevrdomi da misi erT-erTi sardali iyo da
amdenad, qarTlic somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi iyo sagulvebeli146.
aseT mtkicebulebaTa winaaRmdeg aSkarad gamosvla da misi
xelaRebiT uaryofa m. xorenacis didi avtoritetis gamo, Tundac
somexTa TvalSi, SesaZloa efeqturi ver yofiliyo. amitom qarTu-
li istoriografiis Rirsebis dasacavad da sakuTari koncefciis
gasamarTleblad leonti erTob originalur xerxs mimarTavs.
145
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 163-164; 166-167; 169-170.
146
iqve, gv. I69-I72.
74
qarTveli mematiane mirians sasanianTa mefis Svilad saxavs da
saqarTvelos pirveli qristiani mefis xosroianobiT, faqtobri-
vad, agrZelebs da axal pirobebSi kvlav acocxlebs Zveli qarTu-
li farnavaziani mefeebis nebroTianobis ideas. am tradiciis mniS-
vnelobaze yuradRebas juanSeric amaxvilebs, roca vaxtang gor-
gasalis piriT mkiTxvels Seaxsenebs: `... romelni varT naTesavni
nebroT gmirisani, romeli uwinares yovelTa mefeTa gamoCnda
queyanasa zeda, romeli lomsa ZaliTa viTarca Tikansa moiyva-
nebda, kanjarTa da qurcikTa queTTi ipyrobda. rameTu ezom gan-
didna Zali misi, romel daemorCilnes yovelni naTesavni noes-
ni~147. noes naTesavebSi, ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi, somxebi
moiazrebodnen, rac imasac niSnavda, rom Tu morCilebaze
midgeboda saqme, qarTveli mefeebi somxebs ki ara, piriqiT, somexi
mefeebi qarTvel mefeebs unda damorCilebodnen, rogorc
qveynierebis pirveli mefis nebroT gmiris STamomavlebs. leontis
arapirdapiri mtkicebiT am Zveli tradiciis Zala qarTvel qris-
tian mefeebzec vrceldeboda maTi xosroianobis gamo. leonti
qarTvelTa sxva upiratesobebzec amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis
yuradRebas. Tu xorenaciT, somexi mefeebi yovelTvis amayobdnen
parTiis samefo dinastiasTan naTesaobiT da es kavSiri somxeTis
Zlierebis mniSvnelovan wyarod miaCndaT, leontiT, miriani TviT
parTelTa damamxobeli sasanianebis kidev ufro axlo naTesavia,
sparseTis mefis ufrosi vaJia da, bunebrivia, sparselTa
mxardaWeriTa da keTilganwyobiT sargeblobs, rac mas gan-
sakuTrebiT upirates mdgomareobas uqmnis kavkasiaSi. rogorc
parTiis pirvelma mefem arSakma, m. xorenaciT, somxeTis mefe mTel
kavkasiaze gaabatona, aseve sasaniani qasre, leontiT, mTel
kavkasias aZlevs mirians sammarTvelod. `da misca (mirians)
qarTli, somxiTi, rani, movakani da hereTi~148. am cnobas leonti
sxvadasxva variaciebiT kidev ramdenjerme imeorebs: “da mefobda
esreT mirian mcxeTiT gaRmarT qarTls, somxiTs, rans, hereTs,
movakans da egrs~149. roca m. xorenaci xsenebuli arSak parTiis
mefis wyalobaze saubrobda, aRniSnavda, rom kavkasiis garda
147
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 161.
148
iqve, gv. 64.
149
iqve, gv. 65.
75
somxeTis mefes wina aziis zogierTi teritoriebic misca 150 .
TiTqos, am cnobis pasuxad leonti gvatyobinebs: `xolo mirians
(sparselebma) gulis-sadebad misces bartamisgan jazireTi, da
Samis naxevari, da adarbadagani. da ese yoveli qarTls, somxiTs,
rans, hereTs da movakans zeda mourTes~151. ase rom, mirianis qarT-
li, leontis mixedviT, TiTqmis, arafriT CamorCeboda
arSakunianTa somxeTs. magram yvelaze didi upiratesoba, romelic
qarTls gaaCnda, leontis azriT, iyo misi gansakuTrebuli
strategiuli mdebareoba. qarTlisa da mcxeTis centraluri
mdebareoba kavkasiaSi mas am qveyanaze sruli kontrolis
saSualebas aZlevda. am azrs leonti Tavis TxzulebaSi sparseTis
sasaniani mefis piriT gadmogvcems. igi wers sparsTa mefem
`ukeTesad gamoarCia mcxeTas dasuma Zisa misisa mefed. rameTu
yovelTa qalaqTa somxiTisa da qarTlisaTa, ranisa da mis
kerZoTa, yovlisa ufrosad da umagresad gamoarCia da maxlobe-
lad CrdiloTa mterTa, raTa hbrZodis maT muniT da ipyrobdes
yovelTa kavkasianTa~152. aseTi Tvalsazrisis dominirebas leon-
tisdroindel sazogadoebaSi, gasagebia, didi mniSvneloba unda
hqonoda kavkasiis momavali gaerTianebisaTvis moRvawe qarTveli
politikosebisaTvis, romlebic amiT kidev erT seriozul
arguments iZendnen TavianT sasargeblod.
qarTlis istoriis Rirseulad warmoCenasTan erTad, leonti
gansazRvrul pativs miagebs somxur folklorul masalasac,
romelmac farTo gamoyeneba hpova Zvel somex avtorTa Txzule-
bebSi. amasTan, am somxur gadmocemebs SesaSuri taqtiT urTavs
specialur ganmartebebs, riTac maT hiperboluri samosisagan
aTavisuflebs. leontis mier aseTi xerxiT warmoCenili pirveli
qristiani somexi mefis daxasiaTeba, vfiqrob, ufro realuri da
adamianuricaa Zvel somex avtorTa mier daxatul portretTan
SedarebiT. Trdatis sagmiro saqmeTa Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmoce-
mebidan leontis mxolod agaTangelosTan daculi cnoba mohyavs
guTebis Tavdasxmis mogeriebisas berZenTa jarSi myofi Trdatis
simamacisa da moxerxebis Taobaze. madlieri imperatori Tavis
150
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 67.
151
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 67.
152
iqve, gv. 63-64.
76
laSqars aZlevs Trdats da gaamefebs somxeTSi. leonti am faqts
ase gadmogvcems: “xolo keisarman miscna spani Trdats da gamog-
zavna somxiTs, mamulsa T¢ssa. gamovides somxiTs da gamoasxnes
spani erisTavni mirianisni”153. amjerad, leonti kidev erTxel (ukve
meoTxed), Tumca arapirdapir, mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miaqcevs
imaze, rom Trdatis gamefebamde somxeTs miriani da misi erisTave-
bi marTavdnen. am konteqstSi SesaZloa sayuradRebo iyos
m. xorenacis cnobac, romlis mixedviT, xosrovis mokvlidan Trda-
tis gamefebamde somxeTs sparseTis mefe Tavisi moxeleebis Sem-
weobiT 26 weliwads ganagebda, viTarca erT-erT Tavis mxareTa-
gans154. albaT, ar aris gamoricxuli leontisa da xorenacis am
cnobebs Soris raRac kavSiri arsebobdes.
Trdatis daxasiaTebisas, rogorc Cans, leonti m. xorenacis
Txzulebasac iyenebda, magram somex mefeze iq arsebul gazRapre-
bul cnobebs ki ar imeorebs, aramed maT Sinaarss mokled gad-
mogvcems: `da aravin ipova odes sparsTa Soris martod-mbrZoli
Trdatisi. da saxelovan iqmna igi yovelsa queyanasa, da sZlo
yovladve mbrZolTa misTa, viTarca weril ars ambavi misi cxo-
rebasa somexTasa~ 155. am bolo winadadebiT leonti, aSkaraa,
mkiTxvels auwyebs, rom Trdatis warmodgenili daxasiaTeba mas
ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed somxur matianeebs. misi azriT, qarTlisa
da somxeTis metoqeobaSi sZlevda is, romelsac ufro Zlieri
mxardamWeri hyavda. ase rom, sakiTxs wyvetdnen gareSe poli-
tikuri Zalebi da ara uSualod romelime metoqe. leontis
gadmocemiT, somxeTSi Trdatis gamefebisa da iqidan mirianis
erisTavebis gamoZevebis Semdeg mezobel qveynebs Soris
`daucxromelad iyvis SfoTi... welTa mravalTa... xolo odes
moirTis Zali Trdat saberZneTiT da momarTis mirians, da mas
ver Zal-edvis winaaRdgomad, da gamagrnis cixeni da qalaqni, da
movlis Trdat queyana misi. da odes ganZlierdis mirian
sparseTiT, maSin ver winaaRudgis Trdat, da movlis mirian
somxiTi~156. miriansa da Trdats Soris `daucxromeli SfoTi~ rom
153
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 68.
154
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 162.
155
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 69.
156
iqve.
77
sazRvrebis gamo iqneboda atexili es sruliad cxadia leontis
Txrobis mixedviT, radganac misive TqmiT, keisarma Trdati
`somxiTs, mamulsa T¢ssa~ gamogzavna da Cans, somxeTis mefe
cdilobda damxmare Zalis saSualebiT misi mamuli CrdiloeTiT
zedmetad gaefarToebina, rasac, bunebrivia, mirianis winaaRmde-
goba daxvdeboda. maT Soris urTierTobas isic amwvavebda, rom
isini erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli mZlavri saxelmwifoebis
mfarvelobis qveS imyofebodnen da, nebiT Tu uneblieT, mfarve-
lis miswrafebaTa gamomxatvelnic unda yofiliyvnen. aseTi
damokidebuleba qarTlsa da somxeTs Soris leontis striqonebSi
mkafiod SeigrZnoba. leontis Tanaxmad, sparseTis mefe
winadadebas aZlevs mirians `SevkrbeT, da gardavloT somxiTi, da
SevideT saberZneTad~157. rogorc vxedavT, am winadadebaSi mTavari
samizne saberZneTia da ara somxeTi. es ukanaskneli mxolod mcire
winaRobaa, romelic unda gardavlon. Trdatma Warb Zalebs
winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da mokavSireebma `wartyuenes somxiTi~
da Sevidnen saberZneTSi. am Zalebs verc berZenTa mefe
konstantine aRudga win da did mwuxarebas mieca158. Cndeba axali
Zala, romelic sruliad cvlis manamde arsebul urTierTobas
qveynebsa da adamianebs Soris. qristes jvaris saswaulmoqmedi
ZaliT berZenTa mefe konstantine, romelmac irwmuna axali
moZRvreba da naTel iRo, mcire ZalebiT uricxvi mteri
gaanadgura, `viTar weril ars ese gancxadebulad moqcevasa
berZenTasa~ SeniSnavs leonti mroveli. amjerad qarTveli
mematiane mis mier moyvanil wyaros gulgrilad ki ar afiqsirebs
mxolod, aramed Sefasebasac aZlevs da mas cxadsa da marTals
uwodebs, riTac Tavis keTilsasurvel damokidebulebas gamoxat-
avs gamoyenebuli literaturis mimarT.
axali sarwmunoebis upiratesobisa da Zlierebis mowme miri-
ani ganudgeba sparselebs da konstantines samsaxurSi dgeba, ris
Semdeg qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba Cveul, leontisTvis sasur-
vel kalapotSi eqceva. konstantine mefe amoyvrebs Zvel metoqe
mezoblebs. mirianis vaJi revi colad irTavs Trdatis qaliSvils
157
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 69.
158
iqve.
78
salomes. bolo eReba sasazRvro konfliqtsac. konstantine bune-
briv-geografiul sazRvars udebs mijnad mezoblebs: `romelTa
queyanaTa mdinareni dian samxreTiT da mierTvian ra£ssa, ese qu-
eyanani Trdatis kerZad dayarna; da romlisa queyanisa mdinareni
CrdiloT dian da mierTvian mtkuarsa, ese mirianis kerZad da-
yarna~159. mSvidoba da siyvaruli myardeba, leontiT erTi mamis
STamomaval moZmeebs Soris, rac qarTveli mematianis koncefciis
kanonzomier gamovlinebas warmoadgenda. mSvidoba da moyvroba
kavkasiis xalxebs Soris ki leontis droindeli qarTuli saxelm-
wifos perspeqtiuli politikis safuZveli iyo, romlis xorcSesx-
mas leontisTan erTad Sua saukuneebis qarTuli istoriografia
da mwerloba emsaxureboda.
leontis mier movses xorenacis kritika ar iqneboda sruli,
Tu is Tavis damokidebulebas ar gamoxatavda somexi mematianis
Tvalsazrisze kavkasiis sarwmunoebrivi da kulturuli iersaxis
Sesaxeb. arc am SemTxvevaSi Ralatobs leonti m. xorenacis kri-
tikis Tavis meTods da somexi mematianis Sesworebas kvlav ganagr-
Zobs. Zvel qarTlSi somxuri warmarTuli kultis batonobis m.
xorenaciseuli mtkicebis sapasuxod leonti qarTvelTa uZvelesi
sarwmunoebis warmoqmnisa da misi ganviTarebis Tanamimdevrul
suraTs gadmogvcems, sadac somxuri gavlenisaTvis adgili aRar
arsebobs. leontis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebma TavianTi Tavdapirve-
li sarwmunoeba qarTlSi mosvlis Semdeg SeimuSaves, rac
ZiriTadad, qarTlosis saflavisa da mnaTobebis TayvaniscemiT
gamoixateboda. igi wers: `da iqmnes msaxur mzisa da mTovarisa
da varskulavTa xuTTa, da mtkice da ufrosi saficari maTi iyo
saflavi qarTlosisi~160. amis Semdeg Zvel qarTul warmarTul
panTeonSi adgils kerpebi ikaveben: gaci da gaim161, umTavresi ki
farnavazis mier Seqmnili kerpi xdeba. mis Sesaxeb, sxvebisgan
gansxvavebiT, sagangebo xazgasmiT gadmogvcems am RvTaebis Seqmnis
ambavs: `farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda T¢ssa: ese ars
armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqua. amarTa kerpi
igi armazi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, da mieriTgan ewoda armazi
159
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 70.
160
iqve, gv. 11.
161
iqve, gv. 20.
79
kerpisa misT¢s. da qmna satfureba didi kerpisa misT¢s
aRmarTebulisa~ 162 . mematiane gansakuTrebuli aqcentebiT
gadmogvcems RvTaeba armazis saxelwodebis farnavazisgan
warmomavlobas da am faqts erT winadadebaSi sxvadasxva formiT
ramdenjerme imeorebs, TiTqos SiSobs es saxeli mkiTxvels sxvaSi
ar aerios. etyoba, leonti somxuri aramazdis saxels ufrTxoda
(albaT, armazisa da aramazdis sparsulidan saerTo warmomavlo-
bis gamo), ris gamoc mkiTxvelis yuradRebas sagangebod amax-
vilebda RvTaeba armazis erovnul warmomavlobaze. farnavazis
memkvidreebma qarTul warmarTul panTeons kidev ramdenime kerpi
Semates. magaliTad, saurmagma `Seqmna orni kerpni ainina da
danina, da amarTna gzasa zeda mcxeTisasa~163. farnajomma `Seqmna
kerpi saxeliT zaden, da amarTa zadens~164; revma ki `moiyvana
coli saberZneTiT, asuli loRoTeTisa, saxeliT sefelia. da aman
sefelia moitana Tana kerpi, saxeliT afroditos, da aRmarTa
Tavsa zeda mcxeTisasa~ 165. amrigad, Zvel qarTul warmarTul
panTeonSi, leontis mixedviT, sul Svidi kerpi Cans: gaci, gaim,
armazi, ainina, danana, zadeni da afroditosi. aqedan erTia
garedan (saberZneTidan) Semotanili. es Svidi kerpi iyo, leontis
Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa salocavi da maT Semdeg sxva aRar Semate-
biaT. pirveli qristiani qarTveli mefis Sesaxeb Cveni mematiane
ambobs: `aRizarda mirian msaxurebasa mas Sina S¢dTa maT
kerpTasa~166. leontis gadmocemiT, Zveli qarTuli sarwmunoeba
da misi RvTaebebi saxelganTqmuli Tanamedroveebis aRiarebasa
da pativiscemas imsaxurebdnen. magaliTad, leontis TqmiT,
aleqsandre didma ubrZana qarTlis erisTavad daniSnul Tavis
moxeles `raTa pativscemdnen mzesa da mTovaresa da varskulavTa
xuTTa~167. e. i. qarTvelTa uZveles sarwmunoebas. aseve, qarTlSi
gamefebulma sparseTis mefis vaJma mirianma `hmata Semkoba kerp-
Ta da bomonTa, keTilad ipyrna qurumni kerpTani, da yovelTa
162
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 25.
163
iqve, gv. 27.
164
iqve, gv. 29.
165
iqve, gv. 58.
166
iqve, gv. 65.
167
iqve, gv. I8.
80
mefeTa qarTlisaTa umetes aRasrulebda msaxurebasa mas kerpTasa,
da Seamko saflavi farnavazisi~168.
rogorc vxedavT, leonti faqtebiT adasturebs Zveli qarTu-
li sarwmunoebis TviTmyofadobasa da avtoritets Zvel samyaro-
Si, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs sulieri kulturis sferoSic
qarTlis damokidebulebas somxeTze. somxuri istoriografiis
pretenziebs, amjerad, Tumca arapirdapir, magram sakmaod efeq-
turad aneitralebs.
kavkasiaSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmocenebasa da gavr-
celebaze somxuri istoriografiis mier warmodgenili versia ukve
sakmaod argumentirebulad iyo uaryofili `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~
krebulSi Sesuli `ninos cxovrebis~ avtoris mier, rac leontis
aTavisuflebda damatebiTi kvleva-Ziebasgan. amitomac man Sua
saukuneebis mweralTa Cveulebis mixedviT, qarTlis gaqristianebis
es istoria pirdapir CarTo Tavis ZiriTad naSromSi, zogierTi
umniSvnelo redaqciuli cvlilebebiT, rac gamowveuli unda yo-
filiyo mis koncefciasTan TanxmobaSi mosayvanad, e. i. konfesi-
uri dapirispirebis Sesarbileblad.
gacilebiT rTuli iyo qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis is-
toriis SeTavseba leontis koncefciasTan. Targamosis STamomav-
lobidan gamomdinare, `misi Teoria moiTxovda somxuri enis
pirveladobas~ (n. berZeniSvili)169, realuri viTareba ki gaer-
Tianebuli saqarTvelos kulturuli mewinaveobis Cvenebas kavka-
siaSi. am winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad politikosma mematianem Tar-
gamosianTa saerTo enis – somxuris SesaZlebeli funqcionireba
istoriul SoreTSi gadaitana, roca kavkasiis xalxebis
individualoba jer kidev ar iyo gamokveTili da amiT misi
kulturuli mniSvneloba ukiduresad Seamcira. damoukidebeli
naTesavis – xalxis warmoqmna ki leontis xangrZliv istoriul
procesad aqvs warmodgenili, romelic saerTo mamis SvilTa anu
kavkasiis xalxTa eTnarqebis erTmaneTisagan teritoriuli gam-
ijvniT iwyeboda. qarTlis teritoriis warmoqmnis Semdeg qarT-
losianebma sakuTari sarwmunoebac SeimuSaves – qarTlosis
168
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 65.
169
ix. g. maisuraZe, mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, `mnaTobi~, #7-8, 2001, gv. 88-
92.
81
saflavi da mnaTobebi. amasobaSi qarTlSi TandaTan sxvadasxva
ucxotomelma naTesavma moiyara Tavi, ris Semdeg qarTlosianebma
miatoves saerTo mamamTavris ena da yvela maTgan Seqmnes sakuTari
qarTuli ena. mematiane am didmniSvnelovan kulturul movlenas
ase gadmogvcems: `aqamomdis qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo,
romelsa zraxvides, xolo odes Semokrbes ese uricxuni naTesavni
qarTlsa Sina, maSin qarTvelTaca dautoves ena somxuri. da amaT
yovelTa naTesavTagan Seiqmna ena qarTuli~ da ganagrZobs: `da
iyvnes qarTls esreT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni, da
izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena; somxuri, qarTuli, xazaru-
li, asuruli, ebrauli da berZuli. ese enani icodes yovelTa
mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa da dedaTa~170.
somxuri enis datovebis winamaval movlenad Cveni mematiane
nabuqodonosoris mier ierusalimis aRebasa (Zv. w. 586 w.) da dev-
nili ebraelebis mcxeTaSi mosvlas asaxelebs, riTac, TiTqos, qarTu-
li enis Seqmnis TariRsac iZleva. mis mier mocemul winadadebaSi
gamoyenebuli sityvebi `aqamomdis~, `odes~ gviCvenebs, rom enis
Seqmnac leontis xangrZliv procesad warmoudgenia, ramdenadac
uricxvi naTesavis qarTlSi Semokreba ise rom, isini iq damkvi-
drebuliyvnen da maTi enebic erTmaneTisaTvis gasagebic
gamxdariyo, cxadia, mokle droSi ver moxerxdeboda. amitom Zv. w.
VI s. dasawyisi xana qarTuli enis formirebis xangrZlivi procesis
dasrulebis leontiseul TariRad SeiZleba miviCnioT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom leontis mixedviT, qarTuli ena qarTlSi mosaxle
`yovelTa naTesavTagan Seiqmna~, is erTxans mainc ver gabatonda
da qarTlSi eqvs enaze laparakobdnen. amasTan, ganmartavs, rom es
enebi icodnen `yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa da dedaTa~.
am winadadebaSi sityva `mefeTa~-s moxsenieba, Tuki maTSi qarTveli
mefeebi unda vigulisxmoT, sruliad uadgiloa da zedmeti, rad-
ganac am dros qarTlSi qarTveli mefe jer kidev ar iyo da mis
mosvlamde win or saukuneze meti dro iyo gasavleli. Cans,
amitomac, vaxuSti batoniSvilma saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis
nawilSi, romelic ZiriTadad leontis misdevs, am adgilis gadmo-
170
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 16.
82
cemisas sityva `mefe~ saerTod gamotova171. SesaZloa leonti enebis
mcodne qarTlis mefeebSi im ucxo xelisuflebs gulisxmobda,
romelnic Tavis xelisuflebas xangamoSvebiT qarTlzec
avrcelebdnen. Torem, qarTvelTagan qarTlis pirvel mefed rom
mxolod da mxolod farnavazi miaCnda leontis, amis Sesaxeb cx-
adad da eWvmiutanelad aqvs masve gancxadebuli.
gadis dro da qarTlosianebi damoukidebel saxelmwifos qmni-
an qarTveli mefiT saTaveSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs qarTlSi
qarTuli enis srul upiratesobas danarCenebze da mas saxelm-
wifo enis mniSvnelobas aniWebs, amasTan qmnis qarTul anbans,
qarTuli mwignobrobis ganviTarebis safuZvels. sazeimod JRers
leontis sityvebi: `da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa
Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani. aman ganavrco ena qarTuli, da
arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina T¢nier qarTulisa. da
aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~172.
leonti amjeradac ar Ralatobs wyaroebis kritikis Tavis me-
Tods. igi m. xorenaciviT Riad ki ar uaryofs misTvis miuRebel
debulebebs, aramed koriunisa da m. xorenacis TxzulebebSi dacul
versiebs mesrop-maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis Taobaze, saerTod
arc axsenebs da mis sapirispirod qarTuli anbanisa da damwer-
lobis istoriis Tanamimdevruli suraTis CvenebiT niadags aclis
am somxuri tradiciis mtkicebebs. informaciis aseTi xerxiT miwo-
debisas mkiTxveli yovelgvari miniSnebebisa da komentarebis gare-
Sec unda mimxvdariyo da, albaT, xvdeboda kidec, rom saxelmwifo-
ebrivi saWiroebisaTvis farnavazis mier Seqmnili qarTuli anbani
sul cota Svidi saukuniT mainc ufro Zveli iyo somxurze, ris
gamoc ax. w. V s. mcxovrebi mesrop-maStoci qarTuli anbanis Sem-
qmneli ver iqneboda. xazgasasmeli garemoebaa, werda niko berZeni-
Svili, rom qarTulma tradiciam qarTuli mwignobrobis gaCena da-
ukavSira ara qristianobis Semosvlas, aramed qarTuli erovnuli
kulturis did texils qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoqmnas173. es ga-
remoebac sakmaod damajerebeli argumenti iyo leontis Teoriis
sasargeblod.
171
batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis
cxovreba, t. IV, Tbilisi, I973, gv. 54.
172
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 26.
173
n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 382-383.
83
 igive ideologiuri mimarTuleba, somxur istoriografiasTan
dapirispirebis igive formebi (miuRebeli debulebebis Ria kri-
tikis nacvlad, maTi Secvla da Sesworeba), gadmocemis msgavsi
meTodi da sxva, Tavs iCens qarTlis cxovrebis krebulSi Sesul
leontis momdevno avtorTa TxzulebebSic. juanSeri, `matiane
qarTlisa¡s~ avtori da sumbat daviTis Ze arCeuli qronologiuri
sazRvrebisa da Tematikis farglebSi TanamimdevrobiT warmoaCenen
qarTvel da somex xelisufalTa moyvroba-naTesaobis faqtebs da
maTze aqcentirebiT cdiloben somxeTis memkvidreobisaTvis brZo-
laSi qarTvelTa uflebebis legitimacias. amasTan erTad, somxeb-
Tan keTlismyofeli damokidebuleba xels ar uSlis somxuri is-
toriografiis cnobil siuJetebs sakuTaric daupirispiron. ma-
galiTad, juanSeris mtkicebiT, vaxtang gorgasali moyvrobiTa da
naTesaobiT yofila dakavSirebuli somxeTis samefo saxlis
wevrebTan da umaRlesi aristokratiis erT nawilTan. qarTveli
mematiane vaxtangis piriT gvauwyebs, rom pirveli qristiani
somexi mefe Trdat III qarTvelTa mefis naTesavi iyo dedis
mxridan174. misive TqmiT, vaxtangs Tavisi da xuaranZe somexTa
pitiaxSisTvis _ bakurisaTvis miuTxovebia175. somxeTze vaxtangis
uflebis kanonierebis saCveneblad ki somxeTis samefo saxlTan
naTesaobis garda, juanSeri kidev ufro STambeWdav arguments
iSveliebs. misi TqmiT, sparseTis mefes Tavisi asuli miucia colad
vaxtangisaTvis da mziTvad somxeTi da mTeli kavkasiac uboZebia:
`da mosca somxiTi da yovelni mefeni kavkasianni ziTvad~176. aseT
arguments, rogorc ukve iTqva, mimarTavdnen m. xorenacica da
leontic, romlebic sakuTari qveynisaTvis sasurveli teritoriis
mflobelobis dakanonebas ucxo xelisuflebs miawerdnen: pirve-
li, parTiis pirvel arSakid mefes, xolo meore qasre sasanians177.
qarTvelTa pretenziebs juanSeri bibliuri warsuliTac amagrebs.
vaxtangis piriT igi acxadebs: Cven `romelni varT naTesavni ne-
broT gmirisani, romeli uwinares yovelTa mefeTa gamoCnda quey-
174
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 169.
175
iqve, gv. 199.
176
iqve, gv. 158.
177
ix. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 67; qarTlis cxovreba,
I, gv. 64-65.
84
anasa zeda, romeli lomsa ZaliTa viTarca Tikansa moiyvanebda,
kanjarTa da qurcikTa queiTi ipyrobda. rameTu ezom gandidna
Zali misi, romel daemorCilnes yovelni naTesavni noesni~178. Tqma
ar unda, rom noes naTesavebSi, Cveni avtori pirvel rigSi somx-
ebs gulisxmobda. amasTan, juanSers ar aviwydeba pativiTa da
RirsebiT moixsenios somxebica da maTi saamayo Svilebic. jua-
nSeri `did moZRvars~ uwodebs grigol parTels, xolo Trdat III-s
`gmirsa~ da `muSak eklesiaTa~179, rac Sua saukuneebis sazogadoe-
bisaTvis erT-erTi umaRlesi Sefaseba iyo. sayuradReboa, agreTve,
juanSeris mier vaxtang gorgaslis garegnobisa da fizikuri Sesa-
Zleblobis daxasiaTeba, rac Tavisi SinaarsiTa da mizandasaxulo-
biT Zalauneburad asociacias aRZravs somxur istoriografiaSi
am mxrivac gandidebul Trdat III-Tan. juanSeri wers: `mas Jamsa
iyo vaxtang wlisa ocdaorisa; da iyo igi umaRles kacTa mis
JamisaTa, da uSuenieres saxiTa da Zlieri ZaliTa, romel Wur-
vili queTi iremsa miewiis, upyris rqa da daiWiris, da cxeni
Wurvili aRiRis m£arTa zeda da mcxeTiT aRvidis cixesa ar-
mazisasa~180. TxzulebaSi araerTgzis gvxvdeba, agreTve, qarTvel-
somexTa sabrZolo TanamSromlobis epizodebic. yvela erTad ki,
rogorc vxedavT, srul TanxmobaSia leonti mrovelis istoriu-
li koncefciis suliskveTebasTan.
arsebiTad, msgavs damokidebulebas iCenen somxuri Temisadmi
`matiane qarTlisa¡s~ avtori da sumbat daviTis Zec. isini gamax-
vilebuli yuradRebiT gadmogvcemen qarTvel-somexTa moyvrobisa
da TanamSromlobis faqtebs. magaliTebi: guram mamfali da misi
simamri abulabas somexTa erisTavi arabTa winaaRmdeg SekavSird-
nen da qarTvel mTiulebTan erTad mniSvnelovani zarali miayenes
buRa Turqis marbeval laSqars181; sarkinozebTan brZolaSi gan-
Tavisuflebuli qveynebi, mematianes gadmocemiT, `guaram ganuyvna
queyanani ZmaTa T¢sTa adarnases da bagrats, da aboci ganuyo
colis Zmasa T¢ssa somexTa mefesa~182. am konteqstSi kidev ufro
178
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 161.
179
iqve, gv. 160-161.
180
iqve, gv. 159.
181
iqve, gv. 256.
182
iqve, gv 257.
85
STambeWdavi Cans sumbat daviTis Zis mier wamoyenebuli qarTvel
da somex bagratovanTa saerTo warmomavlobis versia. qarTvel-
somexTa urTierTobis amgvari pozitiuri gaSuqeba mkiTxvelis
mimxrobasTan erTad, etyoba, miznad isaxavda IX-XI ss. somxuri is-
toriografiis warmomadgenelTa Txrobis met-naklebad agresiuli
muxtis CaxSobasa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnobili tendencie-
bis gavlenis Sesustebas. SesaZloa amitomac, `matiane qarTlisa¡s~
avtori ar erideba srulad warmoadginos IX-X ss. kavkasiaSi
pirvelobisaTvis gaCaRebul brZolaSi somex dinastTa aqtiuri
monawileoba. isic cxadia, rom qarTvel mematianes arc sWirdeboda
faqtebis Selamazeba, radganac kavkasiaSi Seqmnil realur
politikur situacias Tavidanve qarTvelTa sasargeblo
mimarTuleba hqonda (Sida qarTli kavkasiis gaerTianebis centri
iyo da aq gabatonebis qarTvelTa SesaZleblobebi sxvebTan Sedar-
ebiT bevrad didi iyo) da XI s. 70 wlebis dasawyisSi, roca is
Tavis Txzulebas werda, ukve icoda ra am brZolis Sedegebi (somx-
uri samefoebis gauqmeba), is cdilobs piruTvnelad gaaSuqos
kavkasiis gaerTianebisaTvis brZolis didmniSvnelovani procesi ise
rom, mis WeSmaritebaSi aravis Seeparos eWvi, amasTan oficialuri
saxelmwifo politikis Sesabamisad, momavali finalis Semoqmedad,
brZolaSi monawile yvela politikuri Zala dasaxos. Cveni
mematianis mixedviT, dapirispirebuli mxareebi eTnikurad araerT-
gvarovani, ZiriTadad qarTul-somxuri Semadgenlobisaa, e. i.
mebrZoli jgufebi iqmneboda ara erovnuli, aramed politikuri
niSnis mixedviT, rac imasac niSnavda, albaT, rom, mematianis azriT,
kavkasiis gaerTianeba qarTveli da somexi monaTesave dinastiebis
saerTo saqme iyo. vfiqrob, amgvar urTierTobaTa suraTi ixateba
`matiane qarTlisa¡s~ Semdegi adgilebidan: `xolo nasra, Ze
guaramisi, da gurgen iyvnes afxazTa kerZ, xolo daviT da liparit
uSueldes somexTa, da ibrZodes somexni da afxazni qarTlsa
zeda~ 183; `xolo nasras Seukrbes mterad somexni, liparit da
qarTvelni, da aSot Zma daviTisi, da maT Tana sarkinozni~184;
`movides gurgen da adarnase, Ze daviTisi; uSueles somexTa, Seibnes
183
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 259.
184
iqve, gv. 260.
86
mtkuarsa zeda; iZlivnes afxazni, mokles nasra da bayaTar, mTa-
vari ovsi, da erisTavi afxazTa~185. X s. dasawyisis ambebis gadmo-
cemisas ki qarTveli mematiane gvauwyebs: `mas Jamsa gamovida
kostanti, afxazTa mefe, daipyra qarTli, da emtera somexTa mefe
sumbat tiezerakali, gamoilaSqra spiTa didiTa, da moadga uflis-
cixesa, da moiRes palan-kurdani, aRmoages zemo-kerZo da wariRes
cixe £er£iTa. xxolo keTilad imzaxnes sumbat da kostanti, da
ukumosca ufliscixe da yoveli qarTli~186. mematianis am cnobaSi
araerTi winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis pasaJia mocemuli. gaugebaria,
ra azri hqonda didi laSqrobis mowyobas qarTlisa da ufliscix-
is asaRebad, Tuki Semdeg nebayoflobiT unda daeTmo somexTa
mefes? anda, Tu molaparakebiT SeiZleboda problemis mogvareba,
ratom ar Sedga is omis dawyebamde? rogorc Cans, Cveni avtoris
mizani iyo eCvenebina qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris omis pirobeb-
Sic ki `keTilad mzaxobis~ SesaZlebloba, maT urTierTobaSi saer-
To interesebis prevalireba kerZoze, rac uSualod gamomdinar-
eobda qarTul samefo karze SemuSavebuli ideologiidan.
X s. meore naxevridan kavkasiaSi Seqmnili saSinao da sagareo
pirobebi qarTvel xelisuflebs xsenebuli politikuri procesis
saTaveSi aqceven, ris gamoc Cveni mematianeebi am xanis ambebis
gadmocemisas sruli obieqturobiT adastureben (daviT kurapa-
latiT dawyebuli bagrat IV s. CaTvliT) qarTvel xelisufalTa
gavlenis permanentul zrdas kavkasiaSi, misTvis Sesaferisi Si-
naarsis gamoTqmebiT. magaliTad, daviT kurapalatma `mouwoda
laSqarsa T¢ssa da u£mo yovelTa mefeTa somxiTisaTa~187; rodesac
bagrat III-m mociquli gaugzavna anisis mefe SahanSa gagik I-s da
ganZis amira fadlonis winaaRmdeg laSqroba SesTavaza, qarTveli
mematianis TqmiT, gagikma `ganixara sixaruliTa didiTa, moswrafed
mouwoda yovelTa spaTa T¢sTa, warmoemarTa da movida winaSe bag-
rat afxazTa mefisa~188. sumbat daviTis Zis mtkicebiT ki bag-
rat III-m `daipyra yoveli kavkasia T¢TmpyrobelobiTa jiqeTiTgan
vidre gurgendmde. xolo adarbadagani da Sarvani moxarke yo, som-
185
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 261.
186
iqve, gv. 262.
187
iqve, gv. 277.
188
iqve, gv. 279-280.
87
xiTisa £elmwifebiTa, nebierad ganagebda~189. sxvaTa Soris, som-
xuri wyaroebis erTi nawilic aRniSnavs daviT kurapalatis, bag-
rat III-is, giorgi I-is da bagrat IV-is did gavlenas somxur samefo-
ze.
leonti mrovelis, juanSeris, `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ avtoris da
sumbat daviTis Zis daintereseba somxuri TemiT, arsebiTad, erTi
da imave ideologiur safuZvlebs emyareba da faqtebis SerCevisa
da gadmocemisas isini erTmaneTs avseben. vfiqrob, saeWvo ar unda
iyos, rom gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mTavari politikuri
mimarTuleba somxeTis SemoerTebisa da kavkasiis momavali ga-
erTianebisaken, ZiriTadad, gansazRvravda XI s. qarTveli mema-
tianeebis damokidebulebis formas maTi Tanamedrove da winamor-
bedi somxuri istoriografiis cnobili tendenciebis mimarT. maTi
Ria kritikis nacvlad, xsenebuli qarTveli avtorebi Tanadroul
sazogadoebas sTavazoben drois Sesaferisad gamarTul kavkasiis
istoriis axal models, romelic ukve TavisTavad uaryofda axali
realobebisaTvis Seuferebel Zvel somxur models.
momdevno saukuneebSi, somxuri samefoebis dasustebisa da
gaqrobis kvalobaze, somex avtorTa Txrobis mediduri toni da
hegemonisturi midrekilebebi TandaTan cxreba da sapirispirod
icvleba. istoriuli somxeTis didi nawilis saqarTvelos cen-
tralizebuli monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi Semosvlis Semdeg ki
somxeTis istoria saqarTvelos istoriis nawilad iqca, ris gamoc
somex avtorTa interesi mis mimarT uzomod gaizarda da maTi
damokidebuleba am istoriisadmi Semrigebluri da Tbili gaxda.
niSandoblivia, rom daaxloebiT, XII s. meore naxevarSive iTarg-
mna somxur enaze “qarTlis cxovreba” da sul male misma Teor-
iulma debulebebma da cnobebma asaxva poves somxur istoriogra-
fiaSi. magaliTad, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ ZiriTadi koncefciisa
da qarTuli kulturis gavlenis kvali aSkarad SeimCneva mxiTar
airivanecis `qronografiul istoriaSi~. somxuri tradiciis sa-
pirispirod, mxiTar episkoposs haiki, somexTa legendaruli ma-
mamTavari, qarTvel mTavarTa siaSi Sehyavs190 da aRniSnavs misi
189
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 382.
190
mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, Zv. somxuridan Targ-
mna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo liana davlianiZe-
tatiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 31.
88
rva Zmis arsebobas, romelTac, Turme, man gaunawila vrceli ter-
itoria trapizonidan darialamde da darubandamde191. am gad-
mocemaSi mTavari isaa, rom haikis Zmebis cnobiT, mxiTar episko-
posi, nebiT Tu uneblied, iziarebs leonti mrovelis koncefciis
mTavar ideas kavkasiis xalxTa naTesaobis Sesaxeb, rac kavkasiuri
masStabis mravalerovnuli qarTuli saxelmwifos umTavres
doqtrinad iyo ukve miRebuli. aseve, somxuri tradiciis
sapirispirod, mxiTar airivaneci iziarebs leontis Tvalsazriss
qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis Taobaze, roca wers, rom pirvelma
qarTvelma mefem farnavazma eqvsi enidan Seqmna qarTuli da manve
Seqmna maTi damwerlobao192.
somxuri tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT Targamosis Svilebze –
haiksa da mis Svid Zmaze laparakobs vardan arevelcic193. sxva
adgilas ki imave Temaze saubrisas wers: `qarTvelTa mefobis da-
sabamze maT wignebSi weria, rom Targamosi rva vaJiT movida air-
aratis gavarSi didi warRvnis Semdeg. misi sami vaJi haosi, qarT-
losi da kavkasosi gaxdnen pirveli taxtis mflobelebi, gabatond-
nen qveynebze da TavianTi saxelebis mixedviT uwodes haisi, qarT-
li da kavkasia. (isini) batonobdnen pontos zRvidan kaspiis zR-
vamde~194.
qarTvel-somexTa naTesaobis mimaniSnebel am teqstSi yura-
dRebas iqcevs erTob sagulisxmo garemoeba, romlis mixedviTac
dasaxelebuli somexi avtorebi dumiliT gverds uvlian leontis
cnobas haosis pirmSoobisa da masTan dakavSirebuli privilegie-
bis arsebobaze, rac, TiTqos, maT interesebs unda Sordebodes.
marTalia, mxiTar airivaneci gansazRvruli iniciativis mqoned
warmogvidgens haoss, romelic uSualod unawilebs Zmebs teri-
torias trapizonidan darubandamde, magram Zmebs Soris upirate-
sobis mqoned garkveulad aravin Cans. Zmebis Tanabaruflebianoba
kidev ufro mkafiodaa aRbeWdili vardan arevelcis moyvanil
191
mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, dasaxelebuli gamoce-
ma, gv. 47.
192
iqve, gv. 57
193
vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, nodar SoSiaSvilisa da eka
kvaWantiraZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 426.
194
iqve, gv. 116.
89
teqstSi, romlis Tanaxmad, mxolod Targamosis sami vaJi haosi,
qarTlosi da kavkasosi batonobdnen vrcel teritoriaze pontos
zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde da isini TviTon gaxdnen pirveli taxtis
mflobelebi. rogorc Cans, arsebuli sinamdvile (monRolTa ba-
tonobis pirobebSic ki qristianuli somxeTi saqarTvelos Semad-
genlobaSi `gurjistanis vilaieTSi~ ganixileboda) Soreuli war-
sulis rekonstruqciis sxva saSualebas aRar iZleoda, somxuri
tradicia ki somexTa genetikur upiratesobaze, axla ukve dama-
jereblobas moklebuli, anaqronizmad gamoiyureboda.
didi qarTuli qristianuli saxelmwifos arsebobis faqtori
kavkasiaSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Semosuli somxeTi mTel qvey-
anasTan erTad socialur-ekonomikursa da kulturul aRmavlo-
bas ganicdida, TavisTavad ukve didi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo
momTabareTagan gadarCenili am nawilis uSiSroebisa da Tavisu-
fali ganviTarebisaTvis, ramac waruSleli STabeWdileba moaxdi-
na mravalWirgamovlil somexTa cnobierebaze. da rogorc akad.
s. eremiani werda, XVIII s. ki somxeTis momavali saqarTvelos gareSe
arc warmoidgineboda195. aseTma ganwyobilebam, bunebrivia, rom
Sesaferisi asaxva pova XII-XVIII ss. somxur istoriografiaSi.
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis roli da mniSvneloba aRniSnuli
xanis somxuri sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, vfiqrob, yvelaze zustad
gamocemulia XV s. somexi monazonis maTeos ganZasarelis
TxzulebaSi, sadac didi mwuxarebaa gamoTqmuli saqarTvelos
mefis konstantine I-is daRupvis gamo da iqve ganmartebulia am
mwuxarebis simZimis mizezi: `radganac didsa naTesavsa Cvensas
hyavda is Tavis mefis magivrad~196. am teqstSi konstantine zog-
adi mniSvnelobiT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmasaxierebel
mefedaa warmodgenili da somexi mematianis mier misi somexTa
mefis `magierad~ miCneva, faqtobrivad, niSnavs qarTuli saxelm-
wifosaTvis somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis funqciebis mindobasac.
daaxloebiT amgvaradvea gaazrebuli somxebisaTvis qarTuli sax-
elmwifos mniSvneloba imave xanis meore somexi avtoris Tovma
195
Ñ. Ò. Åðåìÿí, Îáùíîñòü ñóäåá è êóëüòóðíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ñîäðóæåñòâî íàðî-
äîâ Çàêàâêàçüÿ â IX-XIII ââ., "Êàâêàç è Âèçàíòèÿ", ¹1, Åðåâàí, 1979,ñ. 9.
196
somxur xelnawerTa anderZis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIV-
XV ss. al. abdalaZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 35-36.
90
mewofecis TxzulebaSi, sadac weria: `Cven (e. i. somxebi) usjulo-
Ta xelSi yovelTvis qarTvelebis imediT viqadodiT~-o197. cen-
tralizebuli qarTuli monarqiisadmi somexTa aseTi damokide-
bulebis gamovlinebad, albaT, unda miviCnioT somxur istori-
ografiaSi ufro adre SemuSavebuli cnobili formulirebebi:
`qarTvelTa da somexTa mefe~, `qarTvelTa da somexTa~ an `somex-
Ta da qarTvelTa~ jari, `qarTvelTa da somexTa mxedarTmTavari~
da sxv. s. janaSias dakvirvebiT, sakiTxis ideologiuri da
fsiqologiuri mxare is iyo, rom somxuri mosaxleoba qarTul
saxelmwifoebriobas mmarTvelobis mTeli aparatiT aRiqvamda,
rogorc sakuTar, mSobliur saxelmwifoebriobasa da saerTo sax-
elmwifoebriv institutebs198. aseTi fsiqikuri ganwyobisas, sruli-
ad bunebrivad, ibadeboda qarTuli saxelmwifos didebis Seqmnis
Tanamonawiled somexTa warmosaxvis kanonieri survili, ris gamoc
XIII s. somex istorikosTa SromebSi araiSviaTad vxvdebiT somxuri
warmomavlobis, somxuri sarwmunoebisa Tu somxuri Temebis
mmarTvel-moxeleTa gaidialebisa da maTi Rvawlis gadaWarbebiT
Sefasebis SemTxvevebsac. miuxedavad amisa, kirakos ganZakeci,
grigol akaneci, stefanos orbeliani da sxvebi yovelTvis sa-
Tanadod afiqsireben qveynis somxur nawilSic erTiani uzenaesi
xelisuflebis arsebobas. etyoba, qarTul saxelmwifoebriobasTan
somexTa organuli kavSirisa da siaxlovis STabeWdilebis gasa-
Zliereblad XII-XIV ss. somex avtorTa TxzulebebSi Tavs iCens
mezobeli samefo dinastiebis saerTo warmomavlobisa Tu maTi
warmomadgenlebis moyvarul kavSirebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
rac, saboloo jamSi, qarTvelTa da somexTa erT saxelmwifoSi
Tanacxovrebis kanonzomierebis azrs amarTlebda. ufro metic,
kirakos ganZakecisTan daculi erTi gadmocemiT saqarTvelos
xelisuflebi Zveli somxeTis Zlierebis xanis arSakunianTa poli-
tikur memkvidreebadac ki arian gamoyvanili. somexi mematiane
wers: `didmSvenieri, Zvirfasi taxti da gasaocari gvirgvini,
197
Toma mewofeli, Targmani, Sesavali werili da komentarebi prof.
l. meliqseT-begisa, Tbilisi, 1937, gv. 29.
198
Àêàä. Ñ. Äæàíàøèà, Îá îäíîì ïðèìåðå èñêàæåíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïðàâäû,
ïî ïîâîäó êíèãè Í. Òîêàðñêîãî "Àðõèòåêòóðà äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè", Òáèëèñè,
1947, ñ. 47.
91
romelTa msgavsi mefeTagan aravis hqonia da romelTa Sesaxeb
amboben, rom somexTa mefis Trdat didis mamis xosrovisa iyo,
adgilTa miudgomlobis wyalobiT iq (e. i. saqarTveloSi) daculi
Semonaxula. Semdeg ki isini qarTvelTa mefeebs rgebiaT da hqo-
niaT dRemde~199. aseTi Tvalsazrisis gavrceleba da dominireba
kavkasiaSi, cxadia, rom savsebiT eTanxmeboda qarTvel politiko-
sTa strategiul amocanebs.
XV s. dasawyisidan, roca momTabare Turqmanebma saqarTvelos
ZaliT mowyvites somxeTis didi nawili da is barbarosul-
feodalur urTierTobaTa marwuxebSi moaqcies, somexTa ltolva
qristianuli kulturis mezobeli qveynisken kidev ufro gaZlier-
da. XV da Semdgomi xanis somex avtorTa TxzulebebSi aRar vxvde-
biT konfesiur dapirispirebaTa mwvave situaciebze miniSnebebs.
piriqiT, monofiziti mwerlebi qarTuli eklesiis simtkices na-
troben, radganac es maTi mfarveli saxelmwifos interesebSi
iyo200. l. meliqseT-begis dakvirvebiT, TviT antiqalkedonizmis
iseTi apologeti, rogoric Tovma mewofeci iyo da romelic
Tavisi konfesiuri mosazrebebis gamo qarTvelebs aTvaliswunebiT
uyurebda, mainc imaze ocnebobda, rom somxeTi kvlav qristiani
qarTveli mefis mfarvelobaSi moxvedriliyo201. am droidan mo-
yolebuli XVIII s. bolomde, vidre qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba
kavkasiaSi politikuri movlenebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi gan-
msazRvreli faqtori iyo, somxur saistorio mwerlobaSi qarTu-
li orientaciis niSnebi sxvadasxva formiT yovelTvis cocxlob-
da. am xanis somexi istorikosebi didi simpaTiiTa da TanagrZno-
biT weren qarTvelTa Seupovar brZolebze sparselTa da osmalTa
winaaRmdeg. simon I-is gmiruli brZolebiT aRtacebuli araqel
davriJeci mas `did simon xans” uwodebs202, grigor daranaRcis
199
ÎÇñ³Ïáë ¶³ÝӳϻóÇ« ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ Ñ³Ûáó« ÂÇýÉÇë« 1909« ¿ç 301 Êèðàêîñ Ãàíäçà-
êåöè, Èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè. Ïåðåâîä ñ äðåâíåàðìÿíñêîãî, ïðåäèñëîâèå è êîììåíòà-
ðèè Ë. À. Õàíëàðÿí, Ìîñêâà, 1976, ñ. 195
200
ix. somxur xelnawerTa anderZebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
hiStakarani 60, komentari 56.
201
leon meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, Tb.,
1941, gv. 164-165.
202
araqel davriJecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, k. kucias gamoc.
Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 12.
92
daxasiaTebiT ki simon I `somxeTis didi mosiyvarule da
gansakuTrebiT vardapetebis didi pativismcemeli iyo~203. sixaru-
liTa da momavlis imediT aRwers zaqaria qanaqerci qarTvelTa
gamarjvebas giorgi saakaZis meTaurobiT martyofis velze I625 w.
25 marts. misi sityviT `TiTqos WianWvelebi daemduRroT, ise
erTianad mospes sparselebi qarTvelebmao~204.
gansakuTebiT didi adgili eTmoba gviani Sua saukuneebis somx-
ur istoriografiaSi vaxtang VI-sa da erekle II-is moRvaweobis
aRweras da Sefasebas, romelTa saxelebs somxuri politikuri
wreebi uSualod ukavSirebdnen kavkasiis `saqristiano qveynis~
aRdgenisa da somxeTis ganTavisuflebis imedebs. vaxtang VI-is
Tanamedrove ganZasaris somexi kaTalikosi esai hasan jalalianci
Tavis cnobil naSromSi vaxtang VI-s somexTa ganmaTavisuflebeli
brZolis organizatorad da meTaurad warmogvidgens205. msgavs
Sefasebas aZleven vaxtang VI-is moRvaweobas Tanadrouli sxva
somexi avtorebic (daviT begis istoriisa da sxvadasxva xasiaTis
JamTaaRmwerlobaTa avtorebi).
saqarTvelos da somxeTis gaerTianebis idea somxur istori-
ografiaSi erTob aqtualuri xdeba Teimuraz II-sa da erekle II-
is qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, TiTqmis, gamefebisTanave. XVIII s. 50-ian
wlebSi erekle II-is gaxmaurebuli samxedro warmatebebis STabe-
WdilebiT sruliad somexTa kaTalikosi Rukasi (luka) werda:
“daimorCila borCalos, yazaxis, erevnis, ganZakis, arcaxisa da
sivnieTis mflobelni, gvirgvini daidga da gamefda saqarTvelosa
da somxeTSi mdinare axurianamde~ 206. XVIII s. 60-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli, TiTqmis, saukunis bolomde somxur politikur
wreebSi aqtiurad ganixileboda qarTul-somxuri gaerTianebuli
saxelmwifos Seqmnis sxvadasxva proeqtebi, romlebmac somxur
saistorio, Tu samarTlebriv literaturaSi poves asaxva. am mxriv
203
k. kucia, grigor daranaRcis cnoba simon I-is stambolSi tyveobis
Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos istoriis aRmosavluri masalebi, I., Tb. 1976,
gv. 122-123.
204
Çàõàðèé Êàíàêåðöè, Õðîíèêà, Ìîñêâà, 1969, ñ. 55.
205
esai hasan jalalianci, avRanTa qveynis mokle istoria, karlo
kucias gamocema, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 30-38.
206
¸Çí³Ý ѳÛáó å³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ« 6« 1899« ¿ç. 729
93
simbolurad gamoiyureba Samir da iakob Sahamirianebis avtoro-
biT 1773 w. madrasSi gamosuli wigni `didebis maxe~ (vorogaiT
farac), romlis satitulo gverdze moxseniebulia `mamamTavroba
uflisa simeonisa, sruliad somexTa kaTalikosisa vaRarSapats da
mefoba uavgustesis uflis erekle meorisa Tbiliss~. amiT es somx-
uri politikuri wre qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-s ukve ofi-
cialurad aRiarebda somxeTis mefedac.
gasagebia, rom XII-XVII saukuneebis somxuri istoriografiis
produqcia Tanadroul qarTvelTa gansakuTrebul komentars aRar
saWiroebda.
94
Tavi II
XIX saukunis somxuri istoriografia carizmis
antiqarTuli ideologiuri politikis samsaxurSi
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis marcxTan erTad (1801 w.) somx-
uri istoriografiis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos istoriis mi-
marT erTbaSad Seicvala da, ZiriTadad, negatiuri saxe miiRo. am
arasasurvel movlenas, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi mizezebi gaaCnda,
rogorc obieqturi ise subieqturic, romelTa Soris umTavresi,
mainc, rusuli imperiis koloniuri politika iyo. sakiTxis arsSi
ukeT gasarkvevad mcire istoriul eqskurssac mivmarToT.
kavkasiaSi damkvidrebisTanave ruseTma, ramdenadac paradoq-
sulad ar unda JRerdes, yvelaze meti Seurigebloba da undob-
loba gamoiCina imis mimarT, vinc gza gauxsna mas kavkasiaSi Semo-
sasvlelad. rusuli imperiis es umaduroba gamowveuli unda yo-
filiyo Semdegi motivebiT:
1. mfarvelisa da megobris niRbiT Semosulma erTmorwmune
ruseTma veragulad daarRvia piroba da qarTuli saxelmwifoe-
briobis dacvis magier, is ZaliT gaauqma, riTac qarTveli xalxis
Rirseba Zlier Selaxa. mis mier pativayrili xalxis ndoba ki mas
aRar SeeZlo.
2. mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebis mqone
qarTveli xalxi, represiebis miuxedavad, ar urigdeboda
damoukideblobis dakargvas da winaaRmdegobis sakvirvel unars
iCenda. 1802 wlis Tavad-aznaurTa gamosvla, 1804 wlis mTiule-
Tis ajanyeba, 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba, 1819-20 wlebis dasav-
leT saqarTvelos ajanyeba, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba da sxva Tanxmo-
biT mowmobdnen, rom ruseTis imperia CvenSi verasodes povebda
Tavisi batonobisaTvis myar dasayrdens. mxolod TavadaznaurTa
mcire nawilis mimxroba da garuseba SeZlo imperiam 40-iani wleb-
95
is Semdeg, rac misi politikuri miznebisaTvis sulac ar iyo
sakmarisi.
3. qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebisa da mdidari qarTu-
li kulturis gavlena kavkasiaSi jer isev mniSvnelovani iyo, rac
carizmis politikis warmatebas am regionSi seriozul dabrkole-
bas uqmnida. erTi sityviT, saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxi ruse-
TisaTvis danaRmul vels waagavda, romlis gauvnebelyofis gareSe
Tavisufali moqmedeba ezRudeboda.
aseTi viTarebis gamo iyo, rom politikuri cvlilebebi samx-
reT kavkasiaSi, rac ruseTis gabatonebas mohyva am regionSi, Tavi-
danve, aSkarad, qarTvelTa erovnuli interesebis sawinaaRmdegod
warimarTa. jer iyo da, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam,
TavisTavad, ucxo eTnikuri warmomavlobis saqarTvelos Zveli
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis kulturul-politikur cno-
bierebaSi bzari gaaCina, rac saTanadod aisaxa somxuri mosaxleo-
bis ganwyobaSic. saerTo qarTul interesebTan sakuTari intere-
sebis kvlavac dakavSireba, miT ufro, qveynis axali patronis
mZlavrobis viTarebaSi, somexTa umravlesobisaTvis saeWvo da
mizanSeuwoneli gaxda, ris gamoc man tradiciuli TanamSromlo-
bidan daSoreba da gaucxoeba iwyo. n. maris dakvirvebiT, qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos somxobam
`qarTuli erovnuli koleqtivis mesame wodebis mdgomareobidan
somxur sazogadoebriv Zalad iwyo gardaqmna~1 . saqarTvelos sa-
zogadoebaSi dawyebuli gaucxoebis es procesi xels aZlevda
mTavrobas da misi Semdgomi gaRrmaveba-ganviTarebisaTvis praq-
tikul RonisZiebebsac saxavda. gansakuTrebiT mavne Sedegebis
momtani iyo mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis qarTvelTa sa-
zianod meqanikuri Secvla, xalxebis erTmaneTTan dapirispireba
da TviT qarTuli erovnuli sxeulis kuTxuri, eTnografiuli da
konfesiuri niSniT daSla-danawileba, qarTuli enis devna, misi
istoriisa da kulturis waSla-aRmofxvra da sxva.
saqarTvelos kolonizacias ukve 1801 w. 12 seqtembris mani-
festisaTvis TandarTuli reskripti iTvaliswinebda. mravalricx-
ovani ucxo eTnikuri jgufebis mozidva saqarTveloSi da vrceli
1
Ìàðð Í. ß. Êàâêàçñêèé êóëüòóðíûé ìèð è Àðìåíèÿ, Ïåòðîãðàä,1915,ñ. 51.
96
axali dasaxlebebis Seqmna im dros, roca adgilobrivi qarTveli
glexi miwis naklebobas ganicdida da Tavisufal miwebze dasax-
lebas ukrZalavdnen, bunebrivia, rom es mosulsa da damxvdurs
Soris dapirispirebas badebda. sayuradReboa, rom saqarTveloSi
imperiis demografiuli politikis realizacia, upiratesad,
somxur elements hqonda mindobili. ucxoeTidan somxebis Camo-
saxleba jer kidev generalma pavle cicianovma daiwyo erevnis
mxridan da iranis azerbaijanidan, romelTac qvemo qarTlis sof-
lebSi asaxlebdnen. am saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi gen-
eralma paskeviCma, romlis garjiT mesxeTSi 30 aTasi somexi Camo-
asaxles. ori aTas ojaxze meti – borCalos, walkis dabambak-Sor-
agelis midamoebSi. mTavroba SemdgomSic Tanamimdevrulad ganagr-
Zobda, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos sazRvrispira raionebSi kompaq-
turi somxuri dasaxlebebis Seqmnas. im miwebis mniSvnelovani naw-
ili, romelic emigraciaSi wasvlamde afxazebs ekavaT, XIX s. 80-
90-ian wlebSi daikaves TurqeTidan mosulma somxebma. imave peri-
odSi somxuri dasaxlebebi Seiqmna baTumSi. somxebis Camosaxlebam
saqarTveloSi maqsimums miaRwia XIX-XX ss. mijnaze. xuTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi (1897-1902) saqarTveloSi Semovida daaxloebiT 55
aTasi somexi, romelTa umravlesoba Casaxlda TbilisSi, baTumSi,
gorSi, soxumsa da afxazeTis soflebSi. marto TbilisSi 1897-
1910 ww-Si somxebis raodenoba gaizarda 46,7 aTasidan 124,9
aTasamde, romelTagan 68 aTasi axlad mosuli iyo upiratesad
TurqeTidan 2 . carizmis demografiuli politikis agresiuli
xasiaTi imaSic vlindeboda, rom somexTa Camosaxlebas
sazRvrispira raionebSi, magaliTad, samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tan sdevda
qarTuli mosaxleobis devna-Seviwroeba 3 . l. zagurskis TqmiT,
`qveyana iseT saxes iRebda TiTqos igi Tavidanve somxebiT yo-
filiyos dasaxlebuli~ 4 , maSin rodesac 1828 wlamde aq 90%
qarTveli iyo.
imperiis moxeleebis mier saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis
meqanikurad da TanamimdevrobiT gazrda, romelic qveynis ucxo-
eTnikur nawilSi istoriulad isedac sxvaze ufro mravalricx-
2
v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVIII-XX ss-Si, Tbilisi, 1984,
gv. 228.
3
SoTa lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi, Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 359-361.
4
Ë. Çàãóðñêèé, Ïîåçäêà â Àõàëöèõñêèé óåçä â 1872 ã., ñ. 65.
97
ovani da ekonomikuradac ufro SeZlebuli iyo, cxadyofda, rom
imperias Tavisi batonobis socialur bazad CvenSi swored es mo-
saxleoba aerCia. aqeTken ubiZgebda ruseTis mTavrobas somxur
savaWro burJuaziasTan misi Zveli kavSirebic, romlis gulis
mogebas is yovelTvis cdilobda. amitom am mosaxleobis imperiis
samsaxurSi Cayeneba, Canda, rom ruseTis mTavrobas ar unda
gaWirveboda, romlis mniSvnelobis gasaZliereblad saqarTvelo-
Si man sakmaod bevri gaakeTa. kavkasiis administraciis umaRles
moxeleebs somexi vaWrebis materialuri da moraluri waqezeba
Tanamdebobriv movaleobad miaCndaT aZlevdnen ra maT pri-
vilegiebs, monopoliebs, samxedro ijarebs, sesxebs da aniWebdnen
sxva upiratesobebs. saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobisaTvis, Zir-
iTadad, misi mqonebeli fenisaTvis xelSewyobis reJimis Seqmna,
gasagebia, am mosaxleobas xelisuflebisadmi loialurad ganawy-
obda da reJimiT kmayofili nawili Tavs ar zogavda carizmis
politikuri interesebis dasacavad, raTa misgan SemdgomSi kidev
ufro meti SeRavaTebi da xelSewyoba mieRo. magaliTad, Tbilise-
li somexi vaWrebi daviT zargarovi da daviT mananovi, romelTac
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis TemebTan adre hqoniaT
savaWro kavSirebi da iq `TavianTi kacebi~ hyavdaT, mefis jarebs
aqtiurad daxmarebian ajanyebul TuS-xevsurTa `damSvidebaSi~5 .
1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebis CaxSobisas damsjel samxedro naw-
ilebs did daxmarebas uwevdnen siRnaReli somexi vaWrebi amiran
da artem Saverdovebi6 . niSandoblivia, rom 1838 w. baroni rozeni
Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs graf bludovs sTxovda, raTa amiran da
artem Saverdovebi XIV klasis CinebiT daejildoebinaT, romelTac
kaxeTis ajanyebis Semdeg siRnaRSi bambis narTis warmoebisaTvis
didi evropuli fabrika aeSenebinaT7 . kaxeTis 1812 w. ajanyebis
CaxSobaSi somexTa rolze, bevrad ufro adre, mTavarmmarTebeli,
kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardali, infanteriis generali n.T. rtiS-
Cevi aleqsandre I-s swerda: `mTel saqarTveloSi kaci aRar darCa
Cveni erTguli. marto somxebma ara Tu ar miiRes monawileoba
amboxebaSi, aramed sicocxlesa da qonebasac ar zogaven... Cven
5 10
ÀÑÊÀÊ, V, # 2 139, gv. 106.
6 11
iqve, VIII, #927, gv. 909.
7 12
iqve.
98
jarebTan erTad ibrZodnen mSfoTvarTa gasawyvetad... mTavroba
somxebs unda umadlodes, rom droze da winaswar ityobda, ras
apirebdnen meamboxeni da sad hqondaT bina~8 . somexTa erTguleb-
is gansamtkiceblad 1812 w. 13 maiss generali rtiSCevi imperators
sTxovda saqarTvelos somexTa dajildoebas9 . imave wlis 15 se-
qtembers TbilisSi iReben aleqsandre I-is werils, romliTac
saqarTvelos somxur mosaxleobas ruseTis winaSe damsaxurebi-
saTvis imperatori madlobas ucxadebda. imperatoris es werili
sabWoTa periodis ramdenime somexi avtoris wignSi gamoqveynda,
sul bolos ki am werilma Tavisi adgili 1995 w. moskovSi
gamocemul sergo mamulovis wignSi pova ise, rom avtors, amis
gamo, rogorc Cans, araviTari uxerxuloba ar ugrZvnia10.
imperiis erTguli samsaxuris sanacvlod miRebuli privilegie-
bisa da mxardaWeris wyalobiT saqarTvelos somxuri burJuazia
TandaTan daeufla qarTuli feodaluri aristokratiis qonebis
mniSvnelovan nawils da gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipova
qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSi. es viTareba asaxulia im-
droindel oficialur dokumentebSi, agreTve, publicistur, mxat-
vrul da saerTod literaturul wyaroebSi. magaliTad, 1874 w.
s. mesxi gazeT `droebaSi~ werda: `axlandeli Tbilisis komerci-
ul cxovrebaSi wamyvan rols somexi vaWrebi TamaSoben; maT
ekuTvniT uZrav-moZravi qonebis didi nawili. TiTo-orola imer-
els an megrels Tu SexvdebiT sadme, isic moxeleTa da sazoga-
doT wvril vaWarTa da mepatroneTa Soris... qalaqis 72 deputa-
tiTgan mxolod sami Tu oTxi qarTvelia... erTi Tu ori rusi da
erTic germaneli, danarCeni sul somxebi arian~11. somexi istori-
kosebis gamoangariSebiT, Tbilisis savaWro da samrewvelo sawar-
moTa 60%-ze meti somex kapitalistebs ekuTvnodaT12. erTi mainc
faqtia, somxuri burJuaziisadmi mTavrobis xelSewyobam Tavidanve
iseT masStabebs miaRwia, rom ekonomikuri cxovrebis sadaveebi
sul male somexi vaWrebis xelSi aRmoCnda da rusuli kapitalis
8
ÀÑÊÀÊ, V, gv. 221-222.
9
iqve.
Ñ. Ìàìóëîâ, Àðìÿíå â Ãðóçèè, Ìîñêâà, 1995, ñ. 233.
s. mesxi, nawerebi, Tbilisi, 1903, t. I, gv. 222-223.
Èñòîðèÿ àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà, Åðåâàí, 1969, ñ. 168.
99
interesebsac ki daupirispirda, ris gamoc XIX s. 70-80-iani wlebi-
dan mTavroba cdilobda ukve zRvari daedo amierkavkasiaSi
somxuri kapitalis Semdgomi gaZlierebisaTvis1 3. ruseTis savaWro-
samrewvelo kapitalis warmomadgeneli, a. markovi werda: bune-
brivi simdidriT uxvi mxare (e. i. amierkavkasia) Cayenebulia gan-
sakuTrebiT araxelsayrel pirobebSi imis Sedegad, rom qveynis
mTeli mwarmoeblurobis eqsploatacias ewevian somxebi,
romelTac xelSi Caigdes TiTqmis mTeli vaWroba da romlebic
amJamad miiswrafvian miisakuTron aq politikuri batonobac,
cdiloben ra daiWiron administraciuli postebi 14 . rusul
kapitalTan somxuri burJuaziis gansazRvruli dapirispirebis
miuxedavad administracia SemdgomSic Tavisi politikis
gatarebisas kavkasiaSi kvlavac somxur elements emyareboda.
kavkasiis namestnikis voroncov daSkovis (1905-1915) TanaSemwe
policiis dargSi generali Sirinkini daufaravad acxadebda, rom
erTaderTi xalxi, romelic axal pirobebSi ruseTisaTvis
amierkavkasiaSi gamodgeba dasayrden bazad, arian somxebi,
romelTac hyavT Zlieri burJuazia, xolo yvelgan civilizebul
(igulisxmeba kapitalistur) qveynebSi saxelmwifo emyareba
burJuaziaso15.
imperiis administraciis keTilganwyobilebisa da mfarvelo-
bis pirobebSi, roca somexi vaWrebi da kapitalistebi aRmosavleT
saqarTvelosa da qveynis centralur qalaqSi, TbilisSi kerZo
sakuTrebis mniSvnelovan nawils flobdnen da qonebrivi cenzis
kanonis wyalobiTac Tbilisis saqalaqo TviTmarTvelobasac isini
akontrolebdnen, mosalodnelia, rom somxur burJuazias isto-
riuli mezobeli qveynis mimarT patronis grZnoba daufleboda
da somexTa `gamorCeulobis~ xorenaciseuli ideis gamococxleb-
isaTvis xeli Seewyo, rac XIX saukunidanve aisaxa kidec somxur
istoriografiaSi. somxuri burJuaziis miswrafebaTa istoriuli
13
paata guguSvili, saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri
ganviTareba XIX-XX saukuneebSi, t. 6, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 339.
14
À. Ìàðêîâ, Çàêàâêàçüå â òîðãîâîì îòíîøåíèé, æóðíàë "Ðóññêèé Âåñòíèê",
1884, ¹ 1, ñ. 176-178.
15
sargis kakabaZe, qarTveli xalxis istoria 1783-1921, Tbilisi, 1997,
gv. 225.
100
dasafuZvleba, gasagebia, rom axali drois somxuri istori-
ografiis umTavresi politikuri amocana unda gamxdariyo. misi
realizacia ki, Seqmnili politikuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT,
ufro perspeqtiuli Canda maTTvis, xorenacis, sebeosisa Tu
drasxanakertcis somexTa ganmadidebeli moTxrobebis farTo
propagandis fonze, – saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis
faqtebis gayalbebiT sazogadoebis TvalSi maTi mniSvnelobis
gaufasureba da amiT qveynis kanonier patronTa moraluri
daTrgunva, erTnairad xelsayreli iyo rogorc qveynis
dasapatroneblad gamzadebuli somxuri burJuaziis interesebis,
ise oficialuri xelisuflebisTvisac, romelic dReniadag cdi-
lobda qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobis unarisa da mebrZoli sulis
Cakvlas. qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
somxuri burJuaziisa da ruseTis mTavrobis ideologiuri
politikis Tanxvedra, Cans, imperiis biurokratias kavkasiaSi
Tavisi politikis warmatebis garantad esaxeboda. amitomac iyo,
rom XIX-XX ss. rusuli da somxuri istoriografia xmaSewyobiT
cdilobda saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis mniSvnelobis
damcrobis gziT kavkasiis istoriis gadakeTebas.
amgvari xmaSewyobis nimuSad moCans qarTvelTa erovnuli
Rirsebis Semlaxavi aqcentebiT gajerebuli, metadre, peterbur-
gis universitetis profesoris osip senkovskisa (1800-1858) da
cnobili armenistis, imave universitetis profesoris qerobe pat-
kanianis (1833-1889) kritikuli werilebi `qarTlis cxovrebis~
wyaroTmcodneobiT mniSvnelobaze. niSandoblivia, rom o. senk-
ovskis werili `Íåêîòîðûå ñîìíåíèÿ êàñàòåëüíî èñòîðèè ãðóçèíîâ~ daibe-
Wda Jurnal `Áèáëèîòåêà äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ~16-Si 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis
marcxis axlo xanebSi, ris gamoc gamoqveynebuli werili gamiznu-
lad politikur xasiaTs iZenda; amasve mowmobda werilis daus-
abuTebeli, provokaciuli Sinaarsic. peterburgis universitetis
profesori Tanadroul sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom XII saukunem-
de, vidre daviT aRmaSenebeli Tbiliss gaanTavisuflebda,
qarTvelebs amierkavkasiaSi saerTod ar ucxovriaT da maTi pirv-
elsacxovrisi Crdilo kavkasiaSia saZebnio. Zvel wyaroebSi moxs-
eniebuli iberielebi qarTvelebi ar arian da es termini krebiTi
16
t. XXX, #10, 1838, gv. 151-172.
101
Sinaarsis Semcveli saxelia, romlis SemadgenlobaSi upirvelesi
adgili somxebs ekavaT da romelTa gavlenis qveS moqceuli yofi-
la amierkavkasiis sxva xalxebi (am debulebis kavSiri m. xorenacis
koncefciasTan, vfiqrob, sruliad aSkaraa). vaxtang gorgasali ki
Turqebis beladi iyoo. aseTi codnis mimwodebels `qarTlis cxov-
reba~ zRaprebis krebulad rom warmoedgina, albaT, arc arafe-
ri unda iyos gasakviri.
o. senkovskis antimecnieruli paskvilis mxileba qarTuli da
somxuri wyaroebis saukeTeso mcodnes mari broses, ra Tqma unda,
ar gaWirvebia, ris gamoc saqarTvelos istoriis cilismwamebelma
frangi swavlulis kritikaze pasuxi verc gamoZebna. 80-iani wleb-
is dasawyisisaTvis diskusiaSi CaerTo q. patkanianic. o. senkovskis
ideebTan mas aaxloebda saqarTvelos istoriasTan tendenciurad
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. somexi mecnieri Tavis SromebSi xe-
laRebiT uaryofda qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis ara marto
mecnierul Rirebulebas, aramed arsebobasac ki XII s-ze ufro adre.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebuli, romelic mas erT mTlian
nawarmoebad warmoedgina da masze erTi nawilidan miRebuli STa-
beWdilebiT msjelobda17, sakmaod dabali Rirsebis Zeglad miaCn-
da. misi TqmiT, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ dasawyisi nawili ar emyareba
adgilobriv werilobiT wyaroebs an zepirgadmocemebs. igi ubral-
od gamogonilia erTi kacis mier winaswar dasaxuli miznis Sesa-
bamisad. etyoba avtori icnobda m. xorenacisa da agaTangelosis
wignebs da ase Tu ise icoda Sah-names Sinaarsi, magram sargeblob-
da ara maTi xelnawerebiT, aramed zepirsityvieri variantebiT.
misi azriT, qronikis (ase uwodebs is `qarTlis cxovrebas~) pirvel
ganyofilebaSi (igulisxmeba sawyisi periodi aderki mefemde anu
qristes Sobamde) Znelia Tundac erTi iseTi faqtis povna,
romelsac eqneboda WeSmariti istoriuli Rirebuleba. misi
daskvniT, am qarTuli qronikis avtori mcire, naklulovani cod-
nis somexi beri unda iyos, romelsac qarTvelTa matiane
SeuTxzavs qarTvelTave dakveTiT XII s., rodesac maT saerTod
igrZnes istoriis daweris aucilebloba18.
17
ix. qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, ilia abulaZis
gamocema, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 012.
18
ix. Ê. Ïàòêàíîâ, Âàíñêèå íàäïèñè è çíà÷åíèå èõ äëÿ èñòîðèè Ïåðåäíåé
Àçèè, ÆÌÍÏ, ÷àñòü ÑÑÕÕÕ, äåêàáðü, 1883, ñ. 199-274.
102
q. patkanianis werilis gamoqveynebis droisaTvis `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ krebuli jer kidev ar iyo mecnierulad Seswavlili
da amisaTvis mxolod pirveli nabijebi keTdeboda. amitom qarTu-
li saistorio wyaros kritika da, Tundac, hiperkritika TavisTa-
vad gansakuTrebuls da moulodnels arafers niSnavda. magram er-
Tia, roca kritika wminda mecnieruli interesebiTaa gamowveuli
da meore, roca mas, ZiriTadad, politikuri datvirTva aqvs da
eris moralur daTrgunvas isaxavs miznad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
q. patkaniani mecnieruli argumentebiT cdilobda msjelobas qar-
Tlis cxovrebis xsenebul Zvel periodze da zogierTi angariSga-
sawevi SeniSvnebic aqvs gamoTqmuli, mis werilSi aSkarad igrZno-
ba saqarTvelos istoriisa da misi wyaroebis damcrobis daucxro-
meli survili, risTvisac arc faqtebis gayalbebas aridebs Tavs.
cnobili armenistis arakeTilsindisieri damokidebuleba saqar-
Tvelos warsulis kvlevisadmi, ra Tqma unda, SeumCneveli ar dar-
Cenia Tanadroul qarTul sazogadoebas. dimitri baqraZe ukve
1884 w. gamoqveynebul naSromSi werda: `Cveni fiqriT, q. patkanovi
ar aris gulwrfeli maZiebeli istoriuli simarTlisa. is ver iT-
visebs verc erTs cxovels da ueWvel faqtebze damyarebuls azrs
qarTuli istoriisas, Tu es azri ewinaaRmdegeba imis azrs somx-
urs istoriaze. CvenTvis erTgvar Zvirfasia rogoraTac somxuri,
agreTve qarTuli wyaroebi: Cvenis fiqriT, erTma meore unda Seaswo-
ros da Seavsos~19. Semdeg ki Tavisi sityvebis dasadastureblad
mohyavs faqtebisadmi somexi istorikosis arakeTilsindisieri da-
mokidebulebisa da gayalbebis konkretuli SemTxvevebi. magali-
Tad, q. patkaniani arakeTilsindisierad imowmebda stefanos orbe-
lians, romelic, TiTqos, Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobis did
siRaribeze Ciodao, maSin rodesac, SeniSnavda d. baqraZe, stefa-
nozi aRniSnavda ara saerTod qarTuli wyaroebis simcires, aramed
maTSi cnobebis iSviaTobas orbelTa sagvareulos Sesaxeb, rac ga-
mowveuli iyo giorgi III-is sadamsjelo RonisZiebebiT misi xelisu-
flebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli orbelebis mimarT, romelTa xse-
neba saqarTvelos mefis brZanebiT yvela samwerlo Zeglebidan
aRmoifxvra20. d. baqraZis obieqturobaSi mkiTxvelis gansasjelad
19
dimitri baqraZe, profesori patkanovi da qarTuli istoriis
wyaroebi, Tbilisi, 1884, gv. 2-3.
20
iqve.
103
moviyvanT amonawers st. orbelianis Txzulebidan sakamaTo sak-
iTxze: `xolo odes gamefda qarTlSi pirveli mefe farnavaz,
aRmatebiT pativi miiRes mis mier orbelianT da aravin iyo
msgavsi maTi qarTlSi Tvnier mefisa. xolo ese ambavi mcired
vcaniT qarTvelT moTxrobaTagan. garna SuriTa giorgi mefisa-
Ta, romelman guariT aRxoca igini saqarTuelodam, axoces
saxelni maTni moTxrobaTagan T¢sTagan, romlisaT¢s Cvenca
gamoZiebiT da zed-miwevniT vscaniT mciredi... xolo vina¡Tgan
axocil iyo saxsenebeli winaparTa maTTa hambavTani, mkacrebani
da moqmedebani Cinebulni orbelianTagani maT JamTa mweralTa-
gan, romelsa `qarTlis cxovrebas~ uxmoben, amisT¢s Cven vera
vscaniT viTareba da rigi sity¢sa, raTamca ragisaebr dagvewera
werilsa amas Sina~21. es amonaweri garda imisa, rom zedmiwevniT
adasturebs d. baqraZis simarTles, amasTan Zveli qarTuli
saistorio mwerlobis simdidresa da misi cnobebis siuxvesac
gvidasturebs, ramdenadac somxuri wyaros mowmobiT orbelianTa
Tavgadasavali gadmocemuli yofila ara erTi romelime mwerlis,
aramed mweralTa mier. aseve mravlobiT ricxvSia mocemuli
`qarTvelTa moTxrobebi~, sadac jer kidev yofila SemorCenili
mcire cnobebi orbelianebze. sayuradReboa, agreTve, XIII s. somxur
ZeglSi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulis saxiT moxsenieba, romelsac
q. patkaniani, ratomRac, vaxtang VI-is droindelad da mis
Sedgenilad miiCnevda, riTac Zalze amcrobda am Zeglis
mniSvnelobas. 1884 w. ufro adreuli, mariamiseuli nusxis
aRmoCenis Semdeg q. patkaniani iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom
vaxtang mefes araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda Zveli `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ SedgenasTan. d. baqraZe gansakuTrebiT aRSfoTebuli
iyo q. patkanianis im gancxadebiT, rom, TiTqos, XI-XII ss.
qarTvelebs sakuTari istoriis saWiroeba ver ucvniaT. amiT
gakvirvebuli d. baqraZe werda: `ram afiqrebina q. patkanovs,
viTomc qarTveli eri iseT velur mdgomareobaSi iyo, rom ver
grZnobda saWiroebas istoriisas meTormete saukunemde da aqac
ki, Tu ar isic umecris somxis SemweobiT man ver SesZlo Tavisi
istoria TviTonve Seedgina~22. o. senkovskisa da q. patkanianis
21
stefanos orbelianis “cxovreba orbelianTa”-s Zveli qarTuli
Targmanebi, qarTul-somxuri teqstebi gamosca e. cagareiSvilma, Tb.
1978, gv. 29-30.
22
d. baqraZe, profesori patkanovi..., gv. 13.
104
xsenebuli naSromebi faqtobrivad uaryofdnen amierkavkasiaSi
qarTveli xalxis odindel istoriul arsebobas da mis, araTu
Rvawls, aramed monawileobasac ki mdidari kavkasiuri civili-
zaciis SeqmnaSi, rac, bunebrivia, Tanadrouli qarTuli in-
teligenciis samarTlian protests iwvevda. Tu q. patkaniani
saqarTvelos istoriaze msjelobisas m. xorenacidan amodioda,
romelic kavkasias somxeTis politikur da kulturul sivrced
ganixilavda, o. senkovskis insinuaciebis erTaderTi sayrdeni im-
periis ideologiuri politika iyo kavkasiaSi. aseT situaciaSi
saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis sakiTxebze polemikam wminda
politikuri Seferiloba miiRo da is erovnul sakiTxSi
gadaizarda. SemTxveviTi sulac araa, rom XIX s. 70-80-ian wlebSive
somxuri istoriografia qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis moRvaweTa yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, ramdenadac
mTavroba, ZiriTadad, somxuri burJuaziisa da misi msaxuri is-
toriografiis xeliT cdilobda Tavisi xalxTmoZule politikis
gatarebas kavkasiaSi.
am droisTvis somxur burJuazias yvela SesaZlebeli privile-
gia ukve hqonda mopovebuli kavkasiaSi. rCeboda erTaderTi, ter-
itoriuli uflebebi. cxadia, somxebi imperias ver mosTxovdnen
maTTvis saqarTveloSi oranJis respublikis Seqmnas (am mxriv
sagulisxmoa geronti qiqoZis Tvalsazrisi saqarTveloSi mosaxle
somxebze, romelTac igi `Cvens oranJistebs~ uwodebda23). magram,
rogorc Cans, gabatonebuli reJimis interesebis dacvisa da
erTguli samsaxuris sanacvlod, somxur burJuazias SesaZleblad
miaCnda imperiis teritoriul-administraciul sistemaSi iseT
cvlilebebze mTavrobis dayolieba, romlebic saSualebas miscemda
mas mezobelTa teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawilis sakuTar eTni-
kur sivrceSi moqcevas, rac kidev ufro gaaZlierebda mis
ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs da safuZvels Seuqmnida momavalSi,
xelsayreli politikuri situaciis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, saocnebo
teritoriuli pretenziebis realizacias. amgvari ganwyobilebebi,
ra Tqma unda, uSualod ganapirobebda somex avtorTa Txzulebeb-
Si saqarTvelos istoriis ara marto muq ferebSi, aramed gayal-
23
geronti qiqoZe, erovnuli energia, Tbilisi, 1919, gv. 197.
105
bebuladac warmoCenas. XIX s. meore naxevridan mainc saqarTve-
los istoriis gayalbebam somxur istoriografiaSi, TiTqmis,
sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo.
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moR-
vaweTa yuradReba, gansakuTrebiT miipyro XIX s. meore naxevarSi
gamocemulma somex avtorTa im naSromebma, romlebSic somxeTis
istoriasTan kavSirSi ganixileboda istoriuli memkvidreobisa
da saerTod kavkasiis istoriuli geografiis mTeli rigi
problemebi. I858 w. moskovSi gamoica mkrtiC eminis mier Targmni-
li movses xorenacis `somxeTis istoria~, SesavliTa da komentar-
ebiT; I859 w. al. xudabaSevis `Îáîçðåíèå Àðìåíèè~, I877 w. q. patka-
nianma rusul enaze gamosca “somxuri geografia” gamokvleviTurT,
Tbilisis somxur da rusul periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba al.
ericianis werilebi istoriuli geografiisa Tu saqarTvelos
somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebze24. I898 w. peterburgSi
g. ezovma (eziani) gamosca dokumentTa krebuli saxelwodebiT
`Ñíîøåíèÿ Ïåòðà Âåëèêîãî ñ àðìÿíñêèì íàðîäîì~ vrceli Sesavali
weriliT. imave XIX s. meore naxevarSi q. patkanianma da m. eminma
rusul enaze gamosces Sua saukuneebis somex avtorTa – sebeosis,
levondis, movses kalankatuacis, vardanisa da sxvaTa araerTi
(erT aTeulze meti) Txzuleba. saistorio mecnierebisaTvis,
TavisTavad, am erTob saSur saqmes seriozul Crdils ayenebda ga-
momcemelTa mcdeloba TavanTi komentarebiT uaryofiTi sazoga-
doebrivi azri SeeqmnaT saqarTvelos istoriaze, rac mxolod car-
izmis kavkasiur ideologiur politikasTan modioda srul Tanx-
mobaSi. somex mecnierTa am jgufis mWidro kavSiri mTavrobis
politikasTan da maTi arakeTilsindisieri, arsebiTad mtruli
damokidebuleba saqarTvelos warsulisa da momavlisadmi
saaSkaraoze gamoitana da kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara ilia Wav-
WavaZem. Tavis gaxmaurebul werilSi `qvaTa RaRadi~ igi werda:
`mTeli samoci weliwadia, rac erTi da igive Weqa-quxili erTisa
da imave tendenciisa Cven vinaobas erCis da dRemudam ufro
metis kadnierebiT, ufro metis gabedviT, meti silaRiT tyavs
24
"Êàâêàçñêàÿ ñòàðèíà", 1872, ¹ 1. ñ. 20; ÂÇýÉÇëÇ Ñ³Ûù »õ Ýáó³
íÇ׳ϳ·ñáõÃÇõÝ« §öáñÓ¦« 1879« N 10« ¿ç. 1-34.
106
aZrobs da warRvnas uqadis... is dRea da es dRe somxis mwignobarni
imis cdasa da metyvelebaSi arian, rom saqarTvelo rac SeiZleba
avis TvaliT daanaxvon qveyanas, rac SeiZleba meti wili
CamoaTalon da TviTon miiTvison, rac SeiZleba gaauqmon warsu-
lic, SebRalon awmyoca~25. ilia WavWavaZem damajereblad cxadyo,
rom somex mecnierTa am jgufis mier saqarTvelos istoriis neb-
ismieri sakiTxis uRirsad warmoCenis umTavresi mizezi yovelTvis
da yvelgan teritoriuli pretenziebi iyo, iqneboda es istoriu-
li geografiis, politikuri istoriis, konfesiuri urTierTobisa
Tu kulturis sakiTxebze msjeloba. didi mwerali aRniSnavda, rom
aSkara faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod emini, xudabaSaevi, ericovi
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos gvecilebian da amtkiceben, TiT-
qos, mtkvris saTavis adgilebi, mTeli Woroxis xeoba – did somx-
eTs ekuTvnodneno. maT imisTana somexTa momxre kacic ki amtyu-
nebs, rogoric sen-martenia. am evropeli mecnieris mtkicebiT,
seri mTebisa, romelic Woroxisa, mtkvrisa, evfratisa da araqsis
wyalTgamyrelia, mudmivi sazRvari iyo qarTvelTa da somexTa
Soriso, da miuxedavad amisa, somxebis mwignobarni mainc Tavisas
gaiZaxian da binas ikeTeben iq, saca ara hqoniaT. gana aSkara ar
aris, SeniSnavda ilia, rom am cuRlutur mecnierebiT swadianT
qveyanas daajeron, viTomc istoriuli ufleba miuZRviT am adg-
ilebSi binis dadebisa26. sxva adgilas ki, amxelda ra g. ezovs
faqtebis gayalbebaSi, iqve ganmartavda: _ zRapars maSin gamoic-
nobT, roca gaixsenebT ezovis dafarul azrsa: saqarTvelo
saqarTvelo ki ar aris, Zveli somxeTiao. es macduri da wyeuli
survili gzas ubnevs b-ns ezovs da sisuleles aroSvinebs mec-
nierebis saxeliTo27. axasiaTebda ra qarTul somxur urTierTo-
baSi bolo samoci wlis manZilze ganviTarebul movlenebs, ilia
werda: saocari aq kidev is aris, rom es samoci wlis mTeli xana
rusis mwerlisagan iwyeba da rusis mwerliTve Tavdeba. maTSua
mTeli mwkrivia somexTa mecnierT-mwignobrebisa ase, rom Tavidan
bolomde erTi lari gasWimoT, sul yvelas igi lari mxarze gada-
25
ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi, tV, Tbilisi, 1987, gv.29-30.
26
iqve, gv. 31-32.
27
iqve, gv. 77.
107
uvlis, ase mwyobrad mRaRadebelni arian erTisa da imave gangeb
akviatebul azrisa28.
ilias am miniSnebebidan kargad Cans, rom somex avtorTa sas-
tiki kritikis miuxedavad, codvas mTel somxur sazogadoebas ki
ara, politikur koniunqturas miawerda, romelic im dros
qarTvelTa Rirsebis sawinaaRmdegod da samtrod iyo momarTuli.
igi mxolod imperiisa da somxuri burJuaziis mtacebluri inter-
esebis samsaxurSi myof mecnier-mweralTa erT gunds adanaSauleb-
da, romelic Tavisi moRvaweobiT ara imdenad mecnierebis sasarge-
blod irjeboda, ramdenadac istoriul mezoblebs Soris undob-
lobasa da siZulvils Tesavda. ilia aRSfoTebiT werda: Zneli
mosaTmenni arian es xudabaSovebi, patkanovebi, qiSmiSovebi, ezove-
bi, arwrunebi da erTob igi erTi gundi somxebisa, romelTac
RmerTma moaxmaroT TavianT Tavis qeba-dideba da Cvens moTxras
ki ver davanebebT da amaSi, imedia, yvela WkvaTamyofeli somexi
dagveTanxmeba. ai, swored aq aris Tavi da bolo dasabami da dasas-
ruli im mwvave ganxeTqilebisa, romelic aseTis gulmodginebiT
STamoses CvenSi umecarTa mecnierTa da erTmaneTze aalurses
qarTveli da somexi. Torem sad iyo CvenSi im ormoc - samoci wlis
winaT erTmaneTis aseTi aTvaliswuneba, erTmaneTSi ar virCeodiT
da Tumca sxvadasxva modgmisani da sarwmunoebisani viyaviT, ma-
gram somxobiT qarTvelis Zulebas da qarTvelobiT somxebisas
CvenSi adgili ara hqonia Cvenda sabednierod da sasaxelod... Cven
kargad viciT, rom winandel saqarTvelos uZlureba daiwyo im
ubedur dReTagan, roca-ki pirqve daemxo – eg Cveni winandeli
zRude samxreTiT. Cven CrdiloeTiT vinaxavdiT somxeTs da somx-
ebi Cven gvinaxavdnen samxreTiT... daeca somxeTi, samxreTis kari
Ria darCa saqarTveloSi Semosasvlelad... gana CvenTvis ki sanatre-
lia eseTi daqsaqsuloba somxebisa. RmerTma misceT Rone da un-
ari erTad moiyaron Tavi iq, saidanac ayrilan da aqa iq gafantu-
lan. xolo Cven Cvensas nu gvecilebian, Cveni saxelis gatexiT nu
cdiloben TavianTvis saxelis keTebas da Semkobas 29 . ilias
gulistkivili sruliad samarTliani da gasagebi iyo. qarTvelebsa
da somxebs urTierTdapirispireba ki ara, Tanxmoba da urTierT-
28
ilia WavWavaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29.
29
ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi, gv. 110-111.
108
gatana WirdebodaT, raTa saerTo mtris Semotevebisagan Tavis
dacva SeZlebodaT.
ilia WavWavaZis es gaxmaurebuli naSromi 1899 w. `iveriis~
Tormet nomerSi daibeWda (64-76), sul male ki calke broSuris
saxiTac gamoica qarTul da rusul enebze. imavdroulad, qarTu-
li da somxuri perioduli gamocemebis furclebze mwvave polemi-
ka iyo gaSlili konfesiuri da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis urTierT-
damokidebulebis sakiTxebze, rasac TeoriulTan erTad uaRresad
praqtikuli mniSvnelobac gaaCnda. saqme is iyo, rom qarTvelTa
da somexTa konfesiuri sxvaoba xelisuflebas konfesiuri dapir-
ispirebis provocirebis saSualebas aZlevda, ris safuZvelzec
ukve advili Canda rogorc istoriuli mezoblebis gaTiSva da maT
Soris mtrobis Tesva, ise qarTuli sazogadoebis erTi gan-
sazRvruli nawilis erovnul cnobierebaze ieriSis misatanad
niadagis Semzadeba. ganzraxulis realizacias isic uwyobda xels,
rom Sua saukuneebidan SemorCenili inerciiT sazogadoebrivi
azri, eTnikur kuTvnilebas jer isev, konfesiis mixedviT gan-
sazRvravda. somxuri sarwmunoebis wiaRSi sxvadasxva mizeziT ga-
dasuli qarTuli mosaxleobis, upiratesad, vaWroba-xelosnobaSi
CarTuli nawilis meryev eTnikur Segnebaze zemoqmedebisa da sab-
olood wasaSlelad, xelisufleba somxur eklesiasa da inteligen-
ciasTan SeTanxmebiT mTel rig RonisZiebebs saxavda. maT Soris
iyo iseTi uRirsi saSualebebi, rogoricaa am sazogadoebaSi
qarTuli enis devna mis srul akrZalvamde, somxuri eklesiisa da
ganaTlebisaTvis calmxrivad xelis Sewyoba da privilegiebis mini-
Weba, somxuris sasargeblo propagandis gaZliereba da saxelmwi-
foebrivi gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac, saboloo jamSi, unda
uzrunveleyoT imperiuli politikis mTavari amocanis – qarTu-
li erovnuli sxeulis daSla-danawilebis daCqareba, rac sxva
RonisZiebebTan erTad Seamcirebda qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdego-
bis Zalas da mas mTavrobis nebas daumorCilebda.
kavkasiaSi somxuri eklesiis mizidulobis unaris gasazrdelad,
jer kidev nikoloz I-ma mas gaumravla mamulebi, gaanTavisufla
yovelgvari gadasaxadebisagan da gauzarda pensiebi30, rac Tavis-
30
Àêòû..., ò. IX, ñ. 22.
109
Tavad, mis mrevlsac garkveul SeRavaTian pirobebSi ayenebda.
1862 wlis 30 aprils Sinagan saqmeTa ministri voluevi kavkasiis
mefisnacvlis movaleobis Semsrulebels grigol orbelians Se-
axsenebda, rom rusuli politikis warmatebisaTvis aRmosavleTSi
didi mniSvneloba hqonda somxur-grigorianul eklesiasTan maT
urTierTobas da miuTiTebda – `mxedvelobaSi iqonieT, rom somx-
uri eklesia yovelTvis sargeblobda Cveni mTavrobis mfarvel-
obiT da imperiis sazRvrebs gareT grigorianebs mxars uWerda
da amagrebda kaTolike misionerebis winaaRmdeg~31. somxuri ek-
lesiis mfarvelobis am fonze, yovelmxriv izRudeboda ruseTis
erTmorwmune qarTuli eklesia, romelic peterburgis sinodis
ubralo danamatad gadaaqcies. gasagebia, rom aseT viTarebaSi
somxuri eklesia qarTuli mosaxleobis gansazRvruli, gan-
sakuTrebiT, ekonomikurad SeWirvebuli nawilisaTvis cTunebis
sagani gaxda. araerTi SemTxvevaa aRniSnuli, roca ymobas
gamoqceuli qarTveli glexebi Tavs afarebdnen somxur eklesias,
romelic maTTvis socialuri dacvis ZiriTad saSualebad
qceuliyo. XIX s. xalxis aRweris davTrebSi, metadre, saojaxo
siebis cnobebSi sruliad naTlad ikveTeba qarTuli mosaxleobis
erTi mniSvnelovani nawilis somxur sarwmunoebaze gadasvlis
suraTi 32 , romelic amis gamo somxuri eTnosis kuTvnilebad
ganixileboda. XIX s. ruseTis oficialuri statistika yovel
aRweraSi somxur-grigorianuli sarwmunoebis mosaxleobas, misi
mSobliuri enisgan damoukideblad, somxur erovnebas
miakuTvnebda, riTac axerxebda somxuri erovnebis gaZlierebas
qarTuli erovnebis Sesustebs xarjze33.
mTavroba gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT iRvwoda qarTvel ka-
TolikeTa gasasomxeblad, risTvisac zogjer arc pirdapir Zala-
dobas erideboda. imperiis religiuri politika, Tumcaki, ver
egueboda mis sivrceSi kaTolikuri Temebis funqcionirebas, ma-
gram somexi kaTolikeni kavkasiaSi mainc privilegirebul mdgo-
mareobaSi hyavda, ris gamoc qarTveli kaTolikeni iZulebulni
31
Àêòû..., ò. XII, ñ. 548.
32
r. TofCiSvili, XIX s. mosaxleobis aRweris masalebi saqarTvelos
eTnoistoriis da socialuri yofis Sesaxeb, “mnaTobi”, #12, 1987.
33
k. anTaZe, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XIX s-Si, Tbilisi, 1973, gv.
54-56.
110
xdebodnen laTinurTan erTad somxur tipikonzec mdgariyvnen.
XIX s. Sua wlebSi mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis cxov-
rebaSi gatareba qarTvel kaTolikeebs srul gasomxebas uqadda.
1852 w. 18 ianvars Sinagan saqmeTa ministri perovski somexTa kaTa-
likoss acnobebda, rom imperatoris nebiT mas ufleba eZleoda
somexi kaTolikeebi (maT Soris igulisxmebodnen somxur tip-
ikonze mdgari qarTveli kaTolikeebic) grigorianul sarwmunoe-
baze gadaeyvana34. somxur tipikonze mdgari qarTveli kaToli-
keebi protestiT Sexvdnen mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebas da ufro
dabejiTebiT moiTxoves maTTvis qarTulenovani mRvdelmsaxureb-
is daweseba eklesiebSi. mRvdelmsaxurebis enis garSemo gaSlili
brZolis pasuxad, mTavrobam aRar daayovna da 1886 w. kaTolikur
eklesiebSi qarTuli ena brZanebiT akrZala35. 1893 w. ki gamovida
umaRlesi brZaneba, sadac Tbilisis qarTvel kaTolikeTa eklesia
moxseniebuli iyo somxur eklesiad36.
xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT Segulianebuli somxuri eklesia da
burJuazia mis xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT (mRvdelmsaxure-
ba, presa da sxva) sul ufro aZlierebda fsiqologiur zewolas
somxuri da kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis qarTvelebze maT cnobiere-
baSi erovnuli Segnebis sabolood aRmofxvrisaTvis. es procesi
miT ufro saSiSi xdeboda, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis eTnikuri
rRvevis SemTxvevaSi (imasTan erTad, rom mTavroba daJinebiT
cdilobda qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebis calkeul erovne-
bebad warmodgenas), SesaZloa, teritoriul-administraciuli cvli-
lebebic ganxorcielebuliyo, rac ukve qarTveli xalxis saarsebo
sivrcis Semdgomi da seriozuli SezRudvis momaswavebeli iqnebo-
da. amitomac eTnokonfesiur sakiTxebze qarTul da somxur peri-
odul gamocemaTa furclebze gaSlilma polemikam erTob farTo
xasiaTi miiRo da man istoriuli geografiisa da amierkavkasiis
politikuri istoriis sakiTxebic moicva. amis gamo publicistebis
wamowyebul kamaTSi qarTuli da somxuri istoriografiis warmo-
madgenlebic Caebnen, ramac mas mwvave politikuri debatebis saxe
34
m. TamaraSvili, pasuxad somxis mwerlebs, romelnic uaryofen
qarTvelTa kaTolikobas, Tbilisi, 1904, gv 31.
35
ix. S. lomsaZe, mixeil TamaraSvili da qarTveli kaTolikeni,
Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 21-23.
36
iqve, gv. 25.
111
misca. am ideologiur brZolaSi, Tu qarTvelTa Semwed simarTle
gamodioda, ekonomikuri da politikuri mxardaWeris mxriv
somexTa SesaZleblobani, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, Seudareblad
didi iyo. somexTa es upiratesoba imiTac gamoixata, rom XIX da
XX ss. aTiani wlebis, TiTqmis bolomde, somxuri Jurnal-gazeTe-
bi da calkeuli gamocemebi ricxobrivad Warbobda qarTuls. mar-
to 1846-1871 ww-Si somxur enaze TbilisSi gamodioda Svidi dasax-
elebis Jurnali da gazeTi: `kovkas~, `ararat~, `meRu haiastan~,
`garun~, `vaWarakan~, `krunq haioc aSxarh~, `haikakan aSxarh~. Sem-
deg maT daemataT sxvebi, magaliTad, `mSak~-i, `murW~-i da sxvebi.
kavkasiis kalendris cnobiT, 1913 w. TbilisSi somxur enaze gamo-
dioda 20-mde dasaxelebis Jurnal-gazeTi, romelTa saerTo ti-
raJi 20 aTass aRwevda. amave wels TbilisSi somxur enaze gamoica
241 dasaxelebis wigni da saswavlo saxelmZRvanelo37. albaT, sak-
marisia aRiniSnos, rom 1899 wlidan 1917 wlamde TbilisSi gam-
oica iseTi didformatiani wignebi, rogoricaa 12 tomiani `somx-
eTis istoriis divani~. somxuri propagandisaTvis gamoyenebuli
iyo TbilisSi gamomavali rusulenovani periodikac. ramdenadac
mokamaTe somxuri mxarisaTvis mTavari iyo Tbilissa da
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi somexTa siWarbis STabeWdilebis Seqmna,
yvela am tribunidan ubralod uaryofdnen rogorc qarTvel
kaTolikeTa, ise somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTvelTa krebulis
arsebobis faqtsac ki. qarTvel kaTolikeTa winaaRmdeg gan-
sakuTrebuli agresiulobiT gamoirCeoda 1897-98 ww-Si gazeT
`mSak~-Si dabeWdili Tamazovis, saruxanis, naxapetianisa da sxvaTa
werilebi. 1879 w. Jurnal `forZ~-Si (#10, gv. 1-34) daibeWda a. eri-
cianis werili – `Tbiliseli somxebi da maTi statistikuri aR-
weriloba~, romelSic, cxadia, somxuri sarwmunoebis qarTvelTa
sazogadoebac mTlianad iyo mikuTvnebuli somxur eTnoss.
qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris sadavo kontigentis aRweras zaqar-
ia WiWinaZec adasturebs. misi TqmiT, somxebma aRweres qarTl-
kaxeTis somxebad miCneuli mosaxleoba da maTi sia Jurnal
“murW”-Si gamoaqveynes da mas `vrac xos haioc~ anu qarTulad
molaparake somxebi uwodes38. niSandoblivia, rom msgavs pozicias
37
Êàâêàçñêèé êàëåíäàðü íà 1915 ã. Òèôëèñ, 1914, ñ. 367-368.
38
ix. qarTveli grigorianebi, istoriuli mimoxilva SavSeTisa, Tbili-
si, 1906
112
inarCunebs Tanamedrove somxuri istoriografiac (amaze calke
visaubrebT Tanamedrove somex istorikosTa Sromebis
ganxilvisas).
qarTveli kaTolikeebisa da somxuri sarwmunoebis qarTveleb-
is Sesaxeb somxuri Tvalsazrisis winaaRmdeg XX s. dasawyisSi aq-
tiurad gamovidnen mixeil TamaraSvili da zaqaria WiWinaZe. mas
Semdeg, rac qarTvel kaTolikeTa laTinur ritze mdgar eklesie-
bSi ruseTis mTavrobam mxari dauWira somxuri tipikonisa da
somxuri enis damkvidrebas da sabolood qarTvel kaTolikeTa
baton-patronad somxuri eklesia gamoacxada, imis mtkicebac ki
gaxda saWiro, rom qarTuli kaTolikuri eklesia namdvilad
qarTulia da mas Tavisi erovnuli istoriac hqonda39. qarTulma
sazogadoebam am saqmis mogvareba mixeil TamaraSvils miando,
romelmac brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi sakmaod rTul amocanas. va-
tikansa da evropis sxva arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi mopovebuli
utyuari da didZali dokumenturi masaliT ara marto cxadyo
qarTvel kaTolikeTa namdviloba, aramed misi mdidari istoriac
warmoaCina XIII-XX saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze. misi 844 gverdiani
wigni `istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris~ 1902 w. gamoica
TbilisSi da man erTbaSad miipyro mkiTxveli sazogadoebis didi
yuradReba. ilia WavWavaZem am wigns meore `qarTlis cxovreba~
uwoda. ori wlis Semdeg 1904 w. stefane zubalaSvilis `warsage-
beliTa~ da p. mirianaSvilisa da z. WiWinaZis aqtiuri monawileo-
biT daibeWda m. TamaraSvilis romidan gamogzavnili naSromi `pa-
suxad somxis mwerlebs~, romelnic uaryofen qarTvelT kaTo-
likobas (istoriuli gamokvleva). dasaxelebuli wignebiT m. Tama-
raSvilma eTnokonfesiur sakiTxebze somxebTan kamaTi myar mec-
nierul niadagze gadaiyvana da, faqtobrivad, safuZveli gamoaca-
la yovelgvar zerele gancxadebebs. kidev ori wlis Semdeg ibe-
Wdeba, amjerad, z. WiWinaZis ukve xsenebuli mcire moculobis
wigni, sadac m. TamaraSvilis msgavsad, somxebTan kamaTs, isic
mecnierul kalapotSi gadayvaniT cdilobs. man pirvelma daiwyo
qarTvel `gigorianTa~ (ase uwodebda is somxur sarwmunoebaSi
gadasul qarTvelebs) gvarebis istoriis Seswavla uSualod am
39
m. papaSvili, saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba VI-XX saukuneebSi,
Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 314-339.
113
wris respondentebisagan da informirebul TanamedroveTagan mo-
wodebuli cnobebis safuZvelze. z. WiWinaZis gamoTvliT mis dros
qarTlSi ramdenime aTasi `qarTveli grigoriani~ unda yofiliyo.
manve damajereblad gviCvena `qarTvel grigorianTa~ problemis
pirdapiri kavSiri qarTuli miwebis mimarT somexTa tradiciul
pretenziebTan, romlebic aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi somexTa
meqanikuri simravlis SeqmniT cdilobdnen qarTul miwebze `Tavi-
anTi istoriuli uflebis~ mtkicebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT z. Wi-
WinaZe gulistkiviliT werda “somxeTs Sua gul qarTlidam Tvlian,
sadac somexT xseneba aras dros ar yofila... somexT mweralni
somxur kartebzec saqarTvelos armenias aweren, wignebSiac aseve,
laparakSiac Tamamad amtkiceben... zogierT somxis swavlulni
imasac gaiZaxian, rom mTeli kaxeTi didi somxeTis nawils Sead-
genso da iq mcxovreb qarTvelnic mTlad somxis STamomavalni
ariano. amazed bevrs gzis kamaTic yofila. es dResac xSiria da
evropaSi somxis swavlulni aramc Tu martod kaxeTs hxveven xels,
aramed samxreT saqarTvelosac ki armeniad aRiareben~40.
z. WiWinaZisa da m. TamaraSvilis wignebi arsebiTad erT umTav-
res mizans emsaxurebodnen – qarTvelTa denacionalizaciis wina-
aRmdeg brZolas da qarTveli xalxis eTnikur konsolidacias, rac
Tavisi SinaarsiT erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Semad-
geneli nawili iyo. am wignebis Rirsebas Seadgenda, agreTve, maTi
avtorebis jansaRi politikuri xedva da alRo, romlebic kriti-
kas warmarTavdnen ara saerTod somexTa mimarT, aramed m. Tama-
raSvilis TqmiT, `somxis zogierT mweralTa~ winaaRmdeg, romelTa
saqmianoba erTnairad mavne iyo, rogorc qarTvelTa, ise somexTa
erovnuli interesebisaTvisac. amis gamo z. WiWinaZe SeniSnavda:
somex mweralTa qarTvelTa sawinaaRmdego mcdelobani didi Se-
cdomaa... SemcdarT aRar esmiT TavianTi viTareba da amitom xSirad
uZluri ebrZvis uZlurs, anu daCagruli sCagravs daCagruls... mere
ras unda gvandes is garemoeba dauZlurebuli eri Tavisave ms-
gavsad damonebul ers ebrZodes?41. ra Tqma unda, marTali iyvnen
qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moRvaweni, roca
werdnen, rom qarTvelTa gasomxebis mesveurebi, arsebuli
40
z. WiWinaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 34.
41
iqve, gv. 15-16.
114
politikuri situaciis pirobebSi nebiT Tu uneblied carizmis
koloniuri politikis gamtarebelTa rigebSi dgebodnen.
mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa da Tanafardobis meqani-
kurad Secvlis mTavrobis RonisZiebaTa gverdiT da mxardaWeriT,
maTi cdebi ukve qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg demografiuli agresi-
is formas iRebda. ase rom, eTnikuri da konfesiuri Sesabamisobis
propagandistTa moRvaweoba XIX da XX ss. damdegisaTvis arc ise
uwyinari iyo Tavisi politikuri SedegebiT, rogorc es erTi
SexedviT SeiZleboda danaxuliyo. qarTuli eTnikuri koleqtiv-
idan konfensiuri niSniT misi erTi mniSvnelovani nawilis Camoc-
ileba, sxva pirobebTan erTad, droTa ganmavlobaSi gardauvalad
gamoiwvevda saqarTvelos teritoriis SekumSvis moTxovnasac. Cven
vnaxavT, rom sul male movlenebis am mimarTulebiT
ganviTarebisaTvis, mTavrobis RonisZiebebTan TanxmobiT, aqtiurad
amoqmeddebian somxuri politikuri wreebi, romlebic 1909-1916 ww-
Si saerobo krebebze daJinebiT moiTxoven amierkavkasiis mTeli
teritoriis erovnuli niSniT gamijvnas, xolo 1918 w. dekemberSi
somex-qarTvelTa samarcxvino oms gamoiwveven, raSic XIX s. somxur
istoriografiasac Tavisi wili edo.
XIX da XX s. damdegs somxuri istoriografiis ideologiuri
Tanxvedra rusul politikasTan gansakuTrebiT cxadad gamovlin-
da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis, metadre, misi bolo
periodis gadmocemisas. garda imisa, rom am xanis somxuri isto-
riografiis umetesi nawili gazviadebulad warmoadgenda saqar-
Tvelos somxuri mosaxleobis, somxuri savaWro kapitalisa da
somxuri eklesiis moRvaweTa rolsa da mniSvnelobas qarTl-kaxe-
Tis politikur cxovrebaSi, etyoba, rusuli administraciis saame-
blad, Zalze muq ferebSi, TiTqmis, katastrofulad gvixatavs XVIII s.
bolo meoTxedis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur, politikur
da saerTo kulturul viTarebas, rac met damajereblobas SesZenda
rusuli dapyrobis gamarTlebas saqarTveloSi. aseT istoriul
fonze, ruseTis mier veraguli xerxebiT saqarTvelos dapyrobas
somexi avtorebi, lamis aris, did humanur aqciad afaseben, xolo
am politikis Semdeg qveyanaze Tavsdamtydar yvela ubedurebaSi
qarTul mxares adanaSauleben. aqedan gamomdinare, qvecnobierad
keTdeba daskvna, rom erTaderTi jansaRi da gavleniani Zala
qveyanaSi rusi samxedroebi da somxuri elementi iyo.
115
 aRniSnuli xanis somxuri istoriografiis kidev erTi damax-
asiaTebeli Strixi. jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe g. ezovis naSromis
ganxilvisas SeniSnavda: rac-ki sadme qarTvelebze cudi Tqmula,
b-ns ezovs yvela TiTqo raRac sixaruliT moukrebia da gulSi
gvaxlis. rac keTili Tqmula, yvela es saqeburad miumalavs42.
wyaroebis aseTi calmxrivi gaSuqebis araerTi magaliTi mohyavs
ilias g. ezovis naSromidan. maT Soris, qarTvelTa saxelis gasate-
xad ezovis mier damowmebuli ganZasaris kaTalikosis esai hasan
jalaliancis Txzulebis erTi adgili, sadac aRwerilia vax-
tang VI-is mxedrobis mier ganja-yarabaRis ramdenime somxuri sof-
lis darbevis faqti. saqme is iyo, rom ganjis xanma javadma
vaxtang VI-s sTxova lekebis Semawuxebeli Tavdasxmisagan misi sax-
anos dacva, risTvisac didZali Tanxis gadaxdas Sehpirda. vax-
tangma advilad gareka ganjas garSemomdgari lekebi, magram javad
xanma Sepirebuli Tanxa ver gadauxada, samagierod ki, mis xelisu-
flebas daqvemdebarebuli soflebis erTi nawili misca sarbevad,
sadac suniti Taraqamebis garda somxuri soflebic iyo. feoda-
luri urTierTobis xanis aRmosavleTSi valis gadaxdis aseTi
wesi arcTu iSviaTi ambavi iyo da, albaT, arc somexTa patriarqi
miiCnevda aseT saqciels maincdamainc ukanonod, magram, radganac
somxebi qristianebi iyvnen, vaxtangis qristian mxedrobas, misi
azriT, gamonaklisi unda daeSva da ar daerbia somxebi.
TanatomelTa mimarT TanagrZnobis gamosaxatavad esai kaTaliko-
si gmobs somex qristianTa mimarT gamoCenil sisastikes da
aRniSnavs: – rac gadaurCaT ugunur lekebs, is yovelive gaaCana-
ga xarbma da Seubralebelma qarTvelma ermao (aSkaraa erSi
mxedrobas gulisxmobs)43. amis miuxedavad, esai kaTalikosi Tavis
TxzulebaSi sakmaod xSirad aRniSnavs somexTa mimarT vaxtangisa
da qarTvelTa keTilganwyobisa da megobrobis faqtebs, rasac g.
ezovi dumiliT gverds uvlis. ilias gansakuTrebuli aRSfoTeba
gamoiwvia g. ezovis mier saqarTvelos istoriis sazianod faqte-
bis gayalbebam, kerZod, 1782 w. ruseTis xelisuflebasTan mola-
42
ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi, t. V, Tb., 1987, gv. 63.
43
esai hasan jalalianci, aRvanTa qveynis mokle istoria, karlo
kucias gamocema, Tbilisi, 1971, qarTuli teqsti, gv. 32, somxuri,
gv. 58; qarTvelTa Seuracxmyofeli sityvebi Targmnili ar aris.
116
parakebis dros erekle II-is mier gamoTqmuli winadadebis komen-
tirebisas g. ezovi cinikurad ganmartavda, rom `erekle uTmobda
ruseTs imas, rac uflebiT ekuTvnoda sparseTs da ara TiTon,
uTmobda umaRles xelisuflebas saqarTveloze, romelic de
faqto uRonobiT xelSi veRar Seemagrebina da amis sanacvlod
iTxovda mefis Rirsebas, romelic mas ar hqonia sparseTSi (?)~44.
mxedvelobaSic rom miviRoT, marTlacda, am `wregadasuli
Tavnebobis~ pasuxad iliaseuli gamanadgurebeli kritika, g. ezovs
misive ideuri TanamebrZoli general-leitenanti s. qiSmiSovic ki
amtyunebs, roca erekle II-is mefobis pirvel periods Tamaris
droindel oqros xanas adarebs da miiCnevs, rom erekle II-m daamxo
sparselTa batonobis uReli saqarTveloSi45. esec, albaT, imi-
tom, rom erekle II-is `mmarTvelobis pirvel naxevars~ m. broses
naSromebze dayrdnobiT gadmogvcems; meore naxevars ki butkovi-
sa da artem araratelis Txzulebebis dasturiT, romlebic erek-
les sawinaaRmdegod SeTxzuli insinuaciebiT cdilobdnen ruse-
Tis dampyrobluri, mzakvruli politikis gamarTlebas
saqarTveloSi. etyoba, amiT unda aixsnas imperiis samsaxurSi my-
ofi generlis daintereseba qarTuli saxelmwifos maincdamainc
bolo wlebis istoriiT. misi mtkicebiT, `erekles gamudmebulma
omebma saqarTvelo gaaCanageso~46, sinamdvileSi ki, ruseTis did
samxedro gegmebSi CarTva iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos politikuri
krizisis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezi, ris gamoc patara
saxelmwifo auracxel wvril-wvrilsa da zogjer farTo masSta-
bis brZolebSi aRmoCnda CarTuli. niSandoblivia, rom 80-iani
wlebis meore naxevridan (e. i. traqtatis dadebis Semdeg) aRin-
iSneba mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis Semcirebis tendencia47. TviT
ruseTis diplomatebi da samxedro moxeleebic ar malavdnen, rom
ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri kavSiris gamo qarTl-kaxeTi
gaCanagda48.
44
Ã. Ýçîâ, Ñíîøåíèÿ Ïåòðà Âåëèêîãî ñ Àðìÿíñêèì íàðîäîì, Ñïá,1898, ñ. XCÏ.
45
Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû Ãðóçèíñêîãî Öàðñòâà, ïîñìåðòíûé òðóä Ãåíåðàë-Ëåéòåíàíòà
Ñ. Ã. Êèøèìèøåâà, Òèôëèñ, 1898, ñ. 1.
46
iqve. gv. 60.
47
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 732.
48
iqve, gv. 707.
117
 erekles samefos dasacavad gamoyofili rusTa ori batal-
ionis araefeqturobis gasamarTleblad s. qiSmiSovi brals sdebs
qarTul mxares da aRniSnavs, rom erekle II-m saqarTveloSi mo-
qmedi ruseTis jaris xelSesawyobad aRebuli arc erTi valde-
buleba ar Seasrulao: ar moawesriga saurme gza, ris gamoc rusi
batalionebi mTebSi gaiCxirnen da mxolod didi ZalisxmeviT, ris
vaivaglaxiT miaRwies daniSnulebis adgilso, batalionebi amave
mizeziT ver Rebulobdnen xelfass, ar yofnidaT fexsacmeli da
tansacmeli, sakvebis ukmarisobis gamo SimSilobdnen da
arasaimedo mokavSiris daudevrobiT mZime pirobebSi aRmoCndneno.
amitomac iZulebuli gaxda ekaterine II 1787 w. ukan gaewvia jario.
aseTi axsna, ra Tqma unda, sinamdviles moklebulia da ruseTis
politikis gasamarTlebladaa gayalbebuli. gza, romelsac
generali qiSmiSovi gulisxmobda – vladikavkazidan Tbilisamde
(saqarTvelos samxedro gza) ZvelTaganve gamoiyeneboda. am gziT
gadmoiyvana daviT aRmaSenebelma 40 aTasi yivCaRTa ojaxi
saqarTveloSi. am gzis Sesworeba da gafarToeba Zalze mokle
droSi, Tundac saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi moqceuli nawilisa, iseT
did xarjebsa da fizikur resursebs moiTxovda, rom qarTl-
kaxeTis samefosnair patara saxelmwifos Zalebs namdvilad
aRemateboda. TviT didma da Zlierma ruseTmac ki am samuSaos
Sesrulebas naxevar saukuneze meti moandoma. daiwyo 1803 w. da
daasrula 1861 w., xolo mis saboloo gasrulebas, TiTqmis
amdenive dasWirda, ramdenadac regularuli mimosvla Tbilissa
da vladikavkazs Soris mxolod 1909 wlidan damyarda. rac Seex-
eba ruseTis batalionebis puriT momaragebas, mousavliani wlebis
garda, mas drodadro aferxebda isic, rom ruseTis mTavroba
sabazro fasebTan SedarebiT samjer ufro iafad moiTxovda purs.
ruseTis jaris Sesanaxad erekles mTavrobis xarji yovelwliurad
30 aTas maneTs Seadgenda. am mizniT glexebs axdevinebdnen
specialur gadasaxads, romelsac `saruso~ ewodeboda, rac sakmao
ekonomikur zarals ayenebda qveyanas49. aseTi faqtebis fonze
ereklesadmi wayenebuli braldebebi aSkarad TvalTmaqcobad
gamoiyureboda. saqme is iyo, rom sinamdvileSi ruseTi sulac ar
apirebda erekle II-is dacvas da gaZlierebas. qarTl-kaxeTis
49
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 732-733.
118
samefo mas imperiis batonobis gavrcelebis saSualebad miaCnda
kavkasiaSi da vidre am funqciis Sesasruleblad qarTvel
xelisufalTa moRvaweoba sargebels iZleoda maT dapirebebiT
kvebavda. im viTarebaSi, roca ruseTis metoqeebi sul ufro
sustdebodnen, xolo misi interesebi amierkavkasiaSi izrdeboda,
ramdenadac am qveynis uSualo daufleba SesaZlebeli xdeboda
(80-iani wlebi) `Zlieri da erTiani saqarTvelo mfarvelisaTvis
saWiro aRar iyo, piriqiT, is amieridan sasurvelic ar iyo~50.
amitomac ruseTis mTavroba georgievskis traqtatis Semdeg
saqarTvelos Tanamimdevruli da meToduri dasustebis politi-
kas daadga, raTa es qveyana didi xarjebisa da garjis gareSe
daepyro, mxolod ise ki, rom amierkavkasiis xalxebis `ganmaTa-
visuflebelis~ roli Seesrulebina. ruseTis dampyrobluri poli-
tikis gamarTleba da imperiis saerTaSoriso prestiJis dasaca-
vad sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmna, ukve, msaxureuli istori-
ografiis saqme iyo, romelsac mxolod faqtebis gayalbebiT See-
Zlo kavkasiaSi ruseTis `ganmaTavisuflebeli~ misiis mtkiceba. am
mxriv damaxasiaTebelia xsenebuli istoriografiis tipuri war-
momadgenlis p. g. butkovis mtkiceba, TiTqos, TviTmpyrobeloba
mxolod qvelmoqmedebas eweoda saqarTveloSi da araviTari
sargebeli ar amoZravebda imperators, garda am ubeduri qveynis
mfarvelobisa51. aSkaraa, rom am ideologiuri formuliT xelmZR-
vanelobs s. qiSmiSovic, roca ukiduresad muq ferebSi, sruli
ganukiTxaobis damamcirebel suraTs gvixatavs erekle II-is sic-
ocxlis ukanaskneli wlebis istoriis gadmocemisas. misi TqmiT,
valerian zubovis samxedro eqspediciis CaSlis Semdeg (1797 w.),
rusis jaris mier mitovebuli `saqarTvelo riyeze gamogdebul
xomalds hgavda da visac Rone hqonda, rac undoda imas
aTlidao~ 52 . aseT Ronemixdil da gaZvaltyavebul qveynad
saqarTvelos warmodgenis azri gasagebi xdeba, roca vkiTxulobT
s. qiSmiSovis ritorikul SekiTxvas: SeeZlo ki saqarTvelos
50
n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb., 1967,
gv. 124-125.
51
Ï. Ã. Áóòêîâ, Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ íîâîé èñòîðèè Êàâêàçà ñ 1722 ïî 1803 ãîä.
÷. I, II, III, Ñïá, 1869, ñ. 472, 484 è äð.
52
Ñ. Êèøìèøåâ, Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû Ãðóçèíñêîãî Öàðñòâî, ñ. 112.
119
arseboba, rogorc damoukidebel saxelmwifos? ar hqonda ra arc
fuli da arc jari, is unda STaenTqa an sparseTs, an TurqeTs...
yvelaze bednieri gamosavali misTvis iyo sakuTari bedis mindoba
erTmorwmune saxelmwifosaTvis, raSic is ar Semcdarao53. ai, Tavi
da bolo am wignis daniSnulebisac. somxuri istoriografiis war-
momadgenlis tendenciebis daxasiaTeba ar iqneba sruli, Tu ar
aRvniSneT kidev erTi saerTo Strixi – qarTul saxelmwifoSi
somxuri elementebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis hiperbolurad war-
modgena. krwanisis omis aseve tendenciurad gadmocemisas s. qiSmi-
Sovi wers: seqtembers laSqris mier mitovebuli erekle II Tbi-
lisSi dabrunda. sasaxleSi mas elodeboda mxolod erTaderTi
erTguli somexi msaxuri, romelic ganawameb mefes miexmara cx-
enidan CamosvlaSio. aseve, meore dRes, abanos karTan gamarTuli
brZolisas datyvevebas gadarCenilma mefem somexi msaxuris Tanx-
lebiT gaaRwia avlabars, iqidan ki ananurs. epizodi isea gad-
mocemuli, rom iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos, somex msaxurs ex-
snas erekle datyvevebisagan da ara mefis SviliSvils ioane
batoniSvils54. es da qarTvelTa damamcirebeli sxva epizodebi
s. qiSmiSovs artem araratelisagan aqvs aRebuli, romlis saeWvo
kavSirebi ruseTis samxedro-politikur wreebTan kargadaa cno-
bili istoriografiaSi55. eWvs aZlierebs isic, rom a. araratelis
gamogonili, zRapruli siuJetebiT gamdidrebuli avtobiografi-
uli Txzuleba rusul enaze peterburgSi gamoica 1813 w., roca
eqvsi Tve Zlivs iyo gasuli napoleonis gandevnidan da, gasagebia,
a. araratelis zRaprebis wasakiTxad aravis ecala. 1821-22 wlebSi
ki germanul da inglisur enebzec daibeWda da mxolod 1892 w.
rusulidan somxur enaze iTargmna da gamoica TbilisSi56. qarTl-
kaxeTis samefos ukanaskneli wlebis istoriis gayalbebuli su-
raTis saerTaSoriso sarbielze `TviTmxilvelis~ damowmebiT
saswrafod gatana, cxadia, mxolod politikuri miznebiT Sei-
53
Ñ. Êèøìèøåâ, Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû Ãðóçèíñêîãî Öàðñòâî, gv. 98.
54
s. qiSmiSovi, xsenebuli naSromi, gv. 94-95.
55
iase cincaZe, aRa-mahmad xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze, Tb., 1969,
gv. 13-20.
56
гÛÏ³Ï³Ý ³ÕμÛáõñÝ»ñÁ ²Õ³ ØáõѳÙÙ³¹ ˳ÝÇ ³Ý¹ñÏáíϳëÛ³Ý ³ñß³í³ÝùÝ»ñÇ
Ù³ëÇÝ (1795-1797Ãé)« ºñ»í³Ý« 1981« ¿ç 148-156©
120
Zleboda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, romelic gaamarTlebda ruse-
Tis daufarav agresias kavkasiaSi da patiosnad warmoaCenda mas
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe.
imperiis antiqarTuli politika kavkasiaSi, TavisTavad, masti-
mulirebeli faqtori iyo somxuri nacionalisturi Zalebis gaaq-
tiurebisaTvis, romelTa gavlena XIX s. somxur istoriografiaSi
Casaxuli aRniSnuli tendenciebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, droTa
ganmavlobaSi, sul ufro izrdeboda, gansakuTrebiT, 80-90-iani
wlebidan, roca somxuri sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi mniSvnelovan
adgils ikaveben axlad Seqmnili wvrilburJuaziuli partiebis na-
cionalisturi Sexedulebebi. am partiebs Soris moWarbebuli aq-
tiurobiTa da avantiurizmiT gamoirCeoda 1890 w. TbilisSi Seqm-
nili `daSnakcuTiuni~ (kavSiri), romelic antiTurqulTan erTad,
zomierebas moklebul antiqarTul propagandasac eweoda, adgen-
da somxur moxaliseTa razmebs da sxv. misi es mouzomavi qmedebe-
bi miT ufro saxifaTo iyo, rom am partias Tavisi adgilobrivi
organizaciebi saqarTvelos zogierT qalaqsa da raionSic hyavda.
`armenakanebisa~ da `gnCakistebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, romlebic
somxeTis sakiTxis gadawyvetas e. i. dasavleT somxeTis osmalTa
batonobisagan daxsnas, ZiriTadad, berlinis kongresis gadaw-
yvetilebebs ukavSirebdnen da saswrafod moiTxovdnen 61-e mux-
liT gaTvaliswinebuli reformebis gatarebas, daSnakebma amasTan
erTad, wamoayenes `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis ambiciuri idea, romel-
ic gulisxmobda tigran II-is droindeli zRvidan zRvamde gada-
Wimuli somxeTis aRdgenas. TavianTi gegmebis realizaciis Sesa-
Zleblobas yvela es partia did saxelmwifoTa (ruseTi, inglisi,
germania, safrangeTi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) Carevaze am-
yarebda. am fantastikuri ideiT gamsWvaluli daSnakebi ruseTis
mTavrobasTan garigebiT iwyeben brZolas somexTa sasargeblo
administraciul-teritoriuli cvlilebebis misaRwevad kavkasia-
Si. kavkasiis mefisnacvalTan, voroncov-daSkovTan daaxloebuli
al. xatisovis saSualebiT maT borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazre-
bis Tbilisis guberniidan mowyveta da gumbrTan SeerTeba moiTx-
oves, gumbris somxuri guberniis Sesaqmnelad. aseTi moTxovna,
Tavisi arsiT, saqarTvelos teritoriul xelyofas udrida da
seriozulad laxavda qarTveli xalxis erovnul interesebs. sa-
gangebod Sedgenilma komisiam, sadac somxebs qarTvelebze bev-
121
rad meti warmomadgeneli hyavdaT (6 kaci 2-is winaaRmdeg) da
sxva saxelmwifo organoebma 1913 w. 6 noembers da 1914 w. 24
ianvars geografiuli da ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT somexTa
moTxovnis dakmayofileba SeuZleblad cno57.
saqarTvelos teritoriebis mimarT daSnakTa pretenziebs ga-
napirobebda ruseTis sakolonizacio politikis agresiuli xasi-
aTic, romlis Sedegad saqarTvelos ganapira mxareebsa da mis max-
loblad ltolvili somxuri mosaxleobis siWarbe gamudmebiT
izrdeboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, iv. javaxiSvili werda: `rode-
sac amierkavkasiaSi erobis SemoRebaze laparaki daiwyes da
winaswar msjelobas Seudgnen, maSin yvelasaTvis cxadi Seiqmna, rom
somex politikosebs somexTa saqarTveloSi gadmosaxleba osmale-
Tisagan dabeCavebul TavianT TanamoZmeTa marto fizikurad ga-
darCenis TvalsazrisiT ar ainteresebdaT, aramed garkveuli
politikur-erovnuli gegmebis, gabneul somexTaTvis erTi mTli-
ani teritoriis Sesaqmnelad iyo saaxalSenod adgilebi arCeu-
li~58.
swored xelovnurad Seqmnili Warbi mosaxleobis argumentze
dayrdnobiT 1909-1916 ww-Si saerobo krebebze somxuri mxare da-
JinebiT ayenebda saerTod amierkavkasiis mTeli teritoriis
erovnuli niSniT gamijvnis sakiTxs. somexTa warmomadgenlebi
cdilobdnen amierkavkasiis administraciuli sazRvrebis Secvlis
aucilebloba sameurneo mosazrebebiTac daesafuZvlebinaT. maTi
mtkicebiT, rusulma biurokratiam amierkavkasiis administraciu-
li mowyobisas, somxeTi zedmetad Seaviwrova saqarTvelosa da
azerbaijans Soris, roca aRmosavleT yarabaRis provinciebi
elizavetopolis muslimanur gubernias miuerTa, xolo somxeTis
Crdilo borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazrebi Tbilisis guberniis
SemadgenlobaSi CarTo. amierkavkasiis cxra guberniidan mxolod
erTaderTi erevnis somxur guberniaSi iyo Tavmoyrili amierkav-
kasiis somxuri mosaxleobis 1/4, danarCeni ki azerbaijanelebsa
da qarTvelebs Soris iyo ganawilebuli. amitom, savsebiT bune-
brivad (igulisxmeba rogorc dazaralebulni) somxebi gamodian
57
scia, f.2080, saq. 6, furceli 82-111.
58
iqve, gv.4.
122
amierkavkasiis teritorialuri gadanawilebis iniciatorado. ma-
Tive mtkicebiT, saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris sadavo terito-
riebze somxuri mosaxleobis didi ricxobrivi umravlesobaa da
somxebs Seudareblad meti kompaqturoba axasiaTebT. mezobelTa
pretenziebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi somxeTi aRmoCndeba
kldeebze mitmasnili da arsebuli teritoriebis mxolod 5%-s
miiRebda amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis 30%-o. ricxobrivad somxeb-
is Tanabari qarTvelebi miiRebdnen teritoriis 42%-s, e. i. somx-
ebze rvajer mets, azerbaijanelebi ki – 53%-s. amitom erovnuli
niSniT amierkavkasiis teritoriis gadanawilebis somxuri proeq-
ti ufro samarTliania da iTvaliswinebs miwebis arsebuli fon-
dis TiTqmis Tanabar, proporciul ganawilebas. ase magaliTad,
somxebs am proeqtiT ergebaT amierkavkasiis teritoriis 29%,
qarTvelebs – 30-33%, xolo TaTrebs – 38-41%-o59.
es somxuri proeqti, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod Sors idga
rogorc realobis, ise samarTlianobis principebisagan, mainc
bolomde ar asaxavda somxuri politikuri wreebis namdvil zrax-
vebs da, rogorc Cans, mxolod `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis daSnakTa
partiis gegmebisaTvis xelsayreli garemos Semzadebas isaxavda
miznad, rac, sul male, kavkasiaSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis
SeqmnisTanave gamomJRavnda.
daSnakTa es ambiciuri gegmebi, gasagebia, istoriul dasabuTe-
basac saWiroebda, ris gamoc somxur istoriografias am gegmebis
Sesabamisad uxdeboda amierkavkasiis istoriis gadakeTeba, rac
praqtikulad niSnavda xorenaciseuli ideebis xelaxal aRorZine-
bas. ase iqca XIX-XX ss. somxuri istoriografiis mTavar amoca-
nad kavkasiaSi somexTa teritoriuli pretenziebis dacvisaTvis
brZola, romelsac uSualod daeqvemdebara qarTul-somxuri urT-
ierTobis istoriis nebismieri sakiTxis mecnieruli Tu aramec-
nieruli ganxilva.
amgvari operaciebis mTavar samizned, rogorc Cans, arCeuli
iyo TiTqmis mTeli kavkasiis momcveli XII-XIV ss. centralizebuli
qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis samsaukunovani istoria, romlis
gadakeTeba-gasomxurebas erT-erTi pirveli Seudga cnobili somexi
59
Áàêèíñêèé àðìÿíñêî-íàöèîíàëüíû ñîâåò, Àðìÿíî-ãðóçèíñêèé âîîðóæåííûé
êîíôëèêò, 1919, ñ. 1-5
123
istorikosi leo (araqel babaxaniani). 1915 w. man TbilisSi somxur
enaze gamosca naSromi `yarabaRis eparqiuli sasuliero
saswavleblis istoria60. am saswavleblis istoriis gadmocemisas,
gansakuTrebiT sxva somxur sasuliero kerebTan mis urTierTobaze
saubrisas, leo SigadaSig urTavs politikuri Sinaarsis iseT
SeniSvnebs, romlebic ara marto gayalbebulad warmogvidgens
centralizebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis bunebas, aramed
samxreT kavkasiis politikur rukasac Tavdayira ayenebs. leos
azriT, `gugarqisa~ da arcaxis samTavro gvareulobaTa Soris
arsebuli naTesauri kavSirebi amagrebdnen ra lores, xaCenisa da
sxva mxareTa samTavro federaciis qsels, maTze dayrdnobiT
`zaqare spasalarma~ Tavis ZmasTan erTad gaakvirva qveyana
gamoCenili mxneobiT. es, ganmartavs leo, martooden Crdilo
somxeTis samTavro gvareulobaTa federacia ki ar iyo, aramed
imave dros kavSiri qarTvelTa Zlier samefosTan... am kavSirma
saSualeba misca `zaqares~ daepyro mTeli araratis olqi qalaq
anisiTurT da somexTa mravali sxva mxare, sadac karga xania, rac
mkvdari iyo somexTa politikuri cxovreba. da, amgvarad, TiTqos,
aRorZindeboda somexTa damoukidebloba, am SemTxvevaSi ufro
farTo sazomiT, vidre bagratunianTa dros61.
sasxvaTaSorisod gakeTebuli es komentarebi, faqtobrivad,
arsebiTad cvlian XII-XIII ss. samxreT kavkasiis politikuri istori-
is kargad cnobil suraTs: 1. am xanis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi
myofi somxeTi, leos mixedviT, mowyvetilia qarTul saxelmwifoe-
briobas da is e. w. `samTavro federaciis qselis~ saxiT arsebobs,
ramdenadac mxargrZelebis da maTdami sammarTvelod mindobili
saqarTvelos provinciis damokidebuleba centralur xelisufle-
basTan leos somxeT-saqarTvelos kavSiramde dahyavs. 2.
mxargrZelTa qarTuli feodaluri sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi
da qarTuli saxelmwifos cnobili didmoxeleebi leos somex moR-
vaweebad gamohyavs, ramdenadac maT `Crdilo somxeTis samTavro
gvareulobaTa federaciis Semqmnelad~ da somxeTis ganmaTavisu-
60
È»û« ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ Ô³ñ³μ³ÕÇ Ñ³Ûáó Ã»Ù³Ï³Ý Ñá·»õáñ ¹åñáóÇ 1838-1913« î÷ÕÇë«
1915©
61
dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 45-50.
124
fleblad acxadebs 3. kidev ufro metic, leos mixedviT, Crdilo
somxeTis samTavro gvareulobaTa federaciis kavSirma qarTvelTa
Zlier samefosTan SesaZlebloba Seqmna bagratunianTa drois
somxeTze ufro “farTo sazomiT” (Tu masStabiT) aRorZinebuliyo
somexTa damoukidebloba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Sua saukuneebis
somxuri istoriografiis zogi warmomadgenlis mtkicebas, rom
bagratunianTa saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos samxreTi
da samxreT-dasavleT nawilebi igulisxmeboda da somexi bagra-
tunebi somexTa da qarTvelTa mefeebadac iwodebodnen, vfiqrob,
misaxvedri unda iyos leos am winadadebis qveteqstis Sinaarsic.
ramdenadac Crdilo somxeTis samTavro gvareulobaTa federacias
`zaqare spasalarma~ da misma Zmam qarTvelTa Zlieri samefoc
daukavSires, ra SeiZleba iyos bagratunianTa somxeTze ufro
farTo masStabiT somexTa damoukideblobis aRorZineba, Tu ara
qarTvelTa Zlieri samefos somexTa federaciaSi gaerTianeba da
misi gasomxureba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase SeiZleba ifiqros ten-
denciurad ganwyobilma mkiTxvelma, razec SeiZleba kidec iyo
gaTvlili leos xsenebuli komentarebi.
saqarTvelos Zlierebis yvelaze STambeWdavi xanis istoriis
Semdgom gayalbebas somxur istoriografiaSi gagrZeleba, erTxans,
TiTqos, aRar hqonda, radgan sul male, raRac or-sam weliwadSi,
mezobelTa teritoriuli problemebis mogvareba sul sxva
pirobebSi da doneze gaxda gansaxilveli. 1918 w. 26 da 28 maiss
saqarTvelosa da somxeTis damoukidebeli respublikebi iSvnen,
romelTa Soris sazRvrebis gamijvna Tavidanve mwvaved daisva.
saqmes isic arTulebda, rom `daSnakcuTiuni~ somxeTis mmarTveli
partia gaxda da `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis ambiciuri idea, axla
ukve, saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis praqtikul gegmad iqca. am gegmis
saerTaSoriso mxardaWerisaTvis maSinve aqtiurad amoqmedda somx-
uri mxare, miT ufro, rom ukve noembrisaTvis msoflio omSi antan-
tis saxelmwifoebis gamarjvebis Sedegad, saqarTvelos mxardamWeri
germaniis adgils amierkavkasiaSi inglisi ikavebda. 1918 w. 30 oq-
tombers mudrosis navsadgurSi xelmowerili britaneT-TurqeTis
droebiTi zavis konvenciis erTi muxlic, sadac naxsenebi iyo
somxeTi da TurqeTis eqvsi vilaieTi, somxeTis mmarTvel wres,
antantis mxardaWeris imeds aZlevda. aseT viTarebaSi somxeTis
SeuzRudav politikur madas farTo gza gaexsna da mis mier
Sedgenil rukebze, rogorc somxeTSi Semavali teritoriebi, aRniS-
125
nuli iyo Tbilisi, borCalos mazra, axalcixis mazra, axalqalaqis
mazra, mcxeTa, gori, baTumi da baTumis olqi62. imavdroulad,
somexTa tradiciulad aqtiuri propaganda gzas ikvlevs somxebis
momxre evropisa da amerikis mravali piris wminda kabinetur Sexed-
ulebebSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cnobili senatoris lajis
mier 1918 w. 10 dekembers amerikis senatSi Setanili rezolucia,
romlis mixedviTac, momaval damoukidebel somxeTSi unda Sesuliyo
TurqeTis somxeTi (eqvsi vilaieTi da kilikia), ruseTis somxeTi
da sparseTis azerbaijanis CrdiloeTi nawili (sparseTis somxeTi).
somxuri organizaciebis mier gamocemul dokumentTa krebulSi am
rezoluciisaTvis TandarTuli momavali somxeTis rukis mixedviT
misi Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari mtkvars mihyveba (daaxloebiT
elizavetopolidan, e. i. ganjidan zRvis SesarTavamde). somxeTi
(am rukis mixedviT) sam zRvaze gadis: Savsa, xmelTaSua da kaspiis
zRvaze 63 . es ruka somxebma ramdenjerme gamosces da mTel
msoflioSi gaavrceles. uwodebda ra am rukas fantastiurs, iv.
javaxiSvili SeniSnavda: `cxadia rom axali somxeTis
saxelmwifosaTvis aseTi sazRvrebi eTnografiuli principis
mixedviT ar aris Semofargluli, es gegma arc istoriul
safuZvelzea damyarebuli, radgan arasdros aseTi somxeTi,
romelic XI s. Semdeg politikurad aRar arsebobda, ar yofila,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis SemdgenelT odnavi litoni saRi go-
nierebac ki ar atyviaT~64.
lajis rezoluciis amerikis senatSi wardgenidan ramdenime
dReSi, 13 dekembers somxurma jarebma moqmedeba daiwyes loresa
da borCalos mazrebis dasakaveblad. somxuri gegmis mizani iyo
Tbilisis xelSi Cagdeba da mesxeTis dakaveba, ris Semdeg somxeTi
zRvasTan iqneboda SeerTebuli baTumiT. somxeTis mmarTvelma
wreebma omi gabedes mxolod im imediT, rom kavkasiaSi momavali
inglisi maT mxars dauWerda, da Tu somxeTi ingliselebs faqtis
winaSe daayenebda, mas xelSi SerCeboda yvela mis mier dakavebuli
teritoria65. magram samxedro operaciebi molodinis sawinaaRm-
62
viqtor nozaZe, saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo,
Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 13.
63
zurab avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-21 wlebis
saerTaSoriso politikaSi, I, Tbilisi 1990, gv. 188-189.
64
scia, f. 471, saq. # 6, gv. 82-90.
65
viqtor nozaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 45.
126
degod warimarTa. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Rrmad SemoWrilma
(md. xramamde) somxuma jarma, general g. mazniaSvilis mier or-
ganizebuli kontrSetevis Sedegad ukan daixia da daifanta.
somxebi damarcxdnen. inglisuri piketebi loresTan mezobel
jarebs Sua Cadga, riTac somxeTi srul kraxs gadaurCa 66. 31
dekembers saqarTvelo-somxeTis omi Sewyda. mxareebi SeTanxmdnen,
sazRvrebi sabolood gamorkveuli yofiliyo parizis sazavo kon-
ferenciaze. am konferenciaze ingliselTa mxardaWeris miuxe-
davad, somxeTma ver SeZlo qarTuli teritoriebis xarjze gasas-
vleli mieRo zRvaze. amis Semdeg sasazRvro davam, erTxans,
istoriografiaSi gadainacvla. 1919 welsve TbilisSi erTmaneTis-
gan damoukideblad da erTmaneTis sapirispiro daskvnebiT ori
naSromi gamoica: qarTul enaze ivane javaxiSvilis `saqarTvelos
sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT gan-
xiluli~ da somxur enaze leos `sasazRvro dava~67. es naSromebi,
Tavdapirvelad, parizis konferenciaze modave mxareebis po-
ziciebis Sesamagreblad iyo gaTvlili da amdenad, ganvlili omis
Tavisebur gamoZaxilsac warmoadgenda, romelTac sazoga-
doebrivi azris gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT warmarTvac unda
SeZlebodaT.
iv. javaxiSvili monografiis Sesaval nawilSive ganmartavs
kvlevis sagansa da mis daniSnulebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvrebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
araerTgzis gascilebia Tavis eTnikur sazRvrebs, xolo XII s.
mTel amierkavkasiasac moicavda, mis wignSi `ganxilulia saqarTve-
los mxolod mWidrod Semofargluli sazRvrebi, ise rogorc
TviT igi istoriuli da politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi, agreTve,
geografiuli da ekonomikuri pirobebis wyalobiT Camoyalibda~.
aqedan gamomdinare, wers qarTveli mecnieri, gamokvlevis mizania
warsulsa da Tanamedrove pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTve-
los respublikis sazRvrebis imgvarad Semoxazva, rom uzrunve-
lyofili iyos rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnilebe-
bi, ise qarTveli eris politikuri uflebebi68.
66
giorgi mazniaSvili, mogonebebi, baTumi, 1990, gv. 115-132.
67
iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. XII, Tbilisi, 1998,
gv. 459.
68 .
Ȼ᫠ê³Ñٳݳí»×»ñ« ÈûéÇ-²Ë³Éù³É³ù-Ô³ñ³μ³Õ« î÷ÕÇë« 1919« ¿ç 20-96
127
 iv. javaxiSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, leos mTeli yuradReba uSu-
alod somxeTis Crdilo sazRvrebiskenaa mimarTuli, misi mzera
loresa da axalqalaqs utrialebs da maTi somxuri samyarosaTvis
kuTvnilebis damtkicebas cdilobs. emociebiT datvirTuli misi
beletristuli pasaJebi, zogjer, mecnierul sabuTianobas enacv-
leba, rac problemis gabundovnebasa da mkiTxvelis SecdomaSi
Seyvanas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre rTul sakiTxebSi garkveulo-
bisa da sinaTlis Setanas.
leos mtkicebiT, lore-taSirisa da mTlianad gugareTis (somx.
gugarqis) mxaris somxuri istoria, sul cota, 2000 wels mainc
moiTvlis, ris gamoc lores gareSe SeuZlebelia somxeTis war-
modgena saukuneTa wyvdiadSi. amJamad ki (e. i. lores sadavo ter-
itoriis mimarT did saxelmwifoTa verdiqtis molodinSi) somxe-
Tis sxeulidan lores mokveTa niSnavda mTeli misi warsulisa da
kulturuli saganZuris ganiavebas da aseul TaobaTa diad saqme-
Ta datacebaso. somexi mecnieris am xmamaRal gancxadebebs, misda
samwuxarod, verafriT Svelis mis mierve naxevari simarTliT moy-
vanili faqtebi da argumentebi. maT Soris, TiTqosda, yvelaze
efeqturi – gugareTSi somexTa oriaTaswliani politikuri da
kulturuli mkvidrobis argumenti, romlis Sedegad adgilobrivi
mosaxleobac, TiTqos, gasomxda, ubralod simarTles ar Seefer-
eba. antikuri, qarTuli da TviT somxuri wyaroebis mowmobiTac,
gogarane-gugarqi odiTganve qarTul qveynad iTvleboda da misi
ZiriTadi mosaxleoba qarTuli iyo68. leo aRtacebiT saubrobs
V s. taSirSi literaturisa da qristianuli civilizaciis mdi-
dar tradiciebze, ganmaTavisuflebel sulsa da samSoblos
Rirsebis Segnebaze, gansakuTrebiT curtavis sapitiaxSo sasaxleze,
sadac somexTa brwyinvale gmiri vahan mamikoniani aRizarda da
sxv. paTetikurad aRniSnavs, agreTve, am xanis curtavis pitiaxS-
Ta moyvarul kavSirebs cnobil somxur samTavro sagvareuloebTan
da mTlianobaSi qmnis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos, arSuSa da varsqen
68
ix. d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografis ZiriTa-
di sakiTxebi, I, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 146-153; misive, Èç èñòîðè÷åñêîé
ãåîãðàôèè âîñòî÷íîé Ãðóçèè, Òáèëèñè, 1982, ñ. 5-15; d. berZeniSvili,
narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan, qvemo qarTli,
1979, gv. 16-41.
128
pitiaxSebis samTavro somxuri miwa-wylis nawili yofiliyos, ri-
Tac SecdomaSi Sehyavs Tavisi mkiTxveli da, aSkaraa, Segnebulad
umalavs am samTavros qarTulobas. leos sawinaaRmdegod, mis mi-
erve damowmebuli da didad Seqebuli lazar farpeci, savsebiT
naTlad da gasagebad wers, rom hmaiak mamikonianis colma `Tavisi
vaJebi aRzarda da aswavla maT qarTlis qveyanaSi, qarTlis bdeSx
arSuSas saxlSi. qarTlis bdeiSxma aSuSam isini ZRvnad gamosTxova
sparsTa mefes iazkerts da sxva.69
aseve cruobs leo, roca V-VII ss. qvemo qarTlis kulturul-
sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT somxurobaSi mkiTxvelis dasarwmu-
neblad amtkicebs, TiTqos, curtavis eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis
ena Tavidanve somxuri iyo da mxolod qarTvelebis survili iyo,
rom qarTuli enac somxuris Tanasworad RvTis msaxurebis enad
eqciaTo. am SemTxvevaSi leo realur situacias Tavdayira ayenebs.
sinamdvileSi curtavis somxurenovan TemSi somxuri mRvdelTm-
saxureba SuSanikma SemoiRo, qarTuli ki iq Tavidanve arsebobda70.
sinamdviles ayalbebs, agreTve, roca qarTul eklesias VII s.
somxuri eklesiis nawilad acxadebs da ierarqiulad `somxuri
eklesiis brZaneblur interesebs~ umorCilebs. mTeli V-VII sauku-
neebi aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi monofizitTa Setevis niSniT (Teo-
riul sferoSi mainc) mimdinareobs, wers zaza aleqsiZe, da cno-
bili uniebi, ekTezisebi da msoflio krebebze daTmobebi swored
am Setevaze pasuxisa da Tavdacvis gamovlinebis sxvadasxva saxea.
somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebi am mxriv saerTo viTarebidan arav-
iTar gamonakliss ar warmoadgendnen. qarTuli eklesia gadaudga
monofiziturs, aRiara qalkedonuri kreba da moxda is, rac unda
momxdariyo. mezobelma eklesiam scada misi SenarCuneba monofiz-
ituri samyarosaTvis, rac ar iyo somexTa kaprizi. es iyo sparse-
Tis xelisuflebis neba da es neba e. w. sparsul krebaze ofi-
cialurad iqna gancxadebuli. arsad, kamaTis arc erT etapze,
somxur eklesias Tavisi ierarqiuli pretenzia ar wamouyenebia.
muqaras da pretenzias igi mxolod sparseTis samefos saxeliT
69
l-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 242.
70
n. janaSia, SuSanikis wameba, Tbilisi, 1988, gv. 249-250.
129
acxadebda. epistoleTa wignis masalebis skrupulozurma da
kritikulma Seswavlam mkvlevari daarwmuna, rom VII s. damdegs,
somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde qarTuli eklesia
avtokefaluri iyo da `epistoleTa wignis~ cnobebi sxva daskvnis
gakeTebis saSualebas ar iZlevian71.
naxevari simarTliT gadmogvcems leo qvemo qarTlis teri-
toriaze X s. bolos warmoqmnili kvirikianTa somxuri samefos
istoriasac. misi gancxadebiT, 982 w. lores sazRvrebSi daarse-
bulma somxurma samefom samas welze metxans gaZlo da misi
dedaqalaqi samSvildec msxvili somexTsamkvidro centri iyoo,
sadac XV s-Sic ki 20 aTasi somexi cxovrobdao. jer erTi, 1065
w. bagrat IV-m saerTod gandevna kvirikianebi samSvildidan da
kvirikianTa samefoc Tavis xelisuflebas daumorCila, rogorc
Cans, ymadnaficobis pirobiT. qarTveli mematianis mowmobiT am
droidan `samS¢lde oden iurva saxlad T¢sad, da egreTve mo-
nebdes somexni~ 72. 1118 w. ki daviT aRmaSenebelma selCukiani
Turqebis gandevnis Semdeg mTeli qvemo qarTli lore-taSiri-
anad kvlav da sabolood erTian qarTul saxelmwifos daubruna,
vidre 1918 wlis bolomde sadavod qceul lores olqs ruseTis
bolSevikuri xelisufleba somxeTs gadascemda. ubralo
ariTmetika cxadyofs, rom kvirikianTa samefom qvemo qarTlis
farglebSi samas welze metxans ki ara, mxolod (1118 – 982 = 136)
136 w. gaZlo. leos TvalTmaqcoba iqamdec ki midis, rom
saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli Zlierebis xanaSic (XII-XIV ss.) qvemo
qarTlis teritoria mis mier gamogonebul, ararsebul raRac
somxuri federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sehyavs. misi TqmiT,
mxargrZelebs wilad xvdaT `daarseba erTis Zlieris federaciisa,
romelic xSiri qseliT ebmeba aRmosavleT gugarqs, arcaxs,
siuniqs, gelarquns vidre aragawamde da aras mTebamde~73.
leos ukiduresad tendenciuri Txzulebis fonze kidev ufro
cxadad SeigrZnoba iv. javaxiSvilis naSromis uaRresad obieqturi,
71
epistoleTa wigni, somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokv-
leviTa da komentarebiT gamosca zaza aleqsiZem, Tbilisi, 1968,
gv. 005-056, 066.
72
qarTlis cxovreba, 1, gv. 307.
73
leo, `sasazRvro dava~, gv. 47.
130
mecnieruli xasiaTi. qarTveli mkvlevris mier moyvanili konkre-
tuli faqtebi mkafiod warmoaCens saqarTvelosa da somxeTis gam-
mijnavi zolis Tavgadasavals uZvelesi droidan 1919 wlamde, mis
strategiul, ekonomikur da politikur mniSvnelobas qveynisaTvis.
iv. javaxiSvili mkiTxvelis yuradRebas Tavidanve miaqcevs im um-
niSvnelovanes geografiul faqtorze, romelic aucileblobiT
gansazRvravs saqarTvelosaTvis gugareTis bunebriv kuTvnilebas.
igi wers: `mTeli es qveyana geografiulad ise mWidrod aris
saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli, rom rogorc TviT qveyanas, ise
yvela iqaur mdinareebsa da rasakvirvelia gzebsac CrdiloeTi-
saken, mtkvrisa da tfilisisaken aqvT piri mibrunebuli~74. faq-
tobrivad, is samxreTidan saqarTveloSi Semaval mTavar gzas da
kars warmoadgenda, ris gamoc es qveyana, rogorc saqarTvelos
xelisufalTa zrunvisa da yuradRebis sagani iyo, ise saqarTve-
los dapyrobis mosurneTa mTavari samiznec. iv. javaxiSvilis
dakvirvebiT, mTeli istoriis manZilze sul samjer scades somx-
ebma saqarTvelos samxreTis sazRvrebis gadmolaxva da iq damkvi-
dreba. pirveli cda jer kidev q. w. II s. dasawyiss miekuTvneba,
roca strabonis cnobiT, somxeTis mefeebma mezoblebs miwebi
waarTves, maT Soris qarTvelebs pariadris sanaxebi, romelic
taosa da spers Seicavda, agreTve, xorzeni da gugareTi. es,
qarTveli mecnieris ganmartebiT, somexTa pirveli ieriSia
qarTvelTa miwa-wylis dasapyrobad, magram amiT maTi bedi sab-
olood ar gadawyvetila. 35 wliTgan q. S. moyolebuli, rodesac
tacitis sityviT iberiis mefeebi imdenad Zlierni iyvnen, rom
somxeTSi SemoWril sparselebs ebrZodnen, da roca TviT somx-
eTSic ki qarTveli ufliswuli gamefda, cxadia, mdgomareoba
TvalsaCinod unda Secvliliyo. magram qarTvelTa mier gugare-
Tis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb pirdapiri cnobebi IV s-iTagan q. S.
moipoveba. 387 w. somxeTi or samefod gaiyo, romlebic sul male
sparseTma da bizantiam erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles. qarTvelebma
gugareTi, gardabani da karwaxi ukan daibrunes didi xniT. V s.c
gugareTi politikurad da saeklesio wyobiTac saqarTvelos
ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda. aseve grZeldeboda VI da VII sauku-
74
ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. XII, gv. 470.
131
neebSic. Tbilisisa da qarTlis saamiros Seqmnis Semdeg (VIII s. 30
ww.) gugareTic mis sazRvrebSi eqceva. IX s-idan saqarTvelosa da
somxeTis politikuri moRoniereba iwyeba. qarTveli mTavrebi
TrialeTs, taSirs da aSocs saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi aqceven.
saqmeSi ereva somxeTis samefos aRmdgeneli aSot bagratuni da
taSirs ikavebs, ris Semdeg Tavis Tavs somexTa da qarTvelTa
erisTavT-erisTavis saxelwodebas akuTvnebs. aqedan cxadia, wers
iv. javaxiSvili, rom gugareTi masac qarTlad da qarTvelTa mi-
wawylad miaCnda da swored am qarTvelTa qveynis dapatronebis
ZaliT man Tavis Tavs qarTvelTa erisTavTerisTavi daarqva75. amg-
varad, ganagrZobs iv. javaxiSvili, es somexTa ieriSi iyo saqarTve-
los samxreTis sazRvrebis gadmosaxalavad da gugareTis dasapy-
robad. magram, rogorc iqve SeniSnavs, verc am meoregzisma somex-
Ta mier dapyrobam Secvala arsebiTad qvemo qarTlis, anu guga-
reTis ZiriTadi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. saistorio geografias
somexTa drois am kuTxeSi politikuri mbrZaneblobis saxsovrad
termini `somxiTi~ SerCa. es saxeli Zvelad srulebiT ucnobi iyo
da mxolod X s-dan moyolebuli gvxvdeba. `somxiTi~ ewodeboda
mxolod bolnis-dmanisis xeobebs da lores velsac da sayuradRe-
bo isaa, rom viTarca sageografio termini marto qarTulad da
qarTul mwerlobaSi ixmareboda. somxebi da somxuri saistorio
mwerloba am qveyanas `somxiTs~ ar eZaxdnen. piriqiT, isini lore-
taSiris vels `qarTvelTa vels~ uwodebdnen. am terminSi utyuari
damamtkicebeli sabuTia Senaxuli, rom TavianT politikur ba-
tonobisda miuxedavad TviT qveyanas somxebic Tavisda-Tavad
qarTvelTa kuTvnilebad sTvlidnen76.
somexTa politikur batonobas qvemo qarTlSi 1065 w-dan bolo
eReba, xolo 1118 w. daviT aRmaSenebelma selCukian Turqebs lore
da agarani waarTva, ris Sedeg es kuTxe, qarTlis samxreTi naw-
ili, da TviT somxiTic, saerTod, saqarTvelos ucilobel da
ganuyofel nawilad iTvleboda da somxebs arasdros aRar sWe-
riaT77. 1783 w. traqtatis dadebis Jamsac, s. burnaSovis aRweri-
75
iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. XII, gv. 472.
76
iqve, gv. 473.
77
iqve, gv. 474.
132
lobiT, somxiT-lore-fambak-borCalu saqarTvelos ucilobel
sakuTrebas Seadgenda da kvlavindeburad sazRvari ufro samxre-
Tisakenac mdebareobda da gamyof xazad erevnis (fambakis) mTebi
iTvleboda. realur faqtebze damyarebuli Zveli gugareTis aq
warmodgenili istoria, rogorc vxedavT, mTlianad uaryofs leos
gancxadebaTa paToss, mis mtkicebas somxeTis istoriasTan qvemo
qarTlis oriaTaswlovan kavSirze. iv. javaxiSvilis mier moyvani-
li konkretuli faqtebi cxadyofs, rom es kavSiri araTu oria-
Tas welze meti xnis ver iqneboda, aramed mis naxevarze bevrad
nakleb xanzec msjeloba saTuo unda yofiliyo. ase rom, leos
mcdeloba nebismieri saSualebiT mkiTxvelis SecdomaSi Seyvanisa
sruliad aSkaraa.
iv. javaxiSvili calke Tavs uZRvnis qvemo qarTlSi demografi-
uli situaciisa da eTnikur urTierTobaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
movlenebis ganxilvas. am mxaris strategiuli mniSvneloba mas
xSirad mtris Tavdasxmebis asparezad aqcevda, ris gamoc mosaxle-
oba aq mravaljer dazaralebula da araerTxel mTlianad amowyve-
tila kidec. sparseTis Sahebma aq TavianTi sayrdeni bazis Sesaqm-
nelad Turqulenovani elebi Caasaxles. miuxedavad amisa, devnili
somxuri mosaxleobisaTvis es qveyana teritoriuli siaxlovis gamo,
mainc yvelaze moxerxebul TavSesafars warmoadgenda. XVIII s.
bolodan ki somexTa damokidebuleba Cveni qveynisadmi icvleba da
TavSesafris ZiebasTan erTad maT ltolvas Cvensken politikuri
elferi eZleva. kerZod, ruseT-saqarTvelos 1783 w. traqtatis
dadebis Semdeg somexTa winamZRvrebi uSualod ruseTis
qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas cdiloben, Tanac qvemo qarTlsa da
sxvagan ltolvilobiT dakavebuli teritoriebis CaTvliT. iv. jav-
axiSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, es ukve srulebiT Seuwynarebeli
saqcieli iyo: saqarTvelos damoukidebeli arsebobis wyalobiT
somxebi TavianTTvis saqarTveloSi aucilebel ganadgurebisagan
TavSesafars poulobdnen, madlobis magier ki saqarTvelos Sinaur
saqmeebSi gareSe Zalis CarevisaTvis cdilobdnen da ruseTis
qveSevrdomobisa da mfarvelobis miRebiT Cveni miwa-wylis miReba
hsurdaT. maTi saqcieli saqarTvelos damoukideblobas Zirs uTxr-
ida da Cven qveyanaSi ruseTis gabatonebas uwyobda xels. ofi-
cialurad ruseTis mTavroba saqmes ise warmoaCenda, TiTqos,
saqarTvelos sakeTildReod cdilobda, ris wyalobiTac, wers
133
iv. javaxiSvili, – somxebma da ruseTis mTavrobam TavianT wadils
miaRwies: somxebma miwa miiRes, rusebma ki saqarTveloSi idumali
qveSevrdomebi da TavianTi gabatonebis uerTgulesi winamavali
razmi gaiCines. erekle II-m ltolvili somxebi imxanad Telavsa da
siRnaRSi daasaxla. rac Seexeba somxiTsa da lores, saqarTvelos
ruseTis imperiaSi gaerTianebis droisaTvis jer kidev ukacrieli
iyo da mxolod 1827-29 ww-Si osmaleTidan da sparseTidan 40 aTasi
sulis borCalos mazraSi Semoxizvnis Sedegad qvemo qarTlSi Cndeba
SedarebiT mravalricxovani somxuri mosaxleoba.
moyvanili didZali masalebis safuZvelze iv. javaxiSvili askv-
nis: amgvarad ori garemoebaa srulebiT cxadi. erTi is, rom am
kuTxis axalSeni somxebi im somexTa memkvidreebi ar arian, romel-
nic saqarTvelos am kuTxis somexTa mier zemoaRniSnuli poli-
tikuri motacebisa da batonobis gamo aq qarTvel mkvidr mcxov-
rebTa Soris gaCndnen, arc im somexTa memkvidreebi arian,
romelnic Semdeg saukuneebSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis nebarTviT
drogamoSvebiT saxldebodnen (is mosaxleoba xom ramdenjerme
xan aiyara samudamod, xan mtris mravalgzisi Semosevebisagan
mkvidr qarTvelebTan erTad amowyda), – meorec is, rom somex
mcxovrebTa exlandeli simravle saqarTvelos samxreTis sazR-
varze garemoebaTa bunebrivi Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod
rusTa mTavrobis politikuri gegmis wyalobiT maTi ucxoeTiTgan
xelovnuri gamosaxlebis Sedegi78.
Semdeg iv. javaxiSvili mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miapyrobs 1897 w.
mosaxleobis aRweris masalebze, romelTa mixedviT, am regionSi
somxuri mosaxleobis zrdisaTvis xelovnuri xelSewyobis miuxe-
davad, es mosaxleoba aq umravlesobas mainc ver qmnida: 128 aTa-
sidan is mxolod 48 aTass Seadgenda. da mainc, rogorc amas
iv. javaxiSvili SeniSnavs, sagulisxmieroa da damaxasiaTebeli, rom
saqarTvelos da somxeTis politikuri ganaxleba da damoukide-
blobis aRdgena amJamadac somexTa ieriSiT da omiT daiwyo (ukve
mesamed) isev saqarTvelos samxreTis sazRvarze mdebare qveynis
qvemo qarTlis, anu rogorc igi rusebis mier wodebulia, bor-
Calos mazris dasapyrobad79.
78
iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. XII, gv. 462-483.
79
iqve, t. XII, gv. 483.
134
iv. javaxiSvilis warmodgenili naSromi, vfiqrob, srulad
aaSkaravebs da sacnaurs xdis leos pretenziebisa da paTetikuri
msjelobis mTel usafuZvlobas. Zveli gugareTisa da kerZod
lore-taSiris istoria rom iseTi ar iyo, rogorsac leo war-
mogvidgenda, ra Tqma unda, es misma avtormac SesaniSnavad icoda,
magram, rogorc Cans, misTvis am naSroms ufro politikur-propa-
gandistuli mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre obieqtur-mecnieruli.
winaswar SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisis gamo rom leos SeeZlo
wyaros monacemebis Secvlac ki, amas zogi somexi istorikosic
aRniSnavda. magaliTad, p. aruTinianis mtkicebiT, burJuaziuli is-
torikosebi leo da ezovi sakuTari ideis dasacavd, arcTu ise
iSviaTad, wyaroebis teqsts amaxinjebdneno80. politikur-propa-
gandistuli pasaJebi leos sxva naSromebsac cxadad etyoba.
zogjer es gamoxatulia erTi winadadebiT an sulac erTi-ori
sityviT, magram zustadaa gaTvlili saqarTvelos istoriis dam-
croba-gaubraloebaze da mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi leoseuli WeS-
maritebis Rrmad CabeWdvaze, TiTqos, mTeli amierkavkasia da gan-
sakuTrebiT misi Suaguli – Tbilisi somxuri sinamdvilis anarek-
lia. aseTi adgilebi mravladaa warmodgenili gasuli saukunis
80-ian wlebSi gamocemul leos TxzulebaTa VI tomSi, sadac
saqarTvelo istoriuli somxeTis erT patara nawiladaa
gaazrebuli81. msgavsi miniSnebebi sakmaod mravladaa warmodgeni-
li, agreTve, leos `somxeTis istoriis~ mesame tomSic. magaliTad,
saubrobs ra vaxtang VI-is damsaxurebaze somxuri samxedro
formirebebis SeqmnaSi, aRniSnavs: `somex-qarTvelTa sabrZolo
kavSiris idea SesaniSnavi movlena iyo. zaqaria spasalaris drois
Semdeg (XIII s-dan) amgvari movlena qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris
jer ar aris SemCneuli~82. jer erTi, 5-6 saukuniT erTmaneTisagan
dacilebul droSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sedareba da maT
Soris paralelis gavleba rom mizanSeuwoneli da saeWvo unda
iyos, vfiqrob, es davas ar unda iwvevdes. amas garda, leos mier
80
Ï. Ò. Àðóòþíÿí, Îñâîáîäèòåëüíîå äâèæåíèå àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà â ïåðâîé
÷åòâåðòè XVIII âåêà, Ìîñêâà, 1954, ñ. 5.
81
am tomSi saqarTveloze naTqvami kritikuladaa ganxiluli al.
abdalaZis werilSi `ase uRmerTod?~. ix. `mnaTobi~, # 9-10, 1991,
gv. 165-169.
82
Ȼ᫠»ñÏ»ñÇ ÅáÕáí³Íáõ« »ññáñ¹ ѳïáñ« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1973« ¿ç. 128-129.
135
naxseneb XVIII s. `somex-qarTvelTa sabrZolo kavSirze~ wyaroebSi
araviTari cnoba an miniSneba ar moipoveba. am garemoebiT
gakvirvebuli somexi istorikosi wers: unda iTqvas, rom vaxtangi
petre didisadmi miwerils Tavis werilebSi arc erT adgilas ar
ixseniebs somxur jars, somex-qarTvelTa kavSirs da sxv. `qarTlis
cxovrebasac~ ara aqvs daculi amis Sesaxeb raime cnoba. igi (e.
i. vaxtangi) sakmarisad Tvlis ilaparakos qristianTa saxeliT
da pasuxobs ra rusTa imperatoris winadadebas, igi ambobs, rom
ganZas midis lekebTan omis dasawyebad da unda SeierTos im mxaris
somxebi da Turqebi. amgvarad, ganagrZobs leo, maSin, rodesac
somexi moRvaweebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen eCvenebinaT
rusebisTvis, rom maT warmoSves organizebuli, SeiaraRebuli,
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, vaxtangi dumiliT gverds uvlis
garkveuli miznisa da moqmedebis saxis am moZraobas, Tumca esoden
didi daxmareba gauwia somxuri jaris organizacias. aseT
damokidebulebas mas, albaT, garkveuli politikuri mosazreba
hkarnaxobdao, daaskvnis sabolood leo83.
leosgan gansxvavebiT, vaxtang VI somexi meliqebis razmebis
misi daxmarebiT gawrTvnas, ra Tqma unda, or ers Soris damyare-
bul sabrZolo kavSirad ar aRiqvamda. vaxtangisaTvis kavkasiis
saqristiano mTlianad misi winaprebis gansagebeli da sapatrono
qveyana iyo da rogorc XIII s. didi qarTuli saxelmwifos mefeTa
politikuri memkvidre, somxuri razmebis sabrZolod momzade-
bas, bunebrivia, im saerTo RonisZiebaTa Semadgenel nawilad
miiCnevda, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo petre didTan SeT-
anxmebuli momavali erToblivi sabrZolo moqmedebebisaTvis. am-
itomac iyo, rom leosave SeniSvniT, vaxtangi sakmarisad Tvlida
ruseTis imperatorTan elaparaka kavkasiis qristianTa saxeliT.
niSandoblivia isic, rom ganZasTan mdgomi vaxtang VI petre dids
moaxsenebda: `am alagebis beladoba gveTqmiso~84. amitom leos
gulmodgine cdebi somex meliqebTan vaxtang VI-is damokidebule-
baSi samxedro-politikuri kavSiri aRmoeCina, warumateblad unda
miviCnioT, miT umetes, rom am doneze kavSiri mxolod met-nak-
83
leo, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 132-133.
84
Ïåðåïèñêà íà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêàõ ãðóçèíñêèõ öàðåé ñ ðîññèéñêèìè
ãîñóäàðÿìè Ñïá, ñ. 140.
136
lebad Tanabar da damoukidebel politikur erTeulebs Sorisaa
SesaZlebeli. da mainc, ramdenadac yarabaReli da sivnieli somx-
ebi saqarTvelos mezobeli saxanoebis mcxovreblebi iyvnen da maT-
Tvis gaweuli samxedro-sawvrTneli daxmareba zog istorikoss,
pirobiTad mainc, SeiZleboda ganexila, rogorc qarTvel-somexTa
sabrZolo kavSiri, amave formatiT XIII s. qarTvel-somexTa urT-
ierTobaze msjeloba, ukve yovelgvar SesaZlebel zRvars scilde-
ba, radganac erTi saxelmwifos, Tundac eTnikurad gansxvavebul
moqalaqeTa erT jarSi samsaxuri ori eris samxedro-politikur
kavSirad warmodgena, miT ufro kidev, qveynis mxedarTmTavris mo-
TaveobiT, ubralod, absurdia. samagierod, faqtebis aseTi jamba-
zobiT gulubryvilo mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi saqarTvelos is-
toriis mniSvnelobis damcroba da gabiabrueba, mis avtors, Cans
savsebiT SesaZleblad miaCnda. masTan, XVIII s. dasasrulis istoriis
gadmocemisas, ar aviwydeba Tavis mkiTxvels gzadagza Seaxsenos,
rom aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo saqarTvelo ki ara – somxeTia.
magaliTad, misi TqmiT, lore upiratesad somxebiT dasaxlebuli
da somxuri ZeglebiT savse qveyana, daRistnelebis Tavdasxmebis
gamo ukve mTlianad dacarielebuli iyo 85. amitom, leos sa-
marTlianad miaCnda yazax-loreSi yarabaReli somxebis Casaxleba,
radganac es miwebi somxeTisaao86. aseve Tbilisic, misi mtkice-
biT, upiratesad somxebiT dasaxlebuli qalaqi iyoo da aRa mahmad
xani ufro metad somxebs moevlina ubedurebado87. erTi sityviT,
leos am SedarebiT gviandel naSromebSic aSkarad SeiniSneba 1918
w. dekembris somex-qarTvelTa omis wina periodis daSnakTa gan-
wyobilebebi, romelic aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da TbilisSi
somexTa xelisuflebis damkvidrebas gulisxmobda. am ganwyobile-
baTa Sesaxeb Tavis mogonebebSi saqarTvelos pirveli de-
mokratiuli respublikisa da mTavrobis meTauri noe Jordania
werda: `somxebi iyvnen didad ukmayofilo Tbilisis gaqarTvele-
biT, saqarTvelos deda-qalaqad gadaqceviT. maT es qalaqi, Tavis
udao qalaqaT miaCndaT didi xania, mecxramete saukunis dawye-
bidan, sadac marTla somxebis mosaxleoba sWarbobda qarTveleb-
85
leo, Txzulebani, t. 3, gv. 410-12 (somx. Eenaze).
86
iqve, gv. 410-414.
87
iqve, gv. 389.
137
isas. rusi batonobda politikuraT, somxebi ekonomikuraT. rusi
wavida, qalaqi somxebs unda darCenoda. maTi azriT, namdvili
saqarTveloa dasavleT saqarTvelo, xolo aRmosavleTSi areulia
sxvadasxva erebi da aq qarTuli wminda nacionaluri xelisufle-
ba ar unda yofiliyo. mTavroba unda gadavides quTaisSi, Tbi-
Tavi III
lisSi ki Seiqmneba Sereuli xelisufleba sxvadasxva erebisagan.
amas isini qadagebdnen somxebSi. mas swerdnen Tavis organoebSi~88.
qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis asaxva
mezobelTa sabWour istoriografiaSi

daSnakTa partiis ideebisa da politikuri programis propa-

ganda ara marto leos naSromebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, aramed
misi gavlena sxvadasxva dros, met-naklebi intensivobiT mTel
somxur istoriografiasac daetyo. daSnakTa ideebis dominirebas
XX s. somxur istoriografiaSi ki mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiro-
bebda gasabWoebuli ruseTis kavkasiuri politikac, romlis
strategiuli amocanebi samxreT kavkasiaSi, faqtobrivad, igive
rCeboda, rac carizmis dros iyo. Zveli rusuli koloniuri poli-
tika amjerad ukve, formalurad mainc, demokratiisa da social-
izmis samoselSi gamoewyo, ramac meti siverage SesZina mis ba-
tonobas kavkasiaSi. misi wyalobiT, gasabWoebis pirvel welsve
saqarTvelom Tavisi teritoriis meoTxedze meti dakarga (93 aTa-
sidan 70 aTas kvadratul kilometramde Semcirda), romelic
TurqeTze, azerbaijansa da somxeTze gadanawilda. is, rac somxe-
Tis daSnakurma mTavrobam ingliselTa daxmarebiTac ki ver SeZ-
lo, lores neitraluri zona, 1921 w. 7 ivliss stalinma kavbi-
uros xeliT somxeTs gadasca. kvlavac grZeldeboda da kidevac
farTovdeboda demografiuli agresiis politika saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg, sadac mTavari rolis Sesruleba isev somex migrant-
ebs ekisrebodaT. bolSevikuri imperiis politikiT waxalisebuli
somxeTis mmarTveli wreebi sasazRvro gamijvnis dasrulebis Sem-
degac ganagrZobdnen usafuZvlo teritoriuli pretenziebis
wamoyenebas. Llores yofili neitraluri zonis miRebidan sul
ramdenime TveSi maT axla borCalos sakiTxi dasves. pP roeqtis Ca-
vardnis Semdeg ukve centralur mTavrobas saqarTvelos adminis-
traciul dayofaSi TavisTvis sasargeblo cvlilebebis Setana
88
mosTxoves, kerZod, axalqalaqisa da borCalos mazrebis gaerTiane-
noe Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 92-93.

138 139
ba, raTa momavalSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sababiT
is somxeTisaTvis mieerTebinaT. roca am proeqtzec uari eTqvaT,
daSnakTa ideebis mimdevarma politikosebma yarai-Siraqis velis
somxebiT dasaxlebis gegma wamoayenes mebambeobis meurneobis mow-
yobis sababiT, rac, TiTqos, ruseTis safeiqro mrewvelobis in-
teresebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. bolos ki somxurma mxarem 1925 w.
sruliad Riad da SeuniRbavad pretenzia wamoayena axalqalaqis
raionze, moiTxova ra javaxeTisTvis avtonomiis miniWeba da
saqarTvelosgan misi gamoyofa1.
saqarTvelos miwa-wylis mitacebis somexTa es gauTavebeli
cdebi, ra Tqma unda, emyareboda rogorc centraluri mTavrobis
Semrigeblur damokidebulebas maTi pretenziebis mimarT, ise
samxreT kavkasiaSi somexTaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnil xelsayrel
demografiul situacias. lores e. w. neitraluri zonis somxeTi-
saTvis uceremoniod gadacemiT, xolo azerbaijanisaTvis zaqaTa-
lis olqis, eldarisa da daviT garejis velisa Tu sxva miwa-
wylis daTmobiT bolSevikurma xelisuflebam dausabuTebeli pre-
tenziebis dakmayofilebis precedenti Seqmna, ramac, bunebrivia,
gza gauxsna SemdgomSic msgavs usamarTlo pretenziebs. amas
garda, carizmisa da bolSevikuri ruseTis moxeleTa didi mec-
adineobiT samxreT kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos
samxreTi sazRvris mTel perimetrze, somxuri mosaxleobis
siWarbis Seqmnac, somex politikosebsa da saqarTveloSi
Camosaxlebul somxur mosaxleobas droebiT dakavebuli
teritoriebis misakuTrebisa da mosazRvre somxeTTan mierTebis
TavSeukavebel survilsac aRuZravda. amgvari ganwyobilebis
ganviTarebas isic uwyobda xels, rom qveynis ganapira mxareebSi
ucxoeTnikuri kompaqturi dasaxlebebisa da afxazuri da osuri
avtonomiebis xelovnurad SeqmniT, centralurma mTavrobam
saqarTvelo ucxoeTnikuri masebis alyaSi moaqcia, riTac misi
istoriuli sazRvrebi praqtikulad waSala da mis teritoriul
1
ix. xelnawerTa instituti, iv. javaxiSvilis arqivi 9.47 # I. saq.
# 6. agreTve, b. arvelaZis werili am sakiTxze, “literaturuli
saqarTvelo”, 1988, 23 seqtemberi.
140
sxeulze qirurgiuli eqsperimentebi sajarod nebadarTuli
gaxada2. yvelaferi es erTad ki, qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdegobis
Zalas, cxadia, mniSvnelovnad asustebda. amitomacaa, rom daSnakTa
partiisa da misi momxreebis cdebs saqarTvelos teritoriis
xarjze e. w. `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis idea TandaTan praqtikuli
moqmedebis gegmad eqciaT, faqtobrivad, bolo ar uCanda.
XX s. 20-ian wlebSi qarTuli teritoriebis misataceblad
wamoyenebuli somxuri mxaris argumentebi, rogorc ukve iTqva,
sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, radganac maT
mier miTiTebuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri geografiuli da sxva,
Tundac, politikuri faqtorebi, maTive survilis sawinaaRmdegod,
qarTuli mxaris sasargeblod metyvelebda da somexTa pretenzie-
bis usafuZvlobas cxadyofda. amitom, xsenebuli politikuri
wreebis azriT, amjerad ukve, `didi somxeTis~ ideisaTvis brZo-
lis mTeli simZime, realurad, somxur istoriografias unda
etvirTa, romelsac mTeli kavkasiis, kerZod ki, qarTul-somxuri
urTierTobis istoria am ideis Sesaferisad unda gaemarTa. aseTi
amocanis gadasawyvetad ki, garda m. xorenacidan momdinare mdi-
dari tradiciebisa, mas, rusuli politikis mxardaWeris pirobeb-
Sic, sakmao gamocdileba hqonda dagrovili. rusuli koloniuri
politikis saameblad XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli Seteva saqarTve-
los istoriaze misi mniSvnelobis damcrobisa da gabiabruebis
mizniT, XX s. 40-iani wlebidan ukve farTo frontiT, Tanmimdevrul
da gegmazomier laSqrobaSi gadaizarda, romelmac saistorio
kvlevis, TiTqmis, yvela sfero da dargi moicva. amjerad kvlevis
mizani araimdenad saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelobis damcro-
ba, ramdenadac daSnakTa mier Sedgenili rukebis (maT Sesaxeb ukve
iTqva) mixedviT `didi somxeTis~ Crdilo nawilSi qarTulis
nacvlad somxuri civilizaciis nakvalevis dadastureba iyo.
aseTi ganwyobileba sruliad Tavisuflad ikiTxeba mTel rig somex
mecnierTa im gamokvlevebSi, romlebic exeba somxeTis istoriul
geografias, toponomikas, politikur istorias, literaturas, xe-
2
ix. aAgreTve, n. mirianaSvili, saqarTvelos teritoriuli cvlile-
bani amierkavkasiis respublikebTan 1918-1938 wlebSi, avtorefera-
ni, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 24 da sxv.
141
lovnebas da, saerTod, kulturis istorias. saqarTvelos istori-
is winaaRmdeg somexTa am axal laSqrobas mZlavri impulsi,
tradiciis mixedviT, kvlavac rusuli politikuri da samecniero
wreebis warmomadgenelma misca. amjerad Tavi isaxela arqiteqtur-
is mkvlevarma n. tokarskim, romelmac 1946 w. erevanSi somxeTis
mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis grifiT gamosca wig-
ni saTauriT `Zveli somxeTis arqiteqtura~. avtoris TqmiT, misi
amocana iyo moeca Zveli somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis zogadi mi-
moxilva, Tvali gaedevnebina somex xuroTmoZRvarTa Semoqmedebi-
Ti azris ganviTarebisaTvis saukuneTa sigrZeze da gaerkvia
rogor xdeboda mravalferovani arqiteqturuli formebis Seqm-
nis rTul procesSi gamocdilebis urTierTgacvla sazRvargare-
Tis profesiul TanamoZmeebTan 3. miuxedavad aseTi xmamaRali
gancxadebisa, somexi xalxis mdidarma arqiteqturulma memkvidre-
obam, avtoris mankieri meTodologiis gamo, rogorc amas savse-
biT marTebulad aRniSnavda akad. s. janaSia, Rirseuli asaxva ver
pova wignSi4. rac Seexeba n. tokarskis mier TavSive gacxadebul
debulebas SemoqmedebiT procesSi sazRvargareTis profesiul
TanamoZmeebTan somex xuroTmoZRvarTa azrisa da gamocdilebis
urTierTgacvlis Taobaze, ubralod, deklaraciul xasiaTs
atarebs da sinamdvileSi mTeli msjeloba am `gacvlis~ sawinaaRm-
degodaa mimarTuli, raTa mkiTxveli ramenairad daarwmunos
Znelad dasajerebelSi, rom, TiTqos, yvela ZiriTadi arqiteqtu-
ruli forma adgilze, somxeTSi warmoiSva, ris Semdeg is sxva
qveynebSic gavrcelda.
n. tokarskim Tavis wignSi erTi Tavi mTlianad tao-klarjeTis
Zeglebis ganxilvas dauTmo. mezobel qarTul da somxur kultu-
rul samyaroTa Soris SemoqmedebiTi gacvlis faqtebis kvleva,
obieqturad, swored am TavSi unda yofiliyo mosalodneli, ma-
gram araTu aranairi kulturuli gacvlis xsenebas ar vxvdebiT am
ukiduresad tendenciur avtorTan, aramed calmxriv gavlenazec
araviTari miniSnebac ki ar SeimCneva. qarTuli arqiteqturisadmi
aseTi damokidebulebis mizezi ki isaa, rom s. janaSias zusti
3 5
Òîêàðñêèé Í. Ì., Àðõèòåêòóðà äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè, Åðåâàí, 1946, ñ.VIII-IX.
4 6
Ñ. Äæàíàøèÿ, Îá îäíîì ïðèìåðå èñêàæåíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïðàâäû, Òáèëèñè,
1947, ñ. 4.
142
gansazRvriT 5 , n. tokarskis warmosaxviT, mTeli samxreTi
saqarTvelo misi mosaxleobiTa da kulturiT ucxoeTnikuri anu
somxuri samyaro iyo da amitomac am Zeglebs somxuri arqiteqtur-
is rigSi ganixilavda. mis cdas, tao-klarjeTis Zeglebi mTlianad
moewyvita qarTuli arqiteqturisagan da is somxur arqiteqturasT-
an daekavSirebina, gasagebia, rom ar SeiZleboda warmateba hqono-
da. somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis TiTqmis yvela seriozulma
mkvlevarma SeuZleblad cno misi gaziareba6. oficiozTan SeTanxme-
buli da mis mierve sanqcionirebuli (amis gareSe ki sabWoTa
kavSirSi maSin wigni ar ibeWdeboda), miT umetes, erovnul kul-
turaTa urTierTobis Temaze Seqmnili naSromis, Tundac TavSekave-
buli kritika im dros arc ise advili iyo, radganac is TviT
saxelmwifos ideologiuri politikis winaaRmdeg gamosvladac
SeiZleboda gagebuliyo. miuxedavad amisa, n. tokarskis `naRvawis~
namdvilad mecnieruli da amasTan gamanadgurebeli kritika
mxolod s. janaSiam gabeda. Mmisma didma avtoritetma da gaba-
tonebuli ideologiis dogmebis ostaturad gamoyenebam aiZula
xelisufleba dumiliT Sexvedroda istoriuli simarTlis gayal-
bebis mxilebas, Tumca mis Semdgom gavrceleba-ganviTarebasac
zRvari daudo. tokarskis wignis mecnieruli kritika, TavisTavad,
did siZneles, miT ufro s. janaSiasTvis arc warmoadgenda, ram-
denadac qarTulis garda, berZnul-laTinuri da TviT somxuri
wyaroebis cnobebic gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegeboda misi avtoris ax-
irebul tendencias. s. janaSiam Tavis recenziaSi uxvad da efeq-
turad gamoiyena wyaroTa avTenturi cnobebi da ueWvelobiT cxad-
yo n. tokarskis araTanamimdevruli da winaaRmdegobebiT savse
msjelobis absurduloba. magram gabedulebas saWiroebda ara im-
denad istoriuli faqtebis gayalbebis kritika, ramdenadac da
upiratesad mankieri tendenciis macocxlebuli fesvebis gaSiSv-
leba. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom n. tokarskis wignSi gzadagza da
gamudmebiT Tavs iCens istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis mec-
nierebisaTvis uprecedento iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca erTi naciona-
luri kulturis ZeglTa didi kompleqsi sxva nacionaluri kul-
Ñ. Äæàíàøèÿ, Îá îäíîì ïðèìåðå èñêàæåíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïðàâäû, gv. 11.
Âàõòàíã Áåðèäçå, Ìåñòî ïàìÿòíèêîâ Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè â èñòîðèè ãðóçèíñêîé
àðõèòåêòóðû, Òáèëèñè, 1981, ñ. 16.
143
turis Zeglebad saRdeba da erTi qveynis, gansakuTrebiT warmate-
buli periodis istoria meore qveynis istoriaze damokidebulad
cxaddeba, roca tao-klarjeTis mosaxleoba Tavisi kulturiT somx-
ur-erovnul kulturul samyaroSi gadahyavT da mis paralelurad
saerTo qarTuli Segnebis uZvelesi matarebeli svanebi da svaneTi
qarTuli erovnul-kulturuli koleqtividan iTiSebian, bunebriv-
ia, rom s. janaSias Sefasebebi Tavis kritikul narkvevSi sul ufro
mkacrdeba da bolos, gabedulad amxels n. tokarskis antimecnier-
uli naSromisa da mTeli am wamowyebis wminda politikur
mizandasaxulobas. misi samarTliani daskvniT, `n. tokarskis es
gamoxdoma warmoadgens kolonizatorTa da imperialistTa ZvelisZ-
vel hangs axal yaidaze gadaumRereblad~7, riTac Tanadroul
sazogadoebas mianiSnebda rusuli politikis ucvlelobaze XIX s-
dan mokidebuli mis Tanamedroveobamde, romelic aSkarad iyo
mimarTuli qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis winaaRmdeg. aseTi gabeduli
gamosvla im droisTvis, marTlac rom gmirobis tolfasi iyo.
n. tokarskis es gaxmaurebuli naSromi, romelmac samecniero
wreebis uaryofiTi Sefaseba daimsaxura da qarTuli sazogadoe-
briobis samarTliani aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, ra Tqma unda, emyare-
boda somxuri istoriografiis im nawilis naRvaws, romelic miznad
isaxavda daSnakTa politikuri programis istoriuli sabuTiano-
biT Semagrebas. maT mier saqarTvelos warsulis tradiciulad
somxeTis istoriis nawilad warmodgenas didad uSlida xels XI s.
meore naxevris Semdgomi samsaukunenaxevris metad niSandoblivi
faqtebi, romelTa mixedviT, kavkasiis istoriis asparezidan gam-
qrali bagratunTa samefoebis miwebis udidesi nawili qarTuli
centralizebuli saxelmwifos farglebSi moeqca. amitomac, XI-
XIV saukuneebis amierkavkasiis istoriis faqtebisa da movlenebis
Sefaseba da wina periodis somxeTis istoriasTan maTi morgeba
Tavidanve somex istorikosTa sagangebo yuradRebis sagani gaxda,
xolo sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiis umetesi nawilis Zalisxme-
va ukve, faqtobrivad, am istoriis gadakeTebisaken warimarTa.
kvlevis sawyis etapze somex istorikosTa yuradRebis centr-
Si moeqca istoriuli somxeTis nawilSi umaRlesi qarTuli admi-
nistraciis warmomadgenelTa, e. i. mxargrZelTa vinaobisa da maTi
7
s. janaSia, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv.52.
144
uflebamosilebis garkveva, ramdenadac maTi genealogiis somxur
fesvebTan dakavSirebis an kulturul-politikuri somxobis
damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, gasagebia, Sesabamisi Sefaseba unda misce-
moda erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi Se-
mosuli somxuri nawilis centrTan damokidebulebis xarisxs. sa-
gulisxmoa, rom somxuri istoriografiis ufrosi Taobis bevri
warmomadgeneli (m. CamCiani, m. aliSani, e. lalaiani, as. Sahnazari-
ani da sxvebi) maincdamainc ar iCemebda mxargrZelTa somxur war-
momavlobas. TviT hakob manandianic, romelTanac, mgoni, pirve-
lad vxvdebiT termin `zaqarianebs~ mas qurTuli warmoSobisad mi-
iCnevda. XX s. 30 wlebidan somxuri istoriografia mxargrZelTa
vinaobis garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT, met yuradRebas uTmobs maTi
moRvaweobis mniSvnelobis gansazRvras somxeTis istoriaSi, rac
uSualod warmoSobda mxargrZelTa kontrolis qveS myofi somx-
eTis nawilis iuridiuli Tu faqtobrivi politikuri mdgomare-
obis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis moTxovnilebas, miT umetes, rom saxe-
lmwifoebrivi cxovrebis nostalgiiT gajerebuli XII-XIII saukune-
ebis somxuri wyaroebis mier qarTul-somxuri urTierTobebis Ta-
viseburi aRqma mniSvnelovanwilad xels uwyobda realuri viTare-
bis gverdis avliT sasurveli istoriuli suraTis daxatvas.
p
P irveli, vinc mxargrZelTa moRvaweoba saqarTvelos somxuri
nawilis politikur fizionomias daukavSira da maTdami sam-
marTvelod mindobili saqarTvelos provinciis damokidebuleba
centrTan somxeT-saqarTvelos kavSiramde daiyvana, rogorc ukve
iTqva, cnobili istorikosi leo iyo. Tumca am Tvalsazrisis ram-
denadme seriozuli argumentebiT Semagreba ar ucdia.
somxeTis istoriaSi mxargrZelTa rolisa da mniSvnelobis
amgvari gaazrebisaTvis xeli unda Seewyo, agreTve, somxur isto-
riografiaSi maTi gakeTilSobilebis cdebs. aslan Sahnazarianis
azriT, mxargrZelebi ZorogetSi gadmosaxlebuli da gasomxebuli
qaldevelebi iyvnen, malaqia ormanianis mixedviT – orbelianebi,
xolo karapet ter mkrtiCianis mtkicebiT – bagratunianebi8.
prof. leon meliqseT-begi mxargrZelTa warmomavlobaze sakuTar
8
ix. l
L eon meliqseT-begi, `Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni~ da
maTi vinaoba, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 39.
145
azrs ar gamoTqvams da ZiriTadad msjelobs saqarTvelos somxur
nawilSi maT uflebamosilebaze. erTi mxriv igi aRiarebs XII-XIII
ss. saqarTvelos politikur hegemonias somxeTSi, meore mxriv ki,
mxargrZelebs somxuri Temebis faqtobriv baton-patronebad acx-
adebs da fiqrobs, rom TviTon mxargrZelebs TavianTi Tavi somex
mefeTa memkvidreebad miaCndaT9.
somxuri istoriografiis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro av-
toritetuli mecnieri h. manandiani mxargrZelTa moRvaweobis
mTavar Sedegad miiCnevs `somxeTis aRdgenas saqarTvelos suve-
renitetis qveS~10, e. i. TviT saqarTvelos samefos farglebSi, mis
erT-erT vasalur olqad, Tumca am vasalobis xasiaTisa da
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb araferi aqvs naTqvami.
mxargrZelTa vinaobis, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriaSi
maTi rolis Sesaxeb somxuri Tvalsazrisis formirebaze gadamw-
yveti gavlena, vfiqrob, mainc s. eremianis Sromebma moaxdina.
Tavisi Sexeduleba am sakiTxze man jer kidev 1944 w. gamocemul
mecnierul-popularul narkvevSi `amirspasalari zaqaria erkaina-
bazuki~ warmoadgina11. zaqarias pirovneba am narkvevSi uzomodaa
gandidebuli da Sesabamisad gazviadebulia misi mniSvneloba da
roli XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos istoriaSi. igi
dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis asparez-
ze zaqaria mxargrZelis dawinaurebis ambavs da misi gavlenis per-
manentul zrdas Tamar mefis karze. s. eremianis azriT, ramdena-
dac Tamars, rogorc qals, brZolebSi monawileoba ar SeeZlo,
yvela saqmis gadawyveta amirspasalars uxdebodao, gansakuTrebiT
mas Semdeg, rac Tamaris meuRle daviT soslani gardaicvala
1207 w. amis Semdeg ki s. eremianis mtkicebiT, zaqaria mxargrZeli
ara marto samxedro da saSinao saqmeebs, aramed Tamaris saxeliT
sagareo politikasac uZRvebodao. amitom zaqaria yvelaze gavle-
niani piri da samefos faqtobrivi gamgebeli iyoo. Tamar mefe
da zaqaria xelixelCakidebulni marTavdnen saxelmwifos, roca
9
leon meliqseT-begi, `Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni~ da
maTi vinaoba, gv. 36-39.
10
гÏáμ سݳݹ۳ݫ »ñÏ»ñ« VI« ºñ»í³Ý« 1985« ¿ç 191
11
ê© ºñ»Ù۳ݫ ²ÙÇñëå³ë³É³ñ ¼³ù³ñdz »ñϳÛÝ³μ³½áõÏ« ºñ»í³Ý« 1944
146
saqarTvelom Tavisi ganviTarebis zenits miaRwia12. s. eremiani
imaze ki aRarafers ambobs, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos mmarTvelo-
bis saTaveSi mefis Semdeg vaziri – mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondide-
li idga, romlis xelqveiTi moxelec swored amirspasalari iyo
da am ukanasknels mis gareSe jaris Sekrebac ki ar SeeZlo.
aSkaraa, zaqaria mxargrZelis, rogorc pirovnebisa da moRvawis
hiperbolizacia s. eremians sWirdeboda somxeTis damoukidebel
mmarTvelad zaqarias warmosadgenad. s. eremianisave azriT, somx-
eTis politikuri damoukideblobis aRdgena zaqarias STaagona
misma sulierma moZRvarma mxiTar goSma, romelic saTaveSi edga
saxalxo moZraobas da zaqarias ganadidebda xalxis TvalSi13. amg-
var mtkicebulebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, agreTve, mxargrZelTa
qarTuli gvar-saxelis somxuri formiT `erkainabazukiT~ moxse-
nieba, riTac qarTveli mefis didmoxeles somexi xelisuflis
elfers aniWebs. niSandoblivia isic, rom qarTul gvar-saxels
mxolod zaqarias da ivanes mamis amirspasalar sargisis zedwode-
bad miiCnevs, rac Turme am ukanasknels TavdadebiTa da simamaciT
moupovebia qarTvelTagan. s. eremianis ganmartebiT, Zveli somexi
istorikosebi, sargisis mamis zaqarias (e. i. amirspasalar zaqar-
ias papis) saxelis mixedviT, am saxls `zaqarianebs~ uwodebeno. ase,
sruliad martivi manipulirebiT qarTuli gvar-saxeli `zaqari-
anis~ somxuri gvariT Secvala. mM xargrZelTa sxva ganStoebebic, maT
Soris gagelebi da Tmogvelebic Sesabamisad, aseve, somxur sag-
vareuloebad monaTla14.
amgvar manipulirebaTa xelovnuroba, romelTac araviTari
sayrdeni wyaroebSi ar gaaCniaT, sruliad cxadia. saqme isaa, rom
rogorc qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis, ise somxuri da qarTuli
epigrafikis cnobebi TanxmobiT mowmobs, rom mxargrZeli gvar-
saxeli iyo da ara pirovnuli zedwodeba. ase rom ar yofila,
rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs S. mesxia, sargis amirspasalaris
zedwodeba ver gadavidoda mis Svilebsa da SviliSvilebze da miT
ufro mxargrZelTa meore Stos warmomadgenlebze, varamis STa-
momavlobaze, iseve, rogorc ar gadasula andria bogoliubskis
12
s. eremiani, amirspasalari..., gv. 2-62.
13
iqve, gv. 22-23.
14
iqve.
147
pirovnuli zedwodeba `bogoliubski~ mis Svil iurize, Tamaris
meuRleze, Tu giorgi brwyinvalisa – mis STamomavlobaze da
a. S.15. erTaderTi wyaro, sadac sityva `zaqariani~ gvxdeba SeniS-
navs S. mesxia, aris vardanis Txzuleba, magram iqac ara zaqari-
anTa sagvareulos, aramed zaqarias Zis azriT16.
am narkvevis gamosvlidan or weliwadSi s. eremiani ukve rusul
enaze aqveynebs imave xanis istoriis sakiTxebze gamokvlevas, sa-
dac Tamar mefis saqmros rusi ufliswulis iuris (giorgis) Tavga-
dasavlis gadmocemasTan erTad XII-XIII ss. qarTuli saxelmwifos
moxeleTa Soris somexTa simravlis Cvenebas cdilobs17. misi mtki-
cebiT, TviTneba didebulebis partikularizmis winaaRmdeg brZo-
laSi qarTuli saxelmwifos didi gardamqmneli emyareboda ucxo
jarsa da masTan TavSefarebul somex feodalebs18. s. eremianis
TqmiT, Tbilisis amirasa da masTan dakavSirebuli meWurWleTuxu-
cesis nacvlis Tanamdeboba mahkanaberdisa da axpatis mflobel
arwrunTa saxlis memkvidreobiT privilegias warmoadgenda. ufro
metic, Tamaris droindel saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucess (1187-
1188 ww.) abulasans amirqurd arwrunTan aigivebs da amiT masac
asomxebs, xolo misi kvalifikaciiT `somxur-qarTul sasazRvro
olqis~ – taiq (tao) da klarjq (qarT. klarjeTis) mmarTvel eris-
Tavs guzan, Tu gazans saqarTveloSi cnobil `guzan taoskarels~
mis mier gasomxebul abulasanis Svilad miiCnevs19. misive TqmiT,
Tuki giorgi III saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv asparezze yivCaRebs
awinaurebda, Tamari somxebs wyalobda. am politikis Sedegad qvey-
nis mmarTvelobaSi Zmebi dolgorukebi (e. i. mxargrZelebi) gaba-
tondnen da `zaqaria dolgorukma, daCrdila ra daviT soslani,
Tavisi marjve da moqnili politikiT SeZlo qveynis faqtobrivi
mmarTveli gamxdariyo, Tamari mTlianad aRmoCnda yovlisSemZle
Zmebis – zaqaria da ivane dolgorukebis Zalauflebis qveS~20.
15
S. mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII s.
saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 251.
16
iqve, gv. 252.
17
Ñ. Ò. Åðåìÿí, Þðèé Áîãîëþáñêèé ïî àðìÿíñêèì è ãðóçèíñêèì èñòî÷íèêàì,
Íàó÷íûå òðóäû ÅÃÓ, XXIII, 1946.
18
iqve, gv. 391.
19
iqve, gv. 399.
20
iqve, gv. 415.
148
somxur istoriografiaSi istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjeb-
is am cdebs gzadagza kidevac SevexebiT da qarTuli istori-
ografiis pozicias maT mimarT mkiTxvels kvlavac gavacnobT,
magram samwuxaro isaa, rom 40-iani wlebis dasawyisidanve am
dasagmobma tendenciam saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic iCina Tavi
da gayalbebul codnaze daamyara mozardi Taobis ganaTleba.
1944 w. erevanSi gamocemuli saSualo skolis istoriis
saxelmZRvanelo aseTi damokidebulebis erT-erTi tipuri
magaliTia, sadac kidev ufro gamrudebuladaa warmodgenili XII-
XIII ss. saqarTvelos istoria21. gasagebia, rom n. tokarskis wignic
am saerTo tendenciis uSualo nayofia. amitomac iyo, rom umniS-
vnelovanesi adgili am `mecnierul naSromSi~ somxuri arqiteq-
turis istoriis kvlevis sababiT politikuri istoriis sakiTxebze
msjelobam daikava, romlis mizani samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
istoriasa da kulturul memkvidreobaze qarTveli xalxis
uflebis uaryofa iyo. 40-iani wlebidan dawyebuli somexi
istorikosebi, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen qarTul-
somxur istoriul urTierTobaTa gamrudebaSi, magram, roca am
procesis tonis mimcemi qarTul wyaroebSi kargad
gaTviTcnobierebuli s. eremiani gvevlineba, aSkaraa amgvari
tendenciis winaswar gamiznuli politikuri Sinaarsic.
n. tokarskis wignze samecniero wreebisa da farTo sazogadoe-
briobis uaryofiTma reaqciam SesaZloa daaCqara kidec `somxuri
tendenciis~ gamovlinebis formebis daxvewa da koncefciis far-
glebSi misi moqceva. yovel SemTxvevaSi, s. eremianis mTel rig
naSromebSi 40-iani wlebis bolosa da mis Semdgom periodSic kar-
gad igrZnoba amierkavkasiis istoriis Teoriuli gaazrebis sur-
vili. sabWoTa kavSirSi gabatonebuli marqsistuli moZRvrebis
ideur da Teoriul safuZvlebs Sefardebuli s. eremianis kavkasiis
istoriuli ganviTarebis koncefcia isea agebuli, rom arsebiTad
progresis matarebel erTaderT fenomenad Cvens regionSi Zveli
da Sua saukuneebis somxeTi unda dausaxos mkiTxvels. aseTi cno-
biereba, gasagebia, farTo gasaqans uqmnis tendenciur avtorTa
21
Èñòîðèÿ àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà, ïîñîáèå äëÿ ñðåäíèõ øêîë, ÷. I, 1944, ñ. 174,
175 da sxv.
149
SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs, ramac somxuri istoriografiis
erT mniSvnelovan nawilSi sakmaod Rrmad gaidga fesvebi, miT
umetes, rom amgvar fsiqikur ganwyobas ZvelTaganve momdinare
tradiciac uwyobda xels. sabWoTa periodis somxur istoriogra-
fiaSi Txrobis Cveulebriv normad iqca sakuTari qveynis istori-
is gazviadebiT warmosaCenad calkeuli istoriuli faqtebisa da
movlenebis gayalbeba-gadakeTebac. ase magaliTad, somex istori-
kosTa didi nawili, daaxloebiT imave 40-iani wlebidan mokidebu-
li, faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod, cdilobs amtkicos, TiTqos, Sua
saukuneebSi sagareo urTierTobaTa sferoSica da Sidakavkasiuri
politikuri da kulturuli procesebis ganviTarebaSic iniciativa
yovelTvis somxeTs epyra, romlis gavlenas emorCilebodnen am
regionis danarCeni qveynebi bagratunTa somxuri samefoebis
gauqmebamde da mogvianebiTac ki (XII-XIV ss.) saqarTvelos saxelm-
wifos SemadgenlobaSi myofi somxeTi, Turme, gansakuTrebuli av-
tonomiuri uflebebiT sargeblobda, ramdenadac maTive azriT,
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis im drois uZlieres saqarTvelos cen-
tralizebul monarqias, faqtobrivad, somxebi marTavdnen da ami-
tomac maTi zrunva somxeTis damoukideblobisa da keTildReobi-
saTvis bunebrivi iyoo. es azri gamosWvivis, rogorc somxeTis
istoriis sakiTxebze dawerili calkeuli naSromebis, ise umaR-
lesi da saSualo saswavlebelTa saxelmZRvaneloebis teqstebis
striqonebidan.
amosavals Tavisi koncefciisaTvis (anu kavkasiaSi somxeTis
upiratesi ganviTarebulobis ideis gasamarTleblad) s. eremiani
qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xasiaTSi uZebnis
TiTqos. misi TvalsazrisiT, romelic wamoyenebisTanave ZiriTadad
gabatonda somxur istoriografiaSi, Zveli somxeTis (II-I ss.) kla-
sobrivi sazogadoeba monaTmflobeluri iyo, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mas ar miuRwevia berZnul-romaul klasikur formamde.
Semdgomi saukuneebis somxeTis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ki vi-
Tardeboda ara monaTmflobelur urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebis
gziT, aramed feodalur urTierTobaTa warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT.A
amdenad, Zveli somxeTis monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebisaTvis
niSandoblivma sakuTrebis ganviTarebulma formebma adridanve
ganapirobes miwis kerZo (feodaluri) sakuTrebis gaCena da eqs-
ploataciis monaTmflobeluri formebidan feodalurze organ-
150
uli gadasvla, ramac uzrunvelyo qveynis swrafi progresiuli
ganviTareba da radganac adrindelma feodalurma urTierTobam
somxeTSi upiratesi ganviTareba pova (igulisxmeba) saqarTvelos-
Tan SedarebiT, aman Tavidanve gansazRvra somxeTis politikuri
da kulturuli iniciativa Sua saukuneebis amierkavkasiaSi. ase-
Tia Zalze mokled s. eremianis koncefciis arsi amierkavkasiis is-
toriul ganviTarebaze22.
s. eremianis mTavari amosavali debuleba Zveli somxeTis kla-
sobrivi sazogadoebis socialuri bunebis Taobaze uSualod ukav-
Sirdeboda 1925-31 ww. warmoebul diskusias, sadac akad. struvem
daamkvidra mosazreba Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis klasobriv
sazogadoebaTa monaTmflobelurobaze. 60-ian wlebSi diskusia
ganaxlda, romelmac eWvs qveS daayena da, faqtobrivad, uaryo
struves Tezisi. 1970 w. gamocemul `saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebis~ I tomSi ukve gadaWriT uaryofili iyo Zveli qarTu-
li klasobrivi sazogadoebis monaTmflobeluroba. TiTqmis,
imavdroulad gamoqveynebul analogiur somxur gamocemaSi ki
`somexi xalxis istoria~, t. I s. eremiani da g. sarqisiani kvlavac
icavdnen Zveli somxeTis sazogadoebis monaTmflobelurobis
Teziss23, rasac ZiriTadad emyareboda s. eremianis Tvalsazrisi
kavkasiaSi somxeTis upiratesi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Tu gaviTval-
iswinebT, rom Zveli somxeTis monaTmflobelurobis Tvalsazriss
TviT somxur istoriografiaSic ki Tavidanve aRmoaCnda iseTi se-
riozuli mowinaaRmdege, rogoric iyo gamoCenili somexi istori-
kosi h. manandiani, s. eremianis koncefcia, aSkaraa, sxva ufro efeq-
turi argumentebiT Semagrebas iTxovda. kK avkasiaSi somxeTis mow-
inaveobis Tvalsazrisis momxreebma tradiciuli mxardaWera
22
ix. Î ðàáñòâå è ðàáîâëàäåíèè â äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè, ÂÄÈ, 1950; Ïðîáëåìà
ïàäåíèÿ ðàáîâëàäåëü÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà è çàðîæäåíèÿ ôåîäàëüíûõ îòíîøåíèé â
äðåâíåé Àðìåíèè (Äîêëàäû ñîâåòñêîé äåëåãàöèè íà XXIII ìåæäóíàðîäíîì
êîíãðåññå âîñòîêîâåäîâ, ñåêöèÿ Èðàíà, Àðìåíèè è Ñðåäíåé Àçèè), Èçäàòåëüñòâî
ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ, Ìîñêâà, 1954; Ñ³Û ÛáÕáíñ¹Ç å³÷ÙáõÃÛáõÝ, Ñ. I, »ñ¿í³Ý, 1971;
Èñòîðèÿ àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà, ÷. I, Åðåâàí, 1951 da sxv.
23
ix. MmeliqiSvili g. a., `maxlobeli aRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis
uZvelesi klasobrivi sazogadoebis bunebis sakiTxisTvis~, ivane
javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo
krebuli, Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 145-171.
151
`ruseTidan miiRes~, ZiriTadad, kavkasiis istoriaze orientire-
buli cnobili mecnieris (SemdgomSi ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis,
moskovis istoriis institutis direqtori) a. p. novosalcevis
saxiT. igi uaryofda ra kavkasiis qveynebSi monaTmflobelur
urTierTobaTa arsebobis SesaZleblobas, am regionSi somxeTis
mowinaveobis damtkicebas geopolitikuri xasiaTis argumentebiT
cdilobda. misi azriT, ramdenadac Zveli civilizaciis raionebTan
(mesopotamia, siria, mcire azia, irani) somxeTi teritoriulad
ufro axlos imyofeboda, klaswarmoqmnis procesi aq bevrad in-
tensiuri iyo. amitom es procesi ufro adre da intensiurad
somxeTSi daiwyo, ramdenadme gvian qarTlSi da sul gvian, ukve,
arabTa dapyrobebis win, Zireul albaneTSi24.
somxeTi rom teritoriulad da ganviTarebis xasiaTiTac iran-
Tan ufro axlos idga da, faqtobrivad, misi kulturul-poli-
tikuri samyaros Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda, samecniero
literaturaSi es sadavod aravis gauxdia. es Tvalsazrisi gatare-
bulia n. adoncis, h. manandianis, s. eremianis da sxvaTa cnobil
naSromebSi. magram amis gamo, misi, rogorc progresis matarebeli
qveynis gamorCeulad warmoCena ar unda iyos maincdamainc gama-
rTlebuli, radganac ZvelaRmosavluri sazogadoebebi aRmavali
tendenciebis ganviTarebas did dabrkolebebs uqmnida. amierkavka-
siaSi somxeTis upiratesi ganviTarebis s. eremianisa da a. novosel-
cevis Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa sayrdens poulobs ukeT Semonaxuli
da SedarebiT uxvi cnobebis Semcveli adreuli somxuri origi-
naluri wyaroebidan momdinare STabeWdilebebSi, razec araerT
miTiTebas vxvdebiT maT SromebSi. qarTuli wyaroebis Sesabamisi
da TanabarmniSvnelovani cnobebi, a. novoselcevis azriT, ufro
gviania somxurTan SedarebiT da naklebad asaxavs im epoqas, razec
weren maTi avtorebi, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli wyaro-
ebis warmoSobis problema jer kidev ar aris bolomde gadaw-
yvetili. a. novoselcevis es argumenti seriozulad namdvilad ver
CaiTvleba, ramdenadac `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s~ da `qarTlis cx-
ovrebis~ krebulebSi didi xania mkvlevrebi amCneven bevrad adre-
24
Íîâîñåëüöåâ À. Ï., Ãåíåçèñ ôåîäàëèçìà â ñòðàíàõ Çàêàâêàçüÿ, Ìîñêâà,
1980, ñ. 140-249.
152
uli (IV-V ss.) xanis saistorio TxzulebaTa fragmentebs. amas
garda, amierkavkasiis uZvelesi ganviTarebis suraTis aRdgenis
simZime a. novoselcevis naSromebSi dakisrebuli aqvs bibliis
teqstebSi Semonaxuli socialur-ekonomikuri Sinaarsis Semcveli
terminebis analizs. am mxriv ki, bibliis qarTuli teqstebic somx-
uris TanabarmniSvnelovan adekvatur yvela termins Seicavs.
adrefeodaluri xanis qarTul da somxur wyaroebSi damowme-
buli socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis terminebis semantikuri
erTgvarovnebisa da feodaluri institutebis didi msgavsebis
miuxedavad, feodalizaciis procesi mezobel qveynebSi mainc
amJRavnebda xarisxobriv sxvaobas. Tu saqarTveloSi am process
Tan sdevda adreklasobrivi sazogadoebis gadmonaSTuri niSnebis
likvidacia, somxeTSi maT gacilebiT didxans Semoinaxes Tavi.
xolo iseTi umniSvnelovanesi gadmonaSTi, rogoric iyo Temi,
feodalur somxeTs bolomde SemorCa, rac Tavis mxriv feoda-
luri ganviTarebis process mudmivad borkavda. Zveli qarTlisa
da misi Tanadrouli arSakiduli somxeTis socialuri viTarebis
Sedarebisas akad. d. musxeliSvilma saintereso movlenas miapyro
yuradReba: niSandoblivad aRiniSneba feodalur senioriaTa
simravle da amdenadve sazogadoebis feodalizaciis meti siRrme
qarTlSi somxeTTan SedarebiT. amazeve miuTiTebs, mecnieris
azriT, feodaluri ierarqiis ararseboba arSakidul xanaSi da
agreTve sasoflo Temis didi sicocxlisunarianoba somxeTSi
TviT XVIII s-mde25. ra argumentic ar unda gamoinaxos eremian-
novoselcevis Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad, erTi mainc udavo
da cxadia, qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoeba da misi saxelm-
wifo Senoba gacilebiT ufro gamZle da sicocxlisunariani
aRmoCnda istoriis gamocdis winaSe, vidre sxva danarCeni
amierkavkasiaSi. istoriuli procesis amgvari Sedegi ki
TavisTavad cxadyofs ganviTarebis bevrad myari niadagis
arsebobas CvenSi mezoblebTan SedarebiT. ase rom, s. eremianis
mier dasmuli sakiTxi amierkavkasiis istoriul ganviTarebaSi,
erTsaxad, somexTa gansakuTrebuli mowinaveobis Sesaxeb namd-
vilad gadasaxedia.
25
daviT musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, Tb., 2003,
gv. 414-415.
153
 1951 w. b. araqelianisa da a. ionnisianis redaqtorebiT rusul
enaze erevanSi gamodis s. eremianis xsenebuli koncefciis safuZ-
velze agebuli ganmazogadebeli naSromi `somexi xalxis istoria
(am wignis rukebisa da 17 sruli Tavis avtori s. eremiania), sadac
amierkavkasiis istoriis gadmocemisas Zvel da Sua saukuneebis
mTel sigrZeze mxolod somxeTis upiratesobis mtkiceba do-
minirebs, misgan gansxvavebuli da sawinaaRmdego faqtebi ki miCq-
maluli an gadakeTebulia. saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis Temac
calmxrivadaa gaSuqebuli da mezobeli xalxebis `istoriuli me-
gobrobis~ saxeliT is somxeTis istoriasaa daqvemdebarebuli.
erTi sityviT, amierkavkasiis politikuri ganviTarebis mTavar
mamoZravebel Zalad somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebi da
`somxuri fenomenia~ dasaxuli. seriozuli problemebisadmi amg-
vari antimecnieruli damokidebulebis winaaRmdeg pirvelma xma
aRimaRla cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma varlam donduam26. igi
miuTiTebda wignis avtorTa im mavne tendenciaze, romelic Zveli
kavkasiis istoriaSi, somexTa garda, sxva binadar tomTa kvals,
faqtobrivad, Slida. magaliTad, Zveli aRmosavleTisa da kavkasi-
is tomobriv Semadgenlobaze msjelobisas saWiro ganmartebis
gareSe subarebis moxsenieba mkiTxvels ver aZlevs masze poziti-
ur codnas. tomobrivi saxelwodebebis amgvari gamoyenebiT ki
masobrivi mkiTxvelis Tvalsawieridan aucileblad qrebian ibere-
bi da sxva eTnikuri warmonaqmnebi. iberiis qveynis lokalizaciac
iseTive zogadia da gaugebari, rogorc imdroindeli kavkasiis to-
mobrivi Semadgenloba.
amasTan erTad, samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTareba,
SeniSnavs v. dondua, demonstrirebulia mxolod somxeTis istori-
is aspeqtiT, ris Sedegadac Zveli qarTuli miwebi (gugareTi, kari-
nis da speris olqebi da a. S.) STanTqmulni aRmoCndnen somxeTis
istoriis nakadiT. wignSi ubralo cdac ki araa mocemuli eCvene-
binaT – romeli miwa romel qveyanas wydeboda da romels uerTde-
boda da rodis. ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli istoriuli gamocdil-
26
Â. Äîíäóà, Íåêîòîðûå çàìå÷àíèÿ íà êîëëåêòèâíûé òðóä – Èñòîðèÿ àðìÿíñêîãî
íàðîäà, ÷. I, ïîä ðåä. Á. Í. Àðàêåëÿíà è À. Ð. Èîàííèñÿíà. Èíñòèòóò èñòîðèè
ÀÍ Àðìÿíñêîé ÑÑÐ, Åðåâàí, 1951 ñòð. 291 .`mimomxilveli~, III, Tbilisi,
1953, gv. 307-321.
154
eba, kerZod, qarTvelologiuri specialuri literatura. magali-
Tad, dumiliT gverdi aqvs avlili wyaros mravalmniSvnelovan
Cvenebas imis Taobaze, rom Zv. w. II s. somxeTis sazRvrebi qarTuli
miwebis xarjze farTovdeboda da mtkvris samxreTiT mdebare
teritoriebi – pariadris ferdobebi, xorZene da gogarene maT
mitacebamde qarTuli miwebi iyo. istoriuli perspeqtivis dacvis
aucileblobis gareSe, wignSi isini warmodgenilia, rogorc somxe-
Tis nawilebi. recenzentis aRSfoTebas iwvevs isic, rom karinis
olqis saxelwodeba warsulTan misi kavSiris gareSe ucabedad
Cndeba III saukunis somxuri qalaqebis ricxvSi, aseve `karinis da
speris~ olqebis saxelebi `Sida somxeTis~ olqTa Soris. wignSi
gvxvdeba iseTi istoriul-geografiuli gansazRvrebebic, ganagr-
Zobs v. dondua, romlebic aiZuleben mkiTxvels daaskvnas, TiTqos,
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari `ZvelTaganve~ ucv-
lelad gadioda `gugarqis~ CrdiloeTiT (gugareTi, igive gogare-
ne samxreT qarTlSi), ramdenadac is usityvodaa dasaxelebuli
`Zveli somxeTis ZiriTadi olqebis~ ricxvSi. sinamdvileSi, wers
recenzenti, gugareTi im dros somxuri samefos eqspansiis obieq-
ti iyo da mogvianebiT IV s., somxurive wyaroebis mowmobiT, kvlav
daubrunda danarCen qarTls. somexTa Soris is cnobili iyo
`qarTvelTa velis~ `vrac daStis~ saxeliT. es olqi imave somxuri
wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveli kaTalikosis iurisdiqcias ganekuT-
vneboda.
arakeTilsindisieradaa gaSuqebuli wignSi I-III ss. istoriuli
movlenebi kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT I saukunis meore mesamedis
ambebi, roca somxeTis samefo taxtze qarTuli samefo saxlis
warmomadgenlebi isxdnen. s. janaSias dakvirvebiT es dro qarTul-
somxur sazRvarze teritoriuli samflobeloebis xelaxali gada-
nawilebis periodia da, Cans, swored amitomac gverdi aqvs avlili
romsa da parTias Soris somxeTisaTvis gaCaRebul did brZolaSi
imdroisTvis Zlevamosili iberiis farTo monawileobas. v. dond-
ua mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miapyrobs im niSandobliv faqtzec, rom
aTeuli wlebis manZilze iberiis saxelmwifos myarad epyra ini-
ciativa am regionSi, romelic uZlieres romsa da parTias gamo-
staca. amis Sedegia, rom maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mebrZol poli-
tikur ZalTa realuri Tanafardobis safuZvelze iberiis mefeebs
Zlevamosili `didi mefis~ saxeliT ganadidebdnen, rac ukve do-
155
kumenturadacaa dadasturebuli (mxedvelobaSia armazis biling-
va). sarecenzio wignis avtorebs ki saxelganTqmuli iberiis es
mefeebi udrood CamoqveiTebuli hyavT romis `dayenebul~ saTak-
ilo rangamde. ase yrud da Seufereblad moixsenieben wignis av-
torebi qarTul-somxuri politikuri urTierTobis erTob sain-
tereso da didmniSvnelovani periodis ambebs. mikerZoebisa da
gayalbebis faqtebi, TiTqmis, yovel nabijze gvxvdeba am wignSi.
ase magaliTad, roca IV s. 60-70-iani wlebis mijnaze brZolas
iberiisaTvis romsa da irans Soris am qveynis gavlenis sferoe-
bad gayofa mohyva Sedegad da sparseTis mefe Saburis mier adre
devnili saurmagi saqarTveloSi ukan dabrunda, es faqti wignSi
isea gadmocemuli, TiTqos, romis molaparakebas ki ara, aramed
iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg muSeR mamikonianis gmirul brZolas
ganesazRvros saurmagis bedi. amgvaradve da kidev ufro gamrude-
buladaa gaSuqebuli 482 w. vaxtang gorgaslis mier iranis winaaRm-
deg organizebuli ajanyeba saqarTveloSi. sarecenzio wignSi
faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod naTqvamia, rom vaxtangma daxmarebisaTvis
somxebs mimarTa TxovniT, ris pasuxadac somxuri jaris nawili
vahan mamikonianisa da saak bagratunis meTaurobiT gaemarTnen vax-
tangis dasaxmareblad. brZola warumatebeli aRmoCnda, brZolis
velze darCnen saak bagratuni da sxva somxebi, Sewires ra
sicocxle moZme qarTveli xalxis Tavisuflebas. erTi sityviT,
somex feodalTa nawilis mier qarTveli mefisaTvis aRmoCenili
daxmareba wignSi raRac filantropiis gamovlinebad aRiqmeba, rac
TiTqos stimuls aZlevda somex mTavarTa brZolas vaxtang gor-
gaslis jaris SemadgenlobaSi. sinamdvileSi, rogorc amas
dawvrilebiT aRwers am movlenebis Tanamedrove somexi istori-
kosi lazare farpeci, erToblivi brZolis ganmsazRvreli mTava-
ri mizezi saerTo interesebi iyo. ufro metic, sparselTa bato-
nobis pirobebSi somxeTi gacilebiT ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi
iyo im dros Cayenebuli, vidre saqarTvelo. mravali aTeuli we-
li iyo gasuli, rac aRmosavleT somxeTSi sparselebma adgi-
lobrivi samefo xelisufleba gaauqmes (428 w.) da mTlianad da
srulad daeuflnen dapyrobil qveyanas. amitomac cnobam saqar-
TveloSi sparselTa sawinaaRmdegod mowyobili ajanyebis Sesaxeb
somxebic aRafrTovana da Tavidanve gverdiT daudgnen ajanyebis
meTaurs – vaxtang gorgasals. am movlenis wignSi mocemuli
156
ganmarteba ki mTlianad aufasurebs avTenturi wyaros mniSvnelo-
bas da mxolod pasiur rols akuTvnebs ajanyebis namdvil
meTaursa da brZolebis warmmarTvels.
wignSi mTlianad miCqmalulia didi qarTveli mefis daviT III
kurapalatis mravalmxrivi nayofieri moRvaweobis didi mniSvnelo-
ba ara marto qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis, aramed TviT somxe-
Tis istoriisTvisac. mM xolod erT winadadebaSi misi vinaobis moux-
senieblad naTqvamia, rom `bizantielebma miitaces taiqi (tao),
rasac qarTveli mefeebi ver Seurigdnen, radganac Tavi miaCndaT
daviT kurapalatis kanonier memkvidreebad~ (gv. 151). sinamdvile-
Si saqme exeba taoel bagrationTa mTel memkvidreobaze qarTvel
mefeTa kanonier uflebas. wignis avtorTa mocemuli formulebiT
ki ise gamodis, TiTqos, taos, rogorc qarTvel bagrationTa
memkvidreobis nawilis istoria saTaves daviT kurapalatidan
iRebdes da ara istoriis siRrmidan. taos istoriuli kuTvnileb-
is mimarT wignis avtorTa damokidebuleba kidev ufro gamokve-
Tiladaa gamJRavnebuli sxva adgilas, sadac 481 wlis ajanyebasTan
dakavSirebiT gvamcnoben, rom somxeTis naxararebma TavianTi ojax-
ebi da qoneba winaswar Seafares bizantiis momijnave Soreul
taiqs. mocemul konteqstSi, marTebulad SeniSnavs v. dondua,
mravaltanjuli da maRali kulturis qarTuli qveyana raRac
uTvistomo mxared gamoiyureba. aseTi bundovani geografiuli
gansazRvrebis gamo ki araspecialists SeiZleba is sadRac gada-
kargul qveyanadac ki moeCvenos. ase rom, qarTuli istoriuli
teritoriebis miCqmalvisa da mexsierebidan amoSlis survili,
TiTqmis, yovel nabijze avlens Tavs am tendenciur wignSi.
qarTvelTa da somexTa megobrobis mniSvnelobisaTvis fusfusi
sailustracio masalis SerCeviT ar xdeba, ris gamoc gauSuqebeli
rCeba daviT kurapalatis, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da misi memkvidree-
bis ganmaTavisuflebeli misia mTel kavkasiasa da kerZod somxeT-
Si, ris Sesaxebac sakmaod uxv da STambeWdav cnobebs Seicavs
swored somxuri wyaroebi.
mrude sarkiTaa areklili am wignSi XII-XIII saukuneTa saqarTve-
los centralizebuli feodaluri monarqiisa da mis Semadgenlo-
baSi Sesuli somxeTisa da mTlianad kavkasiis istoriis didmniS-
vnelovani epoqa. sul raRac 4-5 gverdze gaSlil TxrobaSi
saqarTvelo paradoqsul politikur organizmad warmogvidgeba,
157
sadac batonoben da movlenebs warmarTaven am saxelmwifos
`mfarvelobaSi~ myofi mezobeli qveynis warmomadgenlebi. wignis
am Tavis qvesaTaurebi, rogoricaa `zaqaridebis gaZliereba~,
`zaqariadebis samflobeloebi~, `zaqaridebis vasalebi~ da sxvebi
winaswar mowmobs avtorTa daJinebul cdebs, mkiTxvels Caunergon
Tamarisdroindeli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZlieres qarTul
saxelmwifoSi, kabinetur pirobebSi xelovnurad Seqmnili e. w.
`zaqaridTa~ sagvareulos gansakuTrebulobis azri. somexi av-
torebi saqarTvelos somxur samflobeloebSi maT ugvirgino me-
feebad gvixataven, ris safuZvelzec somxur miwebs saqarTvelos
politikur CarCoebSi moqceul saxelmwifod warmogvidgenen. wign-
Si vkiTxulobT: XIII s. dasawyisSi yofili somxuri samefoebis _
anisis, taSir-Zoragetisa da sivnieTis teritoriebi zaqaridTa xe-
lSi aRmoCnda mas Semdeg, rac isini Tamar mefem uwyaloba maT.
qarTuli samefos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali Crdilo somxeTi Sina-
gani sruli TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobda da qarTveli mefee-
bic somxuri miwebidan gadasaxadebsac ki ar krebdneno (gv. 164-
165). Tavi rom gavaneboT wyaroebis cnobebTan aseT mtkicebule-
baTa srul Seusabamobas, `keTili nebiTa~ da `megobrobis~ mizez-
iT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopoveba, vfiqrob, gauwafi
mkiTxvelisTvisac ki Znelad dasajerebeli unda iyos. samagierod,
s. eremianis xsenebul naSromebSi mxargrZelTa eTnikuri warmo-
mavlobis gadasinjvam da qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriaSi maTi
Rvawlis mniSvnelobis gazviadebam logikurad miiyvanes central-
izebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis bunebisa da misi somx-
uri nawilis politikuri statusis dasmamde, ris Semdeg somxuri
istoriografia gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT Seudga am ideis gasa-
marTleblad sxvadasxva logikuri Tu mecnierebasTan miaxloebu-
li konstruqciebis Ziebas. MmaT Sesaxeb calke kidev mogviwevs
saubari, ris gamoc mxargrZelebze msjelobas amjerad aq Sevw-
yvetT.
v. donduas mier recenzirebuli wignis mTavari tendencia
saqarTvelos istoriasTan damokidebulebis nawilSi, rogorc vnax-
eT, mimarTulia masobrivi mkiTxvelis ara mecnieruli cnobiere-
bis gasafarToeblad, rac amgvari ganmazogadebeli naSromis mTa-
vari amocana unda iyos, aramed gansazRvruli politikuri gan-
wyobilebis Sesaqmnelad, rac, vfiqrob, verafriT pasuxobs isto-
158
riuli mezoblebis WeSmarit, sasicocxlo interesebs. samwuxarod,
politizirebuli istoriis niSnebi, centraluri xelisuflebis
mxardaWeris pirobebSi, sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiis kuTv-
nilebad iqca. sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa megobrobis oficialurad
gacxadebuli ideologiis fonze mTavrobis kavkasiuri politika
ukve cinizmis niSnebsac iZenda. erT SemTxvevaSi sruli Tavisu-
fleba hqonda miniWebuli mecnierTa erT koleqtivs nebismieri
darRveviTa da mikerZoebiT gaeSuqebina kavkasiis istoria,
amavdroulad ki mecnierTa sxva koleqtivs `xalxTa megobrobis
saxeliT~ ekrZaleboda simarTlis dacva. m M agaliTad, akad. s. jan-
aSias mier n. tokarskis wignis samarTliani kritika, faqtobrivad,
aikrZala, roca misi narkvevi wignis savaWro qselidan male amoi-
Res, xolo v. donduas kritikuli recenzia masobrivi tiraJiT
gamosul wignze mxolod SezRudul tiraJian gamocemaSi Zlivs
daibeWda. ufro metic, xelovnebis istoriis sayovelTaod aRiare-
buli specialistis giorgi CubinaSvilis metad saintereso wigni
`Ðàçûñêàíèÿ ïî àðìÿíñêîé àðõèòåêòóðå, Òáèëèñè, 1967 ã. ara marto uki-
duresad SezRuduli tiraJiT (sul 500 c.) ZlivZlivobiT gamoica,
aramed arc wignis bazarze misces gasaqani da arsebiTad bib-
lioTekebis Taroebze miajaWves. maSin, rodesac 1968 w. sabWoTa
kavSiris Tavdacvis saministros gamomcemlobam masobrivi tira-
JiT (65 aTasi) dabeWda mxargrZelTa gayalbebuli istoriis
masalaze agebuli kidev ufro damaxinjebuli da saqarTvelosTvis
Seuracxmyofeli g. vermiSevis istoriuli romani `amirspasalari~,
rac, gasagebia, istoriul mezoblebs Soris undoblobis gaRvive-
bis mets, albaT, arc isaxavda miznad. qarTuli mxaris reaqcia
amgvar gamocemebze ki, rogorc wesi, maqsimalurad izRudeboda.
aseT pirobebSi somex mecnierTa erTi nawili Seuferxeblad da
gegmazomierad ganagrZobda saqarTvelos istoriuli Tu amJa-
mindeli samxreTis teritoriebis kalmiT dalaSqvras.
aseTi damokidebulebis erT-erTi mkafio magaliTia 1971 wlis
gazafxulze somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mec-
nierebaTa ganyofilebis yovelTviur organoSi `lraberSi~ dabe-
Wdili paruir muradianis werili `braldebiTi formebi saxelo-
biTSi somxeTis toponomikis monacemTa mixedviT~, romelic gan-
sakuTrebiT gamoirCeva kvlevis lingvisturi meTodebis ignor-
159
irebaTa da TvalsaCino enobriv faqtebze uxeSi ZaladobiT27. saqme
exeba qarTuli enis normebis mixedviT, qarTveli xalxis mier
Seqmnil is-i sufiqsiT nawarmoeb toponimebs: Tbilisi, bolnisi,
krwanisi, quTaisi da sxvas. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcele-
bul am da msgavsi toponimebis mTeli sistema sayovelTao aRi-
arebiT araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs rogorc lingvisturi, ise isto-
riuli TvalsazrisiT. muradianma Sekriba is da s-ze daboloebuli
somxeTis teritoriaze arsebuli erTob mcirericxovani topo-
nimebi (magaliTad agulis, akanis, alberis, arnis, aksigoms), to-
ponimTa es ori tipi xelovnurad gaaerTiana erT klasSi da yo-
velgvari mecnieruli argumentaciis gareSe a priori somxuri war-
momavlobisad gamoacxada. misi azriT, somxuri toponimebi ar
saWiroebs specialur gamokvlevas, aprioriT cnobilia, rom isini
somxur niadagze aRmocendnen, samagierod is-i-ze daboloebuli
qarTuli toponimebis warmomavloba namdvilad saWiroebs gar-
kvevas. es alogikuri Tezisi daedo safuZvlad p. muradianis mtki-
cebas, TiTqos, is-iT daboloebuli qarTuli toponimebis udidesi
nawili somxuri warmomavlobisaa. magaliTad, misi mtkicebiT,
somxuri toponimebia: Tbilisi, bolnisi, krwanisi, manglisi, dma-
nisi da sxvebi. amgvari toponimebis meore nawili berZnuli war-
momavlobisaa: quTaisi, fazisi da mxolod mesame erTob umniSvne-
lo jgufia qarTuli. esenia nazmnari (magaliTad xerTvisi) da
nasaxelari toponimebi: ruisi, daTvisi, sacxenisi...,… sul erTad,
eqvsi.
p. muradianis am werilis qarTveli recenzentebi aleqsandre
oniani da zurab sarjvelaZe sruliad bunebrivad svamen kanon-
zomier kiTxvas: Tuki avtors (e. i. p. muradians) mxolod to-
ponomikis lingvisturi problemebi aRelvebs, riT unda aixsnas
aseTi gansxvavebuli midgoma somxuri da qarTuli toponimebis
mimarT? Tu somxuri toponimebis warmomavloba ar saWiroebs mec-
nierul argumentacias (im dros roca p. muradianis moyvanili
arc erTi toponimi ar Seicavs somxur sityvebTan aRmaval gam-
Wirvale etimologias), raRatom Cndeba eWvi yvelas mier aRiare-
27
Àëåêñàíäð Îíèàíè, Çóðàá Ñàðäæâåëàäçå, Ïðîòèâ èçâðàùåíèÿ âîïðîñîâ
ãðóçèíñêîé òîïîíèìèêè, `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 1971, #3,
gv. 169-182.
160
buli qarTuli toponimebis mimarT da raRatom aris saeWvo
qarTuli saxelebis qarTuli sawyisis sagangebo dasabuTeba? da
piriqiT, Tu SesaZloa qarTuli toponimebis ucxoenovani war-
momavlobis mtkiceba, ratom ar Cndeba analogiuri kiTxva som-
xuri saxelebis mimarT? mecnieruli logikis TvalsazrisiT xom
aseTi midgoma savsebiT bunebrivi iqneboda.
saqmec is aris, rom mecnierebis moTxovnilebebi, misi kanon-
ebi, misi logika, am SemTxvevaSi p. muradianisaTvis arafers niS-
navs imasTan SedarebiT, ramac mas kalami aaRebina xelSi. amito-
mac mas ar SeuZlia angariSi gauwios im uaRresad TvalsaCino
faqts, rom qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli naTesaobiTi brunvis
formebis (isi) saSualebiT toponimebis warmoqmna saerToqarTve-
luri modelia da sityvaTwarmoqmnis es wesi gamoiyeneboda to-
ponimikaSi jer kidev proqarTul epoqaSi. 1961 w. sabWoTa
saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi aRniSnuli modelis 120 to-
ponimze meti aRiricxa (wkadisi, wnisi, yulaRisi, sxvilisi, duisi,
bolnisi, samwverisi, taZrisi, yvibisi, zindisi, tirZnisi da sxva
mravali). Tu es sia dausaxlebeli punqtebiTa da yvela mikroto-
ponimiT Seivseboda, gasagebia, maTi ricxvi Seudareblad gaizrde-
boda. am fonze ki erTob niSandoblivia, rom is-ze daboloebuli
toponimebidan p. muradianma somxeTSi mxolod 32 toponimi Zlivs
Semoikriba, rac cxadia, araTu misTvis sasurvel daskvnas waadge-
ba, aramed, piriqiT, sruliad sawinaaRmdegoze metyvelebs. is-iT
daboloebul qarTul da somxur toponimTa arsebuli ricxobrivi
Tanafardoba, vfiqrob, specialuri lingvisturi kvlevis gareSec
aSkaras xdis yvela am toponimTa qarTul warmomavlobas (am Tez-
isis enaTmecnieruli dasabuTeba ix. aleqsandre onianisa da zurab
sarjvelaZis xsenebul statiaSi). mezobeli qveynis toponimebis ase
xelaRebiT miTviseba rom ufro didi da praqtikuli amocanebis
gadawyvetisaTvis niadagis Semzadebas isaxavs miznad es arc ise
Zneli misaxvedria. eWvi araa, swored amgvari cduneba aiZulebda
b-n p. muradians mezobeli teritoriebis saxelebi – dmanisi, bol-
nisi, manglisi da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisi gauTaveblad ewvalebi-
na, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli mainc yvelaze gamWvir-
vale da damajerebeli qarTuli etimologiis mqone toponomia.
mecnieruli kvlevis es gansakuTrebuli meTodi, romelic sruli-
ad Seuferxeblad `sacnaurs xdis~ yoveli umniSvnelovanesi is-
161
toriuli faqtis somxur warmomavlobas, b-ma p. muradianma jer
kidev maSin gaacno mkiTxvel sazogadoebas, roca mcxeTis jvris
qarTuli arqiteqturuli Sedevri somxur arqiteqturas
miakuTvna, xolo bizantiis saxelmwifos didi qarTveli moRvawe,
yovladwminda RvTismSoblis qarTuli monastris damaarsebeli
(1083 w.) petriwonSi, sevastosi da domestikosi grigol bakurianis
Ze pirwmindad gaasomxa. m M aT Sesaxeb calke gveqneba saubari, ris
gamoc aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. muradianis kvlevis es
meTodi sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
CarCoebSi morgebulad jdeboda da amdenad, is moulodnels
arafers Seicavda. sayuradRebo sul sxvaa. muradianis kvlevis
interesebiT SemosazRvruli istoriul-geografiuli sivrce
saocrad emTxveva daSnakTa partiis politikuri programiT
saqarTvelos mimarT wayenebuli teritoriuli pretenziebis
sazRvrebs, rac mis Sromebs mecnieruli interesebis miRma ayenebs.
Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT am tipis naSromTa rigSi unda gan-
vixiloT 1978 w. somxuri arqiteqturis Zeglebis seriiT gamosuli
da somxeTis mweralTa kavSiris gamomcemloba `sovetakan groRis~
mier dastambuli t. maruTianis wigni `siRrmeTa somxeTi~. wignis
saTauri, rogorc vxedavT, ukve winaswar acxadebs mis mier
warmodgenili Zeglebis erovnul kuTvnilebas, rac, Turme, somxe-
Tis siRrmeebSi yofila saZiebeli, Tu rogor axerxebs wignis avtori
irealuris sinamdviled warmosaxvas, mousminoT qarTuli
arqiteqturis istoriis gamoCenil mkvlevars akad. vaxtang beriZ-
es, romelmac tao-klarjeTis Zeglebis Seswavlas kargad cnobili
fundamenturi naSromi uZRvna28. misi dakvirvebiT, wignis avtori-
saTvis (e. i. t. maruTianisaTvis) ucnobi unda iyos mecnieruli
kvlevis meTodebi da naklebad unda erkveodes sakvlevad aRebul
saganSi, ris gamoc brmad miyva ra n. tokarskis kvals, manac taos
taZrebi somxur ZeglTa wreSi moaqcia. is nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs
sakuTriv arqiteqturul-mxatvrul TaviseburebaTa ganxilvas, e. i.
ZeglTa arsSi Cawvdomas, raSic Cveulebriv vlindeba maTi
nacionaluri Tavisebureba. Sedarebebi da Sepirispirebebi, romel-
28
Âàõòàíã Áåðèäçå, Ìåñòî ïàìÿòíèêîâ Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè â èñòîðèè ãðóçèíñêîé
àðõèòåêòóðû, Òáèëèñè, 1981.
162
Tac is axdens wmindad diletanturad da saukunovani xandazmu-
lobisaa Tavisi doniT. tokarskis msgavsad t. maruTianic SesaZle-
blad miiCnevs erovnuli kulturis erTi dargi, am SemTxvevaSi
arqiteqtura, ganixilos sxva dargebidan izolirebulad. mas
`aviwydeba~, rom tao-klarjeTSi, istoriul niadagze rom araferi
iTqvas, qarTuli iyo ara marto arqiteqtura, aramed mdidari
literatura, xelnaweri wignebi, miniatiurebi, monumenturi ferw-
era, Weduri xelovnebis nawarmoebebi da yvela isini organulad
iyvnen dakavSirebulni saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze saqarTvelos
erovnuli xelovnebis saerTo ganviTarebiT. avtori mecnierul
uvicobasTan erTad, arakeTilsindisierebasac avlens – is mkiTx-
vels umalavs, rom tao-klarjeTis taZrebis warwerebi (umciresi
gamonaklisis garda) mTlianad qarTulia; amasTan, imasac malavs,
rom am warwerebSi dasaxelebuli arian qarTveli xuroTmoZRvrebi
(magaliTad, ivane morCaisZe iSxanSi) da mSeneblobis xelmZRvanelebi
(magaliTad, grigol oSkeli). iq ki, sadac iZulebulia aRiaros,
rom tao-klarjeTis ena qarTuli iyo, maSinve Tavis dasacavad
mimarTavs (marTalia, ara mis mier Seqmnil) qarTul enaze mosaubre
somex qalkedonitTa formulas. maruTianis logikiT, ramdenadac
arc ena, arc erovnuli literatura da xelovneba, arc
arqiteqturis TvalsaCinod mkafio Tavisebureba ar gansazRvraven
nacionalur kuTvnilebas, savsebiT SesaZlebelia mTeli qarTuli
kulturis waSla-gauqmeba imiT, rom ubralod is somxur-qalke-
donurad gamovacxadoT.
v. beriZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, t. maruTianisa da misi ms-
gavsebis nawerebi Zalze uSlian xels qarTuli da somxuri
xelovnebis seriozul mkvlevrebs da, ra Tqma unda, araviTari
sargebloba ar moaqvT mravalsaukunovani, mkafiod Taviseburi
somxuri arqiteqturisaTvis, romelic sulac ar saWiroebs msgavs
`damcvelebs~29.
erTaderTi da universaluri argumenti, riTac istoriuli
sinamdvilis damaxinjebis moRvaweebi cdiloben samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobisa da maTi sabinadro qveynis
somxuri samyarosTvis mikuTvnebas aris istoriul procesebSi
somex qalkedonitTa rolisa da mniSvnelobis usazRvrod gazvi-
29
v. beriZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 16-17.
163
adeba. ramdenadac es argumenti somxur istoriografiaSi sxva-
dasxva SemTxvevebsa da viTarebaSi sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba,
mogvixdeba masze sagangebod SeCereba.
1905 w. `Âèçàíòèéñêèé Âðåìåííèê~-is XII tomSi daibeWda niko maris
werili `Àðêàóí ìîíãîëüñêîå íàçâàíèå õðèñòèàí â ñâÿçè ñ âîïðîñîì îá
àðìÿíàõ-õàëêåäîíèòàõ~, romlis Seqmnasac biZgi misca imave organoSi
cota ufro adre lui ptis mier petriwonis tipikonis buqares-
tis berZnuli redaqciis teqstis gamoqveynebam. n N . maris yuradRe-
ba miipyro teqstis im adgilma, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom `winamde-
bare tipikoni… daiwera berZnulad, qarTulad da somxurad... xel-
mowerilia... saTno grigoris da dasavleTis didi domestikosis
bakurianis mier, somxuri asoebiT... daiwera berZnulad, qarTulad
da somxurad imitom, rom am monastris monazonebi qarTvelebi
arian da ar ician berZnuli kiTxva; amitom saWiroa es tipikoni
Sesrulebuli iyos qarTuladac da somxuradac30. tipikonis qar-
Tuli redaqcia am droisaTvis jer kidev ar iyo mikvleuli, ris
gamoc n. mars, gasagebia, ufro Rrma da sruli analizis saSua-
leba ar hqonda. somex qalkedonianTa istoriul sve-bedze da-
fiqrebul mecnierze, aSkaraa, rom berZnuli redaqciis am cnobam
didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, ramdenadac es erTgvarad amarTleb-
da da TiTqos sayrdensac aZlevda mis naCqarev koncefcias somex
qalkedonitTa warsulze, romlis Tanaxmadac IX saukunidan somx-
eTis antiqalkedonianuri eklesiis nacionalizacias somexi
qalkedonianebis denacionalizacia mohyva, ramac somex xalxs ro-
gorc ricxobrivad, ise moralurad, didi ziani moutana. somexi
qalkedonianebi gavlenis sferoebis mixedviT erwymodnen erT-
morwmune qarTvelebs, berZnebs da sirielebs. am denacionaliza-
ciis procesis wyalobiT iyoo, rom saqarTvelo gamdidrda taosa
da klarjeTis uaRresad mwarmoebluri, pirdapir brwyinvale kul-
turuli SemoqmedebiTi unariT dajildoebuli olqebiT31. faq-
tebis gauTvaliswineblobiTa da calmxrivad warmarTuli msje-
lobiT n. mari istoriuli sinamdvilisaTvis sruliad Seuferebel
eTno politikur suraTs gvixatavs, romlis mixedviTac tao-klar-
jeTis qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi somexi qalkedonianebis de-
30
georgika, t. 5, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 253-255.
31
Í. ß. Ìàðð, Àðêàóí..., ñ. 17.
164
nacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmni iyo. igi imdenad gaitaca
somex qalkedonitTa mis mier Seqmnilma konstruqciam, rom
winaaRmdegobebiT moculi teqstis (daiwera berZnulad,
qarTulad da somxurad imitom, rom am monastris monazonebi
qarTvelebi arian da ar ician berZnuli kiTxva) cnobebi Tavisi
koncefciis Tumca mcire, magram niSandobliv monacemad miiCnia.
amgvari damokidebulebis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda, agreTve,
ana komninisa da petriwonis monastris tipikonis
urTierTsapirispiro Cvenebebis SeTanxmebis survilic, ris gamoc,
Cans, gaugebrobaze agebuli sul ramdenime argumenti sakmarisi
aRmoCnda, raTa mas vrceli msjeloba gaemarTa da mTeli Teoria
Seeqmna somex qalkedonitTa erovnuli Segnebisa da maTi msof-
lmxedvelobiTi warmodgenebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Taobaze.
sakuTari Teoriis tyveobaSi myofma mecnierma Zeglis xsenebul
cnobebs misTvis Sesaferisi axsna mouZebna: radgan tipikoni ofi-
cialur berZnulTan erTad qarTulad da somxuradac yofila
Sesrulebuli, Cans, qarTvelebTan erTad monasterSi somxebic
sakmaod yofilan, ra Tqma unda, qalkedonitebi, romlebic am
niSniT qarTvelebad arian wodebulnio. tipikonis moTxovnas
`qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa da enis codnaze~ isini, cxadia, akmay-
ofilebdnen, magram ufro Zlierni iyvnen somxur mwignobroba-
Sio. amgvari movlenis dasturad n. mars miaCnda cnoba monastris
damaarseblis mier berZnul oficialur teqstze somxurad
xelismowera. xolo grigol bakurianis Zis sruliad gasageb da
naTel gancxadebas mis qarTul warmomavlobaze imiT xsnida, rom,
TiTqos, grigolis enaze sityva qarTvels wminda kulturuli
mniSvneloba hqondao da misi warmodgeniT yvela somexi
qalkedoniti aris qarTveli wminda sisxlis qarTvelis
Tanasworado. somexi qalkedoniti Tavs qarTvelad imitomac
grZnobda, rom warmoSobiT is tao-klarjeTidan iyo, odesRac
somxuri, magram XI saukunisaTvis ukve mTlianad gaqarTulebuli
raionidan. vin iyvnen am qveynis aborigenebi mocemul momentSi
mkvlevars ratomRac ar ainteresebs, Tumca ki mainc aRniSnavs,
rom es unda yofiliyo romeliRac lazuri an megruli tomi da
iqve ganmartavs: lazebi da megrelebi qarTvelTa moZmeebi ariano.
VII s. am qveyanas somxuri saxe hqonda da aq somxuri qalkedoni-
toba ifurCqnebodao, amave periods ganekuTvneba somxuri monas-
165
tris iSxanis ayvavebac, romlis restavrireba VIII-IX ss. mijnaze
moaxdina wminda sabam mxolod ukve qarTuli monastris saxiT.
daoblebul somxur nagebobebze, romelTac jer kidev SeinarCunes
somxuri saxelebi iSxani, Satberdi, mijnaZori da sxv. dam-
kvidrdnen qarTveli ber-monazvnebi. am epoqaSi IX-dan da TviT X
s.c ki qarTveli ber-monazvnoba garSemortymuli iyo erTmorw-
mune, magram ucxotomeli somxuri mosaxleobiT. da qarTvelTa
politikuri batonobis miuxedavad, Tavis uflebas am qveynisaTvis
qarTuli ewodebinaT amyarebdnen imaze, rom eklesiebSi RvTism-
saxureba qarTul enaze warmoebda. qalkedoniti somxebi amiT Tan-
daTan qarTveldebodnen. 1083 w., roca petriwonis monasteri
efuZvneboda, tao-klarjeTis somexi qalkedonitebi Tavs ukve nam-
dvil qarTvelebad miiCnevdnen da maT qarTul metyvelebas,
bunebrivia, adgilobrivi somxuri sityvebic unda Seewova. aseT
sityvaTa ricxvs, romelTac qarTul enaSi moqalaqeobrivi uf-
leba moipoves, miekuTvneboda `tanuteri~ (gv. 22). Semdeg miu-
TiTebs ra am sityvis xmarebis sxva SemTxvevebs, askvnis, rom am
sityvam tao-klarjeTis qarTul enaSi moipova moqalaqeobrivi
ufleba. umTavresad amitom, ganmartavs n. mari, vbedav amJamad
vamtkico, rom grigol bakuriani, petriwonis qarTul monastris
damaarsebeli iyo tao-klarjeTis gaqarTvelebuli somexi
qalkedonitebis wridan. statiis bolos n. mari akeTebs metad
sayuradRebo SeniSvnas: igi ganmartavs, rom ar miiCnevs
warmodgenil Tvalsazriss bolomde da yovelTvis damtkicebu-
lad da misi mizani iyo specialistTa yuradReba miepyro somxuri
qalkedonitobis Seswavlis maRal kulturul-istoriul interesze
da yvela imaze, rac xels uwyobs an SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos mis
gaSuqebas32. am SeniSvnis Semdeg mainc, vfiqrob, sruliad aSkaraa,
rom n. mars Tavisi Tvalsazrisi somxur qalkedonitobaze
mecnierul hipoTezad miaCnda da ara sabolood damtkicebul
utyuar WeSmaritebad.
marTlac, mis msjelobaSi gamokveTili winaaRmdegobebi da
faqtebis zedapiruli analizi cxadad avlens aRniSnul sakiTxze
n. maris ganzogadebaTa naCqarev xasiaTs. daviwyoT Tundac imiT,
rom qarTuli sakuTari saxeli bakuriani somxuri formis (iani)
32
n. mari, arkauni..., gv. 50-51.
166
gvarad miiRo da Tavidanve mcdar safuZvelze aago axali Teoria.
tipikonis berZnuli da qarTuli redaqciebis teqstis dasawyis-
Sive sruliad garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom bakuriani grigolis ma-
mis saxeli iyo da ara misi gvari. qarTulSi weria: `romeli ese
aRiwera da daemtkica brZanebiTa Cem grigolisiTa, nebiTa RmrTi-
sa¡Ta sevastosisa da didisa demestikosisa yovlisa dasavleTi-
sa¡Ta, Zisa sanatrelisa erisTavTa mTavrisa bakurianisa¡Ta~. igives
imeorebs berZnuli, romelsac n. maric icnobda: `... monasterSi,
romelic aRvaSene me grigolma RvTis nebiT sevastosma da mTeli
dasavleTis domestikosma, RviZlma Svilma netari bakurianisa,
brwyinvale erisTavT-erisTavisa~. tipikonSi bakuriani sxvaganac
aris dasaxelebuli grigolis mamad; berZnulSi ikiTxeba: `didi
xuTSabaTis patiosansa da wminda dRes aResrulos saxsenebeli
netarisa da saxelovanisa mamisa Cuenisa bakurianisa erisTavTa-
erisTavisa~; qarTuladac igivea: `dResa didisa xuTSabaTisasa
sa£senebeli aResrulebodis mamisa Cuenisa erisTavT-erisTavisa
bakurianisaT¢s~. igivea gameorebuli sxvaganac. berZnuli teqstiT:
`netari mama Cueni bakuriani~, qarTuliT: `mamisa Cemisa bakuria-
nisaT¢s~. akaki SaniZe amasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve, SeniSnavs, rom
bakuriani qarTuli formaa, somxurad ki bakuran iTqmoda33.
aSkaraa, n. mari petriwonis tipikonis berZnul redaqciasac
jerovnad ar icnobda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas ecodineboda,
rom bakuriani am teqstSi sagvareulo saxeli ki ar aris, aramed
piris aRmniSvnelia da kerZod grigolis mamis sakuTari saxelia,
rac araorazrovnad da naTladaa naCvenebi teqstis kidev erT
adgilas: `erT dRes unda moixseniebodes netari mama Cveni
bakuriani wmida JamiswirvaSi, xolo meore dRes – misi RviZli
Zma xuasrovani, mesame dRes ki amisi Svili da Cemi biZaSvili
bakuriani~34. ufro metic, rogorc irkveva, adamianis es sakuTari
saxeli qarTlis warCinebulTa saxelebSi, saerTod, ucxo arc man-
amde yofila. magaliTad, qarTlis moqcevis matianesaTvis dar-
33
akaki SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni,
tipikonis qarTuli redaqcia, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 37-38; georgika, t.
5, gv. 99, 215 da sxv.
34
georgika, t. 5, gv. 235.
167
Tul e. w. did erisTavTa siaSi VIII saukunisaTvis moixsenieba vinme
`bakuriani, Ze¡ baldadisi~35.
aseve, erTob susti argumentia tao-klarjeTis eTnikur-kul-
turuli warsulis n. mariseuli suraTis warmosadgenad berZnuli
redaqciis cnobaze damyarebuli msjeloba tipikonis somxuri
redaqciis SesaZlo arsebobasa da grigolis somxuri xelmoweris
Taobaze, gansakuTrebiT im dros, roca Zeglis dedani mkvlevrebs
saerTod ar moepovebaT da maT aslebze arian damokidebulni.
berZnuli redaqciis ganmarteba tipikonis teqstis somxur enazec
Sedgenis saWiroebaze winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia da gaugebari. amis
Sesaxeb s. yauxCiSvili mis mier gamocemuli berZnuli redaqciis
kvleviT nawilSi werda: im adgilas, sadac berZnul teqstSi lapar-
akia tipikonis daweris Sesaxeb sams enaze Camatebuli moCans sity-
va `somxurad~ da `da somxuradac~. am azris siswores is amarTlebs,
rom am mTliani winadadebis SuaSi ar Cans dasabuTeba imisa, Tu
ratom iyo saWiro daewera `somxuradac~. dasabuTebaSi naTqvamia,
`rom am monastris monazonebi qarTvelebi arian da ar ician berZnu-
li kiTxva~ da ar Cans, riT aris gamowveuli somxuradac tipikonis
daweris saWiroeba. rom sityva `somxurad~ iyos teqstis organuli
nawili, maSin unda werebuliyo: `imitom rom am monastris
monazonebi qarTvelebi /da somxebi/ arian da ar ician berZnuli
kiTxva~36. qarTuli da berZnuli teqstebis Sedarebisas ki s. yaux-
CiSvili aRniSnavda, rom Tavidan bolomde ise gasdevs wesdebis
mTel teqsts mTavari debuleba: `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT~ an
“qarTvelni arian da ar ician berZnuli wakiTxva (da es aris ara
marto qarTuli redaqciis teqstSi, aramed berZnulSic) – ise
gasdevs es wiTeli zoliviT, rom tipikonis teqstis qarTuli
redaqcia SegviZlia miviCnioT pirvel-dednad37. qarTul redaqcia-
Si ki, rogorc aRiniSna, cnoba somxuri redaqciis arsebobisa da
grigolis mier somxuri asoebiT xelmoweraze ar moipoveba.
damajereblobasaa moklebuli, agreTve, n. maris mtkiceba,
TiTqos, monasterSi qalkedoniti somxebic iyvnen, romlebic
35
a. bogveraZe, grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis gagebisaTvis, kr-
Si `amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi~, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 154.
36
georgika, t. 5, gv. 274.
37
iqve, gv. 275.
168
wesdebis somxur teqsts saWiroebdneno. Tu aseT azrs dauSvebT,
maSin irRveva wesdebis moTxovna qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa da enis
codnaze, xolo Tu zogierTebs, romlebic qarTuls ukve flobd-
nen, magram somxuri ufro emarjvebodaT, rogorc amas n. mari
ganmartavs, mxolod am mizeziT somxuri teqstis Sedgena namd-
vilad gaumarTlebeli Cans. Sors rom aRar wavideT da grigol
bakurianis Zis mier monastrisaTvis `didi xarjis gaRebiT~ Sewir-
uli wignebis sakmaod grZel sias gadavavloT Tvali, iq verc erT
somxur wigns ver mivagnebT qarTuli da berZnuli wignebis garda.
monasterSi rom qarTvelebis gverdiT Tundac maTi erTmorwmune
somxebi yofiliyvnen, anda TviT grigol bakurianis Ze warmoSobiT
somexi yofiliyo, romelsac Turme somxuri ufro exerxeboda,
rogor davijeroT, erTi somxuri wigni mainc ar daedo monastri-
saTvis sakuTari xarjiT Seqmnil biblioTekaSi? aSkaraa, somxuri
wignis momxmarebeli petriwonis monasterSi aravin iyo da arc
aravin eloda, rom momavalSi mainc aseTi saWiroeba gaCeniliyo,
radganac wesdeba qarTvelis garda, ucxo warmomavlobis monaz-
vnebis mosvlas principulad gamoricxavda.
grigol bakurianis Zis warmomavlobisa Tu tao-klarjeTis
mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis gansazRvrisaTvis Zalze
Znelia argumentis mniSvneloba mieniWos ZeglSi moxseniebul somx-
ur sityva `tanuters~, ris saSualebiTac, agreTve, cdilobs n. mari
mis mierve dasmuli problemis gadaWras. jer erTi, rogorc es
akaki SaniZem dokumenturad daadastura petriwonis monastris
tipikonis berZnul teqstSi naxmari `tanuteri~ uadgiloa, ram-
denadac is mekuWnavis magieradaa gamoyenebuli maSin, rodesac
am somxur sityvas qarTulSi da somxurSic xelisufalis mniS-
vneloba aqvs. cxadia, pirvandeli teqsti gadakeTebulia da iq
arsebuli mekuWnavis aRsaniSnavi kelari Tu ostigani qarTulSi
xmarebuli somxuri sityviTaa Secvlili Sinaarsis damaxinjebis
xarjze. ase rom, sityva `tanuteri~, romelsac n. mari ase did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda, tipikonis teqstebSi, Tavdapirvelad saer-
Tod, arc yofila. rac Seexeba qarTul enaSi somxuri sityvebis
gamoyenebas, iseve rogorc qarTuli sityvebisa somxurSi, gansa-
kuTrebiT calkeuli SemTxvevebisas, mxaris eTnikuri saxis war-
mosaCenad ar SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba mieniWos, radganac aseTi
viTareba mezobelTa xangrZlivi urTierTobisa da enobrivi kon-
169
taqtebis sruliad bunebrivi Sedegia. saTanado magaliTebi
sakmaod bevria da specialistebisaTvis kargad cnobili. moviyvanT
ramdenime maTgans. a. SaniZe asaxelebs megrul-lazuri sityvebis
damkvidrebis SemTxvevebs somxurSi, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT
gamohyofs sityva Wanjs (buzi), romelic uZveles somxur
teqstebSi gvxvdeba. aseve Zvelia lazuri jinj Ziridan nawarmoebi
sityvebi somxurSi38. somxeTSi da saerTod amierkavkasiis xalxTa
enebSi specialistebi qarTulidan Sesulad Tvlian sameurneo
daniSnulebis iseT uZveles terminebs, rogoricaa Toxi, bari,
oCxari da sxv. ase rom, somxeTis mezobel tao-klarjeTSi
zogierTi somxuri terminis, maT Soris `tanuteris~ xmareba
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis movlenad ver CaiTvleba.
erTaderTi pirdapiri cnoba, romelic grigol bakurianis
Zes somxur warmomavlobas miawers ana komnenes `aleqsiada~-dan
iRebs saTaves. anas TqmiT, grigol bakurianis Ze `warmoSobiT
somxis warCinebuli gvarisa iyo~. imperatoris qaliSvilis am
cnobas gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegebian berZnul-bizantiuri, somxuri
da, cxadia, qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi, romelTa mixedviT
grigol bakurianis Ze warmoSobiT iyo `iberTa brwyinvale
gvaridan~. rogorc vxedavT, istoriuli wyaroebi adamianis
warmomavlobas gvar-tomisadmi misi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvravs.
miuxedavad amisa, n. mars misaRebad da unaklod mxolod ana
komnenes cnoba miaCnia, sxva danarCenis analogiuri principiT
gadmocemul cnobas ki sarwmunoebriv moments ukavSirebs da kul-
turul mniSvnelobas miawers. ase rom, sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis
urTierTSesabamisobis mis mierve gacxadebul princips, rasac
safuZvlad udebs tao-klarjeTis eTnikur-kulturuli saxis
gansazRvras, TviTonve yovelTvis ar icavs. Tu erT SemTxvevaSi,
kerZod somexTa Segnebis simyaris saCveneblad, sarwmunoeba ver
Slida erovnebas, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki, roca qarTuli tao-
klarjeTi somxurad unda moenaTla, sarwmunoeba Slis erovnebas.
ratom aris, rom petriwonis monastris tipikonis `qarTvels~
kulturuli mniSvneloba hqonda, ana komnenes ki ara? am kiTxvaze
38
À. Øàíèäçå, Âåëèêèé äîìåñòèê Çàïàäà Ãðèãîðèé áàêóðèàíèñ-äçå è
ãðóçèíñêèé ìîíàñòûðü, îñíîâàííûé èì â Áîëãàðèè, Òáèëèñè, 1970, ñ. 30.
170
pasuxs n. mari ar iZleva. marto sarwmunoeba rom ver waSlida
erovnebas, amas TviT n. maris mier moyvanili magaliTebic
mowmoben, romelTa mixedviT berZnul eklesiaSi, berZnul enaze
mlocveli da mwirvel-mgalobeli marTlmadidebeli somxebi,
maris Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, berZnebad da romaelebad ki ar
iwodebian, aramed somxebad, rasac eWvmiutaneblad adastureben
amotvifruli warwerebi, magaliTad `AñìÝíßïs ðñåüâýôåños~ da
sxv.39 ana komnene, ra Tqma unda, cdeba, roca grigol bakurianis
Zes somxad miiCnevs. igi cdeboda iseve, rogorc araerTi berZeni
avtori Semcdara bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTvelebisa da somxebis
erovnuli kuTvnilebis sakiTxSi. Tu rogor da ra pirobebSi unda
mosvloda Secdoma imperatoris qaliSvils, saintereso dakvirve-
bas warmogvidgens a. bogveraZe: ana sul sami wlisa iyo, roca
grigoli daiRupa, xolo `aleqsiada~ sibereSi dauweria. anam is
ki icoda, rom es kaci `aRmosavleli~ iyo da somxeTSi didxans
namsaxuri da ra gasakvirvelia amis mere, Tu somxadve CaTvala.
anas is rom scodnoda, grigol bakurianis Zes Tavis brwyinvale
qarTuli warmoSobiT Tavi mohqonda, rom qarTul saqmes is
bizantiaSic ar iviwyebda (aTonis qarTvelTa monasterze
mzrunveloba, petriwonis qarTuli monastris daarseba), rom `to-
miT qarTvelad~ miaCnda es kaci TviT anas Tanamedrove somex
istorikossac (maTeos urhaecis), gana oriode sityviT ityoda,
somexi iyoo da amis mizezs saTanadod ar ganmartavda? anas is
mainc rom scodnoda, rom grigoli taos erisTavTerisTavis
bakurianis Svili iyo, im taosi, romelsac bizantiis samefo kari
anamde sami saukuniT adre uciloblad iberiad scnobda da mis
mosaxleobas iberielebad miiCnevda (marto konstantine porfiro-
genetis Txzuleba rad Rirs), ase erTi kalmis mosmiT grigol
bakurianis Zes somxad gamoacxadebda? ra sakvirvelia ara.40
rogorc vxedavT, saeWvo sabuTianobis safuZvelze miRebuli
urTierTgamomricxveli daskvnebis mTeli wyeba naTlad warmoaCens
n. maris msjelobis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs. mis mier daxatuli
IX-XI ss. tao-klarjeTis eTnokulturuli suraTi ara marto
39
n. mari, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29.
40
a. bogveraZe, grigol bakurianis tipikonis gagebisaTvis, gv. 158.
171
daujerebelia, aramed, zogjer kuriozul Seferilobasac iRebs.
n. mari rom gvarwmunebs, qarTuli tao-klarjeTi Tavisi brwyin-
vale kulturiT, romlis dominanti maRalganviTarebuli qarTu-
li ena da qarTuli mwerloba iyo, somexi qalkedonitebis dena-
cionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmniao, e. i. im somxebisa, romelT-
ac jer kidev XI s. bolos mSobliuri somxuri ufro emarjvebo-
daT, gana ra Zalas SeeZlo iseTi saswaulis moxdena, rom isini
erTbaSad brwyinvale qarTuli kulturis Semoqmedni gamx-
dariyvnen? Tuki n. maris warmodgeniT, XI s. gasuls tao-klarje-
Ti, Tundac qarTvelTa erTmorwmune kompaqturi somxuri mase-
biT yofiliyo dasaxlebuli, nuTu masTan SedarebiT erTi muWa
qarTveli ber-monazvnebis moRvaweobas SeeZlo mTeli qveynis eT-
nokulturuli suraTis ise Secvla, rom qarTvelTa politikuri
batonobac uzrunvelyo? amgvari absurduli situaciis dajereba
xom SeuZlebelia. da miT ufro gasakviria n. marisagan yovelgvar
saR azrs moklebuli aseTi msjeloba.
n. maris maRali samecniero avtoritetis gamo misi Teoria
qarTul kulturaSi somexi qalkedonitebis rolis Sesaxeb, erTx-
ans farTod gavrcelda. gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT aitaces
igi somexma mkvlevrebma, miiCnies ra somxuri geopolitikuri amo-
canebis gadaWris erT-erT efeqtur saSualebad. albaT, amito-
macaa, rom somxuri istoriografia dRemde (e. i. mTeli saukune)
Seunelebeli energiiT cdilobs uamravi wylulebisagan n. maris
Teoriis gadarCenas. tipikonis teqstis qarTuli aslis aRmoCenisa
da ak. SaniZis mier misi gamoqveynebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda
grigol bakurianis Zis problematikasTan dakavSirebuli yvela
sakiTxis gacilebiT Rrmad da srulad Seswavla, ramac n. maris
Teoriis mowinaaRmdegeTa ricxvi mecnierTa samyaroSi Seudare-
blad gazarda. ucxoel mecnierTa im ricxvs, romlebic Tavidanve
iziarebdnen grigol bakurianis Zis qarTvelobas rogorc warmo-
SobiT, ise sarwmunoebiT (p. bezobrazovi, l. pti , i. ivanovi,
a. protiCi, e. honigmani, v. lazarevi da sxv.), daemataT a. kostovi,
a. kostova, d. kazarovi, g. cankova-petkova, i. lubarski, a. vasi-
lievi, m. ivanovi, g. ostrogorski, a. kaJdani, e. bakalova, m.
deriberi da sxva mravali (maTi Sromebi ix. l. menabdis wignSi
“Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi@~, II, Tbilisi, 1980). garda imisa,
rom qarTuli teqsti ucvleladaa gadmowerili dednidan da kar-
172
gadaa Senaxuli da amdenad, didi upiratesoba aqvs berZnulTan
SedarebiT, is imavdroulad qarTuli saliteraturo enis
brwyinvale Zeglicaa. niSandoblivia agreTve, rom ZeglSi aqa-iq
SemorCenili meditaciur-lirikuli wiaRsvlebi mkvlevrebs sa-
fuZvels aZlevs teqstis literaturul avtoradac grigol ba-
kurianis Ze miiCnion41, rac TavisTavad seriozuli argumentia
Zeglisa da misi avtoris warmomavlobisa da masTan dakavSirebu-
li sxva sakiTxebis gasarkvevadac.
tipikonis qarTuli teqstis aRmoCenis Semdeg akaki SaniZe
savsebiT marTebulad werda: grigol bakurianis Ze rom qarTveli
iyo, es garkveviT aris naTqvami tipikonis dasawyisSive, grigolma
rom monasteri daaarsa qarTvelTaTvis, es ara erTxel aris aRniS-
nuli imave tipikonSi da rom petriwonis monastris berebi
qarTvelebi iyvnen, esec garkveviT aris aRniSnuli: `monazonni mo-
nastrisa Cemissani guarad qarTvelni arian~. yvela amis Semdeg
visac ra unda, is amtkicos, pirs veravis aubam da qaRaldic
aitans42.
marTlacda, aSkara faqtebze Tvalis daxuWva da naZaladevi
argumentebis mopovebis mcdeloba, bunebrivia, Znelad Tu daim-
saxurebs sxvagvar Sefasebas.
n. maris xsenebuli Teoriis kritikisagan dacva, Tanac nebis-
mieri saSualebiT misi Semagreba, rogorc ukve iTqva, somxurma
istoriografiam iTava. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT gam-
oirCevian p. muradiani da v. aruTinova-fidaniani, romlebmac
n. maris Secdomebis uarsayofad araerTi moxseneba da werili da-
beWdes, gansakuTrebiT ki q-ma viaidam mTeli Tavisi mecnieruli
Zalisxmeva, faqtobrivad, am Temas miuZRvna (maT Soris ZiriTadia:
Àðóòþíîâà – Ôèäàíÿí Â. À., Ê âîïðîñó îá `anqrwpoi~ â `Òèïèêå~
Ãðèãîðèÿ Áàêóðèàíà, Âèçàíòèéñêèé âðåìåííèê, 1968; misive, Ãðèãîðèé
Ïàêóðèàí (Áàêóðèàí) è öåëè îñíîâàíèÿ èì ìîíàñòûðÿ â Ïåòðèöîíå, – Ìàðð
è âîïðîñû àðìåíîâåäåíèÿ, Åðåâàí, 1968; misive Âèçàíòèéñêèå ïðàâèòåëè
ôåìû Èâåðèÿ, Èñ³μ»ñ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ« 1973« N 2, misive,
41
l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, II, gv. 263-265.
42
ak. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni,
tipikonis qarTuli redaqcia, Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 33.
173
`Èâåð~ â âèçàíòèéñêèõ èñòî÷íèêàõ XI â., ´³Ýμ»ñ سï»Ý³¹³ñ³ÝÇ« ºñ»í³Ý«
1973 N 11 misive, Òèïèê Ãðèãîðèÿ Ïàêóðèàíà. Ââåä., ïåð. è êîììåíò. Â. À.
Àðóòþíîâîé – Ôèäàíÿí, Åðåâàí, 1978; misive, Àðìÿíå-õàëêåäîíèòû íà
âîñòî÷íûõ ãðàíèöàõ Âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè (XI â.,), Åðåâàí, 1980; misive, Ê
âîïðîñó î òåðìèíå `Âîñòîê~ â êîíöå X-XI â., Âèçàíòèéñêèå î÷åðêè, Ìîñêâà,
1982; da sxvebi. Øáõñ³¹Û³Ý ä©Ø©« ¶ñÇ·áñ ´³ÏáõñdzÝÇ §ê³ÑÙ³Ýù¦-Ç
Ñáõݳñ»Ý »í íñ³ó»ñ»Ý ËÙμ³·ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ñóÇ ßáõñçÁ«
ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý ѳݹ»ë« 1968« N 1« misive, Ãðóçèíñêèé ïåðåâîä
`Ïîâåñòâîâàíèÿ~ Àðèñòàêåñà Ëàñòèâàðòöè, Èñ³μ»ñ ѳë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý
·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ« 1975« N 2© misive, Êóëüòóðíàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü àðìÿí-
õàëêèäîèòîâ â XI-XIII ââ, Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ñèìïîçèóì ïî àðìÿíñêîìó
èñêóññòâî, Åðåâàí, 1978 da sxv.). kritikisgan n. maris Teoriis dasa-
cavad saWiro cnobebis deficitis gamo am avtorebma isev n. maris
kvalobaze, qarTvelis aRmniSvneli TiTqmis yvela eTnikuri termi-
ni konfesiuri Sinaarsis matareblad gamoacxades. amiT, etyoba,
sul cota ori amocanis gadawyveta scades: 1. ana komnenes cnoba
grigol bakurianis Zis tomiT somxobaze amis Semdeg gamonaklisad
da oblad aRar unda aRqmuliyo da 2. samxreT taodan gamosuli
yvela didi qarTveli moRvawe, romelic saistorio wyaroebSi
qarTvelad moixsenieba somex qalkedonelad SeiZleboda monaT-
luliyo. amgvari manipulaciebis sawinaaRmdegod iZulebuli vxdeb-
iT Cvenc mowinaaRmdegis xerxi gamoviyenoT n. maris somex mimde-
varTagan gansxvavebiT, somxur enaSi qarTvelisa da qarTvelTa
qveynis aRmniSvneli yvela ZiriTadi terminis namdvili Sinaarsi
gavacnoT mkiTxvels. qarTul istoriografiaSi amgvari samuSaos
Sesruleba cnobilma armenologma el. cagareiSvilma itvirTa. misi
gamokvlevebi §í»ñdz¦« í»ñdzóǦ -is mniSvnelobisaTvis somxur
werilobiT ZeglebSi43 da `qarTvelisa~ da `saqarTvelos~ aRmniS-
vneli terminebi somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi” 44 zedmiwevniT
gamoirCeva mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiTa da gansakuTrebuli
koreqtulobiT. masala amokrebili da gaanalizebulia Sua sauku-
neebis somex avtorTa Txzulebebidan, movses xorenacidan dawye-
43
ix. krebuli amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tbilisi, 1991,
gv. 103-114.
44
ix. krebuli, saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri
da qarTuli terminologia, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 153-209.
174
buli (V s.) da XVIII s. avtorebiT esaia hasan jalalianciT, abraam
kretaciT da sxvebiT damTavrebuli. amdenad, q-ni elene Tvalwin
gviSlis dasaxelebul somxur terminTa SinaarsSi SesaZlebel yve-
la cvlilebaTa dinamikas Sua saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze.
Zvel somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi `qarTvelis~ aRsaniSnavad
(iseve rogorc sxva eTnosebis aRniSvnisas), Cveulebriv, ramdenime
termini gvxvdeba §íÇñù¦« §íñ³óǦ« iSviaTad §íñ³óÇ ³½·³õ¦ da
§í»ñdzóÇ | í»édzóǦ© qarTvelTa qveyana ki iwodeba §³ß˳ñÑ íñ³ó¦«
§»ñÏÇñ ìñ³ó¦« §ìÇñù¦« §íñ³ó ïáõݦ« §ìñ³ëï³Ý¦. iSviaTad gvxvdeba
§í»ñdz | í»édz¦« §ì»ñdzóõáó ³ß˳ñѦ da sxva. qarTvelTa warmomav-
lobisa da maTi adgilsacxovrisis aRmniSvneli am terminebis das-
adastureblad el. cagareiSvilis mier moyvanili uamravi sailus-
tracio masala rogorc adrindeli, ise mogviano xanis somxuri
werilobiTi Zeglebidan srul ndobas imsaxurebs da maT marTe-
bulebaSi eWvis Sesatanad iotis odena adgilic ar rCeba. somxur
werilobiT ZeglebSi am sakiTxze arsebuli gamokveTilad erTm-
niSvnelovani uxvi masalis arsebobis miuxedavad, p. muradiani
sakamaTod xdis qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli somxuri terminis `veria-
ciq~-is da qarTvelTa qveynis `veria~-s mniSvnelobas. aristakes
lastivertcis Txzulebis qarTuli Targmanis gamoqveynebasTan
dakavSirebiT daweril recenziaSi p. muradiani sayvedurobs
el. cagareiSvils somxuri teqstis `veriaciq~-is qarTvelebad
Targmnis gamo. misi azriT, Zeglis avtori qarTvelis eTnikuri
cnebis gadmosacemad Tanamimdevrulad iyenebs termin `vraci~-so,
amitom terminebi `veriaci~ da `vraci~ realurad identurni ar
ariano. terminebis `veriaciq~ – `veriacvoc~, ganagrZobs p. mura-
diani, fuZea veria anu qveyana veria. a. lastivertcis mier aRwer-
ili movlenebi ki viTardeboda im teritoriaze, romelic daviT
kurapalatis sikvdilis Semdeg Seadgenda bizantiur axal admin-
istraciul erTeuls – Tem iverias. a. lastivertci ki mogviT-
xrobs `afxazis~ anu giorgi I-is mier am Temis teritoriaze Sek-
rebili jaris marcxze. amdenad saubaria iveriis Temis mosax-
leobaze – iverielebze, terminis axlebur gagebaze da ara
qarTvelebze, ramdenadac qarTvelTa garda Temis mosaxleobas
Seadgendnen somxebic da berZnebic. `veria – es Tema iveriaa~45.
45
Ï. Ì. Ìóðàäÿí, Ãðóçèíñêèé ïåðåâîä "ïîâåñòâîâàíèÿ" Àðèñòàêåñà
ëàñòèâåðòöû, Èñ³μ»ñ, N 2, »ñ¿í³Ý, 1975, ç
¿. 109.
175
 jer erTi, rogorc TviT p. muradianisTvisac kargadaa cno-
bili, lastivertcis Txzulebis sxva gamomcemel-mTargmnelebsac,
maT Soris somxuri kritikuli teqstis gamomcemel karen iuzba-
Siansac `virq~ da `veriaci~ identur eTnikur terminebad miaCnia,
ris gamoc a. lastivertcis istoriis rusuli Targmanis gamoce-
mis saZiebelSi ganmartavs `Ãðóçèÿ ñì. Èâåðèÿ~, xolo `veriaciq~
xsenebul konkretul SemTxvevaSi qarTvelTa eTnikurobis aRmniS-
vnelad da ara e. w. `iberiis Temis~ mcxovrebTa zogad maCvene-
blad Tvlis46. amave Zeglis axal somxur enaze Targmnili teqs-
tis gamocemaSi eTnikuri termini `veriaci~ qarTvelad aris
Targmnili (vrac zorqer – qarTvelTa jarebi), masze darTul
komentarSi ki ganmartebulia, rom somxur mwerlobaSi
saqarTvelos ewodeba ara mxolod `virq~, aramed agreTve `veria~,
`iveria~, xolo qarTvelebs – `iveraciq~, `veriaciq~. a.
lastivertci wers: `virq~, `vrac~, aq ki `veriacvoc~47.
am CvenebaTa sawinaaRmdegod p. muradians ra axali masala
eguleba arsaidan Cans, qarTvelebis sinonimuri terminebiT moxs-
enieba ki ar aris uCveulo somxuri wyaroebisaTvis. qarTvelebis
msgavsad isini sxva xalxebsac ramdenime sinonimuri terminiT ix-
senieben. magaliTad, TviT `somxebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben `haika
zavak~, `haika tohm~, `hai azgav~, berZnebisa `horom azg~, `azgav
Join~ da sxv. amitom `veriaci~ aristakes lastivertcisTan, am
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, niSnavs `qarTvels~ da ara `iberiis Te-
mis~ mcxovrebs. aRniSnulis naTelsayofad el. cagareiSvils
mohyavs mTeli rigi amonawerebi werilobiTi wyaroebidan, rom-
lebic erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebs p. muradianis mier dasax-
elebuli giorgi I-is jaris qarTulobas. qarTul wyaroebSi es
jari `spani qarTvelTad~ iwodeba, xolo somxurSi – `zorq
veriacvoc~ an `zorq vrac~, e. i. qarTvelTa jarebi. amasTan
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom somxur wyaroebSi, romlebSic XI
s. pirveli naxevris ambebia aRwerili, garkveviTaa erTmaneTisagan
46
ix. amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, gv. 106-108; agreTve, saqar-
Tvelosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli termi-
nologia gv. 170-172.
47
²ñÇëï³Ï»ë ȳëïÇí»ñïóÇ©ä³ïÙáõÃÛáõݫóñ·Ù³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ì²
©¶
© »áñ·Û³Ý©ºñ»í³Ý«
1971« ¿ç. 10-118.
176
gamijnuli, vTqvaT, `somexTa jari~, `qarTvelTa jari~ an erTad
aris naxsenebi `jari somexTa da qarTvelTa~, `jari berZenTa,
somexTa da qarTvelTa~. cxadia, a. lastivertcisTan moxseniebuli
`veriaci~ konkretuli mniSvnelobisaa, eTnikur termins warmoad-
gens da `veriacvoc zorq~ igivea, rac sxva somxur wyaroTa `zorq
vrac~, arabuli wyaros `afxazTa laSqari~, berZnuli wyaros
`abazgebis jari~, qarTul wyaroTa `spani qarTvelTa~, e. i. giorgi
I-is jari. ase rom, `veria~ fuZiani terminebis, kerZod ki termin
“veriacis” muradianiseul “axlebur” gagebaze msjeloba sruliad
uadgilo da usafuZvloa. niSandoblivia, rom jer kidev VIII s.
somexma istorikosma levondma kargad icoda `veria~ fuZiani
sityvebis mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac `i veria~ iyo `virq~-i anu
qarTli48.
p. muradianis kvals gahyva da Semdgom gaafarTova Tavisi
winamorbedis `axleburi~ gageba v. aruTinova-fidanianma. 1978 w.
erevanSi mis mier gamocemul grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis
berZnulidan naTargmn rusul teqstSi yvelgan SeinarCuna da
uTargmneli datova qarTvelis aRmniSvneli berZnuli saxeli
`ivir~-i, riTac, cxadia, Seecada am sityvaSi, misi namdvili mniS-
vnelobis `qarTvelis~ nacvlad, gaqarTvelebis gzaze damdgari
somexi qalkedonelis Sinaarsi Caedo, rogorc amas Tavis recen-
ziaSi SeniSnavda akaki SaniZe. qarTveli mecnieris gakvirvebas isic
iwvevda, rom sityva `ivir~-idan nawarmoeb berZnul zedsarTav
saxels Targmnida `qarTulis~ meSveobiT, roca saqme exeboda
wignebs an weras. magaliTad, qarTuli wera-kiTxvis mcodne bere-
bi, qarTuli oTxTavi da sxv49. amgvari orgvari damokidebuleba
sityva `ivir~-Tan anu ormagi standartiT midgoma sakvlevi obieq-
tisadmi, vfiqrob, mTlianad amJRavnebs avtoris winaswarganzrax-
ul miznebs, romlisTvisac obieqturi mecnieruli kvleva, ubral-
od, mizanSeuwoneli xdeba.
qarTvelis aRmniSvneli somxuri wyaroebis termin `vraci
azgav~-is (gvarad qarTveli) mimarTac msgavsi damokidebulebaa
48
ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ Ô»õáݹ»³Û Ù»ÍÇ í³ñ¹³å»ïÇ Ñ³Ûáó« ë©ä»ï»ñμáõñ·« 1887« ¿ç 138-
139.
49
À. Ã. Øàíèäçå. Î ñòðîèòåëÿ Ïåòðèöîíñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ Ãðèãîðèè Áàêóðèàíèñ
äçå, `macne~, #4, 1978, gv. 171.
177
gabatonebuli, xsenebul avtorebTan erTad, TiTqmis mTel somx-
ur istoriografiaSi, romelTa mtkicebiT, es termini (`azgav~ –
gvari, tomi, naTesavi) niSnavs ara warmoSobiT qarTvels, aramed
somex qalkedonels. somxuri werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa
umarTebulo analiziTa da interpretaciiT xsenebul avtorebs
SesaZleblad esaxebaT `vraci azgav~-iTac moxseniebul qarTvel
moRvaweTa _ ioane Tornikesa da misi naTesavebis, grigol bakuri-
anis Zis, lipartis, ratis da zviadis, zaqaria valaSkertelisa da
sxvaTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis waSla, masTan erTad ki aTonisa
da petriwonis qarTuli monastrebis istoriis, tao-klarjeTis,
zemo da qvemo qarTlis istoriuli geografiis, am mxareTa eTni-
kuri Semadgenlobisa da politikuri viTarebis maTTvis sasurve-
lad gadakeTeba da sxv. maSin rodesac `azg~-iT sarwmunobisa, xolo
eTnikuri terminiT `vraci azgav~-iT (tomiT, gvarad, naTesaviT
qarTveli) somex qalkedonelTa aRniSvnis SemTxvevebSi somxur
werilobiT wyaroebSi saerTod ar dasturdeba. Sua saukuneebis
somex istorikosTa SromebSi dadasturebuli xsenebuli termine-
bi da maTi sinonimebis Semcveli sityvebi yovelTvis ama Tu im
pirovnebis warmomavlobaze, nacionalobaze miuTiTebs da aras-
dros ar niSnavs qalkedonuri aRmsareblobis mimdevar somexs.
xsenebul somex avtorTa mtkicebulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod,
eTnikuri terminiT sarwmunoebis aRniSvnis saWiroeba arc adreul
periodSi da arc Semdeg somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi ar Seqmnila.
iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens eTnikuri termini `vraci~ (qarTve-
li), romelic gviandel xanaSi zogjer qarTuli kulturis adami-
anis aRsaniSnavadac gamoiyeneboda calkeuli avtorebis mier.
eTnikurobis aRmniSvneli terminebi somxur wyaroebSi mkafiodaa
gamijnuli sarwmunoebis gamomxatveli terminebisagan. am uka-
nasknelTa aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia specialuri terminebi:
`kronq~ (rjuli), `havat~ (sarwmunoeba), `uxt~ (aRTqma), `avandu-
Tivn~ (aRmsarebloba) da sxva. qalkedonuri aRmsareblobis da
TviT qalkedonelis aRsaniSnavadac specialuri terminebia dac-
uli somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi: `qaRkedoni havat~ – qalkedonis
aRmsarebloba, `erkabnak~ – orbunebiani, `qaRkedonik~ – qalke-
doneli da sxvebi. agreTve `kronq vrac~ – qarTvelTa rjuli.
aSkaraa, rom religiur-konfesionaluri terminebis simravlisas
178
sarwmunoebis mniSvnelobiT eTnikuri terminebis gamoyenebis
saWiroeba arc arsebobda50. amitom v. aruTinova-fidanianis, p.
muradianisa da sxvaTa mier eTnikuri terminis `vraci azgav~-
isTvis konfesiuri mniSvnelobis miniWebis cdebi sxva araferia,
Tu ara faqtebze winaswarganzraxuli aSkara Zaladoba.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba termin `vraci azgav~-is mimarT,
ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar aris. is didi sizustiT gamoscems
am terminiT dasaxelebuli piris eTnikur warmomavlobas, ris
gamoc somxuri terminebis SinaarsSi kargad gaTviTcnobierebu-
li maTeos urhaecis mier grigol bakurianis Zis warmomavlobis
am sityviT aRniSvna yovelgvar mniSvnelobas ukargavs ana komnenes
cnobas imperiis didmoxelis erovnul kuTvnilebaze. es ki ara
marto ewinaaRmdegeba somxur qalkedonizmze n. marisa da misi
Teoriis mxurvale damcvelebis pozicias, aramed mTlianad aclis
safuZvels maT mtkicebulebebs IX-XI ss. tao-klarjeTis
mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze. ganvixiloT mravalTagan
ramdenime magaliTi. v. aruTinova-fidanians mohyavs maTeos ur-
haecis cnoba bagrat vxkacisa (e. i. vixikelis) da grigol baku-
rianis Zis mier selCukTa Semotevisagan anisis dacvis Taobaze
da yuradRebas amaxvilebs somexi mematianis Txzulebis teqstis
im nawilze, sadac naTqvamia, rom urjulo romaeli Tavadebi
(³Ýûñ»Ý Çß˳ÝùÝ ÑáéáÙáó), romlebic imperatorma somexi qveynis
dasacavad daayena: bagrati, smbatis mama da grigoli bakurianis
vaJi, qarTuli gvarisa (`vraci azgav~) – daiwyes gamagreba zeda
da qveda citadelSi... moqalaqeebma SeamCnies ra, Tu sarwmunoe-
bidan ganmdgari damcvelebi (½³ëïáõ³Ãáõñ³ó å³Ñ³å³Ý³ó) TviT
rogor gamagrdnen, miatoves kedlebi da gaiqcnen51. v. aruTinova-
fidanianis ganmartebiT, maTeos urhaieci anisis damcvelebs
Zraxavs ara rogorc uniWo mxedarTmTavrebs, aramed rogorc
`urjuloebs~, rogorc sxva sarwmunoebis da sxva warmomavlobis
adamianebsac. amasTan sul mcire nawyvetSi samjer xasiaTdebian
amgvarad: ukeTuri romaeli Tavadebi, bagrati smbatis mama da
grigori bakurianis vaJi – qarTuli modgmisani, sarwmunoebidan
50
e. cagareiSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 179-193.
51
سïûáë àõéѳۻóÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³·ñáõÃÇõÝ« ì³Õ³ñß³å³ï« 1898« ¿ç. 148.
179
ganmdgari cixis damcvelebi. samive epiTeti `ukeTuri, qarTuli
modgmis, sarwmunoebidan gamdgari~, ganagrZobs q-ni viaida, erTi
rigis gansazRvrebebia da orive Tavads erTnairad ekuTvnis. iqve
SeniSnavs, rom zogi mkvlevari, kerZod a. SaniZe `vraci azgav~-s
(e. i. gvariT, tomiT qarTveli) mxolod grigors akuTvnebs. magram
es varaudi imsxvreva gamoTqma `sarwmunoebidan ganmdgarni~-ze,
romelic mravlobiT ricxvSia mocemuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom
grigorica da bagratic orive sarwmunoebidan gandgomilebi
arian52. Semdeg ki ganagrZobs: grigorica da bagratic somexi
istorikosis TvalSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda miC-
neuliyvnen sarwmunoebidan ganmdgarad, Tuki isini somxebi
iqnebodnen da sakuTari sarwmunoebidan `gadaxveviT~ sxvas rome-
liRacas miiRebdneno. epiTeti `íñ³Û Ç~ (qarTveli) miuTiTebs, al-
baT, imaze, rom maT mier miRebuli sarwmunoeba qarTuli qalke-
doneloba iyoo53.
somexi mkvlevari, ra Tqma unda, TvalTmaqcobs. imisaTvis, rom
eTnikuri termini `vraci azgav~ (gvariT, tomiT qarTveli) konfe-
siur terminad moaCvenos mkiTxvels, moyvanil termins eTnikuro-
bis maCvenebeli nawilis `azg~-is gareSe (gvari, tomi) warmogvid-
gens da gamoTqvams varauds, rom mocemul konteqstSi, sxva kon-
fesiuri terminebis gverdiT `vraci~, e. i. qarTveli, am SemTxveva-
Si konfesiis, kerZod qarTuli qalkedonizmis aRmniSvneli unda
iyoso. rogorc iTqva, `vraci~-s (qarTveli”) iSviaT SemTxvevaSi
somexi avtorebi qarTuli kulturisa da Segnebis piris aRsaniS-
navadac iyenebdnen (magaliTad, qurTuli warmomavlobis qarTve-
li didmoxeleebis zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis mimarT), xolo
`vraci azgav~ yovelTvis da yvelgan mxolod da mxolod tomiT,
warmomavlobiT qarTvelis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda Zvel somex
istorikosTa mier. amitomac aris, rom grigol bakurianis Zis
umcrosi Tanamedrove maTeos urhaeci (gardaicvala 1140 wlis
axlo xanebSi), romelic qarTvelebsa da somxebs kargad arCevda
da konfesiur terminologiaSic SesaniSnavad erkveoda, grigolis
qarTvelobis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs uyoymano eTnikur termins `vra-
ci azgav~ (tomiT, gvariT qarTveli). ar aris marTali q-ni viaida,
52
Â. À. Àðóòþíîâà-Ôèäàíÿí, Àðìÿíå-õàëêåäîíèòû íà âîñòî÷íûõ ãðàíèöàõ
Âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè (XI â.), Åðåâàí, 1980, ñ. 60-61.
53
iqve.
180
roca gvimtkicebs maTeos urhaeci bagratsa da grigols sarwmu-
noebidan gamdgars ar uwodebda, isini somxebi rom ar yofil-
iyvneno. saqme isaa, rom VII s. dasawyisSi qarTvelTa da somexTa
Soris momxdari saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg somxuri samRvde-
loeba da masTan erTad somxuri sazogadoebac qarTvelebs WeS-
mariti sarwmunoebidan da RvTisgan ganmdgarad miiCnevdnen. amis
Sesaxeb uxtanesi X s. werda: `(qarTvelebma) Secvales wminda mamaTa
sjuli da daiviwyes RvTaebrivi aRTqma~54. amis Semdeg savsebiT
bunebrivia, rom maTeos urhaecis TvalSi qarTvelic somxuri
sarwmunoebidan iseTive ganmdgari da urjulo iyo, rogoric
somexi qalkedoneli, amitomac XII s. somexi istorikosis xseneb-
uli cnoba am mxriv araviTar kiTxvas ar unda badebdes. amave
mizeziT grigol bakurianis Zis eTnikur warmomavlobaze mar-
Cieloba ubralod gaugebaria. `vraci azgav~ mxolod grigol
bakurianis Zes miemarTeboda Tu bagratsa da grigols erTad, am
SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, mniSvneloba arca aqvs, radgan arc bagrat-
is somxobaa maincdamainc damtkicebuli. bagratis gvarsaxeli
`vxkaci~ (vixikeli) nawarmoebia geografiuli saxelis sof. vix-
ikidan (oSkis maxloblad mdebareobda). geografiuli saxelidan
gvar-saxelis warmoebis wesi ki qarTulisa da somxurisaTvis saer-
To movlenaa, amitom somexi istorikosis mier aseTi gvar-saxelis
somxuri formiT gadmocema moulodneli araa.
cxadia, v. aruTinova-fidanianis mier dasaxelebuli eTnikuri
da konfesiuri terminebi erTgvarovani Sinaarsis saxelebad ver
CaiTvleba, miT umetes, rom somxuri ena nebismieri azris gamo-
saxatavad saWiro terminTa gaWirvebas ar ganicdis da konfesi-
uri Sinaarsis gadmosacemad eTnikuri terminis gamoyenebas ar
saWiroebs. aseTi viTarebis saukeTeso magaliTebi, Sors rom aRar
wavideT, ukve moxmobil maTeos urhaecisac sakmaod moepoveba.
grigol bakurianis Zisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis eTnikur kuTv-
nilebasac maTeos urhaeci `vraci azgav~-iT aRniSnavs, namdvilad
somexi qalkedonelis, antioqiis Temis bizantieli gamgeblis (1078-
54
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, somxuri te-
qsti qarTuli TargmaniT da gamokvleviT gamosca zaza aleqsiZem,
Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 21.
181
1084) filartos varaJnunis eTnikur warmomavlobasa da konfesi-
ur kuTvnilebas maTTvis Sesaferisi da araorazrovani sityvebiT
gadmogvcems. igi wers: filareti mamiTac da dediTac somexi iyoo,
konfesiiT ki rjuli horomTa ÏñûÝùÑáéáÙáó hqonda, e. i. berZnuli
sarwmunoebisa iyoo55. amgvari masalis fonze `vraci azgav~-is kon-
fesiur terminad monaTvla sxva araferia, Tu ara seriozuli
sakiTxis sxvadasxva standartiT ganxilva. amasTan dakavSirebiT
el. cagareiSvili savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs: eTnikur ter-
mins `vraci azgav~-s somexi mkvlevrebi swored grigol bakuri-
anis Zis konfesionalobis (e. i. qalkedonelobis) aRmniSvnel ter-
minad acxadeben da mas somex qalkedonelad miiCneven. aRniSnuli
gaugebroba winaswarganzraxuli gadawyvetilebiTaa gapirobebuli,
Torem rogor SeiZleba eTnikuri terminiT `vraci azgav~-iT qalke-
donelis aRniSvnis saWiroeba warmoqmniliyo mxolod grigol
bakurianis ZisTvis im dros, rodesac imave periodis moRvawis,
warmoSobiT somexis, filaretosis qalkedoneloba savsebiT
garkveviT konfesionaluri terminiT ÏñûÝùÑáéáÙáó (rjuli horom-
Ta) aris miTiTebuli56. n. berZeniSvilisa ar iyos, bizantiis im-
periis samsaxurSi myofi somexi didmoxele ra Tavs itkivebda
qarTuli sarwmunoebisaTvis, roca berZnuli aRmsarebloba misTvis
gacilebiT momgebiani iyo. TviT v. aruTinova-fidanianic xom xaz-
gasmiT aRniSnavs, rom imperiis eklesiisadmi kuTvnileba aucile-
beli iyo imperiis samsaxurisaTvis, ris gamoc somxuri aris-
tokratiis warmomadgenlebi imperiis samsaxurSi CadgomisTanave,
rogorc wesi, icvlidnen sarwmunoebas da bizantiis eklesiis wiaR-
Si gadadiodnen57. cxadia, grigol bakurianis Zec rom somexi yo-
filiyo, rac somex mkvlevrebs nametnavad surT, isic berZnuli
aRmsareblobisa iqneboda da ara qarTulis. erTi sityviT, sxva
gza ar arsebobs, yvelam unda daujeroT TviT grigol bakurianis
Zes, romelmac sxvaze, miT umetes n. marisa da Tanamedrove somex
istorikosebze ukeT icoda sakuTari eTnikuri warmomavloba.
aSkaraa, n. marma mcdar safuZvelze aago Tavisi Teoria da
amitomac damaxinjebulad warmogvidgina qarTuli tao-klarje-
55
maTeos urhaeci, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 206.
56
el. cagareiSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 194.
57
Â. À. Àðóòþíîâà-Ôèäàíÿí, Àðìÿíå-õàëêåäîíèòû, gv. 59-60, 149 da sxv.
182
Tis erovnul-kulturuli suraTi, romelic somexi qalkedoneleb-
is denacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmnad miiCnia. aseTi
daskvnisaTvis sakmarisi masala rom ar arsebobda mecnierma
TviTonve aRniSna, roca grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis
berZnuli redaqciis gacnobis Semdeg werda: `â îòíîøåíèè èõ (e. i.
tao-klarjeTis mimarT) ìû ðàñïîëàãàåì òåïåðü íåìíîãèì, íî
õàðàêòåðíûìè äàííûìè~58. es mcire da damaxasiaTebeli monacemebi
ki iyo tipikonis berZnuli redaqciis teqstis cnoba, rom arse-
bobda tipikonis somxuri teqstic da masze grigol bakurianis
Zis xelmowera somxuri asoebiT, rac dRemde jer aravis unaxavs.
magram am cnobam n. marze, Cans, Tavidanve Rrma STabeWdileba
moaxdina da erTi da erTi daijera ra am cnobis namdviloba,
SemdegSic Seecada axali argumentebiTa da sabuTebiT misgan
gamomdinare daskvnebis yovelmxriv gamarTlebas. maris yuradReba
miipyro tipikonSi gamoyenebulma somxuri warmoSobis sityva
`tanuterma~, romelic somxeTis mezobel taoSi didi xnis dam-
kvidrebuli iyo. mezobelTa metyvelebaSi erTmaneTis socialuri,
ekonomikuri Tu sxva Sinaarsis terminebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi
arc ise iSviaTia da misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
miniWeba, TiTqos, arc iyo mosalodneli, magram, rogoc Cans, is
mwiri da saeWvo cnoba tipikonis somxuri teqstisa da somxuri
asoebiT xelmoweraze, n. marsac afiqrebda da arasakmarisad
miaCnda, ris gamoc Seecada axla ukve namdvilad somxuri warmo-
mavlobis terminze aego msjeloba. misi TqmiT, radganac `tanu-
turma~ tao-klarjeTis qarTul enaSi moipova moqalaqeobrivi
ufleba `ïî ýòîìó-òî ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì è ðåøàþñü ÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ
óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî Ãðèãîðèé Áàêóðèàí, îñíîâàòåëü ãðóçèíñêîãî Ïåòðèöîíñêîãî
ìîíàñòûðÿ áûë èç òàî-êëàðäæåòñêèõ îãðóçèíèâøèõñÿ àðìÿí-õàëêåäîíèòîâ“59.
am susti argumentaciis Sesamagrebeli masala, gasagebia, qvey-
nis kulturul-politikur warsulSi unda eZia. da, radganac mis-
Tvis kargad cnobili qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis cnobebi
scada winaswarganzraxul Sedegebze mosargebad gamoeyenebina,
faqtobrivad, urTierTgamomricxveli daskvnebis mTeli wyeba mi-
iRo. miuxedavad imisa, rom tao-klarjeTis aborigenebi, misi
58
Í. ß. Ìàðð, Àðêàóí... gv. 17.
59
iqve, gv. 22-24.
183
TqmiT, romeliRac lazuri Tu megruli tomebi iyvnen, VII s. es
qveyana iyo somxuri, yovel SemTxvevaSi somxuri saxe hqondao da
aq, albaT, hyvaoda somxuri qalkedonitobao60. somxeTSi somexi
qalkedonelebis gavlenis zrdaze saubrisas ki aRniSnavs, rom IX
s. dasawyisSi Crdilo-dasavleTi somxeTi klarjeTisa da taos
olqebiTurT ukve maT xelSia moqceuli. somexTa qalkedonelobas
aq mxurvale mxardaWera hqonda ara marto berZenTa, aramed
qarTvelTa Sorisac. am mxaris mebatone mTavrebi – artanujeli
bagratidebi ukve qalkedonelebi iyvnen da es garemoeba
aramcired uwyobda xels qalkedonelTa srul gamarjvebas
somxeTis am ganapira mxareSio61. IX s. somexi qalkedonelebi TviT
centralur somxeTSic cdilobdnen gabatonebas da somexi
bagratidebis saxlis gaqalkedonebac moindomes. magram Semdeg
antiqalkedonuri somxuri eklesiis nacionalizaciis Sedegad
iwyeba somex qalkedonelTa denacionalizaciis procesi, ris
Sesaxebac ukve iTqva. VIII-IX ss. mijnaze tao-klarjeTis
daqvrivebul somxur monastrebSi qarTveli ber-monazvnebi
mkvidrdebian, wm. saba aRadgens iSxanis monasters, romelic male
qarTveli episkoposis rezidenciad iqceva. es qarTveli
monazvnebi aq garSemortymuli aRmoCndnen erTmorwmune, magram
eTnikurad ucxo somxuri mosaxleobiT da, qarTvelTa
politikuri batonobis miuxedavad, qveynis ufleba qarTulad
wodebuli, emyareboda im faqts, rom RvTismsaxureba eklesiebSi
qarTul enaze warmoebdao. amis Sedegad adgilobrivi somxebi,
romlebic qalkedonelebi iyvnen TandaTan qarTvelebad iqcneno.
didi Zieba da analizi araa saWiro, raTa aq warmodgenil
urTierTgamomricxvel debulebebs Soris aSkara winaaRmdegobani
“aRmovaCinoT”. Tuki n. marisave ganmartebiT am mxaris aborigene-
bi lazebi da megrelebi iyvnen, rogor moxda, rom VII s. mas
mTlianad somxuri saxe hqonda? misi msjelobiT ise gamodis,
TiTqos, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacia somex qalke-
donelebs moexdinoT, ramdenadac iq `maSin somxuri qalkedonizmi
hyvaodao~, Tumca berZnul-bizantiuri da qarTuli kulturuli
60
Í. ß. Ìàðð, Àðêàóí... gv. 21.
61
iqve, gv. 5-6.
184
gavlenis am zonaSi piriqiT procesebis ganviTareba ufro iyo
mosalodneli. kidev ufro gaugebaria da faqtebTan sruliad Se-
usabamoa IX s. dasawyisSi taosa da klarjeTis Crdilo-dasavleT
somxeTis olqebad gamocxadeba im dros, roca tao-klarjeTis
bagrationTa dinastia aq politikur Zalas ikrebda da iberiis
anu qarTvelTa samefos aRdgenas iwyebda. n. maris warmodgeniT,
erTi mxriv, IX s. dasawyisSi tao-klarjeTi somex qalkedonelTa
xelSia, isini Seadgenen mosaxleobis ZiriTad birTvs da, meore
mxriv, daqvrivebul somxur eklesia-monastrebs qarTlidan gadmo-
suli mcirericxovani bermonazvnoba eufleba da RvTismsaxurebasac
eklesiebSi qarTul enaze aRavlens, rasac, Turme, emyareba qveynis
ufleba, rom qarTulad wodebuliyo. am winadadebaSi, rogorc
vxedavT, elementaruli logikac ki araa daculi. Tuki IX s.
dasawyisSic taoc da klarjeTic somxeTis olqebs warmoadgenda
da iq qalkedoneli somxebi batonobdnen, vis da ras unda
daeqvrivebina saxelganTqmuli `somxuri~ eklesia-monastrebi? mere
kidev, Tundac erTmorwmune somxebiT garSemortymul
mcirericxovan qarTvel monazvnebs ZiriTad somxur masaze iseTi
ra gavlena unda moexdinaT, rom jer maTi eklesia-monastrebi
CaegdoT xelSi, mere ki TviT isinic gaeqarTvelebinaT? amgvari
procesis warmodgena xom Zalze Znelia? ufro metic, irkveva, rom
taosa da klarjeTSi somexi qalkedonelebis gamarjveba-gabatoneb-
isaTvis xeli SeuwyviaT berZnebisa da qarTvelebis mxurvale mxar-
daWeras. Tu qarTvelebi aq ar cxovrobdnen, maS saidanRa Cndebian
somxebis xelSemwyobi qarTvelebi `somxeTis am ganapira mxareSi~?
gadamwyveti mainc artanujeli `bagratidebis~ mxardaWera yofila,
romlebic am droisaTvis ukve qalkedonelebi iyvneno. artanujeli
bagrationebis qalkedoneloba aq iseT konteqstSia moxseniebuli,
rom gauTviTcnobierebelma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba es maTi eTnikuri
somxobis mniSvnelobiTac miiRos. aseT SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod
ulogikobasTan gveqneba saqme, aramed kuriozTanac, ramdenadac
aseTi msjelobiT gamodis, TiTqos, somxebi aqarTvelebdnen somxebs.
kidev erTi sayuradRebo ulogikoba. somexi qalkedonelebiT dasax-
lebul `somxeTis am ganapira mxareSi~ n. mari qarTvelTa poli-
tikur batonobaze laparakobs. qveynis somxurobis mtkicebasTan
ki aseTi gancxadeba xom sruliad SeuTavsebelia. romel sazoga-
doebriv fenas an politikur Zalas unda dayrdnoboda qarTvel-
185
Ta politikuri batonoba, Tuki es qveyana ucxo, araqarTuli
mosaxleobis sabinadro iqneboda? nuTu ramdenime aTeuli ber-
monazonis moRvaweobas? cxadia, ara.
piriqiT, am qveynis qarTulobis mowmobaa swored grigol xan-
ZTelisa da mis TanamoRvaweTa saarako Tavdadeba da WirTa Tmena
arabTa mier gaukacrielebuli mxaris `axal SenebisaTvis~. mxolod
samSoblos did patriotebs SeeZloT gaudaburebuli qveynis asa-
RorZineblad saswaulebis moxdena da `keTilad ganmgebeli moRu-
awe da udabnoTa qalaqmyofeli~ Seqmniliyvnen. antiqalke-
donelebTan brZolaSi damarcxebuli somexi qalkedonelebi tao-
klarjeTSi berZnebis, qarTvelebisa da adgilobrivi xelisufleb-
is – artanujeli bagrationebis mxardaWeras rom saWiroebdnen es
mxolod imas mowmobs, rom isini TavSesafris maZiebeli
ltolvilebi iyvnen, amasTan mcirericxovannic, radgan sul male
gaqarTvelebulan. n. mari ki faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod gvixatavs
sul sxva suraTs, romlis dasacavad somxuri istoriografiis
warmomadgenlebi, ager ukve mTeli saukunea, warumateblad irje-
bian da n. maris msjelobaSi arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis
magier, mas axali SecdomebiT avseben. magaliTad, a. mnacakanianis
mtkicebiT taos somxuri mosaxleoba qalkedonizmSi gadasvlis
Semdeg qarTuli eklesiis samwysos Seeria da amis gamo qarTvele-
bad iTvlebodneno, ena, wignebi da mwerloba ki, raRa Tqma unda,
maT somxuri rCebodaTo. Tu am xalxis asimilacia mainc moxda,
imitom, rom qarTvelebisgan Zlier iCagrebodneno. Tumca a. mna-
cakanianis ganmartebiT, am qveynis xelisuflebi daviT kurapalati
da misi warCinebulebi warmoSobiT somxebi yofilan, rac iqidan
Cans, rom somxurad naTargmn romanebs etanebodnen da somxebi-
save cxovrebis wess misdevdneno62. moyvanil nawyvetSi yoveli wi-
nadadeba Tavisi SinaarsiT erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. pirveli wi-
nadadebis mixedviT taos somxuri mosaxleoba X-XI saukuneTa
mijnaze formalurad iTvleboda qarTulad, ramdenadac is kul-
turul-eTnikuri individualobis niSnebs (ena, wignebi, mwerloba
da a. S.) inarCunebda. momdevno winadadebiT ki avtori taos somx-
uri mosaxleobis asimilacias aRiarebs, ris mizezad qarTveleb-
62
À. Ø. Ìíàöàêàíÿí, Î ëèòåðàòóðå Êàâêàçñêîé Àëáàíèè, Åðåâàí, 1969, ñ.
173.
186
isgan somexTa Zlier Cagvras asaxelebs, Tanac iseT pirobebSi,
roca qveynis xelisufalni warmoSobiT somxebi yofilan. ra
gamodis, somxebi somxebs aqarTvelebdnen? erTi sityviT,
gaugebrobaTa mTeli Taigulia warmodgenili a. mnacakanianis am
gaxmaurebul naSromSi.
istoriuli taos eTnikuri saxis gansazRvrisas bevrad ufro
radikaluria s. eremiani, romlis gancxadebiTac taiqis mosaxle-
oba mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze somxuri rCebodao, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom CrdiloeTis raionebma XII s. marTlmadideblobac
miiReso. XV-XVI ss. taiqis qarTuli sarwmunoebis mosaxleobam
muslimanobac miiRo da Turqebs Seeria. Tavis eTnikur saxes aq
mxolod somxur sarwmunoebaze mtkiced mdgari somxuri mosaxle-
oba inarCunebdao63. ase rom, s. eremianis azriT, tao, faqtobri-
vad, istoriis mTel manZilze qarTuli da somxuri sarwmunoebis
somxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, rac, saboloo jamSi, am qveyanas
somxuri samyaros kuTvnilebad warmogvidgens. es azria gatare-
buli somxeTis istoriis umaRlesi Tu saSualo skolis saxelmZR-
vaneloebsa da somex mecnierTa mTel rig SromebSi da dafiqsire-
bulia saistorio rukebSic64. somxeTis umaRles saswavlebelTa
studentebisaTvis daweril saxelmZRvaneloSi65, misi avtori s.
poRosiani wers: smbat II-is mefobis wlebSi taiqsa da basenSi
Camoyalibda somxur-qarTuli erTi samTavro daviT kurapalatis
meTaurobiT. bizantiaSi warmoSobili Sinauri SfoTis dros mTa-
varma daicva imperatori barseRi (e. i. basil II) da imperatoris-
agan jildod miiRo kurapalatis wodeba da aRiarebuli iqna,
rogorc taiqis qveynis TviTmpyrobeli mTavari. taiqis
sakurapalato Tavisi uflebebiT da saxelmwifo funqciebiT
TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo somxuri sxva samefoebisa, magram Tavisi
samxedro SesaZleblobiT am samefoebze ramdenadme Zlieri iyo66.
moyvanil amonawerSi yuradRebas iqcevs taos samefos metad
saeWvo, SeiZleba iTqvas, sruliad gaugebari definicia. mosaxle-
63
ºñ»ÙÛ³Ý Æ© ü©« г۳ëï³ÝÁ Áëï §²ß˳ñѳóáÛóǦ« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1963« ÐêêÐ ¶²
Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝ« ¿ç 84
64
ÐêêÐ ²ïÉ³ë« ºñ»õ³Ý-ØáëÏí³« 1961« ÐêêÐ ¶² Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝ
65
ê© ä© äáÕáë۳ݫ Ñ³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« ѳïáñ I (IX-XIX¹¹)«ºñ»õ³Ý«1965
66
iqve, gv. 55.
187
obis Semadgenlobis gaTvaliswinebiT (ramdenadac daviTis samefo
vanis tbamde vrceldeboda da somxuri Temebis mniSvnelovani naw-
ili mis SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli) zogierTis mier qveyana
marTlac SeiZleboda pirobiTad `somxur-qarTulad~ aRqmuliyo,
magram roca es gansazRvreba samefos miemarTeba, mas araviTari
gamarTleba ara aqvs, radganac Sua saukuneebSic saxelmwifos mkac-
rad gamokveTili politikuri mimarTuleba gaaCnda da funqcion-
irebda mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis interesebis Sesabamisad.
Tavis damokidebulebas am e. w. `somxur-qarTuli erTi samTavros~
mimarT imiT amJRavnebs, rom mas udarebs da ganixilavs sxva somx-
ur samefoebTan erTad. mkiTxvels ki qvecnobier STabeWdilebas
uqmnis, TiTqos, taos sakurapalatoc Cveulebrivi somxuri poli-
tikuri erTeuli iyo, mxolod samxedro TvalsazrisiT sxvaze
Zlieri.
daviT kurapalatis eTnikur kuTvnilebaze saubars Tavs
aridebs karen iuzbaSiani da qarTvel mefes ubralod amierkavkasi-
is erT-erT uZlieres feodalur dinastTagans uwodebs. aseve
bundovania taos samefos miseuli gansazRvrebac. es xan wminda
somxur saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebebisgan gansxvavebuli, Sereu-
li somxur-qarTuli mosaxleobis taos samTavroa, xan ki somxur-
qarTuli olqi – tao67.
1976 w. erevanSi gamocemuli somexi xalxis istoriis akademi-
uri gamocemis me-3-e tomSi68 mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba taos
samefosa da daviT kurapalatis politikur Tavgadasavals. miuxe-
davad amisa, mkiTxvels sruli gaurkvevloba eufleba daviTis
vinaobasa da mis samefoze. ZiriTad teqstSi daviTi arc qarTve-
lebsaa mikuTvnebuli da TiTqos arc somxebs, aseve sakurapala-
tod wodebuli misi samefoc. am dabindul viTarebaSi raRaca
garkveulobis Setanas paragrafis avtori r. maTevosiani, TiTqos,
mainc cdilobs, roca wers, rom IX s. taiqis istoriis Sesaxeb
Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebi mcire kia, magram cxadia X s. naxevri-
67
Ïîâåñòâîâàíèå âàðäàïåòà Àðèñòàêåñà ëàñòèâåðòöè, ïåðåâîä ñ äðåâíåàðìÿí-
ñêîãî, âñòóïèòåëüíàÿ ñòàòüÿ, êîììåíòàðèé è ïðèëîæåíèÿ Ê. Í. Þçáàøÿíà,
Ìîñêâà, 1968, ñ. 17, 19.
68
Ð³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ© II« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1976.
188
saTvis ukve iq dawinaurebulia sakurapalato qarTveli bagra-
tionebis taiqis Stos meTaurobiT, magram, ganmartavs iqve, mosax-
leoba ZiriTadad somxuri iyo, romelTagan bevri qalkedonelobas
mimxrobodao da ganagrZobs: somxuri da qarTuli samefoebis da
taiqis sakurapalatos Soris damyarebuli iyo mWidro TanamSrom-
loba, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda maTi TavdacvisTviso69. ra
gavarkvieT? I. taos samefos saxelisuflo dinastia qarTveli
bagrationebis taos Stos kuTvnilebaa 2. mosaxleoba ZiriTadad
somxuria 3. samefos politikuri fizionomia (sakurapalato) ki
berZnul-bizantiuria. Cans, amitomac, Tundac garegnulad, weri-
lis avtori taos samefos arc somxur da arc qarTul samefoTa
rigs ar akuTvnebs da CamoTvlisas maT erTmaneTisagan aSkarad
mijnavs. niSandoblivia, rom teqstis aTeulobiT gverdebze am-
ierkavkasiis calkeuli politikuri erTeulebis xelisufalTa
xsenebisas umravles SemTxvevaSi, roca maT eTnikuri niSniTac
moixsenieben, magaliTad, somexTa mefe gagiki, qarTvelTa mefe
bagrati da sxva, imave winadadebaSi taos mefes mxolod kurapala-
tobiT aRniSnaven, riTac cdiloben danarCeni qarTuli samyarodan
mis gansxvavebul xasiaTze gaamaxvilon mkiTxvelis yuradReba.
imavdroulad ki taos somxuri formiT `taiq~-iT gadmocema, rac,
faqtobrivad, qarTuli taonis Targmans warmoadgens (`q~ somxurSi
mravlobiTis maniSnebelia) da am qveynis politikuri movlenebis
somxeTis istoriis WrilSi mowodebiT, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroe-
bis Cvenebebis sawinaaRmdegod wignis avtorebi mkiTxvels
qvecnobierad Sua saukuneebis taoze somxuri qveynis STabeWdile-
bas uqmnian. v. aruTinova-fidanianma da p. muradianma ki am qveynis
somex qalkedonelTa samkvidrod warmodgenis funqcia, ratomRac,
berZnuli wyaroebis `ivirs~ (ibers) da `iverias~ (iberias) daak-
isres, romelic yovelTvis qarTvelsa da qarTvelTa qveyanas aRni-
Snavda70. SemTxveviTi sulac araa, rom bizantiis imperiis Semad-
genlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, samxreT taos, misi qarTuli eTnikuri
Sinaarsis mixedviT, imperiis administraciul sistemaSi `iberiis
Temi~ daerqva, iseve rogorc `armeniakis Temis~ saxeli warmosdga
69
Ð³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ© I , gv. 108.
70
am terminis mniSvnelobaze ix. agreTve Íîäàð Ëîìîóðè, Ê èñòîðèè
ãðóçèíñêîãî Ïåòðèöîíñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ, 1981, ñ. 55-66.
189
iq arsebuli mosaxleobis mixedviT71. uTuod eTnikuri Sinaarsi edo
safuZvlad berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis cnobebs, roca maTi av-
torebi politikurad gancalkevebul taos ganapira iberiad aRiq-
vamdnen Sida iberiisagan, anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos cen-
traluri raionebisagan gansxvavebiT da saqarTvelos am orive naw-
ils erTnairad iberiad moixseniebdnen72.
v. aruTinova-fidanianis analiziT, XI s. bizantiur wyaroebSi
termini `ivir~-i xuT sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas aerTianebda Tavis
TavSi. is aRniSnavda espanels, qarTvels, bizantiuri Temis iberi-
is mkvidrs, qarTuli aRmsareblobis somexs da aTonis ivironis
monastris bers. pirveli mniSvnelobiT XI s. wyaroebSi is iSviaTad
gvxvdeba, sityva `ivir~-is bolo sami mniSvneloba ki zogjer
Tanaarsebobda erTi da imave piris daxasiaTebaSio. samxreTi taos
somexi qalkedonelebi `ivirebi~ iyvnen iberiis Temidan warmomav-
lobisa da sarwmunoebrivi niSniTaco. amasTan Tavisi azris dasa-
dastureblad mohyavs Tornike erisTavis ojaxis magaliTi, romel-
ic, misi TqmiT, Turme, taos TornikianTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi
iberiis Temidan (samxreT taiqidan) warmomavlobdnen, aRiarebdnen
ivirul rjuls da iyvnen ivironis monastris berebi. aseTi samgzisi
`iviri~ iyo ioane Tornike, romelmac karinTan axlos datova
qvajvari somxuri warweriT. msgavsive qvajvari datova misma Zmam
ioane varazvaCem anisis somxur-qalkedonur taZarSio73. gasagebia,
rom mTeli es msjeloba Tornike erisTavisa da samxreTi taos
somxurobis dasamtkicebladaa moyvanili. aseTi mtkicebis sirTules
somexi mkvlevari, etyoba, TviTonac kargad grZnobs da mis
Sesamsubuqeblad damatebiT ganmartebebsac iZleva. Tu wyaroebi
erTi da imave pirovnebas `somxobasac miaweren da qarTvelobasac~,
es imas niSnavs, rom `somexi~ pirovnebis eTnikur maxasiaTeblad
unda miviRoT, xolo `qarTveli~ konfesiis niSnad. amasTan, ufro
xSirad, aseTi `somex-qarTveli~ iberiis Temidan iqneba, sadac
gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo qarTuli sarwmunoebao74.
Cveni azriT, analizi calmxrivia, gamotanili daskvnebi ki
naZaladevi. sityva `ivir~-is pirvel mniSvnelobaze arafers
71
À. Øàíèäçå, Î ñòðîèòåëå Ïåòðèöîíñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ Ãðèãîðèè áàêóðèàíèñ
äçå, `macne~, # 4, 1978, gv. 175.
72
g. kedreni, georgika, 5, gv. 46.
73
Â. À. Àðóòþíîâà-Ôèäàíÿí, àðìÿíå-õàëêåäîíèòû íà âîñòî÷íûõ ãðàíèöûõ
Âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè, ñ. 68-69.
74
iqve, gv. 69.
190
vityviT, wyaroebSi misi moxsenieba marTlac iSviaTia da, rac
mTavaria, gasarkvev, sakiTxTan Sexeba mas arca aqvs. mkvlevris
mier meore adgilze dasmuli `ivir~-is mniSvneloba eTnikuri
`qarTvelis~ SinaarsiT ki, praqtikulad, mTavari da ZiriTadia
da terminis yvela CamoTvlil gagebas Tan axlavs. amitomac
sruliad gaugebaria, ratom unda iyos taos pirobebSi somxuri
wyaroebis `qarTveli~ aucilebad konfesiis maCvenebeli, xolo
imave wyaroebis `somexi~ maincdamainc eTnosis aRmniSvneli.
sruliad gasagebi terminebis Sinaarsis amgvari klasifikacia
yovelTvis calmxrivi da xelovnuri iqneba, vidre pasuxi ar
gaecema kiTxvas, Tu bizantielebma dapyrobis Semdeg samxreT taos
ratom daarqves `iberiis Temi~ da berZnul-somxur eTnikur
garemocvaSi teritoriulad Rrmad SeWril am qveyanaSi ratom
iyo, v. aruTinova-fidanianisave aRiarebiT, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri
qarTuli sarwmunoeba? misive dakvirvebiT, imperiis samsaxurSi
CadgomisTanave somxuri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi,
rogorc iTqva, icvlidnen sarwmunoebas, radgan imperiis ekle-
siisadmi kuTvnileba pirveli da aucilebeli piroba iyo75. aseT
viTarebaSi, somexi, taodan iqneboda, Tu Suagul saqarTvelodan,
qarTuli sarwmunoebisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, Tavs ar aitkivebda,
radganac berZnuli misTvis ara marto aucilebeli, aramed mo-
mgebianic iyo. ase rom, dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi erTob martivia:
samxreTi tao, romelic bizantiis politikur mesveurebs jer
kidev adre, misi politikuri gancalkevebisas, ganapira iberiad
(qarTlad) miaCniaT, bizantiur samxedro-administraciul
erTeulad gardaqmnis Semdegac, Tavisi ZiriTadi mosaxleobis
eTnikuri SemadgenlobiT, cxovrebis wesisa da mTlianad Tavisi
kulturiT kvlav iberiad (e. i. qarTlad) rCeboda, ris gamoc
umTavresad mas imperiaSi miRebuli saerTo wesiT, Tavisi
istoriuli saxelwodeba (iberia) SeunarCunes76. niSandoblivia,
rom Tanadrouli somxuri wyaroebi, rasac k. iuzbaSianic
iziarebs77, taos qveyanas uwodeben `virqs~, e. i. qarTls, `aSxarh
75
v. aruTinova-fidaniani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 50-59.
76
bizantiur TemTa struqturis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve Ê. Í. Þçáàøÿí,
Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòóèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ IX-XI ââ., Ìîñêâà, 1988,
ñ. 191-196.
77
iqve, gv. 193.
191
vracs~ – qarTvelTa qveyanas, iberiis Tems ki `gavarn vrac~
(qarTvelTa mxareebi)78. ase rom, qarTul wyaroebTan TanxmobiT
somxuri wyaroebic samxreT taos qarTlis nawilad da qarTlad
aRiqvamen, rac TavisTavad Seicavs pasuxs imazec, Tu iberiis Tem-
Si, anu taos mosaxleobaSi, ratom iyo gansakuTrebiT Zlieri
qarTuli sarwmunoeba. cxadia, sakuTari saxelis `Tornikes~ TviT-
neburad somxur gvarad `Tornikianad~ gadakeTebiT termin
`qarTvels~ eTnikuri Sinaarsi ver gamoecleba. Tornike erisTavisa
da misi ojaxis qarTvelobis utyuari sabuTi maTi moRvaweobis
xasiaTi da bizantiis politikursa da somxur kulturul-eTnikur
garemocvaSi moqceuli am taoelebis ukiduresad gamZafrebuli
erovnul-kulturuli Rirsebisa da Segnebis didi grZnoba iyo,
romlis gamovnilebasac warmoadgenda sakuTari safasiT aSenebu-
li aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri. am STabeWdilebas odnavadac ki
ver uSlis xels v. aruTinova-fidanianis miTiTeba Tornikesa da
misi Zmis mier karinis maxloblad da anisis qalkedonur taZarSi
somxurwarweriani qvajvaris aRmarTvaze. jer erTi, rodis iyo,
rom enis codniT eTnikuri vinaoba isazRvreboda. Tornike
erisTavma, albaT, berZnulic SesaniSnavad icoda, magram misTvis
amis gamo berZnoba aravis Seuwamebia. somxuri enis codnas ki
wminda praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda Tornikesa da misi
ZmisTvis. mas mere, rac daviT kurapalatma Tavisi samefo
samxreTiT Sors vanis tbamde ganavrco, taoeli aznaurebi axlad
SemoerTebul provinciebs feodalur aristokratiad moevlinen,
radganac es iyo am miwa-wylis iberiaSi politikuri Sesvlis erTi
umTavresi gamoxatuleba da niSani79. am droidan es taoelebi
somxuri miwebisa da somxuri mosaxleobis mepatroneni gaxdnen,
ris gamoc somxuri enis codna maTTvis aucilebeli Seiqmna da
savsebiT bunebrivia, Tuki karinel memamule Cordvanelis Zeebs
somxuri epigrafikuli Zeglebic daukavSirda. erTob
niSandoblivia, agreTve, rom yovelive amis Semdeg Tornikes
78
ix. agreTve, el. cagareiSvili, `í»ñdz~, `í»ñdzÛÇ~ –is mniSvnelobi-
saTvis somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi, gv. 103-114.
79
a. bogveraZe, grigol bakurianisZis tipikonis gagebisaTvis, gv.198.
192
umcrosi Tanamedrove somexi istorikosi asoRiki mas tomiT
qarTvelad `azgav vrac~-ad moixseniebs80.
tao-klarjeTis qarTul samefo-samTavroebze n. maris sax-
eldaxelod SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisi, rogorc somexi qalke-
donelebis denacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmnze, mniSvnelo-
vanwilad emyareboda im faqts, rom erT dros samxreTi tao xan-
grZlivad imyofeboda somxeTis politikur daqvemdebarebaSi, ris
gamoc saWiro xdeba taos politikuri Tavgadasavlis gaxseneba da
imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad realuri iyo es Tavgadasavali n. marisa
da misi mimdevrebis Tvalsazrisis gasamarTleblad. iberiis
samxreT-dasavleTis sazRvari somxeTTan Zvel xanaSi ar iyo
maincdamainc stabiluri, ris gamoc am sasazRvro zolSi rTuli
eTnopolitikuri procesebi viTardeboda. am procesebis orbita-
Si myof taosTan VIII s-mde mainc klarjeTis dakavSireba, ra Tqma
unda, gaumarTlebeli iqneboda, ramdenadac igi politikur-admin-
istraciulad yovelTvis qarTlSi Sedioda. farnavazis dros (Zv.
w. IV-III s.) is iberiis saxelmwifos erT-erTi saerisTavoa. am dros
uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifos samxreTi sazRvari mtkvar-araq-
sis wyalgamyofze gadioda, xolo ukiduresi – samxreT-dasav-
leTiT – Worox-evfratis wyalgamyofze81. qarTlis samefom tao
da speri, strabonis mowmobiT, Zv. w. II saukunis dasawyisSi dakarga
da sakmaod xangrZlivi dro dasWirda, rom igi kvlav daebrune-
bina. ax. w. I-II ss. qarTlis samefos politikuri aRmavlobisas,
misgan adre waRebuli teritoriebi kvlav missave farglebSia
sagulvebeli, ufro gvian ki (IV s. meore naxevramde) kvlav kar-
gavs da taos myarad dabruneba mxolod VIII s. moxerxda, xolo
sperisa – kidev ufro gvian82. rac Seexeba klarjeTs, `didi somx-
eTis~ daSlamdec (IV s. bolo) is saqarTveloSi Semavali qveyanaa.
movses xorenaci klarjeTs qarTvelTa qveynis erT-erT kuTxed
miiCnevs, sadac wm. ninom iqadaga saxareba83. qarTuli saistorio
80
êï»÷³ÝáëÇ î³ñûÝ»óõáÛ ²ëáÕÏ³Ý ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ ïÇ»½»ñ³Ï³Ý« ä»ï»ñμáõñ·« 1885«
¿ç. 164« 171« 172.
81
d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi, I, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 60.
82
iqve, gv. 80.
83
movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, a. abdalaZis gamoc. Tb, 1984,
gv. 172.
193
wyaroebic, berZnul-romaul wyaroebTan TanxmobiT, Zveli
droidanve klarjeTs jer politikur-administraciulad, Semdeg
ki eklesiuradac yovelTvis qarTlSi uCveneben84.
sxvagvarad warimarTa taos eTnikur-politikuri ganviTare-
ba. strabonis mowmobiT, somxeTis mier mezoblebisgan warTmeul
yvela olqSi TiTqos imTaviTve dawyebulia armenizaciis procesi:
`axla yvela isini laparakoben erT enazeo~. hakob manandianis
ganmartebiT, strabonis es mtkiceba mxolod garkveuli SeniSvni-
Taa misaRebi. jer kidev sasanidebis dros da Semdegac somxeTis
raionebSi sxvadasxva tomebi cxovrobdnen. amitom strabonis mow-
moba im azriT unda gavigoT, rom mis dros somxeTSi gabatonebu-
li da ufro gavrcelebuli ena somxuri iyo85. somxeTis poli-
tikur sivrceSi moqceul iberiis olqebSi armenizaciis procesis
intensivobis warmosadgenad niSandobliv faqtad gvesaxeba gog-
arene (`gugarqis~) sapitiaxSos magaliTi. jer kidev Zv. w. II s.
taosTan erTad dapyrobili qarTlis es mxare V s. qarTuli qris-
tianuli mwerlobisa da aRmSeneblobis dawinaurebul qveynad gam-
oiyureba. taos metxans mouwia yofna somxur politikur sivrce-
Si da, albaT, amitomac SesaZloa im Zvel dros maT gansazRvru-
li kulturul-politikuri erTobac hqonodaT somxebTan, magram
ara imdenad, rom aqaur aborigenebs TavianTi eTnografiuli saxe
daekargaT. saamiso kvali SemorCa taos toponimikis da sxva ma-
terialur Tu enobriv masalas, sadac uwinares qarTul istoriul
geografiul saxelebTan somxuri saxelebic Tanaarseboben. n. ad-
onci aRiarebda, rom somxeTis ganapira olqebs politikur-ad-
ministraciuli warmoSoba hqondaT, romelic gamarTlebuli iyo
eTnikuradaco86. am erTeulebis eTnikurma individualurobam yve-
laze ufro cxadad iCina Tavi sivnielTa da taoelTa saeklesio-
politikuri orientaciis sferoSi, sadac xsenebuli olqebi somx-
ur nacionalur mimarTulebas daupirispirdnen. magaliTad,
somex-qarTvelTa sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqilebisTanave taoelebi
qalkedonur aRmsareblobas miemxrnen, ris Semdeg tao somxeTis
sxva olqebidan devnili qalkedonelebis TavSesafari gaxda. am
TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa, agreTve, somxeTis cnobili marTl-
84
a. bogveraZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 186.
85
ß. À. Ìàíàíäÿí, Òèãðàí âòîðîé è Ðèì, Åðåâàí, 1943, ñ. 19-20.
86
Í. Àäîíö, Àðìåíèÿ â ýïîõó Þñòèíèàíà, ñ. 230.
194
madidebeli kaTalikosis nerses III-is tomiT taoelobac. im dros
taoSi qarTuli aRmsareblobisaTvis niadags, SesaZloa, misTvis
Sesaferisi eTnikuri faqtoric qmnida, gansakuTrebiT, albaT,
taos Crdilo nawilSi, klarjeTTan da sxva qarTul olqebTan
siaxlovis da mWidro urTierTobis gamoc. taoSi ganviTarebul
eTno-kulturul procesebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda am-
ierkavkasiaSi politikuri viTarebiT gamowveuli migraciuli
procesebic. saqarTvelosa da somxeTis centralur raionebSi
arabTa gabatonebam da qristianuli kulturisa da maRalganvi-
Tarebuli feodaluri qveynebisaTvis autanelma reJimma (araboba)
mosaxleobis nawili aiZula bunebrivad ukeT daculi qveynis
dasavleT ganapira mxareebSi eZia TavSesafari. VII-VIII ss. ukve
samcxis gziT qarTlidanac daiZra mosaxleoba klarjeTisa da
taosaken. murvan yrus (736-738 ww.) damarbeveli laSqrobisa da
moaruli epidemiis (`srva satlobisa~) Sedegad mosaxleobis
Semcirebis miuxedavad es qveynebi arc umkvidro qmnila da arc
patroni moklebia maT, rogorc es qarTuli wyaroebis mier zed-
metad muq ferebSi daxatuli suraTiT SeiZleba gveCvenos87. amis
dasturia `axlad Senebis~ is didi erovnuli procesi, romelsac
saTaveSi qarTlis aznauroba edga erismTavris moTaveobiT.
qarTuli samTavros aRmoceneba, ra Tqma unda, Sesaferis da
saimedo eTno-socialur sayrdensac gulisxmobda. abasianebis
droidan (VIII s. Sua wlebidan) taosa da klarjeTSi qarTuli
elementis momZlavreba ukve saxezea, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi
ki gabatonebul mdgomareobasac aRwevs. Tuki 747 w. ajanyebis
monawile naxararebi grigol mamikonianis meTaurobiT, TavianTi
saxleulobiTa da avladidebiT taos cixesimagreebs afareben
Tavs ise, rom saamiso nebarTvas ar saWiroebdnen, ramdenadac am
droisaTvis samxreTi tao, Cans, Wanuri warmomavlobis mamikonianTa
mamulad da sagamgeod iTvleboda88, 788 wlisTvis ukve politikuri
87
d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi, gv. 155.
88
el. cagareiSvili, somxuri wyaroebi arabeT-saqarTvelos urT-
ierTobis Sesaxeb (sebeosi, levondi), mravalTavi, I, 1971, gv. 485;
Ô»õáݹ»³Û í³ñ¹³å»ïÇ ä³ïÙáõÃÇõÝ êä´« 1887« ¿ç 122-123 agreTve, ix.
À. Í. Òåð-Ãåâîíäÿí, Àðìåíèÿ è àðàáñêèé Õàëèôàò, Åðåâàí, 1977, gv. 117-118,
193 da sxv.
195
situacia aq mkveTrad Secvlilia. arabebs gamoqceuli ltolvili
somxebi taos ki aRar afareben Tavs, aramed mama-Svils Sapuh da
hamam amatunTa meTaurobiT `qarTvelTa qveynis sazRvrebTan,
kolis gavarSi mosulebs md. Woroxi gadaulaxavT da bizantiis
samflobeloebisaken gauweviaT, sadac konstantine keisars kidec
dausaxlebia 89 . aSkaraa, am droisTvis samxreTi tao somxur
(mamikonianTa) sagamgeblo qveyanas aRar warmoadgenda. VIII s. meore
naxevarSic aq adrindeli politikuri viTareba rom yofiliyo,
sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad ltolvili somxebis erTi nawili mainc
daidebda binas amjeradac. saistorio wyaroebis mwiri cnobebis
mixedviT, politikuri situacia aq erTob aramyari Cans. xelisu-
flebisaTvis bagratovanTa Stos warmomadgenlebi ibrZvian,
mamikonianebi ki, TiTqos, arc Canan. VIII s. 70-iani wlebisaTvis
arabTa winaaRmdeg warmatebiT mebrZoli bagratuniani aSot
msakeri (xorciWamia) erTxans ikavebs taos, aSenebs cixe kamaxs
(qarTuli kalmaxi) da Sig Tavis saxleulebs abinavebs90. TiTqmis
imave periods miemarTeba `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ cnoba adarnase
bagratonianis (qarTvel bagratovanTa warmomadgenlis) mflobe-
lobaze tao-klarjeTSi, romlis mixedviTac `icvala adarnase
bagratonianman nasamali klarjeTisa, SavSeTisa, aWarisa, nigalisa,
asisforisa, artanisa da quemosa taosa, da cixeTaganca, romelni
hqondes SviliSvilTa vaxtang mefisaTa. da wavida adarnase
klarjeTad da mun mokuda~91. qarTvel mefeTa (vaxtangisa da misi
SviliSvilebis) samkvidroze mjdomi adarnases gadawyvetileba
`icvala nasamali~, rac moyvanil cnobaTa SejerebiT irkveva, iZu-
lebiTi RonisZieba unda yofiliyo, romelic eWvi araa, adarnas-
es somexi biZaSvilis eqspansiis Sedegi iqneboda. movlenebis amgvar
ganviTarebas, faqtobrivad, iziarebs d. musxeliSvili, roca
adarnases klarjeTSi gadasvlas taoSi aSot msakeris axal
mflobelobas ukavSirebs 92 . grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis
ramdenime Cvenebaze misive dakvirvebiT, VIII saukunis miwuruls
aSot adarnases Ze (SemdgomSi aSot didi) samxreT-dasavleT
89
levondi, xsenebuli gamocema, gv. 168-169.
90
vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, n. SoSiaSvilisa da eka kvaWan-
tiraZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 102.
91
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 251.
92
d. musxeliSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 157.
196
saqarTveloSi mamis samkvidro SavSeT-klarjeTTan erTad ukve
orive taosac flobs93. amis Semdeg aSot I didisa da misi memkvi-
dreebis xelSewyobiT tao-klarjeTSi Tavi moiyara da farTod
gaSala frTebi qarTveli xalxis aRmSeneblobiTma Zalam da kul-
turuli Semoqmedebis unarma. aSenda naoxari soflebi, ganaxlda
jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis daxmarebiT agebuli artanujis cixe
da gaSenda amave saxelwodebis didi qalaqi, agreTve, qarTuli
arqiteqturis didebuli Zeglebi – xanZTa, Satberdi, iSxani `meo-
red aSenebuli~, bana, oSki, xaxuli, parxali da mravali sxva,
romelTa mniSvneloba ganuzomlad didia aramarto qarTuli kul-
turis istoriisaTvis. niSandoblivia, rom tao-klarjeTisa da
saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli provinciebis arqiteqturul Ze-
glebs aerTianebT saerTo arqiteqturuli da dekoratiuli Teme-
bi, taZris sivrcobrivi agebulebis saerTo principebi da sxva, rac
samSeneblo xelovnebis mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis saerTo
qarTul safuZvelze migvaniSnebs94. CamoTvlil qarTuli arqite-
qturis brwyinvale Zeglebs didi mxatvruli Rirebulebis garda,
saganmanaTleblo da mecnierul-saliteraturo kerebis mniS-
vnelobac gaaCndaT. korneli kekeliZis TqmiT, aq duRda liter-
aturuli Semoqmedeba. misive ganmartebiT, udidesi nawili im sa-
ganZurisa, rac Cven mogvepoveba IX-X s-idan am monastrebSia Se-
qmnili. aq Camoyalibda tao-klarjeTis sagangebo saliteraturo
skola, erovnul niadagze aRmocenebuli, romelmac SeimuSava
Tavisi sakuTari gramatika, ena, xeli da mimarTuleba. Semdeg ki
ganagrZobs: qarTvelTa SemoqmedebiTi energia imdenad gaizarda
am monastrebSi, rom tao-klarjeTis sazRvrebSi veRar daetia,
gamovida Tavisi kalapotidan da farTo nakadiT gadavida mcire
aziis sxvadasxva punqtSi da mere aTonis naxevarkunZulze Seqmna
man Cveni mwerlobis axali centri iveriis monastris saxiT,
romelic pirvel xanebSi ikvebeboda tao-klarjeTidan momdinare
tradiciebiT95.
amis mere, n. maris saxeldaxelod Seqmnili Teoriis mimdevar-
ma somexma mecnierebma rogorc unda gvimtkicon, rom es didi
93
d. musxeliSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 159-160.
94
Âàõòàíã Áåðèäçå, Àðõèòåêòóðà Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè, Òáèëèñè, 1981, ñ. 132.
95
korneli kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I,
Tbilisi, 1980, gv. 97.
197
qarTuli kultura, TiTqos somexi qalkedonelebis Seqmnili yo-
filiyos, Tanac im pirobebSi, roca maT Turme bolomde hqondaT
SenarCunebuli mSobliuri somxuri ena, somxuri Segneba da patri-
otizmi da v. aruTinova-fidanianis sayvareli gamoTqmac rom gam-
oviyenoT, `somexi yovelTvis somxadve rCeboda~. aseTi SeuTavse-
beli debulebebis SeTavsebis cda xom ubralod absurdia.
tao-klarjeTis uaRresad erovnuli, brwyinvale qarTuli
kulturis Semoqmedi, ra Tqma unda, qarTveli tomebi, qarTveli
xalxia, romelsac IX-X ss. aq gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebi
Seeqmna didi SemoqmedebiTi energiisa da unaris gamosavlenad.
aborigeni qarTuli Tu qarTveluri mosaxleoba am ganapira ibe-
riaSi arasdros gadaSenebula, maSinac ki, roca tao gansazRvrul
istoriul periodebSi somxur politikur sivrceSi eqceoda.
mogvianebiT ki, roca arabTa damarbeveli laSqrobebisa da moaru-
li epidemiebis Sedegad mosaxleobis didi nawili amowyda da
VIII s. gasuls axali moaxalSeneebi gaCndnen, ZiriTadad IX-X ss.
aRdga da moSenda qarTlis sxvadasxva Temebidan, upiratesad mesx-
eTidan masobrivad mosuli moaxalSeneebis xeliT. istoriuli
kanonzomiereba iyo, albaT, rom swored mesxebi daeuflnen Tavi-
anT uZveles pirvelsacxovriss96. tomiT mesxebi iyvnen XI s. Sua
wlebSi kalmaxisa da artanujis erisTavebi sula kalmaxeli,
grigol artanujeli da maTze daqvemdebarebuli mravalricxo-
vani aznaurebi, romelTac Seipyres gamZlavrebuli separatisti
feodali lipariti da mefes mihgvares97, Tuxarisis erisTavi be-
Sqen jayeli, giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi mwerali da sxva gamoCe-
nili pirebi. erTob niSandoblivia, agreTve, rom IX s. sxva qarTul
samefo-samTavroTagan mxolod tao-klarjeTs miemarTeboda si-
tyva `qarTvelTa~: qarTvelTa sakurapalato, qarvelTa samefo,
riTac yuradReba maxvildeboda am samefos uaRresad qarTul,
erovnul xasiaTze. niSandoblivia isic, rom brZolas erovnuli
qarTuli feodaluri samyaros warmoqmna-gamarjvebisaTvis am-
ierkavkasiis masStabiT swored taos saxelganTqmulma mefem dav-
iT III didma kurapalatma Cauyara safuZveli da pirveli gadam-
96
a. bogveraZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 194.
97
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 301-304.
198
wyveti mniSvnelobis politikuri nabijebic gadadga rogorc
qarTuli qveynebis politikuri gaerTianebis mimarTulebiT, ise
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da qarTuli feodaluri kulturis
erovnuli sazRvrebis iqiT gasavrcelebladac.
cxadia, somxuri istoriografiis xsenebul warmomadgenelTa
cdebi Tavdayira warmoaCinon tao-klarjeTis politikuri da
eTno-kulturuli istoria, sakmaod Sors dgas mecnieruli
amocanebisagan da, aSkarad, sxva interesTa sferos ganekuTvneba.
sabWoTa somxuri istoriografia aseve tendenciurad gad-
mogvcems saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis politikur Tavga-
dasavalsa da mis eTno-istorias. igi misdevs ra sakiTxze XIX s.
somxuri publicistikidan da samecniero wreebidan momdinare
tradicias, romelic gulisxmobs saqarTveloSi somxuri mosax-
leobis gansakuTrebuli siWarbisa da TviT qarTuli mosaxleobis
gansxvavebuli konfesiis nawilis eTnikuradac somxuri warmomav-
lobis iluziuri suraTis Seqmnas (mis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva), somex
mkvlevarTa axalma Taobam, Cans, Tavis movaleobad miiCnia am prob-
lematikis Semdgomi damuSaveba da mecnieruli gansjis CarCoeb-
Si, Tundac, formalurad moqceva. amgvari ganwyoba mkafiod Sein-
iSneba p. muradianis sadoqtoro disertaciasa da wyaroTmcod-
neobiTi xasiaTis mis sxva naSromebSi, romelTagan amjerad gam-
ovyofT 1985 w. erevanSi rusul enaze gamocemul wigns `Àðìÿíñêàÿ
ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè (Êàðòëè è Êàõåòè) da 1988 w. dastambul imave sa-
Tauris wigns Tbilisze. dasmuli amocanis gadasawyvetad batonma
paruirma Tavis istoriul-filologiur Ziebebs safuZvlad dau-
do dReisaTvis somxur istoriografiaSi farTod gaziarebuli
koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac XI-XVIII saukuneebis somexi xalxis
istoria moicavs ara marto sakuTriv somxeTis, aramed aziisa da
evropis qveynebSi gafantuli somxuri dasaxlebebis istoriasac98.
zogadad es debuleba, SesaZloa, sworic iyos, magram saqarTve-
los somxuri mosaxleobisa da evropasa da aziaSi gafantuli
somxuri dasaxlebebis (koloniebis) erT sibrtyeze ganxilva araTu
mizanSeuwoneli, aramed umarTebulocaa sruliad gansxvavebuli
98
Ìóðàäÿí Ï. Ì., Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè (Êàðòëè è Êàõåòè), àâòî-
ðåôåðàò íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè äîêòîðà èñò. íàóê, Åðåâàí, 1985, ñ.4.
199
geografiuli, istoriuli, socialur-ekonomikuri Tu kulturu-
li pirobebis gamo. ucxoeTSi gafantuli avtonomiuri niSnebis
mqone koloniebi da kompaqturi eTnikuri Temebi, rogorc Tav-
dacvis erTgvari saSualeba, umTavresad im qveynebSi iqmneboda,
sadac somxebi Cagvrasa da Seviwroebas ganicdidnen. magaliTad,
iranSi, indoeTSi, ruseTSi da sxv. somxuri dasaxlebebis xasiaTi
da organizaciuli formebi rom TavSesafari qveynis xelisufleb-
is politikazec didad iyo damokidebuli, amaze jer kidev
b. borianma gaamaxvila yuradReba99 da miuTiTa sxvadasxva qveya-
naSi somex ltolvilTa gansxvavebul mdgomareobaze. magaliTad,
misive dakvirvebiT, holandiasa, poloneTsa da italiis zRvispi-
ra qalaqebSi somxuri koloniebi xelisufalTagan politikur
Seviwroebas ar ganicdidnen, ris gamoc droTa ganmavlobaSi
moxda maTi asimilacia da somxur sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
aRaraviTar rols aRar TamaSobdnen. da yvela im qveynisgan
gansxvavebiT, saiTkenac somex ltolvilTa nakadebi miemarTeboda,
saqarTvelo ara marto geografiulad, aramed kulturiTa da
istoriuli kavSirebiTac ufro maxlobeli qveyana iyo. amasTan
qarTvel xelisufalTa Semwynarebluri politikac savsebiT
uzrunvelyofda somexTa pirovnul Rirsebas, ris gamoc Cveni
qveyana maTTvis yvelaze mimzidveli iyo. es WeSmariteba araviTar
davas ar iwvevs da savsebiT gaziarebulia somxur istoriogra-
fiaSic. miuxedavad amisa, mezobeli didi saxelmwifoebisagan
gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT SezRuduli sasicocxlo sivrcisa da
specifikuri geopolitikuri pirobebiT gamowveuli gamudmebuli
TavdacviTi omebis gamoc, ltolvilTa didi nakadis misaRebad
da vrceli kompaqturi ucxo dasaxlebebis Sesaqmnelad, gan-
sakuTrebiT XV s-idan dawyebuli XVIII s. CaTvliT, saqarTveloSi
Sesaferisi situacia da saWiroeba, namdvilad ar arsebobda.
amitom p. muradianis cdas, mTeli saqarTvelo, amjerad isto-
riuli qarTli da kaxeTi, kompaqturi somxuri dasaxlebebiT da-
farul qveynad warmogvidginos, araviTari mecnieruli safuZveli
ar gaaCnia. marTalia, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferatSi
aRniSnavs, rom somexTa gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi TandaTano-
99
Á. Áîðÿí, Àðìåíèÿ, ÷. 1-2, Ì-Ë. 1929, ñ. 17-18.
200
biTi infiltritaciiTa da mTeli Temebis (igulisxmeba rogorc
sasoflo, ise saqalaqo) gadanacvlebiT xdeboda, magram
sinamdvileSi, mTeli masalis analizi da vrceli msjeloba,
faqtobrivad, meore SesaZleblobaSi mkiTxvelis dasarwmunebladaa
mimarTuli. misi mtkicebiT, somxuri sakulto Zeglebisa da
warwerebis adgilmdebareoba, rogorc wesi, mowmobs im adgilebSi
gadmosaxlebulTa Temebis arsebobas. amasTan, iqve SeniSnavs, rom
am Zeglebis raodenoba gacilebiT mcirea, vidre realurad
arsebuli somxuri dasaxlebebi. somxuri eTnikuri elementi,
misive ganmartebiT, arsebobda ruxSi, CixorSi, CxarSi, quTaisSi,
TamaraSenSi, bazarSi, agreTve, soflebSi – saRoreSi, gorisTavSi,
akurasa da tabaxmelaSi, maRaroSi, nukrianSi, nasomxarSi, fanianSi,
fxovelSi, bodbisxevSi, maCxaansa da tibaanSi, mirzaanSi da a. S.,
magram am adgilebSi somxuri epigrafikuli Zeglebi ara gvaqvso100.
p. muradianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel am tipur msjelobaSi eT-
nikuri `Temisa~ da `elementis~ cnebebi TavianTi mniSvnelobiT,
faqtobrivad, gaTanabrebulia, e. i. mTeli da misi nawili erT
sididedaa warmodgenili, riTac mkiTxvels, gansakuTrebiT saqme-
Si Cauxedavs, uqmnis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos, CamoTvlili qalaqe-
bi da soflebi erT mTlian somxur eTnikur Temebs warmoadgenda,
anda am punqtebSi damoukidebeli somxuri Temebis arseboba main-
caa savaraudebeli. somxuri elementis arsebobas CamoTvlil
qalaqebsa da soflebSi qarTuli wyaroebic adasturebs da am
mxriv arc Cvena gvaqvs sadavo pat. mkvlevarTan. magram isic xom
aSkaraa, rom b-ni paruiris mizans es ki ara, mTel, gansakuTrebiT
ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centralur raionebSi somxuri eTni-
kuri Temebis arsebobis mtkiceba Seadgens, ris cdebic am wignis
TiTqmis yvela Tavsa da paragrafSia mocemuli da xazgasmiTaa
aRniSnuli, rom `saqarTveloSi somxebi sasoflo Temis mTeli Se-
madgenlobiT esaxlebodnen101. q. gorze saubrisas ki aRniSnavs:
somxebs bedad dahyvaT sxvadasxva qveynebSi xSirad gadasaxleba,
magram, rogorc, wesi mTeli TemebiT, amitom ar arsebobs safuZ-
veli, rom gorSic imave viTarebas ar hqonoda adgili. sxvadasxva
100
p. muradiani, saqarTvelos somxuri epigrafika (rus. enaze), gv.
11-12.
101
iqve, gv. 81.
201
formiTa da variantebiT msgavsi situaciebia daxatuli aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos sxva soflebsa da qalaqebSi102. ufro metic,
amgvari naxevarsimarTliTa da orazrovani msjelobiT p. mura-
diani mkiTxvels arapirdapir mianiSnebs, TiTqos, somxebs saqarTve-
loSi maTive kanonebi icavdnen da sazRvargareTis somxuri kol-
oniebis msgavsad saqarTveloSic somxuri Temebi am mxriv raRac
avtonomiur niSnebs flobdnen. misi mtkicebiT, sasamarTlo garCe-
visas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo somexTa eTnokulturuli TviTmyo-
foba, rasac mowmobs daviT batoniSvilis erTi cnoba, romlis
mixedviTac vaxtang VI qveyanas marTavda berZnuli kanonebiT,
vaWrebisaTvis ki iyenebda somxur kanonebs... am sityvebidan Canso,
rom saqarTveloSi vaWrebi ZiriTadad somxebi iyvnen. amasTan
gasaTvaliswinebeliao, ganagrZobs somexi mkvlevari, rom daviT
bagrationi XIX s. dasawyisSi werda, roca vaWarTa fenaSi saqarTve-
los TiTqmis yvela msxvili eTnikuri erTeuli iyo warmodgeni-
li, amitom somxuri kanonebi ar SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo
mTel vaWarTa fenaze. erTi sityviT, uTqmelad amtkicebs, rom
somxuri kanonebi vaxtang VI-is kanonTa krebulSi mxolod somx-
ebisaTvis gamoiyenebodao da magaliTad moyavs somxuri warmo-
mavlobis qarTvel Tavadebs, begTabegisSvilebs Soris syidvaze
gaCenili davisas `somxuri samarTlis~ normebis gamoyenebis
faqti103. erTi sityviT, cdas ar aklebs, raTa saqarTvelo av-
tonomiuri somxuri dasaxlebebiT mofenil qveynad
warmogvidginos. b-ni p. muradianis msjelobas rom mivyveT da mis
SromebSi mocemuli somxuri dasaxlebebis sqema da formebi
gaviziaroT, miviRebT yovlad araistoriul suraTs: gamova rom
saqarTveloSi somxebi ki ar cxovrobdnen qarTvelTa Soris,
aramed, piriqiT, qarTvelebi somexTa Soris. Tu imasac gaviTval-
iswinebT, rom evropasa da aziaSi gafantuli somxuri
avtonomiuri dasaxlebebis istoria, somxuri istoriografiis
TvalsazrisiT, somxeTis erTiani istoriis Semadgenel nawilebs
warmoadgens, maSin am logikiT saqarTvelos istoriac somxeTis
istorias unda mivaTvaloT.
sinamdvile, ra Tqma unda, sul sxvagvaria. vidre am sakiTxze
Cvens xedvas warmovadgendeT, vnaxoT, ramdenad myaria b-ni p. mu-
102
p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 104, 122, 155-156 da sxv.
103
iqve, gv. 118.
202
radianis mier moyvanili argumentebi. misi warmodgeniT, rogorc
iTqva, sakulto nagebobebisa da warwerebis gaCena da maTi adg-
ilmdebareoba ganpirobebuli iyo kompaqturi somxuri dasaxlebe-
bis sulieri moTxovnilebebiT, romlis ZalisxmeviTac, ZiriTadad,
iqmneboda es Zeglebi, e. i. sakulto Zeglebis Seqmnas win uswreb-
da dasaxlebebis gaCena, magram faqtebi amis sawinaaRmdego araerT
Cvenebebsac Seicavs. TviT p. muradianis wignebSi Tavmoyrili masa-
lis mixedviT, ufro xSirad, TbilisSi, saerTod qarTlisa da kax-
eTis soflebSi somxur eklesiebs mdidari somexi vaWrebi, anda
sulac ekonomikurad Zlieri somxuri ojaxebis calkeuli wevrebi
agebdnen. magaliTad, Tbilisis wm. giorgis somxuri eklesiis
p. muradianis mierve pirobiTad aRdgenili samSeneblo warwera
gvauwyebs: `es kaTedraluri eklesia agebulia somexTa mTavris
omekis saxsrebiT~104. gorijvris somxuri eklesiis (Calabandis say-
dris) warweraSi naTqvamia: `940 (e. i. 1491) w. me, jalapma aRvaSene
es eklesia Cemi da Cemi mSoblebisa da Zmebis sulis mosaxsenie-
blad~105. RvTismSoblis yandis somxuri eklesiis warwera ki gvam-
cnobs: `somxuri welTaRricxvis `ji~ 920 (1471), me, astvawatur
mRvdelma Cemma vaJma xaCaturma da daviTma da Cemma qristesmi-
erma sulierma Zmebma sargis sarkavagma (diakvanma) da ami...elma
avaSeneT wminda RvTismSoblis (eklesia) Cveni da mSoblebis
sulis(xsnisaTvis) amen~106. ufro gviandeli xanisTvis msgavsi Ze-
glebis raodenoba kidev metad izrdeba, xolo eklesiaTa ganax-
lebisa, Tu misi nawilebis SekeTebis, gansakuTrebiT ki qvajvare-
bis aRmarTvis SemTxvevebi TiTqmis yovelTvis erT
pirovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli da calkeuli personebis
interesebiTaa gansazRvruli 107. am da misi msgavsi Zeglebis
kavSirze somxur kompaqtur dasaxlebebTan warwerebSi ubralo
miniSnebac ki ar moipoveba. xolo XIX s., roca rusi moxeleebis
104
Ìóðàäÿí Ï. Ì., Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè, Òáèëèñè, Åðåâàí, 1988, ñ. 20-
21.
105
Ìóðàäÿí Ï. Ì., Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè (Êàðòëè è Êàõåòè), Åðåâàí,
1985. ñ. 91.
106
iqve, gv. 51.
107
iqve, gv. 120, 123, 127, 138, 139 da sxv.
203
mier organizebuli migraciuli procesebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi
somexTa masobrivi Semosaxleba daiwyo da msxvili kompaqturi
somxuri dasaxlebebic Seiqmna, es movlena maSinve aisaxa
epigrafikul ZeglebSic. am droidan somxur sakulto nagebobebze
gakeTebul warwerebSi maT mSeneblebad calkeuli pirebi ki ara,
ufro xSirad mTeli somxuri dasaxlebebi da soflebi moixse-
niebian. magaliTebs TviT p. muradianisave gamoqveynebuli war-
werebidan movitanT. niCbisSi – `1867 w. eklesia avageT Cvena
somxisa sazogadoebama Cveni sakuTari SromiTa~108, muxranSi – `1843
w. SemweobiTa da RvawliTa somexTa guariT, romelnic imyofebian
sofelsa Sina muxrans dadga eklesia es somxisa”109. anda `1839 w.
aRvaSeneT eklesia (wminda) giorgisa Cven zertSi mcxovrebelT
erTobiT qarTvelTa da somexTa sasaflaod Cvenis muSakobiTa~110.
es ukanaskneli warwera konfesiuri urTierTobis Tvalsazrisi-
Tac erTob sainteresoa da masze calke vimsjelebT. aq moyvani-
li Sua saukuneebisa da XIX s. epigrafikuli masalis Sedareba ki,
vfiqrob, sakmaod garkveviT cxadyofs, rom somxuri eklesiebis
ageba saqarTveloSi yovelTvis ar iyo da arc SeiZleboda yo-
filiyo somxuri Temebis gaCenis uSualo Sedegi. piriqiT, ekle-
sias SeeZlo, albaT, mosaxleobis Tavis garSemo Semokreba, magram
amjerad ukve konfesiuri da ara mxolod eTnikuri niSniT, isic
gansazRvrul drosa da sivrceSi. amitom araa aucilebeli yoveli
sakulto nagebobis ukan somxuri Temi veZioT, somxuri eklesiebis
ricxvis mixedviT ki somxuri Temebis da miT ufro somexTa
raodenobis gansazRvra saqarTveloSi, aSkarad, uimedo saqmea.
Sua saukuneebis, kerZod ki XIV-XV ss. saqarTveloSi ltol-
vili somxebi, Tu marTlac, mTeli soflebiT moemarTebodnen da
qveynis centralur raionebSi saxlebodnen, rogorc amas p. mu-
radiani amtkicebs, maSin es movlena toponimikaSi mainc unda
asaxuliyo da maTi adrindeli sacxovrisis saxelwodebis mixed-
viT sexnia toponimebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSic gaCeniliyo. cnobil-
ia, rom iq, sadac did koleqtivebad moxda somexTa gadasaxleba
108
p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 41.
109
iqve.
110
iqve, gv. 92.
204
kidec saTanadod aisaxa es movlena toponimikaSi. magaliTad,
somxeTis julfidan iranSi gadasaxlebulebma TavianT axal dasax-
lebas `nor julfa~, e. i. axali julfa uwodes, ruseTis somxur-
ma koloniam `axali naxiWevani~ da sxv. aRniSnuli xanis saqar-
Tvelos socialur-ekonomikuri, Tu saerTod, fizikur-geog-
rafiuli pirobebi ltolvilTa msxvili dasaxlebebis Seqmnas xels
ver uwyobda, ris gamoc somexTa saqarTveloSi Semosaxleba,
etyoba, mainc TandaTanobiTi infiltraciis gziT xdeboda.
saqarTveloSi Semosaxlebis formebze saintereso miniSnebebs
vxvdebiT somxur xelnawerTa anderZebSi. erT maTganSi
vkiTxulobT: daiwera `somexTa welTaRricxvis `pZa~ (1432) w.
araratis gavaris upatronobisas, (iqaurebis) qarTvelTa naTesavs
Soris msxemobisas... gafantvisas~111. daaxloebiT imave xanis sxva
xelnawerSi ki aRniSnulia: `Cveni Zmobis wevrebi gaviqeciT da
gavifanteT qarTvelTa qveyanaSi~112. n. maris dakvirvebiT, somxuri
migraciis Taviseburebas savaWro wreebis interesebi
ganapirobebda, ris gamoc ucxo qveynebisaken daZruli pirveli
nakadebi miedineboda savaWro kavSirTa mimarTulebiTo, Semdeg
ki somxuri savaWro fenis mier aTvisebul raionebSi TanmiyolebiT
saxldeboda mwarmoebeli sazogadoebaco113. sagulisxmoa, rom Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis ganlagebis
suraTi, romelic saistorio wyaroebis monacemebiT ixateba,
TiTqmis, srulad emTxveva savaWro gzebsa da maT Sesayar adg-
ilebs. magram somex vaWarTa mier garemos aTvisebasa da Tavis
garSemo eTnikur TanamoZmeTa Semokrebas sakmaod xangrZlivi da
mSvidobiani periodi sWirdeba, ris gamoc didi kompaqturi somx-
uri dasaxlebebis Seqmna, miT umetes gamudmebuli omianobis vi-
TarebaSi, Zalze Zneli iyo. esec ar iyos, ZiriTadad somxuri
savaWro kapitalis interesebiT stimulirebuli migraciuli pro-
cesebi umTavresad didi da Zlieri saxelmwifoebisken iyo mima-
rTuli, romelTac Sua saukuneebis pirobebSi vaWris pirovnebisa
111
somxur xelnawerTa anderZis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIV-
XV ss.) a. abdalaZis gamocema, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 47.
112
iqve, gv. 51.
113
n. mari, arkauni...gv. 47; misive, Êàâêàçñêèé êóëüòóðíûé ìèð è Àðìåíèÿ,
Ïåòðîãðàä, 1915, ñ. 48.
205
da misi qonebis dacvis bevrad ukeTesi SesaZleblobani gaaCndaT.
gasagebia, rom samefo-samTavroebad daSlili gviani Sua sauku-
neebis saqarTveloSi, sadac komerciuli saqmianobis aRmavlobi-
saTvis asparezi SezRuduli iyo, somxuri mosaxleobis raodeno-
ba ver iqneboda maincdamainc didi. 1770 w. erekle II-is mier
ruseTis rezidentisaTvis gacemuli demografiuli cnobis
mixedviT, qarTlSi 500 komli somexi cxovrobda, rac qarTveli
marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobis 1/8 -s udrida, kaxeTSi ki – 450
komli somexi, rac adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis 1/16-s
Seefereboda114. amave cnobiT, SedarebiT mravalricxovani Cans
somxuri mosaxleoba qvemo qarTlSi, magram aq is mahmadianur
mosaxleobas Soris aris dafantuli. aseTi Tanafardoba TavisTa-
vad somxuri kompaqturi dasaxlebebis Sesaqmnelad didad xelS-
esawyobi garemo, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo. feodalur-naturaluri
meurneobis pirobebSi ki somex vaWarTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebis
Seqmna maSinac ki, roca amiT qarTveli xelisuflebic iyvnen dain-
teresebulni, ramdenadme mniSvnelovani xniT mainc SeuZlebeli
xdeboda. amis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens cnobili `mefis
qalaqis~ istoria. 1632-1636 ww. TeZmis piras somex vaWarTaTvis
gaSenebuli qalaqi sul male gamodis mefis xelisuflebis daqvem-
debarebidan da qarTlis Tavadebis _ TarxniSvilebis samflo-
belod iqceva, saxelsac icvlis da `mefis qalaqis~ magier `qar-
Tlis axalqalaqis~ saxels imkvidrebs115. mefis vaWrebic gaifant-
nen da, Cans, amitomac somxebis xsenebas `qarTlis axalqalaqSi~
naklebad vxvdebiT. igive bedi ewia erekle II-is cdas, qarTl-
kaxeTis soflebsa da qalaqebSi daemagrebina mis mier Camosax-
lebuli rva somxuri soflis mosaxleoba. didi nawili ukan, som-
xeTSi gabrunda, rac darCa isic mcire jgufebad gaifanta ya-
raias, lilos, Tbilissa da TelavSi. feodaluri karCaketilobis
viTarebaSi araqarTuli mosaxleobis garedan mosvla SezRuduli
masStabebiT mimdinareobda, ris Sedegadac XIX s. damdegs saqarTve-
los TiTqmis yvela provinciaSi aborigenuli mosaxleoba didad
Warbobda, qarTvelebis xvedriTi wona 4/5-s uaxlovdeboda. amave
mizeziT XIX s-mde somxebis Camosaxleba xdeboda mcire jgu-
114
qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba 1770 w., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II,
gv. 420-421.
115
S. mesxia, saistorio Ziebani, t. II, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 190.
206
febiT116. niSandoblivia isic, rom saqarTveloSi somxuri mosax-
leobis odenobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli – 6% mxolod 1800
welze modis117.
Tbilisis somxuri epigrafikis Zeglebis kvlevisas mkiTxvelze
sasurveli STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad p. muradiani ramdenjerme
exeba qalaqis eTnikur struqturas da komentaris gareSe mohyavs
turneforis erTob saeWvo cnoba 1701 w. Tbilisis mosaxleobis
eTnikur Semadgenlobaze, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelTa
dedaqalaqis 20 aTasi mcxovrebidan 14 aTasi yofila somexi, 3000
mahmadiani, 2000 qarTveli da 500 kaTolike da es ukanasknelic
moqceuli somxebi yofilan118. saqme isaa, rom turneforis arc
winamorbed da arc misi Semdgomi xanis avtorebs Sua saukuneebis
Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis amgvar ricxobriv
Tanafardobas ramdenadme mainc miaxloebuli suraTi saerTod ar
moepovebaT, amitom moyvanili cifrebis namdviloba, bunebrivia,
yovelTvis seriozul eWvs aRZravda qarTvel istorikosTa Soris.
undobloba am cnobebis mimarT Cvenc gamovTqviT am aTiode wlis
win119. frangi mogzauri, bunebismetyveli Jozef piton de turne-
fori Cven qveyanaSi mogzaurobisas mecnier botanikosis inter-
esebiT (mcenareebis SegrovebiT) ufro iyo dakavebuli, vidre is-
toriuli xasiaTis cnobebis SekrebiT, ris gamoc misi Txzuleba
kidev ufro metad iyo damZimebuli im drois evropuli infor-
maciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi saerTo naklovanebebiT,
rogoric faqtebis damaxinjeba da subieqtur ganwyobaTa ganzo-
gadeba iyo. amasTan, xuTi dRe, rac man Cven dedaqalaqSi dahyo,
metad mcire dro iyo avTenturi cnobebis Sesagroveblad, ram-
denadac statistikuri masalis mosapovebeli wyaro mis dros
TbilisSi realurad arc arsebobda. misi wasvlidan mxolod 20
wlis Semdeg, 1721 w. vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT ganxorcielda Tbili-
sis mosaxleobis aRwera. sruli saxiT aRweris masalebi moRweuli
116
v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVIII-XX ss-Si, Tbilisi, 1984,
gv. 210, 227 da sxv.
117
iqve, gv. 79.
118
Ï. Ì. Ìóðàäÿí, Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè, Òáèëèñè, Åðåâàí,1988,ñ. 29.
119
ix. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 12.X.1990, gv. 13-14.
207
araa, magram rac SemogvrCa Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikur Se-
madgenlobaze SedarebiT realur warmodgenas mainc gviqmnis. am
masalaze Cveni dakvirvebiT, XVIII s. pirveli meoTxedisaTvis somx-
uri mosaxleoba TbilisSi qalaqis saerTo raodenobis erTi
mesamedi unda yofiliyo, rac am mosaxleobisaTvis yvelaze maRa-
li maCvenebelia saqarTvelos sxva danarCen regionebTan Sedare-
biT.
eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Cvens mier navaraudevi Tanafardoba
dasturdeba, agreTve, saistorio sabuTebis monacemebiT da vax-
uStisa da misi momdevno avtorebis mier Sedgenili Tbilisis
rukebiT 120. amaT mixedviT Tbilisis yvelaze vrceli da cen-
traluri nawili – kala, gansakuTrebiT misi zemo ubani, mTli-
anad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. aq iyo ganlagebuli mefisa
da kaTalikosis, batoniSvilebisa da msxvili saero da sasuliero
feodalebis sasaxleebi, samefo dawesebulebebi. qalaqis es naw-
ili ara marto yvelaze vrceli, aramed ufro mWidrod dasax-
lebuli adgilic iyo, radgan xsenebul sasaxleebsa da mis mimde-
bare teritoriaze saxlobda maT patronTa Sina da gare
mosamsaxureTa rangis Sesaferisad, mravalricxovani jgufebi, sa-
mefo amala, dacva da sxva. didi jalabiT gamoirCeodnen TbilisSi
mcxovrebi muxranbatonebi, amilaxorebi, orbelianebi, zedgi-
niZeebi, ciciSvilebi, abaSiZeebi da sxvebi. TbilisSi qarTvel did-
gvarovanTa simravles aRniSnavda Sardenic121.
qvemo ubanSi, Cans, qarTvelebs somxebi sWarbobdnen. 1721 w.
mosaxleobis aRweris monawile vaxuSti batoniSvilic aRniSnavda:
`cixis gareT ufros somexni da mcired qarTvelni saxloben~,
magram rac gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia, mecnier batoniSvilis
mowmobiT, es somxebi `qceva-zniT~ gaqarTvelebulebi yofilan122.
TbilisSi qarTvelTa Warbi garemocvis gareSe `qceva-znis~ Secv-
la, gasagebia, rom SeuZlebeli iqneboda. arc Tbilisis midamoe-
bis soflebSi Cans somxuri umravlesoba, rogorc amas zogjer
somxuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben. Tbilisis
120
m. berZniSvili, Tbilisis garegani saxe XVIII s-Si, Tbilisi, 1965.
121
Sardenis mogzauroba, m. mgalobliSvilis Targmani, Tb.,1975, gv. 325.
122
qarTlis cxovreba, IV , Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 338.
208
midamoebis 22 soflis 1781 w. xalxis aRweris davTris123 mixedviT
840 komlidan mxolod 222 komli somxuri warmoSobis piri dav-
iTvaleT, rac mTeli mosaxleobis 1/4¼-ze cota metia. es da sxva
gamoangariSebani, ra Tqma unda, miaxloebiTia da savaraudo, rad-
ganac xalxis aRweris qarTul davTrebSi mosaxleoba eTnikuri da
konfesiuri niSniT ar aris gamijnuli. amas garda, qarTuli da
somxuri mosaxleobis garCeva am davTrebSi mocemuli saxelebisa
da gvarebis mixedviTac xSirad Wirs imitomac, rom qarTvelTa
Soris gavrcelebul saxelebs zogjer somxebic atarebdnen da
piriqiTac, somexTa Soris gavrcelebul saxelebs – qarTvelebi.
Semdeg ki am saxelebidan nawarmoebi gvarebi, Tavis mxriv, kidev
ufro abundovnebdnen konkretuli piris eTnikur warmomavlobas.
rogorc Cans, arsebuli sinamdvile ar iTxovda qarTuli da
somxuri mosaxleobis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas, ris gamoc xalxis
aRweris davTrebSi isini erTi siiTa da erTmaneTTan Sereulad
arian warmodgenilni. ZiriTadi qarTuli mosaxleobis masasTan
amgvari Serwyma–SekavSireba, eWvi araa, mxolod somexTa Sedare-
biTi ricxobrivi simcirisa da orive mosaxleobis uflebrivi Ta-
nasworobis pirobebSi SeiZleboda momxdariyo. es ki niadags aclis
p. muradianis xsenebul Tvalsazriss somxuri Temebis gansakuTre-
bul samarTlebriv statusze, ris safuZvelze, TiTqos, XVIII s.
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi somexTa mimarT gamoiyene-
boda mxolod somxuri samarTlis normebi.
saqme isaa, rom somxuri Temebis samarTlebriv statusze msje-
lobisas p. muradiani naxevarsimarTliTa da misTvis Cveuli ara-
pirdapiri miniSnebebiTa da sinamdvilis gamrudebis gziT cdilobs
mkiTxvelis darwmunebas ararsebulSi124. b-ni paruiris mier xseneb-
uli vaxtang VI-is kanonTa krebulSi Sesuli `somxuri samarTali~
anu mxiTar goSas kanonmdeblobis normebi, sxva ucxo kanonmde-
blobaTa (moses samarTali, berZnuli samarTali, siriul-romau-
li samarTlis wigni da sxv.) normebis msgavsad damxmare mniS-
vnelobisa iyo da mxolod im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneboda, roca
123
iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis Zeglebi, I,
gv. 157-182.
124
p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 118.
209
esa Tu is norma gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo erovnuli kanonmde-
blobis ZeglebSi125. rogorc i. doliZe SeniSnavs, sasamarTlo gan-
CinebebSi `somxuri samarTlis~ kanonTa muxlebis damowmeba TiTq-
mis ar gvxvdeba126. p. muradianis mier moyvanili mamulis gayidvis
magaliTis gamo ki ganmartavs: am erTaderT SemTxvevaSic ki sasa-
marTlo mxiTar goSis samarTlis wignis 367-e muxlze miuTiTebs
rogorc vaxtangis samarTlis 161-e da 167-e muxlebTan Sesa-
darebel masalas. saqme ki wydeba vaxtangis `samarTlis wignis
ZaliT~127. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi urTierTobani mosulsa
da damxvdurs Soris, rom qarTuli batonymuri samarTlis safuZ-
velze wydeboda, amas ltolvili somxuri mosaxleobac aRniSnav-
da. am mxriv tipuria erTi maTganis mier qarTveli Tavadis sax-
elze dawerili sabuTi, sadac vkiTxulobT: `...Cemi Tavi Cemis
SvilebiT xeCaturaTi da avetiqaTi Tqven mogyide, rogorc
saqarTvelos batonymobis rigia dRes da dReis iqiT ise unda
gemsaxuroTo~128. cxadia, `qarTuli batonymobis rigi~ da `qarTu-
li samarTali~ iyo qveynis mosaxleTa Soris nebismieri urTier-
Tobis momwesrigebeli. amitom arc saqarTvelos somxur mosax-
leobas, romelic sazogadoebis sruluflebian nawilad
iTvleboda da qveynis xelisufalTagan zogjer gansakuTrebuli
SemwynareblobiTac sargeblobda, ar gaaCnda safuZveli
gancalkevebuli, miT umetes, sakuTari kanonebiT marTuli Temebis
Sesaqmnelad da isic qveynis centralur raionebSi, rogorc es
b-n p. muradians warmoudgenia. qveynis sazRvrispira raionebSi,
gansazRvrul drosa da pirobebSi somxuri Temebis Camoyalibeba,
ra Tqma unda, gamoricxuli ar iyo, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi
misi Serwyma saerTo qarTul kulturul procesTan mainc
gardauvali xdeboda. magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges curtavis
somxuri mosaxleobis Tavgadasavali, romelic jer kidev VII s.
damdegs iq sakuTar soflebad da Temebad cxovrobda. Semdeg ki
125
samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa, teqsti daadgina, gamokvleva da sa-
Zieblebi daurTo isidore doliZem, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 61.
126
iqve, gv. 59.
127
iqve, gv. 60.
128
ssa, 229, davTari #6, sabuTi 83.
210
qarTul kulturul samyarosTan TandaTanobiTi Serwymis Sedegad,
imave mosaxleobisaTvis X s. ukve somxeTi gaxda ucxo qveyana129.
saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis istoriasTanaa gansazRv-
rulwilad dakavSirebuli qarTuli mosaxleobis erTi SedarebiT
mcire, gansakuTrebiT vaWroba-xelosnobaSi Cabmuli nawilis mier
somxuri sarwmunoebis miReba da e. w. `qarTvel grigorianTa~ eT-
nokulturuli erTobis Camoyalibeba. amgvari erTobis arsebobis
SesaZlebloba, araTu gviani Sua saukuneebis, aramed XIX s.
saqarTveloSic p. muradians dauSveblad miaCnia da nametani gaRi-
zianebiT xvdeba am sakiTxze qarTul istoriografiaSi msjelo-
bas. misi gancxadebiT `qarTvel grigorianTa~ cneba gamogonili
iyo XX s. dasawyisSi qarTuli burJuaziuli sazogadoebis gark-
veul ganwyobilebaTa zegavleniT da am saqmis mTavar `damnaSaved~
zaqaria WiWinaZe gamoyavs130. `z. WiWinaZis Tvalsazrisis ganvi-
Tarebis cdis~ gamo mkveTr gaRizianebas gamoxatavs Cvens
mimarTac, rac SemdgomSic araerTxel gaimeora somxeTSi gamo-
maval sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi ( §¶ñ³Ï³Ý ûñæ« §Ð½áñ
ѳÛñ»ÝÇù¦ da sxv.) dabeWdil werilebSi.
marto is faqti, rom XIX s. dasasrulisa da XX s. dasawyisis
qarTuli da somxuri perioduli gamocemebis furclebze mwvave
debatebi imarTeboda xsenebul sakiTxze publicistebsa da mec-
nierTa Sorisac, mas ukve `gamogonils~ veRar uwodeb. rac Seexeba
z. WiWinaZes, igi TviT iyo `qarTvel grigorianTa~ sazogadoebis
arsebobis uSualo mowme da aRmweri. Tavis wignSi saTiTaod
CamoTvlis misi Tanamedrove `grigoriani qarTvelebis~ 105 gvars,
romelTagan mxolod ramdenime gvaris eTnikuri kuTvnileba Tu
SeiZleba iyos sadavo, Torem danarCenis qarTveloba iotis odena
eWvsac ar badebs. magaliTad, avaliSvili, baraTaSvili, baqraZe,
giorgaZe, maCabeli, muCaiZe, lomiZe da131 sxva mravali, romelTa
zogi warmomadgeneli sxvadasxva mizezisa da garemoebaTa gamo
129
ix. uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, zaza
aleqsiZis TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT, gv. 6.
130
ix. misi Àðìÿíñêàÿ ýïèãðàôèêà Ãðóçèè (Êàðòëè è Êàõåòè), gv. 90, Sen. 29.
131
z. WiWinaZe, qarTveli grigorianebi, Tbilisi, 1906, gv. 103-113 da
sxv.
211
somxur sarwmunoebas mihkedlebia. bevr maTganTan z. WiWinaZes
piradi nacnoboba da megobroba akavSirebda, rac saSualebas
aZlevda ukeT Seeswavla maTi ucxo sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlis
istoria, ris Sesaxebac mis wignSi konkretul miTiTebebsac vx-
vdebiT. ase rom, z. WiWinaZe TviT aris erT-erTi pirvelwyaro
`grigorian qarTvelTa~ istoriis Sesaswavlad da pretenziebi mis
mimarT am sakiTxis gamo, vfiqrob, gaumarTlebelia.
p. muradianis xsenebuli wignis sxva gverdze ki, roca mis
avtors istoriuli sabuTebis qarTuli formis gvarebis mqone
personaJebSi eTnikuri somxebis Secnoba dasWirda, qarTvelTa
mier somxur sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlis SemTxvevebs gamogonebuls
aRar uwodebs da avitabiles cnobebze dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs, rom
iyo SemTxvevebi, roca somexi monofizitebi qalkedonizmis wiaRSi
gadadiodnen, xolo qarTvelebi somxebi xdebodnen (e. i. monofiz-
itebi). amitom eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxi rTulia da si-
frTxiles saWiroebso132. sadisertacio naSromis avtoreferatSi
ki xazgasmiT acxadebs: Cven uarvyofT jer kidev arsebul kon-
cefcias, romlis mixedviTac qarTlisa da kaxeTis amJamindeli
qarTulenovani somxuri mosaxleoba `somxuri~ gaxda `grigori-
anobisadmi~ mimxrobis gamo. Cven sulac ar gamovricxavT
qarTvelTa armenizaciisa da somexTa qarTvelizaciis calkeul
SemTxvevebs, magram es procesi ar iyo mudmiv moqmedi faqtori133.
rogorc vxedavT, eTnikuri da konfesiuri gaucxoebis Temas
p. muradiani calmxrivad, misTvis saWiro kuTxiT ganixilavs da
misadmi damokidebulebas icvlis imisdamixedviT, Tu rogor
ujobs. amasTan SecdomaSi Sehyavs mkiTxveli, roca amtkicebs,
TiTqos, Cven uarvyofdeT Sua saukuneebisa da Semdgomi xanis
saqarTveloSi somex ltolvilTa arsebobis faqts. piriqiT,
p. muradiani cdilobs somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTvelebis
somxuri eTnosisadmi miTvlas da am gziT isedac mravalricxo-
vani somxuri mosaxleobis ufro metad gazrdas qarTuli mosax-
leobis Semcirebis xarjze. aseTi damokidebulebis TvalnaTeli
magaliTia, agreTve, somxeTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri
132
p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 125.
133
p. muradianis xsenebuli disertaciis avtoreferati, gv. 10.
212
yovelkvireuli rusulenovani gazeTis `epoxa~-s 1990 w. me-8 no-
merSi rubrikiT `politika~ gamoqveynebuli p. muradianis werili
erTob emociuri saTauriT `qarTveli grigorianebi~ – miTi Tu
realoba? ase, xan “gamogonebuli cneba, xan `koncefcia~, xan ki
`miTi~. es ukanaskneli epiTeti Zlieri gaRizianebis Sedegia, rac
gamowveuli iyo im xanebSi somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTvel-
Ta aTeuli aTasobiT Tanamedrove STamomavalTa mier, TiTqmis
mTeli saukunis Semdeg, sakuTari gvarisa da erovnebis oficial-
urad (iuridiulad) dabrunebiT, riTac TavisTavad daimsxvra
`qarTvel grigorianTa~ eTnokulturuli kategoriis uaryofis
p. muradianiseuli miTi. xsenebul werilze Cveni pasuxi saTauriT
`vin arRvevs keTilmezoblobis tradiciebs?~ daibeWda `literatu-
ruli saqarTvelos~ 1992 wlis 22 maisis nomerSi. amave sakiTxze
msjeloba gavSaleT da p. muradianis mtkicebulebaTa sawinaaRm-
dego damatebiTi kontrargumentebi moviyvaneT Cvens wignSi
`saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebi (IV-
XVIII ss.)~, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 185-194. sailustraciod p. muradianis
mier moxmobili argumentebis sawinaaRmdego ramdenime kontrar-
guments aqac moviyvanT. daviwyoT p. muradianis araerTgzisi
gancxadebiT, TiTqos, mxolod misioner avitabiles werilis erT
pasaJSia naxsenebi qarTvelTa armenizaciis faqti, rac calkeul
SemTxvevaTa rigs unda miekuTvnoso. b-ni paruiri amjeradac mis-
Tvis sasurvel ganmartebas moyvanili Sinaarsis mcire gamrudeb-
iT aRwevs. avitabiles werilSi moyvanilia XVII s. pirveli nax-
evris cnobili qarTveli politikuri moRvawis nikoloz Colo-
yaSvilis sityvebi, romelSic gamoTqmulia SeSfoTeba am movlenis
gafarToebis gamo. avitabiles mixedviT n. ColoyaSvils uTqvams:
`yoveli dRe Cvenis TvaliT vxedavT, rom mravalni qarTvelni
somxdebian...~134, rac muradianisagan sruliad gansxvavebul daskv-
nas iTxovda. amgvari cnobebi ki sakmaod mravlad iZebneba ital-
iel misionerTa moxsenebebSi. imave xanebSi patri ambrozio Tavis
xelmZRvanelobas romSi moaxsenebda: `Cveni monazonebi am qris-
tianebSi didis sikeTis qmnas SeiZleben ramdenisame soflis yid-
134
don piedro avitabile, cnobebi saqarTveloze, Tbilisi, 1977,
gv. 66.
213
viT, rogorc Svrebian somxebi. Tumca qarTvelebs didi simZul-
vare aqvT somxebis sarwmunoebis mxriv, garda, rodesac maTi ymebi
xdebian, bevri maTgani gadadis somxis wesze135~. aqac calkeul
SemTxvevebze ki ara, mTel soflebzea saubari. `grigorian qar-
TvelTa~ sazogadoebis damadasturebeli sabuTebi TviT p. mura-
dianis mier gamoqveynebul `ZeglebSic~ sakmaod moipoveba,
romelTagan mxolod erT niSandobliv warweras moviyvanT: `CylT
(1839) wels aRvaSeneT eklesia ese wminda giorgisa Cven zertSi
mcxovrebelT erTobiT qarTvelTa da somexTa sasaflaod Cvenis
musakobiTa, SemweobiTa...~136. am warweris komentarSi p. muradiani
ganmartavs, TiTqos, xangrZlivma Tanacxovrebam am soflis
qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris ara marto eTnikuri, aramed konfe-
siuri sazRvrebic waSalao. aseTi axsna damajereblobas, ra Tqma
unda, moklebulia. vinc ki Sua saukuneebis, Tundac gviani xanis,
sazogadoebis bunebas icnobs, man kargad icis (maT Soris p. mu-
radianmac), rom konfesiurad gansxvavebuli sazogadoebis war-
momadgenlebi araTu erTmaneTis sasaflaoze micvalebuls ar
daasaflavebdnen, aramed eklesiaSic ar Sevidodnen. warweris
teqstSi xsenebuli eklesia erTobliv maSenebelni qarTvelebica
da somxebic, ra Tqma unda, erTi sarwmunoebisani iyvnen, sxvag-
varad maTi TanamSromloba, miT ufro sasaflaos eklesiis
mSeneblobaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amis aRiareba ki p. muradianis
Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeboda. amitomac, Cans, teqstis axsnis im
droisaTvis garegnulad momgebian variants mimarTa. magram
saqmec isaa, rom XIX s., romelsac es warwera ekuTvnis, yvelaze
Seuferebeli droa eTnikuri da konfesiuri sazRvrebis waSlis
SesaZleblobis samtkiceblad. is ufro konfesiur urTierTobaTa
gamwvavebis xanadaa cnobili. saqarTvelos rusuli administracia
qarTvelTa da somexTa gaTiSvisa da dapirispirebisaTvis iRvwo-
da. am politikuri amocanis Sesabamisad qarTvelTa somxur
sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlas ara marto axalisebda, aramed zogjer
aiZulebda kidec. es da msgavsi RonisZiebebi rusuli kolo-
135
m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris XIII-XIX
ss., tfilisi, 1902, gv. 236.
136
p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 62.
214
nialuri politikis arsenalSi erT-erTi efeqturi saSualeba iyo
qarTuli eTnikuri koleqtivis dasasusteblad.
amdenad, b-ni p. muradianis cdebs, uaryos e. w. `qarTvel
grigorianTa~ eTnokulturuli kategoriis arseboba gviani Sua
saukuneebisa da gansakuTrebiT XIX s. saqarTvelos sazogadoeba-
Si, ramdenadme seriozuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia da aseT mtkice-
bulebebs mxolod mecnieruli interesebis miRma motivebi Tu
SeiZleba rom asuldgmulebdes.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis gan-
sakuTrebuli siWarbisa da siZvelis STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad,
aRniSnuls garda, b-ni p. muradiani calkeuli qarTuli gvarebis
warmomavlobaSi eWvis Setanasa da somxurTan dakavSirebas cdi-
lobs, risTvisac mecnieruli sabuTianobis nacvlad zogadi da
arapirdapiri miniSnebebiT kmayofildeba, rac, eWvi araa, saqmeSi
Cauxedavi mkiTxvelis fsiqikaze zegavlenis mosaxdenadaa mxolod
gaTvlili. am mxriv tipuria cnobili qarTuli feodaluri sag-
vareulos – musxeliSvilTa gasomxurebis p. muradianiseuli xe-
rxi. sof breZis grigol ganmanaTleblis monastrisaTvis gaTval-
iswinebuli xelnaweri saxarebis (1469) Tavgadasavalze saubrisas,
mkiTxvels moulodnelad sqolioSi Catanil aseT cnobas awvdis:
sof. breZis mcxovreblebi amJamad somxurs uwodeben wm. giorgis
eklesias, sadac dakrZalulni arian musxelovebis (musxeliSvili)
sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi. Tuki gamovricxavT, ganagrZobs
p. muradiani, kidev erTi somxuri savanis arsebobis SesaZleblo-
bas, maSin unda davaskvnaT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi breZis somx-
ebis gaqarTvelebis procesSi, wm. grigoli gaazrebuli iyo (Secv-
lili?) rogorc wm. giorgi, qarTul wreebSi am ukanasknelis kul-
tis gansakuTrebuli popularobis gamo137.
b-ni p. muradianis aq warmodgenil msjelobaSi, TiTqmis, yvela
sityva erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. jer erTi, mis mier moyvanil
anderZminawerSi, sadac xsenebul saxarebazea saubari, saerTod
araa naxsenebi sof. breZa. xelnaweris damweri barseRi politikuri
movlenebis gadmocemasTan erTad aRniSnavs, rom dazianebuli saxa-
reba 1584 w. gaanaxla da somexTa arqiepiskopos xaCaturis Txov-
137
p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 53.
215
niT masve gorSi daubruna, am ukanasknelma ki Tavis ZmisSvils
diakvan kirakoss sof. yandaSi gaugzavna. Tuki es xelnaweri sax-
areba, p. muradianis TqmiT, breZis wm. giorgis eklesiisaTvis iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin misamarTis Secvlis mizezi barseRs mainc
unda aReniSna, miT umetes, rom saxarebis TavgadasavalTan dakav-
Sirebul yovel detals skrupulozurad aRwers. am gaugebrobis
axsnis sxva variants verc p. muradiani gvTavazobs. cxadia, wm.
grigolis eklesia sof. breZaSi ar yofila da, bunebrivia, amitom
verc ganaxlebuli somxuri saxareba gaigzavneboda iq. sof. breZis
eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli yvela es variaciebi, Cans, p. muradi-
ans imisTvis dasWirda, rom wm. giorgis qarTuli eklesia somx-
urad gamoecxadebina da amiT iq dasaflavebuli cnobili qarTu-
li feodaluri sagvareulos – musxeliSvilebis qarTvelobaze
mkiTxvelSi eWvi aReZra. rac Seexeba wm. grigolis giorgid
gaazrebas, Tu gardasaxvas, es araTu varaudebis, aramed fantaziis
sferos SeiZleba, albaT, mivakuTvnoT. met-naklebad msgavsi
meTodebiT manipulirebs qarTuli gvarebis somxuri eTnosisadmi
miTvlis sxva SemTxvevebSic. metadre maSin, roca saqme exeba
orenovan qarTul-somxur warwerebSi moxseniebuli gvarebis
warmomavlobis garkvevas. aseT SemTxvevaSi p. muradiani yovelTvis
somxuri teqstiT xelmZRvanelobs, sadac qarTuli saxelebi (da
ara marto qarTuli) Cveulebriv somxuri formiT gadmoicema.
magaliTad, biWiaSvili – biWiancad, RarRaZe – RarRaZeancad,
bagrationebi – bagratunebad, batoniSvili somxurSi
gavrcelebul paronad da a. S. amitomacaa, rom misTvis mxolod
qarTulenovani somxebi arseboben da arasdros somxuri
sarwmunoebis wiaRSi nebiT Tu uneblied moxvedrili qarTvelebi138.
qarTlis centralur raionebSi somxuri mosaxleobis siWarbisa
da siZvelis STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad igi, amasTanave,
cdilobs es regioni ZvelTaganve somxuri kulturis gavrcelebis
sivrced warmogvidginos, risTvisac calkeuli kulturuli faqtis,
misTvis Cveuli meTodebiT, gamrudebul axsnasac ar erideba.
magaliTad, `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ misTvis saWiro erTi siuJetis
gadmocemisas eyrdnoba maincdamainc leonti mrovelis im variants,
138
p. muradiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 38, 46, 48 da sxv.
216
romelic `ninos cxovrebis~ arc erT ZiriTad redaqciaSi ar
moipoveba. saqme exeba javaxeTSi faravnis tbasTan wm. ninos
Sexvedras mcxeTel mwyemsebTan da maTTan saubars. ZiriTad À
redaqciaSi aseT Sexvedraze saerTod araferia Tqmuli, meore B
redaqciaSi ki aRniSnuli ar aris romel enaze Sedga maT Soris
saubari. am garemoebaze TviT muradianic miuTiTebs. mxolod
leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSia naTqvami, rom `wmida nino mecnier
iyo mcired enasa somxursa, rameTu pirvel eswavla niaforisgan,
da pova mwyemsTa maT Soris somxurad mzraxveli da hkiTxa mas,
viTarmed `romlisa soflisani xarT?~ xolo man miugo da rqua,
viTarmed: `dabiT elarbiniT da safurcliT, da qinZarelni, ra-
batelni didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisani~139. ramdenadac es ukanaskne-
li cnoba `moqceva¡~-is arc erT ZiriTad redaqcias ar moepoveba,
obieqturi mkvlevris movaleobas Seadgenda, albaT, gaerkvia le-
ontis TxzulebaSi misi moxvedris mizezebi. amis magier sakuTari
versia p. muradianma Tavs moaxvia XI s. avtors da ganacxada, rom
`ninos cxovrebis~ saerTo konteqstidan gamomdinare, leonti
mrovelis logikuri daskvniT ucxo xalxis warmomadgenlebTan
urTierTobis damyareba ninos SeeZlo mxolod somxur enaze, e. i.
wm. ninosTvisac da mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenis mcxovreblebi-
sTvisac ucxoelebTan sakontaqto ena mxolod somxuri iyoo.
rogorc ar unda yofiliyoo, ganagrZobs p. muradiani, XI s. is-
torikosi verafers xedavs ucnaurs imaSi, rom mcxeTisa Tu misi
mimdebare soflebis mcxovrebs `cotaTi~ mainc SeZleboda somx-
uris codna da CamoTvlis mTel rig garemoebebs, romelTac unda
ganepirobebinaT qarTvelTa mier somxuris `cotaTi~ codna. somx-
uris codnis ganmapirobebel garemoebaTa Soris mniSvnelovnad mi-
aCnia: somxuridan uZvelesi qarTuli Targmanebis (ZiriTadad bib-
liuri wignebis) mniSvnelovani raodenoba, koriunis Txroba qarTu-
li anbanis Seqmnaze da jalas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, mezobel
gugarqSi orenovani qarTul-somxuri eparqiis arseboba da bolos,
somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenelTa mqadageblobiTi moRvaweoba
`CrdiloeTis qveynebSi~. yvela am sadavo da saeWvo garemoebaTa
CamoTvlas agvirgvinebs qarTuli Zeglis `moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡~-Si
139
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 85-86.
217
Semonaxuli `zogierTi cnobiT~ saqarTvelos sulier da adminis-
traciul centrSi somexTa yofnaze140. ra Tqma unda, b-ni paruiri
aq somexTa ubralo yofnas ar gulisxmobs. mas saubari aqvs leontis
mier `iob somexad~ wodebul qarTlis mTavarepiskoposze. moyvani-
li faqtis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, arc am
garemoebaTa Seswavla da, miT ufro, faqtis namdvilobis gamorkve-
va, rogorc Cans, mis interesebSi ar Sedis. igi kvlav misTvis Cveul
miniSnebebs mimarTavs, romlebmac mkiTxvels qarTlis centrSi
somxuri garemos SesaZleblobis STabeWdileba unda Seuqmnas. igi
wers: samwuxarod, Cven araferi SegviZlia vTqvaT im garemoebaTa
Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganapirobes iobis gamoCena am Tanamdebobaze,
miT ufro imis Sesaxeb, flobda Tu ara is qarTuls, anda misma
garemomcvelma samRvdeloebam Tu icoda somxuri ena, Tumca
RvTismsaxureba jer isev berZnul an siriul enebze unda
warmarTuliyo141. erTi SexedviT savsebiT SesaZlebeli da uwyinari
msjelobaa b-ni p. muradianis mier warmodgenili, magram mis
mravalricxovan da Tanamimdevrul miniSnebebs Tu erTad movuyriT
Tavs, miviRebT Zveli qarTlis centrSi eTnokulturuli situaciis
yovladSeuferebel da gamrudebul suraTs.
daviwyoT mcxeTel mwyemsebTan wm. ninos Sexvedris epizodiT
da vnaxoT, ramdenad safuZvliania am erTob mwiri cnobiT ganma-
zogadebeli daskvnebis keTeba. wm. ninom rom somxuri icoda co-
taTi dvineli miaforisgan es leontisaTvis ukve cnobili iyo
`moqceva¡~-is avtorisagan142, ris gamoc somxeTis mezobel javax-
eTSi ninos kontaqti iqaurebTan, bunebrivia, SeiZleboda somxur
enazec warmarTuliyo, ramdenadac sasazRvro zolSi mezoblebi
140
p. muradiani, xsenebuli naSromi, gv. 15.
141
iqve, gv. 15
142
dvinel miaforTan ninos Sexvedris mizezi axsnili aqvs p. mura-
dianisaTvis yvelaze sando avtors k. kekeliZes, romelic ase
ganmartavs: wyaros avtors imitom miuyvania nino dvinel
miaforTan, rom am ukanasknelma Tavisi sakuTari piriT aRiaros
upiratesoba qarTlisa sxva qveynis winaSe, mas qarTli anu
`CrdiloTa mcxeTelTa~, rogorc somexi miafori ambobs, RvTis
gangebam wiliT arguna iseTi didi siwminde, rogoricaa kvarTi
uflisa. ix. korneli kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli li-
teraturis istoriidan, I, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 78-79.
218
erTmaneTis enas ramdenadme, albaT, mainc flobdnen. magram mwyem-
sebi mcxeTelebi iyvnen da amitom saWiro gaxda maT Soris somx-
uris `mzraxvelis~ moZebna, rac kidec moxerxda. cxadia, aseTi
SezRuduli informacia ganzogadebis saSualebas ar iZleva da
erTi gamonaklisi SemTxvevis mcxeTisa da misi mimdebare sofleb-
is mosaxleobaze gavrceleba, vfiqrob, yovlad gaumarTlebelia.
qarTvelTa Soris somxuri enis farTod gavrcelebis Tval-
sazrisis dasadastureblad p. muradianis mier moyvanili kultu-
ruli mniSvnelobis faqtebi maTi avtoris sasargeblod sulac ar
metyvelebs. bibliuri wignebis somxuridan Targmna TavisTavad
didmniSvnelovani kulturuli movlenaa, magram arafriT ar aris
somxuri enis gavrcelebis maniSnebeli. somxur bibliur wignebs
saqarTveloSi rom mkiTxveli hyoloda, maSin xom arc maTi Targ-
mna iqneboda saWiro? niSandoblivia isic, rom somxebTan kultu-
rul-literaturuli kavSiri calmxrivi arasdros yofila. somx-
ebic iseve Targmnidnen qarTulidan, rogorc qarTvelebi somx-
uridan143. arc maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis legenda
sZens rames p. muradianis ideas, radganac kargadaa cnobili, rom
mesropma qarTuli ar icoda, enis ucodinrad ki ucxo anbanis
Seqmna SeuZlebelia. rac Seexeba curtavis orenovani qarTul-
somxuri eparqiis arsebobas V s. qvemo qarTlSi da iq mimdinare
eTnokulturul procesebs, yvelaze ukeT amaze am mosaxleobis
Tavgadasavali gviCvenebs. ramdenime saukuneSi, rogorc iTqva, es
mosaxleoba ukve somxeTs miiCnevda ucxo qveynad. somxuri ek-
lesiis warmomadgenelTa mqadageblobiT moRvaweobas ki qvemo
qarTlSi aqa–iq ZvelTagan SemorCenili somxuri mosaxleoba Tu
saWiroebda, Torem iqaur mkvidr qarTvelobas arc eklesiebi
aklda (marto bolnisis sioni rad Rirs) da arc mqadageblebi.
maS raSi dasWirda b-n paruirs somex mqadageblebze aqcentireba?
rogor unda ganexorcielebinaT maT TavianTi misia qarTul mo-
saxleobaSi, Tu isini, mosalodnelia, ar flobdnen qarTuls?
cxadia, p. muradianis mizani sul sxvaa. etyoba, surs mkiTxvelSi
aRZras eWvi da daafiqros – xom ar iyo qarTlis mosaxleoba
somxuri kulturis matarebeli. aSkarad, am tendenciiTaa gaazre-
143
k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, gv. 48.
219
buli mis xsenebul wignSi `iob somexis~ Temac. mas ar ainteresebs
mcxeTis saydris taxtze iobis gamoCenis garemoebani, magram mis
somxobaSi eWvi ar epareba, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT informacias
avTenituri wyaroebi ar floben144. p. muradians mxolod enis
problema awuxebs: icoda Tu ara iobma qarTuli, xolo misma
garemomcvelma samRvdeloebam somxuri ena. Zneli araa imis
mixvedra, Tu saiTken mianiSnebs mkvlevari mkiTxvels. Tu iobis
garemomcveli samRvdeloeba flobda somxurs, gamodis rom iobis
gamo wirvac am enaze unda Catarebuliyo, rac gasagebia, Sesabamisi
codnis mrevlsac gulisxmobda. aseTi arabunebrivi STabeWdileb-
is Sesasusteblad, etyoba, isev neitralur pozicias arCevs da
gamoTqvams varauds, rom iobis dros RvTismsaxureba isev
berZnul da siriul enebze unda warmarTuliyo, rogorc imJamad
es somxeTSi xdeboda. samwuxarod, mas mxedvelobidan gamorCa
erTi mniSvnelovani detali. mezoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, RvTis-
msaxureba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi yovelTvis qarTul enaze
warmoebda145.
msgavsi kulturuli gavlenis ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, ag-
reTve, mcxeTis jvris taZris mimarT jer kidev adre, 1968 w.
gaxmaurebuli vnebis ganviTareba xsenebul mis wignSi. Tavis droze
p. muradianis am Ziebebma aRiarebul specialistTa mkacri kriti-
ka daimsaxura da arc erTma seriozulma specialistma misi das-
kvnebi mcxeTis jvris taZris warweris daTariRebisa da misi in-
terpretaciis Taobaze ar gaiziara. xsebul wignSi p. muradiani,
faqtobrivad, imeorebs Zvel argumentebs, ise rom saWirod ar
miiCnevs maSindel kritikaze pasuxis gacemas, ramdenadac, misi
TqmiT, Tavisi damokidebuleba am kritikisadmi man ukve gamoxata
1969 w. parizSi gamoqveynebul werilSi da mis gameorebas aq
uadgilod miiCnevs. magram aRmoCnda, rom mcxeTis jvris somxuri
grafituli warweris magier mkiTxvels falsificirebuli warwera
miawoda, rac Tavis droze SeamCnia da samecniero wreebs
gaumJRavna safrangeTSi moRvawe, aw gardacvlilma qarTvelma
144
ix. Cemi, saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebi,
Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 27-34.
145
k. kekeliZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 32.
220
mecnierma, kalistrate saliam 146 . rogorc ityvian aq ukve
komentaric zedmetia.
erTi sityviT, b-ni p. muradianis didi mcdeloba, rom Sua
saukuneebis aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo somxuri kulturis tota-
luri gavlenis qveynad dagvixatos, ara marto yovelgvar safuZ-
velsaa moklebuli, aramed mis avtorsac realobis miRma da movs-
es xorenacis koncefciis tyveobaSi aqcevs, romelic qarTlis
istorias somxeTis istoriis nawilad ganixilavda.
XX s. 40 wlebidan dawyebuli, rogorc vnaxeT, qarTuli Tema
somxur istoriografiaSi sakmaod aqtiurad ganixileboda. sakiTx-
isadmi midgoma arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda XIX s. Casaxuli
tendenciebisagan, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve ganvlili iyo so-
cialur-politikuri cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis sakmaod grZe-
li gza da qveyanaSi gabatonebuli oficialuri ideologia isto-
rikosebs mouwodebda ekvliaT sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa da pirv-
el rigSi, am xalxebis rus xalxTan urTierToba-TanamSromlobis,
megobrobis da Zmobis istoria. saukunis 60-iani wlebidan mok-
idebuli iqmneboda mTeli rigi naSromebisa kavkasia-ruseTis,
somxeT-ruseTis istoriuli urTierTobis Temaze, sadac amave
WrilSi qarTul-somxuri urTierTobanic poveben asaxvas, miT
umetes, rom saxelmwifoebriv doneze ruseTTan urTierTobis
SesaZlebloba mTeli kavkasiidan mxolod qarTul samefoebs hqon-
daT, ris gamoc ruseTTan kontaqtebis damyarebisa da gafarToe-
bis mosurne qarTvelTa istoriuli mezoblebisaTvis am procesSi
CasarTavad qarTvel politikosTa mxardaWerasa da Suamavlobas
TavisTavad didi mniSvneloba hqonda.
amierkavkasiis xalxTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Temaze
daweril naSromebSi am wlebidan kidev ufro mkafiod ikveTeba Sua
saukuneebis amierkavkasiaSi wamyvan politikur Zalad kvlavac
somxeTis warmodgenis tendencia. niSandoblivia, rom somexi is-
torikosebi am upiratesobaze msjelobas ar eridebian istoriis
im monakveTebis gaSuqebis drosac ki, roca somxeTs sakuTari
saxelmwifoebrioba aRar gaaCnda da mis beds ucxo didi saxelm-
146
ix. gazeTi “komunisti”, 1990, 7 oqtomberi, agreTve, Áîíäî Àðâåëàäçå,
"Àðìÿíñêèå" èëè ãðóçèíñêèå öåðêâè â Ãðóçèè?!, Òáèëèñè, 1996, ñ. 4-6.
221
wifoebi gansazRvravdnen. erT-erTi aseTi periodia
amierkavkasiaSi arabTa batonobis xana. am epoqis somxeTze
monografiuli naSromis avtori a. n. ter Revondiani wers, rom
siriis gamgeblis, Semdeg ki omeadTa dinastiis pirveli xalifa
muavias mier somxeTis iSxanis (mmarTveli mTavris) Teodoros
rStunis xelisuflebis cnoba somxeTze, qarTlsa da aranze
derbendamde, pirveli nabiji iyo provincia `arminiis~ Seqmnis
gzaze147, riTac, aSkaraa, cdilobs gamarTleba da axsna mouZebnos
sebeosis erTob saeWvo cnobas, TiTqos, somxeTis es upiratesi
mdgomareoba kavkasiaSi emyareboda arab da somex xelisufalTa
Soris 652 w. zafxuls damaskoSi dadebul xelSekrulebas. sebeosis
am cnobas yovelgvari SeniSvnisa da ganmartebis gareSe iziarebs
b-ni karen iuzbaSianic 148. safuZveli aseTi optimizmisaTvis,
vfiqrob, ar unda arsebobdes. garda imisa, rom sebeosis mier
xsenebuli xelSekrulebis arseboba arabuli wyaroebisaTvis
sruliad ucnobia, teqstis Sinaarsic praqtikul mniSvnelobas
saerTod moklebulia, ramdenadac CamoTvlili qveynebis damor-
Cileba am SeTanxmebiT TviT T. rStunis evaleboda. amis gamo s.
janaSia moswrebulad SeniSnavda: `moavias `sulgrZeli~ saCuqari
carieli aRTqma iyo da igi realuri SinaarsiT TviT Teodoross
unda aevso CamoTvlili qveynebis dapyrobiT~149, rac im drois-
aTvis arabebs jer kidev ver moexerxebinaT. somexi mTavris
xelisuflebis masStaburobas TviT misi biografiis cnobili
faqtebic gamoricxavs. imperiasa da saxalifos Soris moqceulma
somxeTis iSxanma didi Zalebis dapirispirebiT gamowveul
sirTuleebs Tavi veRar gaarTva da jer somexi naxararebis
SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda, roca is somxeTis mmarTvelis Tan-
amdebobidan gadaayenes da misi mamulebi erTmaneTs Soris ga-
inawiles, xelisuflebis aRdgenis Semdeg ki T. rStunma arabTa
sapatio tyveobaSi daasrula sicocxle samSoblodan Sors – dam-
askoSi. aseTi Tavgadasavlis mqone xelisufalis pretenziebi mTel
kavkasiaze, gasagebia, rom moklebuli unda iyos realur safuZ-
vels.
147
Òåð-Ãåâîíäÿí, Àðìåíèÿ è àðàáñêèé Õàëèôàò, Åðåâàí, 1977, ñ. 155.
148
Ê. Í. Þçáàøÿí, Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ IX-
XI ââ., Ìîñêâà, 1988, ñ. 30-31.
149
s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, Tbilisi, 1952, gv 360.
222
adreul Sua saukuneebSi somxeTze qarTlis damokidebulebis
saCveneblad aRniSnuls garda, a. ter-Revondiani kidev or mo-
mentze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. misi sityviT, somxuri eklesiis
moRvaweobam kulturulad erTgvarovani saxe mianiWa amierkavkasi-
is qveynebs, amitom sasanuri epoqis tradiciebis gamgrZelebel
arabebsac es qveynebi erT erTeulad miaCndaT, ris gamoc maT
`arminia~ uwodeso150. meore argumenti ki feodaluri somxeTis
mmarTveli fenis socialur struqturaSi momxdar cvlilebebs da
maTi gamomxatveli terminebis axsnas ukavSirdeba. `iSxanis~ gver-
diT `iSxan iSxanacis~ titulis gaCenas a. ter-Revondiani sazoga-
doebis socialuri ganviTarebiTa da Sesabamisad administraciu-
li mmarTvelobis formebis SecvliT ki ar xsnis, aramed ter-
minebis funqciuri sxvaobiT. misi mtkicebiT, `iSxanisa~ da `iSxan
iSxanacis~ funqciebi erTmaneTisgan imiT gansxvavdebodnen, rom
pirvelis xelisufleba mxolod somxeTze vrceldeboda, meorisa
ki iberiasa da albaneTzeco151. msgavsi Sinaarsis debulebebs sxva
somex avtorTa naSromebSic araerTgzis vxvdebiT. ZiriTadad, s.
eremianis xelnawer Sromebze miTiTebiT, g. mkrtumiani argumen-
tirebis gareSe gvauwyebs, rom amierkavkasiaSi Seqmnil samxedro-
administraciul erTeuls arabebma `arminia~ uwodes am regionis
wamyvani qveynis – somxeTis saxelis mixedviTo. misive ganmarte-
biT, qarTvel da albanel feodalTa meTaurebi daaxloebiT iseT-
save damokidebulebaSi imyofebodnen somxeTis iSxanTan, rogorc
Tbilisisa da bardavis emirebi `armeniis~ valTan, e. i. qarTlis
erismTavrebi emorCilebodnen dvinSi mjdom somxeTis iSxans152.
arabuli provincia `arminiis~ farglebSi somxeTisa da somexi
dinastebis gansakuTrebuli uflebebisa da wamyvani mdgomareobis
dasadastureblad somex avtorTa mier moyvanil garemoebebsa da
mtkicebulebebs, ra Tqma unda, araferi aqvT saerTo realur
viTarebasTan. ar Seefereba sinamdviles, TiTqos, somxeTis iSxans
150
a. ter-Revondiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 155.
151
î»ñ-Ô»õáÝ¹Û³Ý ²©« ѳÛáó Çß˳ÝÁ ³ñ³μ³Ï³Ý ïÇñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý
ųٳݳϳßñç³ÝáõÙ« ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý ѳݹ»ë« 1964« N 2« ¿ç 129-130
152
Ã. Ã. Ìêðòóìÿí, Ãðóçèíñêîå ôåîäàëüíîå êíÿæåñòâî Êàõåòè â VIII-XI ââ è
åãî âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ñ Àðìåíèåè, Åðåâàí, 1983, ñ. 63-64.
223
qarTlis erismTavari da albanel feodalTa meTauri emorCile-
boda. dapyrobili qveynebis samarTavad arabebi, Cveulebriv, adg-
ilobriv administraciul aparats iyenebdnen, ris gamoc yvelgan
mmarTvelobis stereotipuli forma iyo gavrcelebuli. arabebs
daqvemdebarebuli adgilobrivi xelisufali erTgvari Suamavlis
rols asrulebda ucxo administraciasa da mosaxleobas Soris da
Tavisi ufleba-movaleobebiTa da funqciebiT adgilobrivi uzen-
aesi arabi moxelis moadgiled iTvleboda. aseTi iyo qarTlis
erismTavari, somxeTis iSxani, Tu ranis mTavari. arabuli wyaroe-
bi uflebrivad maT ar asxvavebdnen da yovel maTgans erTi da
imave xarisxis tituliT – `batrikad~ moixseniebdnen. sayuradRe-
boa, rom am Tvalsazriss zogjer a. ter-Revondianic iziarebda153.
Tundac amitom `iSxanisa~ da `iSxan iSxanacis~ gansxvavebul fun-
qciur datvirTvaze b-n ter-Revondianis msjeloba Cveni azriT,
naZaladevi da erTob xelovnuria. `iSxan iSxanacis~ titulis gaCe-
nis saWiroeba, eWvi araa, ganapiroba somxeTSi arabTa xelisu-
flebis Sesustebis pirobebSi mravalmTavrobis tendenciis ganvi-
Tarebam, roca calkeuli gamTavrebuli naxararebi `iSxanis~
titulsac ikuTvnebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi TanabarTa Soris
pirvelis gamosarCevad, etyoba, gamoinaxa ufro Sesaferisi `iSxan
iSxanacis~ anu mTavarTa mTavris ganmadidebeli saxelwodeba, iseve
rogorc ufro adre (VI s.) imave mizeziT qarTlSi SemoRebuli
iyo erismTavris instituti.
aseve simarTlesaa dacilebuli arabuli saamiros `arminiis~
saxelwodebis dakavSirebis mcdeloba amierkavkasiaSi somxeTis
kulturul Tu socialur-politikur mowinaveobasTan. vfiqrob,
Znelia erTsaxad daijero im qveynis kulturuli Tu socialur-
ekonomikuri mowinaveoba regionSi, sadac man yvelaze adre dakarga
damoukidebloba (bizantiam da iranma erTmaneTs Soris somxeTi
gaiyves 385-7 ww. dasavleT somxeTSi mefoba gauqmda 390 w., aRmo-
savleT somxeTSi – 428 w., albaneTSi _ 463 w., xolo qarTlSi
523 w.) da didi dampyroblebis sayrden bazad iqca, ris gamoc
Tavisi bunebrivi ganviTarebis gzas ascda da didxans
153
ix. janaSia, araboba saqarTveloSi, Sromebi, II, gv. 379; À. Í. Òåð-
Ãåâîíäÿí, Àðìåíèÿ è àðàáñêèé Õàëèôàò, ñ. 171-172.
224
dampyrobeli arabebis momTabaruli feodalizmis reJimis
kalapotSi moeqca, misgan gamomdinare yvelaze mZime Se-
degebiTurT. rac Seexeba amierkavkasiis asparezze somxuri
eklesiis mier kulturuli erTgvarovnebis miRwevas, am
mtkicebulebis sruliad sawinaaRmdego movlenaze metyvelebs VII
s. dasawyisidan qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis mwvave konfesi-
uri dapirispireba, rac, amasTanave, cxadia, am qveynebis
kulturul metoqeobasac mowmobs da ara maT erTgvarovnebas.
yovelive Tqmulis safuZvelze ki uarsayofi xdeba `arminiis~
saxelwodebis gaCenis garemoebaTa zemoxsenebuli axsna da, bu-
nebrivia, is daukavSiroT maxlobel aRmosavleTSi arabuli
dapyrobebis Sedegad ganviTarebul politikur procesebs.
cnobilia, rom arabuli administracia Tavdapirvelad somxeTSi
damkvidrda teritoriuli siaxlovisa da, gansakuTrebiT, iq
arsebuli Sesaferisi sayrdeni socialuri da politikuri bazis
SedarebiTi sifarTovis gamo154. somxeTis dapyrobiT amierkavka-
siaSi gaCnda axali arabuli samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli,
romlis sazRvrebi aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan far-
Tovdeboda mis SemadgenlobaSi mezobeli qveynebis teritoriebis
SeyvaniT. aseT pirobebSi somxeTis saxelma arabTa batonobis ga-
momxatveli, principulad axali Sinaarsi SeiZina, ris gamoc is
am regionSi saxalifosadmi daqvemdebarebul mTel teritoriaze
unda gavrcelebuliyo. amgvari movlenebi istoriisaTvis sulac
ar aris ucxo. magaliTad, politikur SinaarsSi momxdari cvli-
lebisas erTi qveynis saxelis meoreze gavrcelebis pirdapir
analogias warmoadgens bizantiuri samxedro-administraciuli
Temis – iberiis sakatepanos saxelis gavrceleba anisis samefozec.
taos dapyrobis Semdeg bizantielebma Tavdapirvelad daviT kura-
palatis samefos bazaze Seqmnes TavianTi administraciuli er-
Teuli, romelsac qveynis eTnikuri da politikuri saxis mixedviT
“iberiis Temi” uwodes. aqedan berZnebma somxeTis did nawilze
gaavrceles TavianTi xelisufleba da yvela isini administraci-
ulad iberiis TemSi gaaerTianes. bolos ki TviT anisis yofili
154
dawvrilebiT maT Sesaxeb ix. Cemi `narkvevebi saqarTvelosa da
somxeTis urTierTobis istoriidan IV-XII ss-Si, Tbilisi, 2002. gv.
76-124.
225
samefos teritoriebic miuerTes, riTac somxurma farTobiTa da
mosaxleobiTac mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarba qarTuls da amis mi-
uxedavad, es bizantiuri samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli
isev `iberiad~ iwodeboda. gasagebia, rom am SemTxvevaSic arabuli
`arminiis~ msgavs movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos somxeTis nawilad warmodgenis mcde-
loba somxuri istoriografiis erT nawilSi apogeas aRwevs IX-
XI ss. anu bagratunTa somxeTis istoriis gadmocemisas. am-
ierkavkasiis istoriis amgvari gaazrebis Teoriuli dasabuTeba ki,
rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, b-ma s. eremianma warudgina mkiTxvel
sazogadoebas erTob mimzidveli saTauriT `Îáùíîñòü ñóäåá è
êóëüòóðíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî íàðîäîâ Çàêàâêàçüÿ â IX-XIII ââ.~,
romelic daibeWda 1979 w. maSin axlad daarsebul krebulSi `Êàâêàç
è Âèçàíòèÿ~-s pirvel nomerSi. mezoblebis istoriis gadmocemisas
saerTo, gamaerTianebeli Zirebis kvleva da maTi mniSvnelobis win
wamoweva, ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis aqtualuri da keTilSobiluri
saqme iyo, magram saqmec is aris, rom es saerTo, calmxrivad, mxo-
lod somxeTis istoriis kuTxiTaa gaSuqebuli, rac misi Teoriis
mimdevrebs realuri, ibieqturi istoriuli suraTis kidev ufro
metad damaxinjebis safuZvels aZlevs.
amierkavkasiis IX-XIII ss. istorias s. eremiani or periodad
yofs. pirvels miakuTvnebs IX-X ss., roca misi azriT, amierkavkasiis
qveynebis politikur cxovrebaSi mTavar rols somexi bagratide-
bi TamaSobdnen, ramdenadac isini Caudgnen saTaveSi arabi da
bizantieli agresorebis winaaRmdeg brZolas erTiani centrali-
zebuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis. meore ki misi varaudiT, moicavs
XI-XIII ss. dasawyis periods, roca wamyvan rols amierkavkasiis
politikur cxovrebaSi ukve qarTveli bagratidebi TamaSoben.
isini axerxeben yvela qarTuli miwis erTian centralizebul sax-
elmwifod gaerTianebas. Semdeg ki gaerTianebuli qarTuli sax-
elmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis agreTve Crdilo somxeTic.
somex bagratidTa Sirakis Stos gaZlierebasTan erTad, misi
TqmiT, yalibdeba politikuri doqtrina, romlis mixedviTac am-
ierkavkasiis qristian xalxTa miwebi Seadgens erTian saxelmwi-
fos Sirakel bagratidTa meTaurobiT. jer kidev arabTa
saxalifos batonobis periodSi, ganagrZobs b-ni s. eremiani,
bagratidebi xSirad eqcevian amierkavkasiis xalxTa saTaveSi `so-
226
mexTa da qarTvelTa iSxanis (IX s. iSxanac iSxanis) tituliT~.
ukanasknelma iSxanac iSxanma aSot bagratunim gamoiyena ra Tavisi
mdgomareoba Sirakel bagratidTa siuzerenuli uflebebis
dasafuZneblad, SeiZina samefo pativi. bagratidebi cxaddebian
`somexTa da qarTvelTa mefeebad~, xolo mogvianebiT – `somexTa
da qarTvelTa SahanSahebad~ (922 w.). somexi mefe, rogorc
bagratidTa dinastiis yvela Stos meTauri, amas garda, atarebda
azgapetis tituls; is `dinastiis meTauris~ xarisxSi gamodis.
somexi bagratidebi am titulaturas atarebdnen 1044 wlamde,
gagik II-is Camogdebamde. es gaerTianeba, romelic bolomde war-
moadgenda somex, aRmosavlurqarTul da somex-`albanTa~ samefo-
samTavroTa konfederacias, iyo aramyari da bizantiis agresiisa
da selCukianTa Semosevebis Sedegad male daiSala.
mkiTxvelis yuradRebas SevaCereb faqtis ostaturi gamrude-
bis kidev erT SemTxvevaze. b-ni s. eremiani wers: erTiani bag-
ratiduli samefos Seqmnas somxeTSi gansakuTrebiT SeuSala xeli
bizantiis agresiam. imperiasTan taronis (966 w.) da taiqis (1001
w.) mierTebam, amis miyolebiT vaspurakanis samefos gadacemam
(1021 w.) da anisis samefos aneqsiam (1044 w.) sabolood moSales
somxuri politikuri warmonaqmnebis Semdgomi arsebobis
safuZvelio. somxur samefoTa rigSi taos somxurive formiT
moxseniebiT teqstis avtors mkiTxveli SecdomaSi Sehyavs da mis
somxurobaze eWvis safuZvelsac aRar utovebs. taosTvis brZola
ki Zlierebis zenitSi myof bizantiis imperias qarTvel mefeebTan
kidev didxans uxdeboda, ramac amis, e. i. 1001 wlis Semdeg kidev
21-22 wels gastana.
g. mkrtumiani sityvasityviT imeorebs s. eremianis aq warmod-
genil ganmazogadebel debulebebs da Tavis mxriv umatebs, rom
`somexTa da qarTvelTa iSxanisa~ da Semdeg `iSxan iSxanacis~ tit-
ulebi saxalifos karis wyaloba iyo da mas pirveli somexi bagra-
tidi mefeebi aSot I da smbat I atarebdnen. am ukanasknelma ki
realobad aqcia is, rac aqamde Teoriulad iyo miRebulio155. am
uneburi aRiarebidanac kargad Cans xsenebuli titulebis calmx-
rivi da formaluri xasiaTi. ar aris marTali g. mkrtumiani,
155
Ã. Ìêðòóìÿí, Ãðóçèíñêîå ôåîäàëüíîå êíÿæåñòâî Êàõåòè VIII-XI ââ. ñ.90-91.
227
roca cdilobs adarnase qarTvelTa kurapalatis TanamSromloba
smbat I-Tan somexi mefisadmi morCilebad warmosaxos. rogorc ki
smbat I-isa da adarnases politikuri interesebi erTmaneTs das-
cilda, qarTvelTa mefe mkveTrad daupirispirda somexTa mefes
da mis winaaRmdeg somxeTSi msxvil feodalTa SeTqmulebac moaw-
yo, romlis mizani smbat I-is taxtidan Camogdeba da mis magier
adarnase qarTvelTa mefis dasma iyo. ioane drasxanakertecis
gadmocemiT, adarnase Turme, didi laSqriT (Tumca naadrevad)
SeWrila Sirakis gavarSi da anisis cixec daukavebia. adarnases
politikuri gavlena somxeTSi smbat I-is sikvdilis Semdegac
igrZnoba. somexi mematianis TqmiT, aSot smbatis Ze gaamefes
somxeTSi qarTvelTa mefem da misma jarma156.
bevrad ufro marTali iyo ioseb orbeli, romlis Sefasebi-
Tac gagik I-is tituli `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~ dakavSire-
buli iyo gagikis mier qvemo qarTlis flobasTan. somexi
swavlulis TqmiT, gagik I Tavs somexTa da qarTvelTa mefed
SeigrZnobda, radganac qarTuli miwebi misi samefos farglebSi
iyo moqceuli157. movlenebis amgvari gageba SeigrZnoba zogierT
Zvel somxur wyaroSic, romelTa mixedviT, taSir-Ziragetis
samefos Seqmnas qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze, saqarTveloSi
somexTa gamefebad miiCneven. magaliTad, mxiTar airivaneci wers:
`am dros (981 w.) daiwyo bagratunianTa mefoba qarTvelebze,
rameTu gurgeni gamefda saqarTveloSi, xolo misi Zma smbati –
somxeTSi~ 158 . bagratunTa panegirikosi istorikosebisgan
gansxvavebiT, es movlena mxiTar episkoposTan qvemo qarTlSi
momxdar politikur movlenebs ukavSirdeba da mTel qarTls, miT
ufro, mTel saqarTvelos ar gulisxmobs, ramdenadac cnobaSi
xsenebuli gurgeni taSir-Ziragetis samefos kvirikiani mefe iyo
da, miuxedavad imisa, rom qvemo qarTli mTliani qarTlis erTi
SedarebiT mcire nawili iyo, mxiTaris warmodgeniT, is mainc
saqarTvelo iyo istoriuladac da Tavisi eTno-kulturuli
saxiTac.
156
ioane drasxanakerteli, somxeTis istoria, el. cagareiSvilis
Targmani da gamokvleva, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 115-117, 195 da sxv.
157
È. À. Îðáåëè, Èçáðàííûå òðóäû, Åðåâàí, 1963. ñ. 5.
158
mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, Targmani da komen-
tarebi l. davlianiZe-tatiSvilisa, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 74.
228
rac Seexeba `azgapetis~ instituts, realobas moklebuli misi
arseboba Teoriul sferoSi Tu SeiZleba vivaraudoT, miT ufro
gaugebaria misi gamoyeneba qarTveli monarqebis mimarT, romelT-
ac TviT gaaCndaT rogorc gvaris ufrosobis, ise somxeTis taxtis
flobis pretenziebic, rac yvelaze adre adarnase qarTvelTa me-
fem gaamJRavna, roca `naadrevad~ SeiWra Sirakis gavarSi, anisis
cixe daikava da somxeTis taxtis dakavebac scada. didi daviT III
kurapalati ki, somxurive wyaroebis mowmobiT, praqtikulad axor-
cielebda Tavis siuzerenul uflebebs Sirakis mefe smbat II-sa da
yarsis mefe muSeRze, romelmac am ukanasknelTa Soris arsebuli
konfliqti sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT gadaWra. asoRikis das-
turiT, `yvela mefe nebiT damorCilda mas~159. asoRikis am gancxa-
debis fonze erTob cinikurad JRers q-ni v. aruTinova-fidanianis
gancxadeba, TiTqos, daviT kurapalati `imdenad Zlieri xelisu-
fali iyo, rom misi daqvemdebareba Sirakis bagratidebisadmi, misi
siuzerenebisadmi... ufro nominalur xasiaTs atarebda~160. cxadia,
q-ni viaida somxuri istoriografiis im mimarTulebis erTguli
rCeba, romelsac amierkavkasiis istoriis tendenciuri gaSuqeba
Tavisi moRvaweobis mTavar amocanad dausaxavs. bagrationTa qar-
Tveli mematiane sumbat daviTis Ze, momdevno qarTvel mefes bag-
rat III-s ukve mTeli kavkasiis mpyrobel monarqad warmogvidgens,
romelic `somxiTisa £elmwifebiTa, nebierad ganagebda~161. bagrat
III-is vaJi giorgi I ki, somxuri wyaroebis mowmobiT, anisisa da
yarsis samefoebze iseTive gavleniT sargeblobda, rogoriTac ta-
os saxelganTqmuli mefe daviT III. cxadia, rom aseT xelisufalTa
mimarT Sirakel bagratunTa azgapetobaze msjeloba yovlad usag-
no da gaugebaria. ufro metic, TviT somxeTSic ki `azgapetis~
institutis funqcionirebas, faqtobrivad, praqtikuli sarbieli
ar gaaCnda, amasTan Sirakis bagratunTa garda am titulis ma-
Ziebelni sxvebic iyvnen (magaliTad, lore-taSiris mefe daviT umi-
wawylo). yvelaferi damokidebuli iyo konkretul pirobebsa da
ZalTa realur Tanafardobaze. am mxriv ki, rogorc akad. hakob
159
stefanos taroneci asoRiki, xsenebuli gamocema, gv. 275.
160
Àðóòþíîâà Â. À. Èç èñòîðèè ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûõ îáëàñòåé Âèçàíòèéñêîé
èìïåðèè â XI â., ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý ѳݹ»ë« 1972 N 1« ¿ç 92.
161
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 382.
229
manandiani aRniSnavda, bagratidTa samefo dinastiam sruliadac
ver moaxerxa urCi feodalebis Tavisi xelisuflebisaTvis
daqvemdebareba. msxvili feodalebi ar iyvnen TavianTi mefis damy-
olni, romelic isev xalifis vasalad da moxarked rCeboda. Tavne-
ba feodalebi daxmarebas eZebdnen an saxalifoSi, anda bagratide-
bze aranakleb mZlavr mezobel emirebTan... bagratidTa samefo
tituli realuri Sinaarsis gareSe SiSvel titulad darCa. rogorc
cnobilia, X s. somxeTisa da amierkavkasiis msxvili feodalebi
iseTive `mefeebi~ gaxdnen da iseTive samefo Sesamoseli da
gvirgvini hqondaT, rogoric aSot I-is memkvidreebs162.
yovelive amis miuxedavad, X-XI ss. amierkavkasiaSi ganviTare-
bul politikur procesebSi qarTvel xelisufalTa aqtiuroba
somxur istoriografias SeumCneveli rCeba, ufro metic, vidre
somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba arsebobas ganagrZobda qarTvelTa
nebismieri TvalsaCino politikuri aqcia an mifuCeCebuli anda
gafermkrTalebuli saxiT iCens Tavs somex istorikosTa SromebSi.
amis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia 1044 Tu 1045 ww. anisisaTvis
brZolaSi bagrat IV-is monawileobis damcrobis didi survili, rac
sakmaod mkafiodaa gamoxatuli b. karen iuzbaSianis SromebSi. misi
ganmartebiT, a. lastivertecis cnobaSi anisis dasacavad bagrat
IV-is miwvevis mxolod ganzraxvazea saubari. misgan gansxvavebiT,
XI s. qarTveli mematiane faqtebiT adasturebs saqarTvelos xe-
lisuflebisaTvis anisis gadacemas, rasac win uZRoda bagrati-
saTvis anisis 9 cixis gadacemac. k. iuzbaSiani Tvlis, rom
bagratisaTvis 9 cixis da dedamisisTvis anisisis gadacema
qronologiurad sxvadasxva dros momxdari faqtia da uneblie kon-
taminaciasTan unda gvqondes saqme. misi azriT, bagratisaTvis 9
cixis gadacemis cnoba dakavSirebuli unda iyos 1041 w. sargis
vestis ajanyebasTan. aseTi varaudisTvis sakmarisad miaCnia maTeos
urhaecis cnoba, TiTqos, sargis vestis mier mitacebuli samefo
xazina dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadaemaloT. qarTuli cnobis meore
nawili ki udavod miekuTvneba anisis bizantielebisTvis Cabarebis
wina periodso, e. i. 1045 w.163 `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ moyvanili cnobis
or nawilad gayofiTa da droSi erTmaneTisgan gaTiSviT k. iuz-
162
гÏáμ سݳݹ۳ݫ ºñÏ»ñ« VI, ºñ»í³Ý« 1985« ¿ç. 145.
163
k. iuzbaSiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 168.
230
baSiani, aSkaraa, amcirebs daculi faqtebis mniSvnelobas, xolo am
faqtebidan gamomdinare, qarTvel istorikosTa logikur daskvnas,
rom bagratisaTvis anisis gadacemis Semdeg iq droebiT qarTvelTa
mmarTveloba damyarda, aradamajereblad miiCnevs, ramdenadac
`matiane qarTlisa¡~ anisSi qarTvelTa administraciuli funqcie-
bis Sesaxeb arafers ambobso. im dros, roca bizantielTa jarebi
alyaSi aqcevdnen qalaqs, axali administraciis funqcionirebi-
saTvis pirobebi ver iqneboda, Tuki saerTod adgilobrivi admin-
istraciis Secvlis moTxovnileba gaCndebodao. mas eWvi ar epareba,
rom bagrat IV -is wargzavnilebi mxolod samefo elCebi iyvnen164.
qalaqisa da cixeebis gadacema-Cabareba TavisTavad gulisxmobs iq
mcvelTa axali kontingentis Seyvanasa da gamgeblebis daniSvnasac.
qarTveli mematiane konkretulad asaxelebs kidec anisis axal
gamgeblebs. isini samxedro pirebi da sakuTari laSqris patronebi
arian: artanujis erisTavi, xixaTa, cixisjvaris da awyveris cixis
patroni abuseri, ivane erisTavi, ivane dadiani da beWis cixis
patroni guaram goderZis Ze 165. aseTi Semadgenloba savsebiT
pasuxobda saomari viTarebis moTxovnilebebs. aniss, pirvel rigSi,
mtrisgan dacva sWirdeboda da am mTavari funqciis Sesasruleblad
swored is kontigenti iyo saWiro, romelsac qarTveli mematiane
asaxelebs, umaRles samxedro xelisuflebas ki, gasagebia, rom sxva
administraciuli funqciebic unda SeeTavsebina. amitom damajere-
blobas moklebulia k. iuzbaSianis argumenti, TiTqos, bizantiis
jarebis Setevis pirobebSi axali administracia ver
ifunqcionirebda. faqtebis gafermkrTalebis aseTi cdebis
miuxedavad, k. iuzbaSiani erTgvari TavSekavebiT simarTlisken
mainc ixreba da aRniSnavs: `movlenebma gviCvena, rom qarTulma
samefom anisze Tavisi uflebebis realizacia raRaca zomiT
kidevac SeZloo~166.
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos wamyvan rols amierkavkasiis
politikur cxovrebaSi somxuri istoriografia mxolod somx-
uri saxelmwifoebis gaqrobis xanis Semdgomi periodidan aRi-
164
dasaxelebuls garda ix. misive, qarTveli elCebi anisSi 1045 w.,
bizantinologiuri etiudebi, Tbilisi, 1978, gv. 156-160.
165
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 300.
166
Þçáàøÿí Ê. Í., Àðìÿíñêèå ãîñóäàðñòâà ýïîõè Áàãðàòèäîâ è Âèçàíòèÿ IX-
XI ââ., ñ. 167.
231
arebs, rogorc es IX-XIII ss. amierkavkasiis istoriis s. eremiani-
seuli periodizaciiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. Tumca am aRiarebas
imdeni da iseTi ganmartebebi axlavs, rom zogjer SeiZleba
daujerebelic daijero da ifiqro, rom qarTvelma bagratovneb-
ma TavianT saxelmwifoSi kavkasiis qristianuli nawili ki ar
gaaerTianes, aramed somxuri samefo-samTavroebi feniqsis msgavsad
aRadgines. aseT tendencias, rogorc iTqva, adreve Caeyara
safuZveli, 60-iani wlebidan ki somxur istoriografiaSi axali
SemarTebiT iwyeba msjeloba mxargrZelTa politikur rolsa da
Crdilo somxeTis statusze, rasac ZiriTadad s. eremianis ukve
xsenebul naSromebSi mocemuli ideebi da debulebebi edo
safuZvlad. imxanad dabeWdil mravalricxovan naSromTa Soris
problema met-naklebi sisruliTaa ganxiluli 1964 da 1969 ww-Si
somxur da rusul enebze gamocemul l. babaianis wignSi `somxeTis
socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri istoria XIII-XIV ss.~. sak-
iTxis uSualo ganxilvas wignis ori Tavi eTmoba da masze saubari
SigadaSig momdevno TavebSic grZeldeba. avtori cdilobs Tavisi
azri axali argumentebiT, qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebiTa da
zogierTi qarTveli istorikosis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi-
Tac Seamagros. l. babiani Tavis winamorbedebTan SedarebiT
`zaqariduli somxeTis~ warmoqmnis gansxvavebul redaqcias
gvTavazobs. misi TqmiT, `namestnikobis~ dros (monapireoba wignis
avtors mefisnacvloba hgonia) mxargrZelebs gauerTianebiaT
somxuri feodaluri Zalebi da somxuri samxedro danayofebi
SeuqmniaT qarTuli armiis sistemaSi, rac, Turme, maTi sakuTari
didi politikuri gegmebiT yofila gansazRvruli. am gegmis
mixedviT ki, saqarTvelos mfarvelobiTa da misi SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis uSualo monawileobiT, maT selCukiani Turqebisagan unda
gaenTavisuflebinaT somxeTis teritoria da aRedginaT misi
politikuri damoukidebloba, moexdinaT somxuri feodaluri
Zalebis konsolidacia da SeeqmnaT avtonomiuri somxuri
saxelmwifo, romelic vasalur damokidebulebaSi iqneboda
qarTul samefosTan. `zaqarianTa~ 25 wliani brZola xsenebuli
gegmis xorcSesxmisaTvis, l. babaianis gancxadebiT, warmatebiT
dagvirgvinda: Crdilo da centraluri somxeTi ganTavisuflda
da, q. karisa da misi mimdgomi qveynebis garda, `zaqarianebs~
gadaecaT. Tamaris meore istorikosis zogierTi cnobis
232
TviTneburi gagebis safuZvelze askvnis, rom `zaqaridebisaTvis~
gadacemul miwebs Tanamedroveni qarTulad aRar miiCnevdnen da
mas mxolod “zaqaridTa” damoukidebel samflobeloebad ganix-
ilavdneno. amasTan, wignis avtori saqmes ise warmogvidgens,
TiTqos, mxargrZelebi ki ar iyvnen saqarTvelos samefos samsax-
urSi, aramed piriqiT, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi maT
politikur interesebs emsaxurebodnen167.
es Tema somxur istoriografiaSi aqtiurad musirebs Semdgom
aTwleulebSic. 80-90 wlebSi somxur da rusul enebze zedized
iqmneba naSromebi, sadac XII-XIII ss. somxeTis statusis erTmaneTis-
gan gansxvavebuli gaazrebis miuxedavad, principulad erTnairia
damokidebuleba mxargrZelTa vinaobis mimarT. yovelgvari
mtkicebis gareSe, rogorc anbanur WeSmaritebaze, ise msjeloben
mxargrZelTa somxobaze, `zaqarianTa somxur feodalur saxlze~
da maT gansakuTrebul rolze saqarTvelosa da somxeTis isto-
riaSi. x. Torosiani aRSfoTebasac ver malavs `zogierTi qarTve-
li mecnieris~ (S. mesxia, m. lorTqifaniZe da sxvebi) mimarT, rom-
lebic, Turme, mxolod imis gamo, rom zaqarianebi romeliRac
periodSi (daaxloebiT 1120-1185 ww-Si) xan qarTveli mefis vasalebi
iyvnen, xan ki – orbelebisa, Tvlian ra, TiTqos, aseTebad yofil-
iyvnen saerTod, imasac ki amtkiceben faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod,
rom isini qarTveli mTavrebi iyvneno 168. mxargrZelTa somxur
feodalur sagvareulod warmosaxvidan gamomdinare, saqarTve-
los feodalur laSqarsac qarTul-somxur jarebad iazreben, ris
safuZvelzec Semdeg laSqris qarTul da somxur nawilebs erT-
maneTis mimarT damoukideblobasac miaweren. ase magaliTad,
g. grigoriani Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi e. w. qarTul-somx-
ur laSqars samokavSireo jarebs uwodebs169. x. Torosiani ki, ase-
Ti gansazRvrebis safuZvelze, somex-qarTvelTa samxedro-poli-
tikur TanamSromlobazec msjelobs170. maTgan gansxvavebiT, a. Sah-
167
Ë. Î. Áàáàÿí, Ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ è ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè
XIII-XIV âåêàõ, Ìîñêâà, 1969, ñ. 16-17.
168
Õîñðîâ Òîðîñÿí, Ñóä è ïðîöåññ â Àðìåíèè X-XIII ââ., Åðåâàí, 1985, ñ.24.
169
Ãðèãîðÿí Ã. Ì., Îáùåñòâåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ è ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ èñòî-
ðèÿ Ñþíèêà â XIII-XV âåêàõ, àâòîðåôåðàò, Åðåâàí, 1984, ñ. 13.
170
x. Torosiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 23.
233
nazariani `zaqarianTa somxur feodalur saxls~ imavdroulad
qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erT mZlavr Tavadur gvarad miiCnevs,
magram maTi sardlobiT laSqrobaSi monawile qarTul jars mainc
`qarTul-somxur~ jarad naTlavs 171. SedarebiT zomieria igi
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semosuli somxeTis politikuri sta-
tusis gansazRvraSi. misi TqmiT, zaqarianTa meTaurobiT qarTul-
somxuri jarebis mier selCukiani Turqebisgan ganTavisuflebu-
li Crdilo somxeTi feodaluri subordinaciis sawyisebze Sevida
qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi172, riTac is, faqtobrivad,
qarTul saxelmwifosTan somxeTis vasaluri damokidebulebis
ideas emxroba. mkveTrad radikaluria am sakiTxisadmi x. Toro-
sianis midgoma. misi mtkicebiT, selCukiani Turqebis winaaRmdeg
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi somxuri jaris warmateb-
is kvalobaze, somexi xalxisa da zaqarianebis SegnebaSi izrdeba
bunebrivi ltolva teritoriuli gancalkevebisa da saxelmwi-
foebriobis aRdgenisken. SeiZleba kidevac davasaxeloT,
ganagrZobs x. Torosiani, damoukideblobis dawyebis TariRi –
1185 w. am wels Tamar mefem sargis zaqarians uboZa lore
saTavadod da samTavro somxiTsa Sina. am aqtiT qarTulma
saxelmwifom cno Crdilo-aRmosavleT somxeTis damoukidebloba
zaqarianTa meTaurobiT173. saqarTvelos istoriaSi met-naklebad
Caxeduli nebismieri avtorisaTvisac ki, vfiqrob, cxadia aseTi
daskvnis sruli gaugebroba. miwis `samTavrod da saTavadod
boZeba~ feodaluri Sewyalebis Cveulebrivi forma iyo Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi da misi Sinaarsi sulac ar gulisxmobda
saxelmwifos uars Tavis uflebaze Sewyalebulis mimarT. etyoba
x. Torosiani grZnobda Tavisi radikaluri poziciis sisustes
sxva avtorebTan kamaTSi, ris gasaneitralebladac, Cans, Tavis
msjelobas am sakiTxze aseTi gancxadebiT asrulebs: zaqarianTa
politikur-samarTlebrivi statusisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT
somxeTis mdgomareobisagan damoukideblad, istoriografiaSi
erTi ram mainc usityvodaa aRiarebuli – zaqarianuli somxeTi
171
²© Æ© Þ³Ñݳ½³ñ۳ݫ ì³Ññ³ÙÛ³ÝÝ»ñÇ Çß˳ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ« ºñ»õ³Ý« 1990« ¿ç39-62.
172
iqve, gv. 41-62, 192.
173
x. Torosiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 23.
234
Tavis saSinao saqmeebSi damoukidebeli iyo. samwuxarod, arc es
gancxadebaa maincdamainc zusti. arc erTi feodaluri samTavro
XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi ar yofila, Tundac saSinao
saqmeebSi bolomde damoukidebeli. amas TviT somxuri isto-
riografiis warmomadgenlebic aRiareben, roca saubari aqvT
mxargrZelTa samflobeloebSi sasamarTlo-administraciuli
imunitetis SesaZleblobebze.
somxur istoriografiaSi kvlavac dominirebs s. eremianis mier
SemuSavebuli koncefcia selCukianTagan ganTavisuflebul somx-
eTSi vasaluri somxuri samTavroebis qselis, rogorc somxuri
saxelmwifoebriobis Taviseburi formis aRmocenebaze. am kon-
cefciis dadasturebas emsaxureba XII-XIII ss. somxeTSi arsebuli
calkeuli feodaluri saxlebis istoriis monografiuli Seswav-
lisa da maTi samflobeloebis saqarTvelos centralur xelisu-
flebasTan vasaluri damokidebulebis xarisxis gansazRvrisa da
am samTavroebSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis
niSnebis met-naklebad gamovlenis cdebi. b. ulubabianis `xaCenis
samTavros istoria~, g. grigorianis `orbelianTa sivnieTis
samTavro~, a. Sahnazarianis `vahramianTa samTavro~ da sxvebi kvle-
vis amgvari mimarTulebis aSkara mowmobaa. b. ulubabiani jer
kidev 1973 w. werda: qvemo xaCenis politikuri mdgomareoba
mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda zaqarianTa samTavroebis vasalitetisa-
gan da mas Taviseburi suvereniteti gaaCnda. XII s. bolosa da XIII
s. dasawyisis wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami qvemo xaCenis samTavros
damokidebulebaze vinmes mimarT, gansakuTrebiT ki, qarTvelTa
samefoze an zaqarianebze174. g. grigoriani Tavis mxriv, sivnieTis
orbelianebs miawers somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis cdebs.
misi ganmartebiT, sumbat orbelianma sikvdilamde SeinarCuna
`mefis~ tituli, Tumca pirvelwyaroebis mowmobiT, ganagrZobs g.
grigoriani, es tituli nacvlis Tanamdebobas uTanabrdeboda da
ar hqonda samoqalaqo aRiareba sivnieTis mTianeTis farglebs
gareT. somxuri suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis orbelianTa
yvela cda sruli marcxiT dasruldao 175 . sumbatis Semdeg
174
Á. À. Óëóáàáÿí, Èñòîðèÿ õà÷åíñêîãî êíÿæåñòâà (X-XVI ââ.), àâòîðåôåðàò
äîêòîðñêîé äèññåðòàöèè, Åðåâàí, 1973, ñ. 30.
175
g. grigoriani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 15.
235
sivnieTis mmarTveli xdeba misi umcrosi Zma tarsaiW orbeliani,
romelic, wyaroebis mowmobiT, saqarTvelos samefo taxtis
gansamtkiceblad iRvwoda, risTvisac demetre II-m is aTabagad
daniSnao. a. Sahnazarianis monografia gagelTa samTavros
istoriis Seswavlas eZRvneba da is mTlianad agebulia s. eremi-
anis xsenebuli koncefciis mixedviT. amitomac gagelebs vahrami-
anebs uwodebs iseve, rogorc Tmogvelebs – `Tmogveci-s, e. i. mxar-
grZelebsa da maT ganStoebebs somxuri formiT warmogvidgens
(qarTuli gvarebis somxuri formiT gadmocema saerTod axasi-
aTebT somxuri istoriografiis umetes nawils). e. w. `vahramianTa
samTavros~ igi monapireTa institutis farglebSi ganixilavs da
paralels avlebs Zvelsomxur sabdeSxoebTan (Zveli somxeTis
sazRvrispira samTavroebi), riTac, etyoba, surs monapireTa
qarTul instituts somxuri Zirebi mouZebnos.
XII-XIV ss. saqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri monarqiis Semad-
genlobaSi somxuri Temebi kavkasiis sxva qristianul nawilTan
erTad rom myarad iyvnen Semosuli da qarTuli saxelmwifoebri-
obis organul nawils Seadgendnen es kargad Cans TviT somexi
istorikosebis naSromebSi nebiT Tu uneblied, wyaroebis zegav-
leniT, zogjer CarTuli realisturi pasaJebidanac. magaliTad,
axali feodaluri saxlebis separatizmis gziT ganviTarebas, faq-
tobrivad, gamoricxavs s. eremianis xsenebul werilSi SeniSnuli
garemoebani, romelTa mixedviT Crdilo somxeTis teritoriebis
selCukianebisgan gamoxsnas mniSvnelovanwilad xeli Seuwyo msx-
vili qalaqebis (anisis, dvinis, yarsis da sxv.) somxurma Temebma,
axlad warmoqmnilma savaWro da savaxSo aristokratiis warmo-
madgenlebma da xelosnurma gaerTianebebma, romlebic dainter-
esebulni iyvnen qarTvel bagratidTa centralizebuli feo-
daluri monarqiis ganmtkicebiT. qarTvel mefeTa farTo rjulT-
Semwynareblobis politikam qalaqebis somxuri da muslimanuri
Temebis mimarT da maTma mfarvelobam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos
Semdgom konsolidacias176. p. muradianis TvalsazrisiTac XII-XIII
ss. saqarTvelo da somxeTi politikurad gaerTianebuli iyo
bagratidTa qarTuli Stos skiptris qveS. igi msjelobs fulis
176
ix. Êàâêàç è Âèçàíòèÿ, ¹1, ñ. 9.
236
mimoqcevis da sagadasaxado saerTo sistemis arsebobaze im drois
saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi, aRniSnavs, agreTve, saqarTvelos somx-
ur nawilSi qarTuli enis oficialurobas177. roca saxezea qveynis
suverenitetis gamomxatveli iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa fuli,
saerTo sagadasaxado sistema da saxelmwifo ena, aseTi qveynis
romelime nawilis separatizmsa Tu damoukideblobaze msjeloba,
aSkaraa, rom Zalze Znelia. amierkavkasiis qristianuli nawilis,
da ara mxolod, gaerTianeba am qveynis istoriuli ganviTarebis
saerTo kanonzomierebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da amitomac am gaer-
Tianebas myari niadagi gaaCnda. am mxriv niSandoblivia kirakis
ganZakecis erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac “erT dros arSakuni-
ani somexi mefeebis kuTvnili Zvirfasi taxti da saocari gvir-
gvini, romlis msgavsi arc erT mefes ar hqonia, qarTvel mefeebs
ergoT da dRemde maTTan rCebao178. qarTvel mefeTa ufleba, am
gadmocemiT, ara marto saqarTveloSi Semosul nawilze vrcelde-
boda, aramed mTel istoriul, did somxeTzea aRiarebuli da
isini somex mefeTa kanonier memkvidreebad arian miCneuli. aseTi
gadmocemebis literaturuli dafiqsireba, gasagebia, xelsayrel
ideologiur garemos qmnida xelisufalTaTvis saqarTveloSi Se-
mosul somxur nawilSi da qveynis danarCen nawilTan mis Serwymas
uwyobda xels.
saqarTvelos erTian feodalur monarqiaSi somxeTis myarad
Semosvlis dasturia, agreTve, XII-XIV ss. saqarTvelos am nawilis
socialuri fizonomia da kulturuli saxe. politikurad
saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi SemosvlasTan erTad somxeTi qarTuli
feodaluri urTierTobis ganviTarebis farvaterSi CaerTo, ri-
Tac is socialurad da kulturulad kidev ufro metad dauax-
lovda qarTuls. mxiTar goSis samarTlis muxlebidan aSkarad
gamosWvivis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli urTierTobani, rac imis mowmobac iyo, rom xsenebuli
somxuri saero samarTlis Seqmnis droisaTvis SemoerTebuli somx-
eTis teritoriaze ukve feodalizmis qarTuli tipi gabatonebu-
liyo da es qveyana ara marto politikurad, aramed socialura-
177
ä© Ø© Øáõñ³¹Û³Ý« г۳ëï³ÝÇ íñ³ó»ñ»Ý ³ñӳݳ·ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ« ºñ»í³Ý« 1977«
¿ç. 283« 286« 288
178
Êèðàêîñ Ãàíäçàêåöè, Èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè, Ìîñêâà, 1976, ñ. 195.
237
dac saqarTvelos organuli nawili gamxdariyo179, rac TavisTavad
gamoricxavda qveynis am nawilSic socialur-politikuri nebis-
mieri institutis damoukidebel arsebobas. es socialur-poli-
tikuri erTianoba imdenad myari aRmoCnda, rom monRolebi Tavi-
anTi samflobelo qveynis administraciuli mowyobisas Tavidanve
iZulebuli iyvnen somxeTic saqarTvelosTvis (gurjistanis vilai-
eTisaTvis) mieTvalaT da, rogorc n. berZeniSvili varaudobda,
aseTi gadawyvetileba maT miiRes `somexTa~ politikur moRvaweTa
aqtiuri moqmedebis Sedegad, amitom iyo, SeniSnavda n. berZeniS-
vili, rom araviTari tomobrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZola
feodalurma saqarTvelom ar icoda180. niSandoblivi faqtia: ma-
Sinac ki, roca XIII-XV ss. ganviTarebulma decentralizaciis pro-
cesma qarTuli saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli day-
ofis moSla da mis magier senioraluri principis TandaTan gaba-
toneba gamoiwvia, somxur TemebSi arsebuli feodaluri samTavro-
ebis qarTuli socialur-politikuri Sinaarsi ar Secvlila da
qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas is ar gaTiSvia, vidre XV s. damdegs
Turqmanebma ZaliT ar mowyvites is saqarTvelos da iq pirSeu-
qcevlad aRmosavluri barbarosul-feodaluri urTierTobani ar
gaabatones.
amrigad, somxuri istoriografiis Tvalsazrisi Sua sauku-
neebis saqarTvelos centralizebuli monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi
myofi somxeTis, qveynis sxva nawilebisagan sruliad gansxvave-
bul, politikur statusze, araa gamarTlebuli saistorio
wyaroebis monacemebiT da ewinaaRmdegeba realurad arsebuli
socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli xasiaTis
faqtorebs.
samwuxarod, qarTveli da somexi xalxebis socialur-poli-
tikuri erTianobis samsaukunovanma epoqam, faqtobrivad, ver pova
Sesaferisi asaxva somexi xalxis istoriis akademiur gamocemaSi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom s. eremianisave dakvirvebiT, am xanis gav-
lena somexTa cnobierebaze imdenad didi iyo, rom mogvianebiT,
roca somxur politikur wreebSi ganixileboda rusuli iaraRis
179
z. ratiani, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis politikuri da socialuri
urTierToba mxiTar goSis samarTlis wignis mixedviT, wyaroTa Ra-
Radi, Tb., 1989, gv. 15, 16.
180
n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, gv. 416.
238
daxmarebiT somxuri miwebis ganTavisuflebisa da somxuri sax-
elmwifos aRdgenis sakiTxi, is mxolod gaerTianebuli qarTul-
somxuri saxelmwifos farglebSi moiazrebodao181. Sesabamisi Tave-
bis avtoris l. babaianis mixedviT, qarTuli saxelmwifos
istoriuli roli somxeTisa da somxebisaTvis, ZiriTadad,
selCukiani Turqebisagan somxuri miwebis gamoxsnaSi aRmoCenili
daxmarebiT ganisazRvreba. amave rigis movlenad miiCnevs,
ratomRac, daviT aRmaSeneblis mier qvemo qarTlis
ganTavisuflebasac182. somexi avtoris pretenziebi istoriuli
qarTuli teritoriebis mimarT TanamimdevrobiT iCens Tavs,
TiTqmis, wignis bolo gverdebamde. magaliTad, monRolTa mier
qveynis samxedro-administraciul erTeulebad (dumnebad)
dayofaze saubrisas, aRniSnavs, rom gurjistanis vilaieTSi
Sedioda aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da zaqarianTa feodaluri
samTavroebi, romlebic xels xvevdnen (anu moicavdnen) somxeTSi
airarats, siuniqs, arcaxs, gugarqs. es ukanaskneli, mtkvris auzis
qarTuli qveyana – gugareTi anu qvemo qarTli – yovelgvari
SeniSvnis gareSe somxur samTavro olqebsaa miTvlili, Tanac im
istoriuli periodisaTvis, roca somxeTis qristianuli nawili
mTlianad da uSualod jer isev qarTuli saxelmwifos
SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda183. amasTan, TviT qarTuli wyaroebidan
citirebisasac ki mTeli rigi geografiuli da sakuTari saxelebi
mxolod somxuri formiTaa gadmocemuli. magaliTad, Tbilisis
magier `TfRis~, javaxeTis nacvlad `javaxq~ da a. S. aseve, `vahram
gageci~, `sargis Tmogveci~ da sxv. 184 , somxuri feodaluri
saxlebis warmomadgenlebad warmosaxuli mxargrZelebis adgili
did qarTul saxelmwifoSi da maTi uflebrivi mdgomareobac
cnobili tendenciis mixedviTaa gaSuqebuli, ris safuZvelzec
cdiloben am saxelmwifodan misi somxuri nawilis gamocalkevebas,
rac mkafiodaa asaxuli somxeTis atlasis rukaze, sadac is mon-
Rolebisdroindeli saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebuli feriTaa
gamoyofili da, rac mTavaria, mTeli qvemo qarTli somxeTis
aRmniSvnel ferSia moqceuli. sakiTxisadmi amgvarsave damokide-
181
Êàâêàç è Âèçàíòèÿ, I, ñ. 9.
182
Ð³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ© III« ºñ»í³Ý« 1976« ¿ç. 524-525.
183
iqve« gv. 614.
184
iqve, gv. 617, 621 da sxv.
239
bulebas avlenen gamocemis meoTxe tomis avtorebic. magaliTad,
Temur-lengis mesame laSqrobis aRwerisas l. xaCikiani wers, rom
Temurma daarbia saqarTvelo da Crdilo-aRmosavleT somxeTis
mxareebi da sailustraciod moyavs Tanamedrovis, grigol
xlaTecis cnoba, sadac naTqvamia: Temuri `movida, moaRwia
qveyanasa qarTvelTasa Semodgomidan vidre gazafxulamde, Svid
Tves... daipyro mravali simagre da mravalni maTgani~...185. is rac
pirvelwyarosTvis saqarTvelo da qarTvelTa qveyana iyo, sabWo-
Ta istorikosisaTvis retrospeqtivis darRveviT or mezobel
qveynad iqca.
amgvaradve warmogvidgens monRolebisdroindel saqarTvelos
g. stefanianic werilSi `1247-1249 ww. qarTvel-somexTa ajanyeba
TaTar-monRolTa despotizmis winaaRmdeg~, sadac koxtasTavis
SeTqmulebas saqarTvelos feodalTa gamosvlad ki ar ganixilavs,
aramed qarTvel da somex feodalTa ajanyebad, romlis mizani,
misi azriT, iyo orive qveynisaTvis politikuri damoukideblobis
mopoveba186. ase rom, amjeradac calke politikur erTeuladaa
gaazrebuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi jer isev myofi somx-
uri nawili istoriuli qvemo qarTliTurT.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis damaxin-
jeba-gadakeTeba rom sabWoTa somex avtorebs kulturuli mov-
lenebis gayalbebis survilsac aRuZravda, es savsebiT mosalod-
neli iyo. amjeradac lideris rolSi kvlavac b-ni p. muradiani
mogvevlina. amgvari aqtiurobis niSandobliv magaliTs
warmoadgens korneli kekeliZis 100 wlisTavis saiubileo
TariRisadmi miZRvnili misi werili, sadac mimoixilavs ra
iubilaris `etiudebis~ XII da XIII tomebSi dabeWdil statiebs,
rusTvelologiur naSromebze saubrisas ixsenebs qarTveli
mecnieris mier 1931 w. Jurnal mnaTobSi (#7-8 da 9-10) gamoqvey-
nebul werils `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris vinaobaze. k. kekeliZe
maSin SesaZleblad miiCnevda poemis avtori sargis Tmogveli
yofiliyo, Tumca es azri maleve uaryo. p. muradianis werilis
gamoqveynebis droisaTvis, TiTqmis 40 wlis winaT avtorisave mier
185
Ð³Û ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ« Ñ© IV« ºñ»í³Ý« 1972« ¿ç. 30.
186
ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý ѳݹ»ë« N 1« 1986« ¿ç. 97-105.
240
uaryofili Sexedulebis gaxseneba da masze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos, arc hqonda
azri, magram p. muradiani, Cans, sxvagvarad sjida. k. kekeliZis am
saxeldaxelo Tvalsazriss da amitomac mis mier maleve
uaryofils, p. muradianma originaluri daskvna uwoda da xaz-
gasmiT ganacxada, rom `...àâòîðîì ïîýìû îí ñ÷èòàåò íå Ðóñòàâåëè, à
Ñàðêèñà Òìîãâåöà~187. jer erTi, ramdenadac p. muradiani k. kekel-
iZis citirebas axdens, valdebuli iyo es saxeli da gvaric ise
moeyvana, rogorc es mis avtors aqvs mocemuli anu qarTuli
formiT – sargis Tmogveli. amas garda, sxva somexi avtorebisgan
gansxvavebiT, p. muradiani qarTul gvar-saxelebs, araiSviaTad,
originalis enazec gadmogvcems. Sors rom aRar wavideT,
citirebuli teqstis Semdgom abzacSi sxva qarTuli gvar-saxeli
– serapion zarzmeli dednis formiT aqvs gadmocemuli. maS raRa-
tom dasWirda k. kekeliZis citirebisas qarTuli gvar-saxelis
somxurad gadakeTeba, ra safuZveli gaaCnda saamisod? ra Tqma
unda, araviTari. sargis Tmogvelis qarTveloba araviTar eWvs
ar iwvevs, is qarTuli literaturis asparezze cnobili moRvawe,
visramianis qarTul enaze brwyinvale mTargmnelia. saqme isaa,
rom amjerad didi literaturuli ganZis `vefxistyaosnis~
avtoris vinaobaze msjelobasTan uSualod Sexvedrisas, etyoba,
p. muradianSi mikerZoebis instinqtma imZlavra, cdunebas veRar
gauZlo da Sua saukuneebis popularul qarTvel moRvawes saxeli
da gvari somxurad gadaukeTa, Semdeg ki poemis avtorobac
miawera, riTac mkiTxvels yalbi gancda gauRviZa. ra Tqma unda,
amiT rusTvelologias arc araferi daklebia da arc araferi
Sematebia. ubralod, samwuxaroa, roca profesionali mkvlevari
mecnieruli interesebidan Sors mdgom ganwyobilebas ase SiSvlad
amJRavnebs.
Sua saukuneebis kavkasiaSi somxeTis kulturuli mowinaveobis
Temas aviTarebs p. muradiani 1982 w. gamoqveynebul naSromSi
`kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaro da grigol ganmanaTleblis
kulti~, romelic daibeWda krebulSi `Êàâêàç è Âèçàíòèÿ~-s #3-Si.
kavkasiis kulturuli erTianobis n. mariseul Tezisze dayrdno-
187
ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý ѳݹ»ë« N 1« 1975« ¿ç. 214.
241
biT, igi cdilobs am erTianobis gamoxatulebad da simbolod
somxeTis gamqristianebeli grigol ganmanaTlebeli warmogvidgi-
nos. misi mtkicebiT, lazar farpecis cnoba arSuSa qarTlis
pitiaxSis mier grigolis ganmanaTleblad aRiarebis Taobaze,
somxebis tendenciuri gamonagoni ki ar aris, aramed samive
eklesiis – somxuris, qarTulis, albanuris – oficialuri
koncefciaa188. misive mtkicebiT, m. xorenacis masalebi mowmobs
nune/ninos TandaTanobiTi daviwyebis process da misi saxis
grigolis saxeSi Serwymas, ramdenadac qarTvelebi grigols,
rogorc ganmanaTlebels, ukve V s. meore naxevridan
aRiarebdnen189.
Sua saukuneebis kavkasiaSi somxeTis kulturuli upiratesobis
Tema dominirebs somxuri arqiteqturis istoriis mkvlevarTa
SromebSic. ukve dasaxelebul avtorTa garda (tokarski, marTuni-
ani da sxv.) tipuria s. mnacakanianis naSromi `somxeTsa da bizan-
tiaSi jvargumbaTovani taZrebis genezisis sakiTxisaTvis~, romel-
ic somxeTis istoriul-filologiuri Jurnalis 1978 wlis #1 -Si
gamoqveynda. misi ganmazogadebeli daskvniT, taZrebis jvargum-
baTovani tipi, romelic pirvelad somxeTSi Seiqmna V-VI saukunee-
bis mijnaze (tekoris taZari), aqve ganicada ayvaveba da mTlianad
Secvala ra gumbaTovani bazilika, iqca ZiriTad, wamyvan tipad
saSualobizantiur xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. bizantiidan is gavrcelda
marTlmadidebluri qveynebis arqiteqturaSi, sadac sul male
wamyvani mdgomareoba daikava Suasaukunovani bevri ostatis Semo-
qmedebaSi190. aqedan gamomdinare daskvniT, somxur arqiteqturasa
da mis gamomsaxvel mxatvrul formebs saqarTveloSic SemouRwevi-
aT, magram ara uSualod somxeTidan, aramed bizantiis gziT.
somexi istorikosebis tendenciuri damokidebuleba istoriu-
li Temebis gaSuqebisas adreve SeamCnies da aRniSnes ara marto
CvenSi, aramed msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSic. mravalTagan
sailustraciod moviyvanT cnobili bizantiologis, xelovnebaTm-
codnisa da saeklesio istoriis mkvlevris remon Janenis (1882-
1972) zogierT SeniSvnas. 1924 w. igi werda: somexma istorikosebma
188
p. muradiani, kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaro da grigol ganmanaT-
263leblis kulti, gv. 10-11.
189
iqve.
190
ix. ä³ïÙ³-μ³Ý³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý ѳݹ»ë« N 1« 1978« ¿ç. 239.
242
wminda ninos cxovrebis Sesaxeb SeTxzes mTeli seria legendebisa,
aSkarad im mizniT, rom kavkasiis regionebSi WeSmariti sarwmunoe-
bis SemoRebis pativi TavianTi qveynisaTvis mieniWebinaT... dRei-
saTvis kargad aris cnobili movses xorenacis mier istoriis
sistematuri damaxinjeba Tavisi samSoblos sasargeblod... saku-
Tari eris prestiJis asamaRleblad somexi istorikosebi erTsu-
lovnad Tvlian, rom wminda grigol ganmanaTlebeli RmerTma mou-
vlina mwed wminda ninos mis samociqulo moRvaweobaSi191. somxuri
tradiciis gaziarebas remon Janeni SeuZleblad Tvlis rig gare-
moebaTa gamo. maT Soris 1. grigol ganmanaTlebeli 315-320 wlebs
Soris, e. i. CvenTvis saintereso movlenebze ramdenime wliT adre
unda gardacvliliyo. 2. laTini da berZeni avtorebi, rogoricaa
rufinusi, Teodorite, sokrate, sozimene, romlebic am movlenebT-
an sakmaod axlo epoqaSi werdnen da, romelTac araviTari interesi
ar hqondaT, rom daemaxinjebinaT faqtebi somexTa sazianod,
saerTod arafers amboben wminda ninos urTierTobis Sesaxeb
grigol ganmanaTlebelTan. arc Semdgomdroindeli bizantieli
istorikosebi, magaliTad, gelasi kvizikelic ambobs raimes amis
Taobaze. 3. Tuki saqarTvelom WeSmariti sarwmunoeba somxeTisagan
miiRo, maSin rogor unda avxsnaT is garemoeba, rom igi ase didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi antioqiis eklesiaze iyo damokidebuli? somexTa
kaTalikosebi emorCilebodnen kesarias da ara antioqias192. remon
Janenis sityviT, somxebi ufro Sorsac midiodnen da amtkicebdnen,
rom maTi kaTalikosebi faqtobriv iurisdiqcias axorcielebdnen
am mezobel qveyanaze WeSmariti rwmenis SemoRebidan VI s. bolomde,
e. i. daaxloebiT sami saukunis manZilze. misi azriT, qarTul da
somxur eklesiebs Soris Seqmnili daZabuli situacia mainc garedan
momarTuli iranis politikis Sedegi iyo. SesaZloa, zogi provincia
da ara mTeli eri emorCileboda somex kaTalikosebs, roca es
nawili sparselTa uRelqveS moeqca 498 wlidan.
qarTvel mecnierTa uaxlesma gamokvlevebma ZiriTad nawilSi
daadastura remon Janenis dakvirvebebis siswore kavkasiaSi qris-
tianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebaSi qarTvel da somex misioner-
Ta rolsa da maT urTierTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. magaliTad,
q-ma nino afciaurma `grigolis cxovrebaTa ciklis dawvrilebiT
191
remon Janeni, saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 21.
192
iqve, gv. 22.
243
Seswavlis safuZvelze cxadyo, rom somexi ganmanaTlebeli mx- amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiis
olod somexTa momqcevelia, ramdenadac sxvadasxva redaqciebSi mniSvnelovani nawili, agrZelebs ra Tavis winamorbedTa
dasaxelebuli toponimebi didi somxeTis teritoriuli tradiciebs, qarTul-somxur istoriul urTierTobaTa Temis
sazRvrebis konturebs hqmnian. somexTa momaqcevelis mniSvnelobis gaSuqebisas, istoriuli da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mniSvnelo-
kavkasiis masStabiT gafarToeba ki `grigolis cxovrebis~ cnoba- van nawils – tao-klarjeTs, samcxe-javaxeTs da qvemo qarTls
Ta araswori interpretaciis Sedegia193. m. CxartiSvilis gamokvle- mTlianad (A zogjer kaxeTsac) somxuri kulturisa da politikuri
viTac `qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis Tu eTnikuri istoriis asparezad warmoudgens mkiTxvels, riTac
problemebi~, Tbilisi, 1987 w., grigol ganmanaTleblis saerTo cdilobs damajerebloba SesZinos saqarTvelos mimarT aSkara Tu
kavkasiur moRvawed gamoyvana tendenciuri interpretaciis Se- farul teritoriul pretenziebs, ris garegnul gamovlinebasac
degia. misive daskvniT, nino, rogorc qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi warmoadgens mis mier qarTuli topon-
qarTlSi qristianobis mTeli istoriis manZilze iyo aRiarebuli imebis somxuri formiT gadmocema, magaliTad, `taiq~, `klarjq~,
da `ninos cxovrebis~ adgilobrivi versia ukve IV saukuneSive `javaxq~, `Trelq~ da a. S.
arsebobda. rac Seexeba qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis ierarqi-
uli damokidebulebis Taobaze somxur istoriografiaSi gavr-
celebul Tvalsazriss, didi damajereblobiTaa is uaryofili
zaza aleqsiZis gamokvlevebSi, razec ukve iTqva.
bizantiur kulturul tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs
remon Janeni qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis xasiaTs da
erTob sayuradRebo daskvnebamdec midis, romelTa gaTvaliswine-
ba, vfiqrob, ufro zomiers gaxdis somxuri arqiteqturis is-
toriis mkvlevarTa gazrdil pretenziebs. igi wers: kavkasiaSi
agebuli pirveli Zeglebi bizantiuri xuroTmoZRvruli
nagebobebis nimuSebs warmoadgenda. umniSvnelovanesi epoqis XI-XV
ss. Zeglebs aqvT bizantiuri konstruqciebis ZiriTadi ele-
mentebi: berZnuli jvris formis gegma, gumbaTi da sxv. Sua
saukuneebis bolo periodSi saberZneTis eklesiebTan ufro
TvalsaCino msgavseba igrZnoba. mravalricxovan analogiebs
vxvdebiT, agreTve, wina aziaSi, siriaSia kerZod, horanSi pirvel
saukuneebSi agebul eklesiebTan. miuxedavad aseTi mravalmxrivi
gavlenisa, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, ZiriTadad mainc, TviT-
myofadia. masSi gamoxatulia individualuri niSnebi, romlebic
mkafiod ganasxvavebs mas mezobeli somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebisagan,
romelmac iseTive gavlenebi ganicada194.

193
n. afciauri, grigol ganmanaTleblis qadagebaTa sazRvrebi, kr.
amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 85-102.
194
remon Janeni, saqarTvelo, gv. 62.

244 245
 – “somxuri istoriuli dasaxlebani~, am dasaxlebaTa calkeul
bukletebs, ruka-cnobarebs da a. S. am organizaciis wevrTa mTe-
li Zalisxmeva niSandoblivad mimarTulia maincdamainc Tavisi
Crdiloeli istoriuli mezobeli qveynebisaken maSin, rodesac
samxreTisa da samxreT-dasavleTis sivrceebze TavianTi istoriu-
Tavi IV
li uflebis damtkicebas, eWvi araa, rom marTlac SeZlebdnen,
mTeli es wamowyeba axla ukve samwuxaro anaqronizms rom ar
axali xedva, Tu Zveli inercia?
ganekuTvnebodes.
1992 w. xsenebulma organizaciam `somxuri istoriuli dasax-
saqarTvelosa da misi istoriis mimarT wina TavebSi aRwer-
lebebis~ seriiT erevanSi gamosca samenovani (somxur, rusul da
ili damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoikveTa sabWoTa
inglisur enebze) bukleti saTauriT `axalqalaqi~. garekanis bolo
kavSiris daSlisa da gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
gverdze `didi somxeTis~ ruka da momavalSi gamosacemi buklete-
damoukidebeli qarTuli da somxuri saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis Sem-
bis rukaa mocemuli, sadac qvemo qarTlis, javaxeTisa da samcxis
deg, roca sazogadoeba sabolood ganTavisuflda sabWoTa ideo-
30 sofeli da qalaqi istoriuli somxeTis dasaxlebebsaa miTv-
logiis marwuxebidan da somxuri istoriografiis rigma warmo-
lili. TviT teqstis Zalze mcire moculobac (sul raRac or
madgenlebma, romelTac siTamame isedac ar akldaT, daufaravad
gverdamde) Tavidanve cxadyofs, rom mkiTxvelisaTvis axalqala-
gamoxates Sors mimavali geopolitikuri zraxvebi. akad. lendruS
qis warsulsa da awmyoze obieqturi, mecnieruli codnis miwode-
xurSudianma erevanSi gamoaqveyna statia – `somxeTis erovnuli
ba misi avtoris interesebSi ar Sedis. igi kmayofildeba zogadi
ideologia: arsi da Sinaarsi~, sadac wamoyenebulia `didi somxe-
da kategoriuli gancxadebiT, romlis mixedviTac `axalqalaqi
Tis~ (zRvidan zRvamde) aRdgenis etapobrivi gegma 1 . daSnakTa
mTavari dasaxlebaa gugarqis gavar (anu provincia) javaxqSi~. amg-
partiis am cnobili fantastikuri gegmis realizaciisaTvis brZo-
varive gancxadebiT somxuri mosaxleoba aq IX-X saukuneebidanaa,
lis asparezze amjerad, ZiriTadad, axali Taobis warmomadgen-
ris dasamtkicebladac miTiTebulia Zveli naqalaqaris terito-
lebi gamoCndnen, romelTa Soris Jurnalistebma, mwerlebma, poli-
riaze aRmoCenili saflavis qva 1301 wlisa da axal eklesiaSi
tologebma, sxvadasxva dargis araprofesionalebma imZlavres. war-
CaSenebuli 1289 w. somxuri qvajvari, agreTve, qalaqis maxloblad
sulis kritikuli Seswavlis nacvlad, maT winamorbedi da ufro-
mdebare XII-XIII ss. eklesia, rac namdvilad arasakmarisia. teqstis
si Taobis mier gayalbebuli istoriis bazaze daSnakuri ideebis
danarCeni nawili eTmoba rusuli jaris mier axalqalaqis aRebas
propagandas mihyves xeli da am procesSi araseriozulobis
da maT mier arzrumidan Camosaxlebuli somxebiT am mxaris
yovelgvar zRvars gadaabijes. sicrue, siyalbe, arakompetentur-
kolonizaciis aRweras. Tu Sua saukuneebis axalqalaqis istori-
oba am rigis `mkvlevarTa~ saerTo damaxasiaTebel niSnad iqca.
is gadmocemas 22 striqoni eTmoba, XIX s. qalaqis istoriis
samagierod, es propaganda organizaciulad ufro qmediTunari-
gadmocemas – orjer meti, rac arapirdapir imazec miuTiTebs,
ani da farTo masStabisa aRmoCnda.
rom axalqalaqisa da javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobis istoria,
am kampaniis avangardSia somxuri arqiteqturis Semswavleli
realurad am droidan iwyeba. miuxedavad amgvari Sedegebisa, gamo-
organizacia, inglisuri abreviaturiT – RAA, romelic aqveynebs
cemis arCeuli forma (e. i. bukleti) mis avtors ufro met saSu-
`samecniero Sromebis krebulebs, seriul gamocemebs, maT Sorisaa
alebas aZlevs mkiTxvels is codna miawodos, rac mas awyobs, saw-
inaaRmdegos ki ufro moxerxebulad aaridos Tavi. normalur vi-
TarebaSi, aseTi naSromebi mecnierul monacemebs unda emyarebodes
1 da ara, piriqiT, politika gansazRvravdes faqtebis ganxilvis
ix. gaz. `kavkasioni”, 1999, 17-23 Tebervali.

246 247
wess. xsenebuli organizaciis sagamomcemlo gegmebi da ukve
gamocemuli produqcia eWvs aRar gvitovebs, rom am bukletiT
istoriis gayalbebis kerZo SemTxvevasTan ki ar gvaqvs saqme,
aramed, antimecnierul da antimezoblur farTo kampaniasTan.
amitom misasalmebelia Jurnal `artanujis~ redaqciis iniciati-
va, romelmac cnobil mecniers, istoriuli geografiis special-
ists, devi berZeniSvils sTxova pasuxis gacema bukletSi aRZrul
problemebze, risTvisac mas Jurnal `artanujis~ mTeli nomeri
daeTmo (1998 w. # 7).
pirvelwyaroebis farTo speqtris safuZvelze d. berZeniSvilma
axalqalaqisa da javaxeTis istoriis Tanamimdevruli suraTi war-
moudgina mkiTxvels uZvelesi droidan dRemde, ramac naTlad
cxadyo bukletis avtoris gancxadebaTa sruli usafuZvloba.
amasTan, somexi avtori amxila TvalTmaqcobasa da arakeTilsin-
disierebaSi, romelic am gziT cdilobs faqtebisa da wyaroTa
monacemebis Sinaarsis misTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT gaxmi-
anebas. magaliTad, bukletis teqstis mixedviT, axalqalaqi ori
mdinaris SesayarSia, romelTagan erTia `farvana (e. i. Tavfarav-
nis wyali), meore ki – `qarasun aRbiur~ (ormoci wyaro). aseTi
saxelwodeba ar arsebobs. esaa somxuri Targmani Turquli yirx-
bulaxisa, romelic rusul xuTversian rukazea aRniSnuli. ufro
adre mas dliviswyali, xolo Zvel qarTvel istorikosebTan ax-
alqalaqiswyali ewodeboda. mdinaris gviani, Turquli saxelwode-
bis somxurad gadakeTebiT teqstis avtori cdilobs rogorme
daamkvidros hidronimis somxuri forma, SeniSnavs d. berZeniS-
vili2 . bukletSi moyvanilia axalqalaqis somxuri da sxva erovneb-
is mosaxleobis raodenobis amsaxveli cxrili, romlis mowmobi-
Tac somxebi raodenobrivad didad sWarboben sxva erovnebis war-
momadgenlebs. am Tanafardobis yvelaze adreuli maCvenebeli
1851 wlidan iwyeba da grZeldeba 1976 wlamde. cxrili asaxavs is-
toriul periods, roca carizmis moxeleebma, Semdeg ki sabWoTa
mTavrobamac politikuri mosazrebiT demografiuli situacia am
regionSi Zalis gamoyenebiT Zireulad Secvala somexTa sasarge-
blod. bukletis avtori ki XIX s. 30-iani wlebis Semdgomi xanis
2 3
Jurn. `artanuji~, 1998, # 7, gv. 12.
248
movlenebis dasaxelebisa da moyvanili cxrilis STambeWdavi
cifrebis CvenebiT akeTebs ganmazogadebel daskvnas, rom `ax-
alqalaqSi yovelTvis somxuri mosaxleoba Warbobda~-o. amis gamo,
d. berZeniSvili savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs: Tavisi istoriis
mTel manZilze axalqalaqi qarTuli dasaxleba iyo saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, amitom bukletis avtoris azri,
somxuri mosaxleobis aq mudmiv umetesobaze, aSkara siyalbea3 .
msgavs siyalbeTa magaliTebi sxvac araerTia. Tundac is, rom
XIX s. xaCqarebs bukletis avtori IX-X ss.ad asaRebs, raTa ax-
alqalaqSi somxuri dasaxlebis arseboba am saukuniT daaTariRos.
xelovnebaTmcodne eka jandieri ganmartavs: es calkeuli xaCqare-
bi, arqeologiuri stratigrafiis mixedviT XIX s. 30 wlebis Sem-
deg aq gadmosaxlebul somex moaxalSeneTa nakvalevia. am qvebis
gviandel warmomavlobaze ara marto ornamentis analizi, aramed
maTi garegnuli ieric da uzado Senaxulobac metyvelebs. paskevi-
Cis alyas da 300 zarbaznis Sturms raRa marto es xaCqarebi gada-
urCa zedapirze uvneblad, roca mTeli cixe Tavisi oTxsarTu-
liani koSkebiT Camoilewa. magaliTebis gamravleba kidevac Sei-
Zleboda, magram moyvanilic, vfiqrob, sakmarisi unda iyos bukle-
tis avtoris kvalifikaciisa da moqalaqeobrivi keTilsindisiere-
bis warmosadgenad.
d. berZeniSvilis mier mkacri mecnieruli sizustiT warmod-
genili mdidari istoriuli faqtebi axalqalaqsa da mTlianad
javaxeTs gvixasiaTebs, rogorc didi warsuli mqone, ekonomikuri
da politikuri TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes da
qarTuli kulturis sanimuSo regions. naqalaqaris teritoriaze
arqeologiurma gaTxrebma gamoavlina eneoliTuri da adrebrin-
jaos xanis namosaxlari, roca somxebi kavkasiaSic jer ar iyvnen,
ris gamoc, Cans, bukletis avtori am mniSvnelovan faqts, saer-
Tod, arc axsenebs. aseve dumiliT gverds uvlis q. w. VIII s.
urartul wyaroebSi moxseniebul qveyana `zabaxa~-s anu javaxeTs,
romelsac mZime brZolebi hqonda urartelebTan. Zveli javaxeTis
qarTlTan uaxloes kavSirze metyvelebs iberiis aristokratiaSi
sakuTar saxelad qceuli javax (zevax)-is popularoba. es saxeli
Jurn. `artanuji~, 1998, # 7, gv. 25.
249
armazis warwerebSi samgzisaa dadasturebuli II s. iberiis pitiax-
Sebis sakuTar saxelad (Sdr.: kaxa – kaxeTi). qarTuli wyaroebis
mixedviT, wundis saerisTavoSi gaerTianebuli javaxeTi uZvelesi
droidanve qarTlis mefes emorCileboda. pirveli qarTuli
eklesiebi iq IV-VI saukuneebSi aSenda, xolo vaxtang gorgasalma
javaxeTSi saepiskoposo kaTedra daaarsa. arabuli da somxuri
wyaroebi (balazori, ioane mamikoniani) javaxeTs qarTlis im mxa-
reTa Soris asaxeleben, romlebic arabebma VII s. daipyres.
naqalaqaris teritoriaze gaTxrili da Seswavlilia Zveli qarTu-
li eklesiis IX-X ss. naSTi, e. w. `Tavisufali jvris~ tipis cen-
tralurgumbaTovani nageboba. mis nangrevebSi napovni qvajvarTa
bazisebi da karnizebi ki V-VII da VIII-IX ss. ganekuTvneba. ivaraudeba,
rom isini IX-X ss. eklesiis mSeneblobaSi iq arsebuli ufro Zveli
samlocveloebidan moxvdnen. xaCqarebze ufro adreuli da mniS-
vnelovani ZeglebiT dasturdeba, rom axalqalaqis koncxze arse-
buli mozrdili samosaxlo imdenad dawinaurebula, rom XI s-
isaTvis igi javaxeTis umniSvnelovanesi centri gamxdara da bag-
rat IV-is daqvemdebarebaSi gadasula, romelsac mefem zRudec
Semoavlo. d. berZeniSvils, amasTan, mohyavs vrceli amonawerebi
wyaroebidan axalqalaqs Tavsgadamxdari omebis Taobaze da
sagangebod moyvanil am amonawerebSi niSandoblivad ar Canan
somxebi. yvelgan xazgasmulia `axalqalaqis mkvidrni~, `did-didni
da warCinebulni mTavarni da erisTavni~ `mesxni aznaurni~,
`qarTvelebi~ da `qarTvelTa meliqebi~. arsaidan Cans, rom iq `is-
toriuli somxuri mosaxleoba~ yofiliyos. sayuradReboa, rom
saerTod javaxeTis epigrafikaSi somxuri warwerebi XIV s-mde ar
Cans, xolo qarTuli warwerebis simravliT Cvens qveyanaSi es erT-
erTi gamorCeuli mxarea. 1595 w. Sedgenili `gurjistanis vilai-
eTis didi davTridanac~ Cans, rom javaxuri soflebis mosaxleo-
bis didi umravlesoba qarTvelebi arian. aris soflebi, sadac
qarTul saxelebs Soris gamoereva TiTo-orola karapet, xaCatur,
terakof da sxv. aris mahmadianuri saxelebic. samagierod, arsad
Cans mxolod somxebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi. osmalTa batonobis
periodSi axalqalaqi knindeba, mosaxleobisgan icleba da kvla-
vac qarTlidan gadmosulebiT ivseba, magram XVI-XVIII ss. javaxe-
250
Tis axalqalaqi ZiriTadad mainc osmalTa jaris sadgomi iyo,
sadac Zlivs boginobda adgilobrivi mosaxleoba4 .
amrigad, bukletis avtoris mtkiceba, TiTqos, axalqalaqis
somxuri mosaxleoba yovelTvis sWarbobda qarTuls, Zveli somxu-
ri miTia mxolod. sagulisxmoa isic, rom jer kidev 1919 w. ga-
zafxulze damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis mowyobili arCevnebis dros
axalqalaqis mazraSi, romelic somxuri mosaxleobis gansakuTre-
buli siWarbiT gamoirCeoda maSin, arCevnebSi monawile 21. 687
kacidan 13 aTasma qarTul partiebs misca xma da mxolod rva
aTasma – somxurs5 . imedia, axalqalaqisa da javaxeTis somxuri
mosaxleobis 120 wliani istoria ver gadaSlis imave mxaris ram-
denime aTasi wlis qarTul istorias.
d. berZeniSvilis pasuxis gamoqveynebidan mokle xanSi, imave
1998 w. somxeTis gamomcemloba `mecnierebam~ dastamba somxuri
arqiteqturis Semswavleli organizaciis samecniero Sromebis
morigi wigni, romelic, faqtobrivad istoriuli simarTlis dam-
axinjebis axal sanimuSo cdas warmoadgens. wignis saTauri
`saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi politika da somxuri kulturis
Zeglebi~ da gansakuTrebiT misi Sinaarsi, samwuxarod, verafriT
hgavs mecnierebasTan Tundac miaxloebul naSroms. wigns Tavidan
bolomde gasdevs TavSeukavebeli, Rirsebas moklebuli gamoTqme-
biT gamoxatuli, zRvarsgadacilebuli emociebis talRa, romel-
ic avtorTa naRvaws nebiT Tu uneblied araseriozuli politi-
kanobis xasiaTs aZlevs. krebulis Semdgenlis, samvel karapetianis
ganmartebiT, RAA-s mTeli Zalebi da saxsrebi mimarTuli aqvs
mxolod da mxolod axlandeli somxeTis respublikis sazRvrebs
gareT arsebul somxur kulturul faseulobaTa Seswavlisaken,
e. i. istoriuli somxeTis teritoriisakeno. saqarTveloSi ki, mi-
sive TqmiT, somxuri Zeglebi SemCneulia ara marto istoriuli
somxeTis gugarqis olqSi, aramed sxva adgilebSico – qarTlSi,
kaxeTSi da sxvagan6 . ase, kalmis erTi mosmiT qvemo qarTli da
saerTod mTeli samxreTi saqarTvelo istoriul somxeTadaa
4
Jurn. `artanuji~, gv. 13-27.
5
v. nozaZe, saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis gamo, Tbi-
lisi, 1989, gv. 60.
6
dasaxelebuli somxuri krebuli, gv. 83.
251
gamocxadebuli. Tavis agresiul zraxvaTa gasamarTleblad
qarTul mxares brals sdebs somxuri Zeglebis ganadgurebaSi da
provokaciulad acxadebs, TiTqos, somxuri kulturis Zeglebis
arseboba saqarTveloSi miCneuli iyos saSiSad im mizeziT, rom Tu
qarTlSi, kaxeTsa da imereTSi somxebi, sxvebis msgavsad mosulebi
arian, viTomc, samxreT saqarTveloSi isini aborigenebi iyvnen. am-
itomac, `ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi somxurma istoriulma
Zeglebma srulmasStabiani da mizanmimarTuli ganadgureba da
miTviseba ganicadeso~7 . STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad ki cil-
ismwameblurad acxadebs, TiTqos, somxuri civilizaciis damamtki-
cebel ZeglebTan erTad saqarTveloSi berZnuli, rusuli da
germanuli Zeglebic mizanmimarTulad nadgurdebodes8 . faqtobri-
vad ki, s. karapetianis mTeli mrisxaneba Tbilisis somxuri Ze-
glebis `ngrevisa da dazianebis~ winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi `istoriuli somxeTis
teritoriis~ miRma unda iTvlebodes TiTqos. krebulis Semdgenlis
taqtikuri svla arc ise Zneli gamosacnobi unda iyos. s. karape-
tiani erTdroulad ori kurdRlis daWeras apirebs. qvemo qarT-
lis mitacebasTan erTad yuradRebis gadmotanas cdilobs javax-
eTidan, sadac saukuneze metia mizanmimarTulad da sistematurad
nadgurdeba somexTa gvian mosulobis mamxilebeli mravalricxo-
vani qarTuli Zeglebi. gaRma gamodavebisa da ciliswamebis xerxiT
s. karapetianis gundis wevrebi cdiloben qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg
mimarTon istoriul ZeglTa daRupviT gamowveuli aRSfoTeba.
sinamdvile ki TviT am krebulSi moTavsebuli zogierTi weril-
idanac ki Jonavs. magaliTad, somxeT-saqarTvelos sazogadoebis
wevri armen ter sarqisiani Tavis statiaSi aRiarebs, rom ruseTis
imperiis damxobis Semdeg sovetizirebul qveyanaSi daiwyo sakulto
nagebobaTa sayovelTao msxvreva. miwis piridan daundoblad iR-
gveboda taZrebi, eklesiebi, meCeTebi, minareTebi, sinagogebi. am
procesma amierkavkasiac moicva. TbilisSi dangreulma somxurma
eklesiebma aTs gadaaWarba 9 . Semdeg CamoTvlilia am periodSi
7 10
dasaxelebuli somxuri krebuli, gv. 7.
8 11
iqve.
9 12
iqve, gv. 80-81.
252
ganadgurebuli TiTqmis yvela is nageboba, romelTa Sesaxeb wignis
gverdebze zarebis rekvaa atexili. wignis avtorebs unda
SevaxsenoT, rom im avadxsenebul 30-ian wlebSi qarTuli kul-
turis Zeglebi gacilebiT metad dazianda, vidre somxuri da am
saqmeSi `qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi politika~ arafer SuaSia, miT
ufro usafuZvloa pretenziebi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
mTavrobis mimarT.
RAA-s warmomadgenelTa gansakuTrebuli aRSfoTeba gamoi-
wvia eliaze amierkavkasiis masStabebisTvis grandiozuli samebis
qarTuli eklesiis aSenebam, ramdenadac maT raRatomRac
sakuTrad miCneuli teritoriis Seuracxyofad miiCnies, ris gamoc
samebis mSeneblebs `barbarosebi~ uwodes10 da provokaciulad ga-
nacxades, TiTqos, mrisxanebis talRam gadauara saqarTvelos
somxur da rusul mosaxleobas da imuqrebodnen `aucileblad
daiqceva sisxlze, Zvlebze da sicrueze agebuli qarTuli
taZrebio~11. miuxedavad imisa, rom samebis eklesia aSenda Zveli
qarTuli sakulto Zeglis adgilas da misi mSenebloba savsebiT
kanonieri iyo, qarTvelTa patriarqma pativiscemis niSnad es
gadawyvetileba sruliad somexTa kaTalikoss SeuTanxma, romelic
miesalma kidec `RvTis sasurvel~ am saqmes12.
mrude sarkeSi faqtebis Cvenebis magaliTebi wignSi sakmaod
bevria. mavne tendencia wignis avtorTa politikur sibeceze
metyvelebs da mas zianis meti araferi SeuZlia moutanos mezobe-
li xalxebis urTierTobas. uRirsi gamoTqmebis siuxvec (qarTve-
li vandalebi, barbarosebi, xulignebi, mobandito qarTveli
mRvdlebi, qarTuli sapatriarqos vandalebi da sxv.) imisTvisaa
gamoyenebuli, rom saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis gulubryvi-
lo nawilSi qarTuli saxelmwifos, qarTuli samRvdeloebisa da
saerTod e. w. `daudevari qarTvelebisadmi~ siZulvili aRZras,
rac, etyoba viRacis (albaT saerTo mtris) interesebSi Sedis.
yvelaze miuRebeli am wignSi mainc Riad gacxadebuli teri-
toriuli pretenziebia. s. karapetiani akritikebs ra Jurnal `ar-
tanujSi~ dabeWdil devi berZeniSvilis maRalprofesiul, mec-
dasaxelebuli somxuri krebuli, gv. 51.
iqve, gv. 52.
iqve, gv. 51-52.
253
nierul doneze Sesrulebul, Cvens mier ukve xsenebul kritikul
werils, romelic RAA-s aseve sxva mavne gamonaTqvamebs exeba,
yovelgvari argumentisa da mtkicebis gareSe acxadebs, rom mas,
TiTqos, mecnierebasTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, mxolod imi-
toma, rom qarTveli mecnieri, Turme, gaurbis Sua saukuneebis
qarTul wyaroebSi farTod gavrcelebul saxels – `somxiTs~ da
`istoriuli somxeTis olqis gugarqis Crdilo raionebis
aRsaniSnavad iyenebs toponim `qvemo qarTls~. amiT devi berZeniS-
vils surs dafaros realoba, romelsac termini `somxiTi~ anu
somxeTi asaxavso13. am SemTxvevaSic s. karapetiani, sxva somexi
avtorebis msgavsad, TvalTmaqcobs. is aRarafers ambobs imaze,
rom somxuri wyaroebi imave teritorias `vrac daSts~ anu
qarTvelTa vels uwodeben, Zveli somxuri wyaroebi misTvis ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi `gugarqSi~ narev mosaxleobas gulisxmoben da iq
somxebi ar egulebaT. termini `somxiTi~ ki X s. Cndeba, roca
qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze kvirikianTa mcire somxuri samefo
Camoyalibda. niSandoblivia, rom Tanamedroveni amis Semdegac am
raions isev saqarTvelod aRiqvamdnen. episkoposi mxiTar airiv-
aneci qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze kvirikianTa samefos warmoqm-
nas ase gadmogvcems: `981 w. daiwyo bagratunianTa mefoba
qarTvelebze rameTu gurgeni gamefda saqarTveloSi, xolo misi
Zma smbati somxeTSi14. aSkaraa, rom somex episkoposs somexTa mier
`gugarqad~ wodebuli es mxare eTnikuri da kulturuli niSniT
saqarTvelod miaCnda. vfiqrob, komentari zedmetia. aseve safuZ-
vels moklebulia javaxeTis saxelis somxuri formiT (`javaxq~)
daJinebuli gadmocema da amiT garkveuli teritoriuli preten-
ziebis aRZvra. kargadaa cnobili, rom saqarTvelos bunebriv-is-
toriuli sazRvrebi bevrad ufro samxreTiT iyo gavrcobili da
saukuneebis manZilze imdenad myari, rom amierkavkasiis adminis-
traciulad mowyobisas ruseTis mTavroba iZulebuli iyo Tbili-
sis gubernia Zvel istoriul sazRvrebSi moeqcia. samagierod,
sazRvrispira raionebSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba
meqanikurad da Zaladobrivi gziT qarTvelTa sazianod Secvala.
13
xsenebuli somxuri krebuli, gv. 84.
14
mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, l. davlianiZis gamoc.
Tb., 1990, gv. 74.
254
am gzas adga, rogorc TeTri, ise wiTeli ruseTi. amgvari sakiTx-
ebis wamoweva da maT Sesaxeb diskusiebis mowyoba mezobeli xalx-
ebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili, politikurad gaumarTavi seriuli
gamocemebis gziT, gansakuTrebiT axla, roca saqarTvelosa da
somxeTis saxelmwifoTa urTierToba TanamSromlobis, saerTo
interesebis Segnebisa da urTierTgagebis niSniT warmatebiT vi-
Tardeba, ubralod mavnea da ewinaaRmdegeba mezobeli xalxebis
saerTo interesebs.
am saZraxis saqmeSi gansakuTrebulad aqtiurobs ukve xseneb-
uli samvel karapetiani. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli RAA-s
mier 1995 w. somxur enaze ruka-cnobaris `somxuri eklesiebi
saqarTveloSi~ gamocema, romelic somxeTs garda Tbilisis ek-
lesiebSic iyideba. mis avtors saqarTveloSi aRricxuli aqvs,
misi TqmiT, 650 somxuri eklesia, romelTagan TiTqmis naxevari,
sinamdvileSi, somxurs miwerili qarTuli eklesiebia, amasTan
Zalze mcirea maT Soris istoriul-kulturuli Rirebulebis
Zeglebi. magram es s. karapetians ar anaRvlebs, misTvis mTavaria
raodenoba, romelmac saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi da samxreTi
raionebis dasaxelebuli punqtebi mTlianad unda dafaros, raTa
iq qarTuli eklesiisaTvis ubralod mosaniSni adgilic ar darCes.
swored aseTia misi ruka-cnobaric, romlis daniSnuleba yvelaze
gulubryvilo mkiTxvelisaTvisas, vfiqrob, savsebiT gasagebia. s.
karapetiani Tavisi moRvaweobis geografiul areals TandaTan
afarToebs da 2002 wlisaTvis ukve beiruTSi RAA-s egidiT
aqveynebs ruka-cnobars `javaxeTis istoriuli Zeglebi~ (æ³í³ËùÇ
å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý Ñáõß³ñÓ³ÝÝ»ñ). amjeradac ar Ralatobs Cvevas da mis
ruka-cnobarSi mxolod somxur Zeglebs afiqsirebs, ganurCevlad
imisa gaaCniaT Tu ara maT istoriuli an kulturuli Rirebule-
ba. mizani igive rCeba. mkiTxveli daarwmunos javaxeTis somxur
warsulSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom warmodgenil ZeglTa umetesoba
XIX-XX ss. ganekuTvneba15. imave 2002 w. beiruTSi somxur enaze
gamoqveynda mecnieruli naSromebisa da statiebis mozrdili kre-
buli – `mSobliuri javaxeTi~. s. karapetians am krebulSi ekuTv-
nis CvenTvis ukve kargad cnobili suliskveTebiT dawerili, sami
statia sadac siyalbe da ciliswamebac sakmaod uxvadaa Tav-
15
ix. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 18-24 oqtomberi, 2002 w.
255
moyrili. Tematurad axalia misi werili `qarTuli politika ax-
alcixe-axalqalaqis mahmadiani mosaxleobis sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT~. problema s. karapetianis arcTu usafuZvlo SeSfoTebas
iwvevs, ramdenadac man kargad icis, rom 1944 w. samcxe-javax-
eTidan Sua aziaSi gasaxlebuli mosaxleobis udides nawils am
qveynis mkvidri gamahmadianebuli mesxebi (muslimani qarTvelebi)
Seadgendnen da dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi maTTan Sexvedra, buneb-
rivia, gaacocxlebs usiamo warsuls, roca XIX s. 30 wlebSi ZaliT
gandevnili am mesxebis winaparTa sabinadroze erzerumidan Camo-
saxlebuli somxebi daamkvidra imdroindeli ruseTis mTavrobam16.
amitomac aris, rom im droidan mokidebuli dRemde javaxeTis
somxuri mosaxleoba s. karapetianisa da maTi msgavsebis waqeze-
biT mizanmimarTulad dReniadag Slis qarTvelTa kvals saqarTve-
los am ZirZvel miwa-wyalze.
arsebiTad wamqezebluri da aSkarad agresiulicaa somxeTis
rusulenovan gazeTSi `novoe vremiaSi~ (2002 w. 5 noemberi) gamo-
qveynebuli somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institut-
is mecnier TanamSromlisa da politologis aleqsandre kananianis
werili, romelic gazeTis redaqciis ganmartebiT, xsnis dapiri-
spirebaTa kvanZs, romelic javaxqis irgvliv Seikrao. samwuxarod,
mecnieruli sabuTianobisa da eTikis dacvis sanacvlod, werili
savsea TvalTmaqcobis, ciliswamebisa da wyaroebis cnobebis gay-
albebis magaliTebiT, daSvebulia araerTi faqtobrivi Secdomac.
erT-erTi didi Secdoma Tu tyuili, anda orive erTad, vfiq-
rob, aris al. kananianis mier am werilSi wamoyenebuli debuleba,
TiTqos, `javaxqi~ somexi eris genezisis arealSi Sedioda. am
debulebis siswores, misi TqmiT, mowmobs: `javaxqis~ toponimTa
etimologia, iseve, rogorc arqeologiur gaTxrebSi aRmoCenili
uZvelesi kulturuli plastebi, mxaris adre Suasaukunovani
tradiciebis erTianoba, misi mWidro kavSiri somxeTis zeganis
saerTokulturul arealTan da istoriuli wyaroebi. saerTod
eTnogenezisis problema imdenad rTulia, rom CamoTvlili
faqtorebis realurad arsebobis pirobebSic ki dasmul sakiTxze
gadawyvetiT pasuxis gacema SesaZloa gaWirdes. am SemTxvevaSi ki,
16
ix. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 2-8 maisi, 2003 w.
256
roca dasaxelebuli faqtorebi didi eWvis qveSaa, miT umetes,
rom arc erT maTgans konkretuli magaliTi an cnoba saerTod
ar axlavs, faqtorTa mTeli es erToblioba imdenad zogadi da
arafris mTqmelia, rom aseTive `warmatebiT~ SeiZleba miudges is
nebismieri xalxis eTnogezs. al. kananians Tavisi debulebis gasa-
marTleblad, Tundac erTi seriozuli gamokvleva mainc rom dae-
saxelebina, kidev SeiZleboda misTvis raRaca angariSis gaweva,
Torem TviTon, rom Zveli istoriis specialisti ar aris da ety-
oba arc Sua saukuneebisa, es misi werilidanac cxadad Cans. mTel
teqstSi winaaRmdegobebiT gajerebuli erTmaneTis gamomricxve-
li debulebebi monacvleobs, romelTa mizani Tumca ki javaxeTis
somxuri samyarosaTvis kuTvnilebis damtkicebaa, magram mis-
dauneburad sapirispiroze ufro metyvelebs. magaliTad, al. ka-
nanianis TqmiT, qarTuli eTnikuri elementis SeWra javaxeTSi
uZveles droSi xdeboda da am process mudmivi xasiaTi hqonia,
rac XIX s. presaze dayrdnobiT daudgenia. IX s-idan moyolebuli,
ganagrZobs werilis avtori, javaxqi bagrationebis artanujeli
dinastiis gavlenis qveS eqceva da Zlier qalkedonur zewolas
ganicdis. Sedegad, somxeTis am kuTxis mosaxleobis arcTu mcire
nawils, Tavis politikur xelisufalTa msgavsad, qalkedonur
saqarTvelosTan aqvs Sexeba, marTlmadideblobas iRebs da
qarTveldeba. qalkedonuri rwmenis aRmsarebeli feodalebi
aSeneben eklesiebs, sadac RvTismsaxureba wminda berZnuli iyo,
oRond qarTulad aResruleboda. al. kananianis SeniSvniT, qarTu-
li epigrafika javaxeTSi IX s. gamoCnda da XIV s. Sewyda (aSkaraa
cruobs an ar icis). XIV s-idan iq mxolod somxur epigrafikas
vxvdebiTo (sinamdvileSi somxuri epigrafika aq XIV s-mde arca
Cans) da ganagrZobs: qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovanma politikurma
batonobam ver Seryvna javaxqis eTnikuri saxeo. qalkedonizmis
mimdevrebma da gaqarTvelebulma somxebma TurqeTis batonobis
dasawyisSive miiRes islami. somxuri mosaxleoba ki, umZimesi wn-
exis gamo, TandaTan Semcirda. amrigad, 1830 w. javaxqSi somexi
mosaxleobis gadasaxleba unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc saqarTve-
los teritoriis `kolonizacia~, aramed somxuri mosaxleobis
migracia misi erTi regionidan meoreSio.
Tuki al. kananianisave dakvirvebiT qarTuli eTnikuri ele-
mentis, ZiriTadad, mesaqonleebis javaxeTSi SeWra uZvelesi xani-
257
danve xdeboda da am process mudmivi xasiaTi hqonda, e. i. `qar-
Tuli elementi~ iq myarad ijda, Tu IX s-idan moyolebuli iq
qarTveli bagrationebi batonobdnen da maT `somxeTis am kuTxis
mosaxleobis arcTu mcire nawili~ gauqarTvelebiaT kidec, xolo
somexTa kvalis maniSnebeli epigrafika mxolod XIV s-idan Cndeba,
aqedan rogorRa gamohyavs daskvna, rom qarTvelTa mraval-
saukunovanma politikurma batonobam ver Seryvna `javaxqis~ eT-
nikuri saxeo? anda qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani politikuri
batonoba, rom al. kananianis mixedviT, osmalTa batonobiT
Seicvala, ris Sedegac somxuri mosaxleoba Zalze Semcirda, aseT
politikur suraTze sadRaa `javaxqis~ adgili? ra Tqma unda,
qarTlis es ganapira mxare anu qarTuli wyaroebis zemo qarTli
Zvel da Sua saukuneebSi yovelTvis javaxeTad Seicnobda, Tu
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT somxuri dapyrobebis ramdenime
umniSvnelo epizods. rac Seexeba eTnogenezTan dakavSirebiT al.
kananianis mier dasaxelebul faqtorebs, unda SevniSnoT, rom iseve
rogorc mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, javaxeTis topo-
nimiaSic SeiniSneba zanuri enis nakvalevi. fiqroben, rom sa-
xelebSi – WobareTi, toloSi, dadeSi, orxofia, miraSxani, ko-
ruSeTi, kvarSa, burnaSeTi, saloSeTi, areSti, baraleTi, janjRa,
orja, CunCxa, oloda, eStio da sxva mravali unda iyos
Semonaxuli uZvelesi zanuri saxelwodebani. arqeologiur masa-
laSic kargad Cans kolxuri brinjaos kvali. javaxeTSi dadastu-
rebulia rogorc dasavlurqarTuli, ise aRmosavlurqarTuli
kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli brinjaos nivTebi17. javaxeTis
toponimebis udidesi nawili, cxadia, qarTulia, Tumca, rogorc
d. berZeniSvili varaudobs, somexTa mier drodadro dapyrobil
javaxeTSi ZvelTaganve iqneboda somxuri mosaxleobac, ris mow-
mobadac gaismis javaxeTis Zveli centris – wundis somxuri sax-
elwodeba. miuxedavad amisa, ganagrZobs qarTveli mkvlevari, jav-
axeTSi ar SemogvrCenia uZvelesi somxuri warwerebi, aseTi aq
mxolod qarTuli Cans18, rac xsenebul dapyrobaTa epizodur da
umniSvnelo xasiaTze unda miuTiTebdes.
17
ix. d. berZeniSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografi-
idan, Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 125.
18
iqve, gv. 126.
258
ase rom, al. kananianis umTavres mignebas, TiTqos, `1830 wels
javaxqSi somexi mosaxleobis gadasaxleba unda ganvixiloT ara
rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriis `kolonizacia~, aramed somxuri
mosaxleobis migracia misi erTi regionidan meoreSi~, araviTari
mecnieruli safuZveli ar gaaCnia.
mecnierul problemebze da Tundac politikur sakiTxebzec
kamaTi, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba da saWirocaa, magram patiosnad,
obieqturad, argumentebisa da sabuTebis warmodgeniT. magram,
roca amis sanacvlod, mecnieris pretenziis mqone piri ciliswame-
bas mimarTavs da iseT did mecnierebs, rogoric ivane javaxiS-
vili da niko berZeniSvili iyo, mecnieruli keTilsindisierebis
da principulobis namdvil etalonebs, augad da cud tonSi moix-
seniebs, werilis avtori pirvel rigSi sakuTar pirovnul Rirse-
baze iRebs xels. aSkaraa, rom al. kananians n. berZeniSvilis `ar-
qeologiuri dRiurebi~, rogorc amas somexi avtori uwodebs
javaxeTis 1933 wlis eqspediciis saangariSo moxsenebas, namdvilad
ar waukiTxavs da zepir gadmocemas emyareba, Torem antisomxurs
iq verafers naxavda. am `dRiurebSi~ saubaria im did siZneleebsa
da dabrkolebebze, rasac eqspediciis muSaobas uqmnida javaxeTis
somxur mosaxleobaSi CaTesili undobloba qarTvelTa mimarT. ase
iyo n. berZeniSvilamdec da igive viTarebaa dResac19, qarTuli
materialuri kulturis Zeglebi da masze gakeTebuli warwere-
bic dResac mizanmimarTulad da TanmimdevrobiT nadgurdeba. es
faqtia da amis mizezi mxolod droTa svla da bunebrivi stiqie-
bi ar aris.
al. kananiani gveficeba mTel saqarTvelos ki ara, mxolod
somxebiT dasaxlebul javaxeTs gedavebiTo (etyoba, amisTvis unda
madlobac gvaTqmevinos) da Tan dRevandeli saqarTvelos bolni-
sis, dmanisis, TeTriwyaros, marneulis raionebsac Cum-Cumad xe-
lsa hxvevs. misi mtkicebiT, is garemoeba, rom somxeTs mravali
saukunis manZilze gauqmebuli hqonda saxelmwifoebrioba da Crdi-
lo somxeTis zogierTi kuTxe naxevrad damoukidebeli qarTuli
politikuri warmonaqmnebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, ar aZlevs
saqarTvelos uflebas, es teritoriebi istoriul kuTvnilebad
19
ix. Jurn. `artanuji~, # 7, 1998, gv 32-34.
259
gamoacxadoso da ganagrZobs – Seucnobelia gzani istoriisa –
albaT, amitomac javaxqi, romlis somxuri saxe Sua saukuneebSi
dasustda, XIX s. kvlav aRdga, rogorc wminda somxuri regioni,
im dros, roca Crdilo-aRmosavleTi gugarqi – bolnofori, qve-
Safori, wobofori, kolbo fori, mangleacfori, praqtikulad
Turquli eTnikuri elementebiT aris dasaxlebulio (rogorc Cans,
amasac Cven gvsayvedurobs). radganac al. kananiani qarTvel av-
torebsa da maT Sromebs eWvis TvaliT uyurebs, somexTa mier
`gugarqad~ wodebul qvemo qarTlis eTnoistoriaze mouyvan cno-
bili somexi mecnieris leon meliqseT-begis Tvalsazriss. isic
somxeTis patrioti iyo da amis gamo garkveulwilad subieqtur
damokidebulebasac iCenda mwvave sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, magram
ara imdenad, rom mecnieruli sindisisTvis aSkarad eRalata. ai,
ras werda Rvawlmosili somexi mkvlevari e. w. gugarqis warsulze:
`es kuTxe Tu preistoriul xanaSi ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi pirvel
saukuneebSi qr. w., rogorc strabonis gakvriTi cnobebidan irkveva
da agreTve TviT am kuTxis toponimikac gvidasturebs, iberTa
(verTa) monaTesave anu qarTvelTa modgmis tomTa sadgomi yofi-
la~20. dRes mecnierebisaTvis cnobilia, rom am ZvelqarTuli to-
mis saxeli gogarebi yofila, saidanac warmosdga kidec maTi
sadgomi qveynis berZnuli saxeli `gogarene~ da somxuri `gugar-
qi~. es saxeli bolo dromde SemorCenili hqonda md. debeda-Cais
saTavis sofel `gogarans~, romelic gugarqad gadaakeTes 21 .
ZvelqarTuli provincia `gugareTi~ (somx. `gugarqi~) q. w. II s.
Semdgom xuTjer gadavida xelidan xelSi iberiasa da somxeTs
Soris sasazRvro davisas, vidre IV s. meore naxevridan sabolood
ar SeuerTda qarTls. somxurive wyaroebis mowmobiT, gugarqis
mkvidri mosaxleoba qarTuli iyo22.
somxur istoriografiaSi mdare, mecnierebas dacilebuli naS-
romebis momravlebam bolo xans, Cveni mudmivi oponentis b-n
20
l. meliqseT-begi, `Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni~ da maTi
vinaoba, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 22.
21
Ä. Ë. Ìóñõåëèøâèëè, Èç èñòîðè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè Âîñòî÷íîé Ãðóçèè,
Òáèëèñè, 1982, ñ. 11-15.
22
iqve, gv. 6-15, agreTve, d. berZeniSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos
istoriuli geografiidan, qvemo qarTli, nak. I, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 21-
23.
260
p. muradianis SeSfoTebac gamoiwvia da mas Semdeg, rac somxur
istoriul dasaxlebaTa seriis bukletebisa da s. karapetianis
ruka-cnobaris gamosvlas qarTulma sazogadoebam mwvave reaqciiT
upasuxa, isic SeuerTda umwifari avtoris kritikas. erevanSi ga-
momaval gazeT `hzor haireniq~-Si dabeWda werili saTauriT `sin-
disisa da movaleobis gzajvaredinze~, romelic Semdeg qarTul
enazec iTargmna da gazeT “axal epoqaSi” gamoaqveynes rusudan
Wubabriam da bondo kupataZem 2001 w. 27 aprili – 4 maisis nomer-
Si. p. muradianis kritika ZiriTadad mimarTulia s. karapetianisa
da zogadad RAA-s TanamSromlebisadmi, romlebic codnis nakle-
bobis gamo sruliad aSkara faqtebs TiTqos `uneburad~ ayalbeben.
mamxilebeli sailustracio masalac sakmaod uxvad mohyavs. ek-
lesiebis eTnokulturuli kuTvnilebis gansazRvris s. karapetianis
meTodze p. muradiani wers~: gaurkvevelia, `somxuri eklesiis~ sa-
pirispirod arasomxur eklesiebs ratom vuwodebT `marTlmadide-
blurs~, `berZnuli wesis eklesias~ (abuli, azavreTi, alastani,
bavra, extila, xorenia da sxv.), roca isini qarTuli eklesiebia da
asec unda ewodos. ras uwodebda somexi mkiTxveli im naSroms,
romelSic `somxuri eklesia~ Secvlili iqneboda terminebiT
`monofizituri~ anda `iakobitur-asuruli wesisa?~ yoveli eri
Tavis qmnilebas imsaxurebs da amis arcodna aravis epatieba.
p. muradiani iZulebulia leqcia waukiTxos da elementaruli WeS-
mariteba Seaxsenos s. karapetians, rom mecnieris yuradRebas unda
imsaxurebdes istoriul-kulturuli mniSvnelobis Zeglebi da ara
nebismieri nageboba. pirobiTad dauSvaT, ganagrZobs b-ni p. mura-
diani, rom saqarTveloSi marTlac 650 somxuri eklesiaa, rogorc
sjera s. karapetians, magram maTgan ramdenia istoriul-kulturu-
li Rirebulebis mqone da yuradRebis Rirsi? javaxeTSi, magali-
Tad, karinis somxobis damkvidrebis Semdeg agebul aTeulobiT
sakulto nagebobidan me gamovyofdi soflebis `arakovas~ da `gan-
Zas~ eklesiebs. sxvebi ZiriTadad XIX s. meore naxevarSia agebuli
an gadaqceulia samlocveloebad, rogornic yvelganaa, maT Soris
somxeTSi da srulebiTac araa mecnieruli Seswavlis sagani.
xelovnurad da gaumarTleblad miiCnevs p. muradiani qarTu-
li da somxuri eklesiebis gansasxvaveblad s. karapetianis mier
gamoyenebul xerxs. misi TqmiT, somxebi TavianT RvTismsaxurebas
asruleben kiolnSi, protestantebisgan simbolur fasad da-
261
qiravebul eklesiaSi. gvaqvs Cven ufleba istoriul-kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT kiolnis es eklesia somxurad movnaTloT?
kiTxulobs b-ni p. muradiani da Tavadve pasuxobs mis mier dasmul
kiTxvas: cxadia, ara. am SemTxvevaSi, ra mecnieruli da zneobrivi
uflebiT Segvaqvs, magaliTad, sofel xospias (X-XIII ss.) `berZnuli
wesis eklesia~ somxur eklesiaTa nusxaSi? mxolod imitom, rom
1829 wlidan moyolebuli akurTxes wminda 12 mociqulis saxelze
`somxuri eklesiis wesiT~. uwinaresad aRvniSnav, rom is araa
`berZnuli wesis~, aramed qarTulia, rogoric mravladaa
javaxeTSi. meorec, ratom moxda, rom 1829 wlis xelSekrulebamde
7-8 saukunis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelTa samsaxurSi myofi da maT
mier aSenebuli nageboba aRar ekuTvnoda Tavis namdvil
mepatrones? aTeuli wlebis win islamur salocavebad gadaqceuli
mravali somxuri eklesia axla aRaraa somxuri?
konstantinopolis aia sofias taZari amJamad aRar aris bizantiis
xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli? aseve simarTlis damaxinjebis sxva
aranakleb STambeWdavi magaliTebis moyvanis Semdeg b-ni p.
muradiani daaskvnis: eTnokonfesiuri warsulis ugulebelyofa
da qarTuli eklesiis somxurad monaTvla srulebiT ar SeSvenis
Cvens kulturasa da istorias, arc mecnierebasTan aqvs kavSiri.
savsebiT sworia da p. muradianis pozicias amjerad mivesalmebiT.
somxuri kultura sakmaod mdidaria da igi s. karapetianisa da
misi msgavsebis `daxmarebas~ namdvilad ar saWiroebs.
b-ni p. muradianis am axal midgomas qarTul-somxuri kultu-
rul-istoriuli urTierTobebisadmi sasiamovno siaxled aRviq-
vamT, ramdenadac misi Sromebis mniSvnelovani nawili, misive si-
tyvebi rom gamoviyenoT, swored `mezoblis sakarmidamos xarjze
sakuTaris gadidebisa da misive venaxis nayofis miTvisebisaken~
iyo yovelTvis mimarTuli, mxolod s. karapetianisagan gansxvave-
biT, es keTdeboda saqmis codniTa da, ZiriTadad, mecnieruli
taqtis dacviT. b-ni p. muradianis amJamindeli saxecvlilebis
mizezi, vfiqrob, arc ise Zneli gamosacnobi unda iyos. aTeuli
wlebis manZilze, ra Tqma unda, sxva mis kolegebTan erTad, misma
amgvarma Zalisxmevam s. karapetinebi, al. kananianebi, s. mamulovebi
da maTi msgavsebi Sves, romelTa SiSvelma agresiam da primitiv-
izmma, bolo xans mainc, kuriozuli saxe miiRo. amiT SeSfoTebu-
li `maswavlebeli~ axla mdgomareobis gamosworebas cdilobs da
262
`akademizmis artaxebSi~ dabrunebas ukiJinebs Tavgasul moswav-
leebsa da mis amJamindel axalgazrda kolegebs.
aseTi `saxecvlilebis~ miuxedavad b-nma p. muradianma xseneb-
ul werilSi sayveduris sababi mainc mogvca, vis da qarTuli
literaturis karg mcodnes b-n p. muradians ar ekadreba didi
qarTveli mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis ilia WavWavaZis (sxvaTa
Soris eris mamad aRiarebulisa da eklesiis mier wmindanad Se-
racxulis) arakeTilsasurvel aspeqtSi moxsenieba. marTalia, Cvens
oponents ilia WavWavaZe gulze ar exateba, magram me mainc misi
ramdenime striqoni unda Sevaxseno: `Cven kargad viciT, rom winan-
deli saqarTvelos uZlureba daiwyo im ubedur dReTagan, roca
ki pirqve daemxo somxeTi – eg Cveni winandeli zRude samxreTiT.
Cven CrdiloeTiT vicavdiT somxeTs da somxebi Cven gvinaxavdnen
samxreTiT. minam somxeTi iyo, saqarTvelos rom TaTroba moesevo-
da, jer somxeTi unda gadmoelaxa. amitom Cveni udidesi mefeni
da samefo kacni arafers ar hzogavdnen, rom eSvelnaT somxeTi-
saTvis, roca ki gauWirdebodaT~23. ase guldajerebiT qadagebda
didi ilia qarTvelebisa da somxebis urTierTTanadgomisa da
TanamSromlobis istoriul aucileblobas, im dros, roca gareSe
Zalebis zegavleniTa da waqezebiT, Tu sxva ram mizeziT, somxuri
inteligenciis erTi nawili, TviT saqarTveloSive antiqarTul
propagandas aRvivebda da qarTvelTa warsulsa da teritoriul
mTlianobas sadavod xdida. ilias sibrZnem ganapiroba, rom mmar-
Tveli biurokratiisa da mecnier-inteligenciis am nawilis
saZraxisi ganwyobileba somxuri mosaxleobis did nawils ar gada-
edo.
am werilSi b-n p. muradianis kritikas verc qarTveli is-
torikosebi acdnen. gansakuTrebiT gaRizianebulia igi bondo
arvelaZis monografiis rusul enaze gamoqveynebiT, sadac naTq-
vamia, rom mcxeTis jvris somxuri warwera `nakawria~, `SemTxvev-
iTi xasiaTi aqvs~, qarTuli warweris TanabarmniSvnelovani ar
aris da ar SeiZleba is miCneuli iyos qtitorul warwerad.
erTaderTi uzustoba, romelic daSvebuli aqvs b. arvelaZes isaa,
rom somxuri warweris adgilad postamentis nacvlad `cokols~
asaxelebs24. am ararsebiT mcire Secdomaze xmauris atexviT b-ni
23
ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawerebi, t. V, Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 110.
24
Áîíäî Àðâåëàäçå, `Àðìÿíñêèå~ èëè ãðóçèíñêèå öåðêâè â Ãðóçèè?!, Òáèëèñè,
1996, ñ. 4-5.
263
p. muradiani cdilobs sakiTxis arsebiTi nawilis gadafarvas,
risTvisac g. CubinaSvilsac imowmebs, Tumca am ukanasknels mis
sasargeblod araferi aqvs naTqvami. Tavis gamokvlevaSi `Ïàìÿòíèêè
òèïà Äæâàðè~, Òáèëèñè, 1984 ã., b-ni giorgi CubinaSvili wers: `Íà
çàäíåé øèðîêîé ãðàíè (saubaria mcxeTis jvris postamentze) ââåðõó
èìåþòñÿ òðè ñòðîêè àðìÿíñêîé íàäïèñè (?) èëè ãðàôèòòè, î÷åíü íåÿñíî
ðåçàííîé (gv. 83). rogorc vxedavT, somxuri `warweris~
bundovanebisa da gaurkvevlobis gamo, is kiTxvis niSnis qveSa
aqvs dayenebuli da ufro grafitisaken ixreba. xolo
gamoqveynebul fotoebze (gv. 31) imdenad aSkaraa sxvaoba mcxeTis
jvris postamentis qarTul warwerasa da mis gverdiT waxnagze
mqrqalad gamokveTil somxur warweras Soris, rom
araspecialistisTvisac sruliad gasagebia, grafikulad mainc,
maTi araTanabari mniSvneloba. etyoba, amitomacaa, rom am somxur
`warweras~ gamokvlevis avtori amjerad ukve uyoymanod grafitTa
ricxvs akuTvnebs. g. CubinaSvilis kvalifikaciasa da mecnierul
keTilsindisierebaSi ki, vgoneb, p. muradiansac ki ar unda
eparebodes eWvi. ase rom, Tu bondo arvelaZe mcxeTis jvris
postamentis somxur `warweras~ nakawrs uwodebs, es sulac araa
misi `danaSauli~. igi mxolod avtoritetul specialistebs
emyareba. rac Seexeba am werilSi Cems mimarT gamoTqmul bralde-
bas, TiTqos, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebTan dakavSirebul sa-
kiTxebs nacionalisturi poziciebidan vixilavde, esec mis sindis-
ze iyos. da kidev erTi, am werilis mentoruli toni, ara gvgonia,
maincdamainc Rirsebas sZendes mas.
qarTul-somxur istoriul urTierTobaTa Temaze bolo xaneb-
Si Seqmnil araseriozul naSromTa Soris Janris originalobiT
gamoirCeva sergo mamulovis ori wigni erTnairi saTauriT `somxe-
bi saqarTveloSi~. pirveli gamoica moskovSi 1995 w. 5000-iani
tiraJiT, meorec – iqve, 2002 w. sul 800 egz. s. mamulovi erTgu-
lad icavs ra cnobil tendencias kavkasiaSi somexTa gansakuTre-
bul istoriul-kulturul upiratesobaTa Taobaze, mTeli Zal-
isxmeviT cdilobs saqarTvelo somxeTad dauxatos mkiTxvels.
aseTi mniSvnelovani problemis gadaWraSi misi kompetenciis do-
nis maCveneblad, vfiqrob, gamogvadgeba 1993 w. moskovSi didi
tiraJiT (20 aTasi egz.) gamocemuli misive Txzuleba – `saocari
saswaulebis qveynidan (somxeTi da somxebi – civilizebuli msof-
264
lios unikaluri fenomeni)~. sul ramdenime damaxasiaTebel
striqons moviyvan am Txzulebidan da mere mkiTxvelma gansajos
ramdenad xelewifeba mis avtors seriozul sakiTxebze mecnieru-
li msjeloba. somxeTisa da somexi xalxis RirsebaTa CamoTvlisas
igi wers: `somxeTi kacobriobis akvania... adami da eva cxovrobd-
nen samoTxeSi, romelic somxeTis zeganze mdebareobda (gv. 24)~,
`gadmocemis Tanaxmad ki, adami da noe somxurad laparakobdnen~
(gv. 18). somxeTi da somexi xalxi – esaa mWvermetyveli faqtebis
palitra, romelic umetesad gamoavlens pirvels, saukeTesos,
ganumeorebels, somxeTia samSoblo xorblis, vazis, gargaris, lu-
dis da a. S. (gv. 24-25). somxeTi msoflioSi erTaderTi qveyanaa,
sadac arasodes arsebulan kastebi, monebi, ymebi (gv. 27). XX sauku-
nis yvelaze damangreveli miwisZvrac somxeTSi iyo 1988 w. (gv. 29).
nuTu esec somexi xalxis Rirsebas unda mieweros? da kidev, babil-
onisa da egviptis saxelmwifo moRvaweTa Soris pirveli adgili
somxebs ekuTvnodaT, baRdadisa da marokos arabma xalifebma
Zalian bevri qveyana somxebis xeliT daipyres (gv. 36), bizantiis
imperiaSi makedonelTa anu somxuri dinastia ramdenime saukunis
ganmavlobaSi saTaveSi edga saxelmwifos. iqaur taxtze ijda
aranakleb 15 somexi imperatorisa da berZnulis gverdiT, somxuri
saxelmwifo ena iyo (gv. 37) da a. S. da a. S. amis mere mkiTxvels,
albaT, aRar unda gaukvirdes, Tuki s. mamulovi saqarTvelos
somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis gadmocemisas wyaros mniSvnelobas
aniWebs, TiTqmis, anegdotur formamde dasul moarul
gadmocemebsa da moZvelebul, uaRresad tendenciur
literaturas (dawvrilebiT maT Sesaxeb ix. Cemi recenzia
`ramdenime SeniSvna sergo mamulovis wignze `somxebi saqar-
TveloSi~, romelic gamoqveynda gaz. `7 dRe~-Si 1998 w. 24-26
ivlisis nomerSi), ris wyalobiTac qarTvelTa wm. nino mis wignSi
(mxedvelobaSia 1995 w. gamocemuli wigni) erT-erT somex wmindan-
ad iqca25, Cven ki gvegona, rom wm. nino berZnulad metyveli,
kabadokieli romaeli qali iyo, rogorc amas qarTuli da
ucxouri wyaroebi mowmobs26. misive, e. i. s. mamulovis ZalisxmeviT
kaxaberisZeTa raWis erisTavis asuli da daviT ulus meuRle
25
Ìàìóëîâ Ñ. Ñ., Àðìÿíå â Ãðóçèè, Ìîñêâà, 1995, ñ. 229.
26
qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 72-93.
265
gvanca dedofali somex varTuSad gardaisaxa. ilia WavWavaZec
sanaxevrod gaasomxa, ramdenadac ilias deda mariam beburiSvili
somex beburianad gamogvicxada, ra Tqma unda, yovelgvari sabuTis
gareSe. rogorc Cans, amjeradac zogierT wreSi gavrcelebul
Worebs daeyrdno. arada, kargadaa cnobili, rom beburiSvilebi
kaxeli Tavadebi iyvnen. es gvari qarTuli sakuTari saxeli –
beburidan warmodga, romelic sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. jer kidev XVI s. aleqsandre kaxTa
mefis bazierTuxucess erqva beburi27. es saxeli popularuli iyo
vaCnaZeTa Tavadur gvarSi. es saxeli hqvia amJamad lagodexis
raionis erT sofels. am sakuTari saxelidanaa nawarmoebi gvare-
bi – beburiSvili, beburia, beburiZe 28 . gasagebia, rom ucxo
anTroponimi ase Rrmad ver SeiWreboda qarTul onomastikaSi da
ase farTod ver moicavda mis sferoebs.
yovelgvari sabuTianobisa da kvlevis gareSe qarTvel moR-
vaweTa da istoriul pirTa gasomxurebis SemTxvevebi wignSi sxvac
ara erTia, riTac, etyoba, maTi avtori cdilobs aRmosavleTi
saqarTvelo, s. mamulovis terminiT `somxuri sulisa~ da Semo-
qmedebis asparezad warmogvidginos da amiT gviani Sua saukunee-
bis saqarTvelos istoria somxeTis istoriis nawilad aqcios.
misi TqmiT, saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT da yvelaze
farTod gaixsna da gamovlinda somexi xalxis mravalmxrivi ta-
lanti, xolo somexTa erovnulma sulma, Tandayolilma fxianobam
da Semoqmedebis uzarmazarma niWma Tavisi ganviTarebis yvelaze
keTilsasurveli niadagi swored aq hpova29. avtoris Tvalsawieri
mainc umTavresad Tbiliss utrialebs, radganac misive gancxa-
debiT: `Tbilisi didxans iyo somxuri sulis gamoxatvis aspare-
zio~ 30. yuradRebis gamaxvilebas `somxur sulze~ da `somxur
sisxlze~ naSromSi mravaljer vxvdebiT da misi gamovlenis cdebs
wignis umetesi nawili eZRvneba. garda imisa, rom aseT Ziebebs
xSir SemTxvevaSi realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia, is mkveTrad
emijneba msoflio sakacobrio Rirebulebebis Tanamedrove ga-
27
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 196.
28
ilia maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tbilisi, 1981, gv. 33.
29
s. mamulovi, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 5.
30
iqve, gv. 16.
266
gebas da mis fonze mxolod Rimilismomgvreli xdeba. wignisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli diletantizmi cud samsaxurs uwevs avtoris mier
Sesaval nawilSi gacxadebul keTilSobilur miznebs. faqtebis
zerele interpretacia da maTi mniSvnelobis gazviadeba
mkiTxvelis TvalSi saeWvos xdis saqarTvelos somxuri
mosaxleobis mier saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi qveynisaTvis gaRebul
sasikeTo Rvawlsac.
Tavisi naRvawis erTgvari gaumjobeseba da `gakeTilSobile-
ba~ scada s. mamulovma amave saTauris mqone meore wignSi,
romelsac daskvniT nawils uwodebs, Tumca gverdebis raodeno-
biT is 170-iT aRemateba pirvels. gaumjobeseba ki imiT
gamoixateba, rom aq ara marto SenarCunebuli, aramed ganviTare-
bulic kia is arajansaRi tendencia, rac ase niSandoblivi iyo
pirveli wignisaTvis. aqac calke paragrafi eTmoba Sua
saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis zogad mimoxilvas, Tumca es
mimoxilva mxolod XII-XIII ss-iT ifargleba da mTlianad s.
eremianis mecnierul-popularuli werilebis safuZvelze aris
agebuli. SemoqmedebiTad gadmogvcems ra avtoritetuli mecni-
eris debulebebs, gzadagza uxeS Secdomebsac uSvebs. s. mamulo-
vis mtkicebiT, XII-XIII ss. mijnaze qarTuli saxelmwifo
federaciuli xasiaTisa iyo. is moicavda `Svid samefos~, romel-
Ta ricxvSi Crdilo somxeTic iyo. misi TqmiT, ivane javaxiSvilis
azriTac, im epoqis qarTuli saxelmwifo ZiriTadad ori xalxis
– qarTvelebisa da somxebis gaerTianeba iyo da qarTul-somxuri
federaciuli saxelmwifos xasiaTs atarebdao31. ras emyareba s.
mamulovi am cnobis mowodebisas gaugebaria, ramdenadac msgavsi
mosazreba iv. javaxiSvils arc erT Tavis naSromSi ara aqvs
gamoTqmuli. s. mamulovi ar uaryofs, rom am drois saqarTvelo
centralizebuli feodaluri monarqia iyo da misi Semdgomi
gaZlierebiT somexi xalxic sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebu-
li32, imas ki ar uwevs angariSs, Tu saxelmwifos centralizebu-
loba ramdenad SeiZleboda Sehgueboda mis federalur mowyobas.
misive azriT, qarTvel mefeTa titulaturac (mefe afxazTa da
31
s. mamulovis dasaxelebuli wignis 2002 wlis gamocema, gv. 10.
32
iqve, gv. 11-I5.
267
qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa, SarvanSa da SahanSa...)
adasturebs Svidi samefos momcveli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
saxelmwifos federaciul xasiaTs. aseTi daskvna principulad
ewinaaRmdegeba centralizebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis
politikur aRnagobas. saqarTvelos mefis xelisufleba mis
daqvemdebarebaSi myof CamoTvlil qveynebSi, maT Soris somxeTSic,
mpyrobelobas emyareboda da ara ymadnaficobas, ris gamoc `same-
foebad~ maTi moxsenieba mxolod simboluri da warsulis anarek-
lia. Tanadrouli qarTuli wyaroebi ganmartavdnen, rom es `same-
foebi~ sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara saqarTvelos `amer-imeris Svidi
Temi~ – sakuTriv saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawilebi. gavixsenoT
Tundac daviT aRmaSeneblis sityvebi didi qarTuli centralize-
buli feodaluri monarqiis Seqmnis saSualebebze: `borotad
gardav£ed sazRuarTa da SevhrTe saxli saxlsa da agaraki agarak-
sa da uuZluresTa mivhxueWe nawili maTi da viRuwid umezoblo-
basa, viTarmca marto¡ vmk¢drobd queyanasa zeda~33. samefo xe-
lisuflebis es TviTmpyrobeluri buneba savsebiT iyo
SenarCunebuli Tamarisa da misi memkvidreebis drosac.
centralizebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis somxuri naw-
ilis avtonomiurobaSi mkiTxvelis dasarwmuneblad s. mamulovi
mimarTavs nacad xerxs da imeorebs misi winamorbedebis legend-
ebs mxargrZelTa somxuri warmomavlobis Taobaze da mimarTavs
maTi moRvaweobis hiperbolizacias. am sakiTxebze ukve sakmaod
iTqva da maTi gameorebis azrs amjerad mainc ver vxedav. aseve
ukomentarod vtoveb s. mamulovis mier gamoCenil istoriul pir-
Ta gasomxurebiT gatacebasac, ramdenadac is iqac sxvas imeo-
rebs, romelTa Sesaxeb Cveni damokidebuleba ukve gamovxateT.
qarTvel da somex bagratovanTa saerTo warmomavlobaze
saubrisas s. mamulovi sagangebod SeniSnavs, rom somxeTis es gav-
leniani aristokratiuli sagvareulo SemdgomSi saqarTveloSic
gamoCndao, TiTqos, jer somxeTSi daewyoT mefoba, Semdeg ki
saqarTveloSic gaegrZelebinoT maSin, rodesac, misive mowmobiT,
maTi mefoba TavTavianT qveynebSi daaxloebiT erTdroulad dai-
wyo. somex bagratovanTa mefoba daiwyo 886 w. da 1044 w. Sewyda,
33
daviT aRmaSenebeli, galobani sinanulisani, Zveli qarTuli lite-
raturis qrestomaTia, I, sol. yubaneiSvilis Sedgenili, Tbilisi,
1946, gv. 375.
268
qarTvel bagratovanTa mefoba ki 888 wlidan 1801 wlamde gag-
rZelda. Tundac amitom qarTveli bagratovnebi somex bagratidTa
saxelmwifoebrivi politikis tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad ver
CaiTvlebian, ris damtkicebasac guldajerebiT cdilobs s. ma-
mulovi34. TiTqmis mTeli amierkavkasiis momcvel centralize-
bul qarTul feodalur monarqiaSi, sadac qarTuli socialur-
politikuri sistema da qarTuli feodaluri kultura
dominirebda, s. mamulovi sakuTriv qarTul samefod (ñîáñòâåííî
Ãðóçèíñêîãî öàðñòâà-ad) mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT
mcire nawils miiCnevs, romelsac am droisaTvis (XII-XIII ss-Tvis)
sruliad Seuferebel da gaugebar saxels – `qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos~ uwodebs, sadac, amasTanave, mmarTveli dinastiis
mfarvelobis wyalobiT somxuri mosaxleoba yofila
gabatonebuli. gamodis, rom arc es, s. mamulovis mier sakuTriv
qarTul samefod miCneuli qveyana, yofila qarTuli.
XIX da XX s. pirveli aTeuli wlebis istoriis gadmocemisas
s. mamulovi, ise rogorc pirvel wignSi, ZiriTadad emyareba moZ-
velebul da tendenciur literaturas. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi
somxuri mosaxleobis ricxovnobaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad,
Cveulebriv, gaz. `kavkaz~-Si gamoqveynebul saeWvo cnobebs mimar-
Tavs maSin, rodesac misTvis saintereso qalaqebis istoriaze
(gori, Telavi, siRnaRi da sxv.) mecnieruli gamokvlevebi da
monografiebia gamoqveynebuli. araprofesiuli midgomis Sedegad
mis TxzulebaSi sakmao raodenobiT vxvdebiT faqtobriv Sec-
domebs. magaliTad, gaz. `kavkaz~-ze dayrdnobiT (1867, # 89) s.
mamulovi gvamcnobs, rom Telavi dauarsebia 1010 w. kvirike III-s,
sinamdvileSi ki q. Telavi jer kidev antikuri xanis avtorebi-
saTvisac iyo cnobili. ubralod, kaxeT-hereTis mefe kvirikem
TelavSi samefo taxti daidga. s. mamulovi iqve uxeS Secdomas
uSvebs, roca frCxilebSi ganmartavs, TiTqos, kvirike III didi
somxuri dinastiis warmomadgeneli yofiliyos. arc imaSia mar-
Tali, roca amtkicebs `axalqalaqSi yovelTvis somxuri
mosaxleoba prevalirebdao~35. vidre generali paskeviCi am raion-
34
s. mamulovis wignis 2002 wlis gamocema, gv. 21-22.
35
iqve, gv. 53.
269
Si arzrumidan 30 aTas somexs gadmoasaxlebda, qarTuli mosax-
leoba aq 90%-s Seadgenda.
rogorc pirvel wignSi, aqac sakmao adgili ukavia ramdenadme
gamoCenil sxva erovnebis pirTa sayovelTao gasomxurebis aSkarad
mavne tendencias. gvaris mixedviT erovnuli kuTvnilebis gan-
sazRvra Zalze rTuli saqmea, miT ufro saqarTveloSi, sadac Sua
saukuneebidan momdinare tradiciis inerciiT sazogadoebrivi azri
XIX s.c eTnikur kuTvnilebas, ZiriTadad, konfesiuri kuTvnilebis
mixedviT gansazRvravda, amasTan, igive sazogadoebrivi azri
`somxis~ cnebaSi socialur Sinaarssac debda da vaWroba–
xelosnobaSi Cabmul adamianebs erTianad somxebad miiCnevda.
saqarTveloSi tradiciulad farTod gavrcelebuli aRmosavluri
da bibliuri sakuTari saxelebis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli gvare-
bis qarTul–somxuri paraleluri formebis msgavsebis gamoc (ma-
galiTad, aslan-i-Svili – aslan-ian; Sahyul-a-Svili – Sahyul-ian;
isaka-Ze – isaak-ian; saak-a-Ze, saak-a-Svili – saak-ian; Tuman-i-
Svili – Tuman-ian; agreTve, bibliur-qristianuli abramiSvili –
abramian; iakobaSvili – hakobian; azariaSvili – azarian;
petriaSvili – petrosian; pavliaSvili – poRosian; ivaniSvili –
hovhanisian; markozaSvili markosian; lukaSvili – Rukasian da sxva
uamravi), konkretuli viTarebis gauTvaliswineblad, TiTqmis Seu-
Zlebelia am gvarebis mixedviT erovnuli kuTvnilebis gamocnoba.
amitomac calkeuli gvarebis specialuri kvlevis gareSe verc
gvaris warmomavloba dadgindeba da verc pirovnebis erovnuli
kuTvnileba. s. mamulovi ki yovelgvari Tavis Sewuxebis gareSe,
maT Soris, ueWveli qarTuli sakuTari saxelebis safuZvelze
aRmocenebuli gvarebis mqone (magaliTad, mamula-Svili, mama-sax-
lisi, orbeli da sxv.) moRvaweebsac erTianad somxur warmomavlo-
bas miawers. sxvaTaSoris, aq moyvanili orive gvaris mawarmoebeli
mama, albaT, erT-erTi yvelaze ufro Zveli qarTuli saxelia, ris
gamoc is safuZvlad udevs mraval qarTul gvarsaxels, maT Soris
warmoqmnilfuZianebs: mamulaiSvili, mamulaSvili, mamulia,
mamuloZe, mamukaZe da sxv. agreTve, rTulfuZian saxelebsac: ma-
masaxlisaSvili, mamagulaSvili, mamisTvaliSvili da sxv.36 somxuri
istoriografiis klasikosi nikoloz adoncic aRniSnavda am
36
ilia maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, gv. 100-101.
270
qarTuli sityvis did siZveles da fiqrobda, rom is gvarovnuli
xanis sityvaa, romelic safuZvlad daedo, agreTve, mamikonianTa
cnobili gvaris warmoqmnas. misi azriT, am gvaris mTavari
Semadgeneli Zireuli saxeli mamik-mamak sxva araferia, Tu ara
armenizirebuli forma iberiuli mamasi37. s. mamulovi ki yovelg-
vari sifrTxilis gareSe rusuli formiT gadmocemul qarTul da
somxur gvarebs erTianad somxurad acxadebs. yvela, met-naklebad
mniSvnelovani moRvawis gasomxebiT gatacebuli s. mamulovi veRar
xsnis, Tu ratom aris, rom XIX s. mcxovrebi bevri `somexi~ qarTul
gvars atarebda im dros, roca mTavrobis antiqarTuli politikis
pirobebSi somxuri gvaris tareba gacilebiT momgebiani iyo, vidre
qarTulisa.
orive wignSi sakiTxebisadmi araprofesiuli, zogjer primiti-
uli midgomis SemTxvevebi sxvac araerTia. yvela maTganze pasuxis
gacema, albaT, arcaa saWiro. rac warmovadgineT, vfiqrob, isic
sakmarisia samwuxaro tendenciis mavne xasiaTSi dasarwmuneblad.
bolos, aRvniSav kidev ramdenime naSroms, romlebic `akadem-
izmis~ poziciebidanac ki uaRresad tendenciurad aSuqebs
qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis mTel rig sakiTxebs.
esaa 2001 w. moskovSi gamocemuli marTlmadidebluri enciklope-
diis III tomSi, termin `armenia~-sTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli
statiebi, romlebic mkiTxvels awvdis cnobebs somxeTis istoriis
sxvadasxva sakiTxze. pirveli werili iwyeba qveynis istoriul-
geografiuli mimoxilviT, sadac somxeTis istoriul olqebs
Soris dasaxelebulia ori qarTuli istoriuli provincia – gug-
areTi anu qvemo qarTli da tao, ra Tqma unda, am toponimTa
somxuri formiT (`gugarq~ da `taiq~). geografiuli mimoxilvis
avtoris ganmartebiT, pirveli maTgani moicavs bambakis mTebsa
da sevanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT raionebs, xolo meore – md.
Woroxisa da misi Senakadebis xeobebs. saenciklopedio statiaSi
polemikis gamarTva da sakuTari argumentebis moyvana, SesaZloa,
uadgiloc iyos, magram is mainc unda aRniSnuliyo, rom xsenebul
istoriul provinciebze somxuri istoriografiis Tvalsazrisis
garda arsebobs aranakleb argumentirebuli misi sapirispiro
Sexedulebac.
37
Í. Àäîíö, Àðìåíèÿ â ýïîõó Þñòèíèàíà, Åðåâàí, 1971, ñ. 402-403.
271
 somxeTis politikuri istoriis gadmocemisas statiis avtori
xelovnurad zrdis qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze X s. 80-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi Seqmnili taSir-Zoragetis somxuri samefos
arsebobis dros da mas 979-1256 wlebiT sazRvravs. jer kidev
bagrat IV-m 1065 w. taSir-Zoragetis mefes waarTva samSvilde,
xolo qveyana Tavisi xelisuflebis kontrols daumorCila, ris
Semdeg qarTveli mematianis TqmiT, `monebdes somexni~. male kvir-
ikianTa somxuri samefo selCukiani Turqebis xelSi gadadis.
1110 w. daviT aRmaSenebeli Turqebs samSvildes arTmevs, 1118 w.
ki – cixe-qalaqebs – lores da agarans, riTac asrulebs kidec
qvemo qarTlis SemoerTebas. ase rom, am samefos Semqmneli pirve-
li kvirikianis gamefebis TariRad Tu ufro sando wyaros mxiTar
airivanecis cnobas 981 w. miviRebT, maSin am samefos arsebobis
xangrZlivoba 277 wliT ki ar unda ganisazRvros, rogorc amas
saenciklopedio statiis avtori akeTebs (1256 – 979 = 277), aramed
137 wliT (1118 – 981 = 137, e. i. mTeli 140 wliT naklebi da ufro
metadac, radgan didi Turqobis droidan (1080 wlidan) aq kvir-
ikianTa xelisufleba erTob saeWvo Cans.
XII-XIV ss. saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semosul somxur Temebs
da maT mmarTvel saqarTvelos moxeleebs – mxargrZelebs,
saenciklopedio statiis avtorebi somxuri istoriografiis
tradiciis mixedviT ganixilaven, rogorc im droisTvis Zlevamo-
sili qarTuli samefos SemadgenlobaSi myof da `gansazRvruli
damoukideblobis~ mqone somxur samTavroebs, mxargrZelebs ki –
zaqarianebad. somxeTis istoriis faqtebis gadmocemisas, maTda
uneburad, Tavs iCens e. w. `zaqaridTa somxuri samflobeloebis~,
Tu `somxeTis Crdilo raionebis~ danarCen saqarTvelosTan mud-
mivi da ganuyreli, organuli kavSiri, ris gamoc arc monRoleb-
isaTvis, romlebmac `gurjistanis vilaieTSi~ Seiyvanes mTeli
qvemo qarTli da arc rusebisaTvis, romlebmac aRmosavleTi
saqarTvelo lore-bambak, SamSadinTan erTad 1801 w. ruseTs
SeuerTes, sadavo ar yofila am teritoriebis saqarTvelosadmi
kuTvnileba.
faqtebis gayalbebis ostatobiT am gamocemaSi gansakuTrebiT
gamoirCeva statia `somex qalkedonitTa xelovneba~, romlis av-
tori, Tavisi winamorbedebis n. tokarskisa da t. maruTianis msgav-
sad, taos qarTul taZrebs (oSki, xaxuli, iSxani, bana, parxali,
272
oTxTa eklesia da sxvebi) somxur ZeglTa wreSi aqcevs. mTavari
sayrdeni am saqmeSi misTvisac taosa da qvemo qarTlSi somex
qalkedonitTa eTnokulturuli umravlesobis universaluri
formulaa, romlis saSualebiTac, somexi avtorebi, Cveulebriv,
advilad wyveten qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis nebismier kul-
turul-politikur problemas. Tavis droze n. tokarskisa da
t. maruTianis msgavsi cdebi, rogorc iTqva, saaSkaraoze gamoi-
tanes da siyalbeSi amxiles akademikosebma simon janaSiam da vax-
tang beriZem. es ukanaskneli t. maruTians axsenebda, rom is nak-
leb yuradRebas aqcevda sakuTriv arqiteqturul-mxatvrul
TaviseburebaTa ganxilvas, e. i. ZeglTa arsSi Cawvdomas, raSic
uSualod vlindeba maTi nacionaluri Tavisebureba. Cans, saencik-
lopedio statiis avtorma kargad daimaxsovra qarTveli xe-
lovnebaTmcodnis es SeniSvna da mis sapirispirod taosa da qvemo
qarTlis qarTul ZeglTa stilisa da moxatulobis Tavisebure-
bani, romelTac somex qalkedonitTa Semoqmedebis nayofad miiC-
nevda, TvalTmaqcurad qarTul xelovnebasTan kavSiriTa da misi
gavleniT axsna. amas garda, somex qalkedonitTa samSeneblo moR-
vaweobis asparezic gaafarTova da maTve miawera petriwonis mo-
nastris mSeneblobac da maTsave kuTvnilebad gamoacxada daviT
garejis monasterTa kompleqsSi sabereebis VII eklesiac da a. S.
(gv. 316). niSandoblivia, rom amgvari varaudebi da daskvnebi iseT
viTarebaSi keTdeba, roca saxezea tao-klarjeTis xsenebul Zegle-
bze amokveTili uamravi qarTuli warwera qarTveli qtitorebis,
xuroTmoZRvrebis, mSeneblobis xelmZRvanelebis konkretuli
CvenebiT (magaliTad, qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi: adarnase II qarTvel-
Ta mefe, bagrat erisTavTerisTavi, daviT magistrosi da SemdgomSi
taos saxelganTqmuli mefe daviT kurapalati, xuroTmoZRvari
ivane morCaisZe iSxanSi, grigol oSkeli da sxv.). aseT konteqstSi
Zalauneburad gvaxsendeba wyaroebis ugulebelyofisa da misi sa-
SualebiT qveynis istoriis gadakeTebis ramdenime konkretuli
SemTxvevis samarTliani kritika p. muradianis mier, romelic man
samvel karapetianTan kamaTisas mogvca Tavis cnobil werilSi
`sindisisa da movaleobis gzajvaredinze~. misi TqmiT, aris SemTx-
vevebi, roca Zeglis kedelze arsebuli warweraSi ixsenieba agebis
TariRi da qtitoris vinaoba, maSin roca karapetiani iZulebu-
lia, romeliRac saukuneebi ivaraudos da hipoTezebi wamoayenos.
273
magaliTad ki mohyavs sof. Rrtilas SuagulSi mdebare eklesiis
warwera, sadac naTqvamia: `gasrulda qveSeli lipartis meuRlisa
da Tmogvelebis asulis rusudanis mier RmerTo Seiwyale q-ni
528 (1308 w. p. m.) Wormanis Ze ioane RmerTo Seiwyale~. p. muradi-
anis marTebuli komentariT, Tmogvelebis asuli da qveSis gamge-
blis lipartis meuRle rusudani, ra Tqma unda, qarTul eklesias
aagebda. aseTi principiT rom midgomodnen sakiTxis ganxilvas
saenciklopedio statiebis avtorebi, gasagebia, arc Cven
gveqneboda rame maTTan sapretenzio.
samvel karapetianis kritikisas b-n p. muradianis gancxadeba,
rom warsulis gayalbeba `ar SeSvenis Cven kulturasa da isto-
rias da arc mecnierebasTan aqvs kavSiri~, vfiqrob, erTob drou-
li da saWiro mowodebaa ara marto somxuri istoriografiis
Rirsebis dasacavad, aramed saerTod, warsulis idealizaciis
tendenciebisa da `erovnuli gansakuTrebulobis~ ideisgan Tavis-
ufali istoriuli azris normaluri da obieqturi ganviTarebi-
saTvis kavkasiaSi. amgvar ganwyobaTa gaCena, Tundac Canasaxovan
mdgomareobaSi, TavisTavad, dadebiTi movlenaa da mezobeli is-
toriografiis warmomadgenelTa Soris meti urTierTgagebis im-
eds gvisaxavs.
aseve sayuradReboa, qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTo-
bis gansazRvrul etapebze mezobelTa Soris dapirispirebisa da
Semdeg istoriografiaSi misi asaxvis globaluri politikuri
movlenebiT axsnis mcdeloba somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis
istoriis institutis direqtoris b-n aSot melqonianis moxseneba-
Si `somxur-qarTul urTierTobaTa gakveTilebi: istoria da Tan-
amedroveoba~, romelic man waikiTxa TbilisSi rusTavelis sazoga-
doebis sxdomaze. mezobelTa urTierTobis calkeuli rTuli
problemebis sagareo faqtoriT axsnam mis avtors saSualeba
misca ufro metad gaemaxvilebina yuradReba istoriuli mezob-
lebis gamaerTianebel interesebze, politikuri da kulturuli
TanamSromlobis faqtorebze. magram, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
am rigis masalis warmodgenisas somxur istoriografiaSi arsebul
tendenciur Sefasebebze aRmoCnda mTlianad damokidebuli, Tum-
ca maTi Serbileba-Selamazebac scada da istoriuli toponimebic
paraleluri somxuri da qarTuli formebiTac warmogvidgina (ma-
galiTad, taiq-tao, javaxq-javaxeTi da a. S.), riTac xazi gaesva
274
maTze gansxvavebuli azris arsebobasac. amasTan erTad, moxseneba-
Si, SesaZloa misda uneburadac, daSvebulia uxeSi Secdomebic.
magaliTad, igi wers: `X s.aTvis ukve gadasaxlebul somexTa ricxvi
saqarTveloSi imdenad gaizarda, rom kerZod, hereTsa da
kambeCanSi daarsda qarTul-somxuri samefo~. aseT faqts araTu
qarTuli istoriografia, aramed somxuric ar unda icnobdes.
srul gaugebrobazea damyarebuli sqolioSi Catanili SeniSvna,
TiTqos, qarTveli istorikosis leonti mrovelis cnobiT, IV s.
dasawyisisTvis javaxeTSi sakontaqto ena somxuri yofiliyos.
leontis mixedviT saqarTvelosken momavalma wm. ninom somxeTis
sazRvarTan (`sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa~) gamoizamTra. ramdenadac
somex miaforTan yofnisas mcired somxuri eswavla, Cans,
gamozamTrebis periodSi, enis mxriv mas winaaRmdegoba ar Sex-
vedria. viTareba icvleba javaxeTSi, faravnis tbis midamoebSi
mosvlisas, sadac mwyemsebTan kontaqtis dasamyareblad saWiro
xdeba somxuri enis mcodnis moZebna da `pova mwyemsTa maT Soris
somxurad mzraxveli~, e. i. mraval mwyemsTagan mxolod erTi aR-
moCnda somxuris mcodne. somxuri iq yvelas rom scodnoda da,
rogorc b-ni aS. melqoniani fiqrobs, somxuri sakontaqto ena
yofiliyo javaxeTSi, maSin xom somxuris mcodnis Zebnac ar iqne-
boda saWiro? cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi, sasurveli suraTis
daxatvasTan ufro unda gvqondes saqme, vidre mecnierul Zie-
basTan. moxsenebis teqstSi daSvebuli xsenebuli uxeSi Secdomebi
ki mxolod imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Zveli da Sua saukuneebis am-
ierkavkasiis istoria, ubralod, b-n aS. melqonianis specialuri
kvlevis obieqti jer ar gamxdara.
gacilebiT saintereso da damajerebelia misi msjeloba XIX-XX
ss. amierkavkasiis istoriis gadmocemisas. misi dakvirvebiT XIX s.
meore naxevridan SeimCneva xarisxobrivad axali etapis dawyeba
somxur-qarTul urTierTobaSi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo orive
xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis zrdiTa da sakuTari saxelmwifoe-
briobis aRdgenisaken swrafviT. amasTan aRniSnavs, misi TqmiT, sx-
vadasxva faqtorebis (sinamdvileSi ki imperiuli politikis
Sedegad. _ g. m.) zegavleniT urTierTobis gaciebas somxur da
qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur wreebs Soris. qarTul da somx-
ur sazogadoebebs Soris urTierTobis daZabva, ra Tqma unda,
ZiriTadad, oficiozis mier iyo provocirebuli, rac b-ni aS. melqo-
275
nianis mier SeniSnuli garemoebidanac sakmaod kargad Cans. misi
marTebuli dakvirvebiT, qarTvelTa ukmayofilebas gansakuTrebiT
is viTareba iwvevda, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis zrda ruseTis
mflobelobis periodSi, umTavresad sxva xalxTa xarjze xdeboda.
imperiis es demografiuli politika qarTvelTa denacionaliza-
cias da amiT misi winaaRmdegobis daTrgunvas iTvaliswinebda, ris
gamoc am procesSi somexTa aqtiuri monawileoba, bunebrivia,
mxareTa urTierTobis `gaciebas~ ki ara da urTierT-
damokidebulebis ukidures gamwvavebasac iwvevda. gamonakliss
Seadgenda maSindeli Cveni sazogadoebis SorsmWvreteli nawili –
didi moRvaweebis _ ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, ovanes
Tumanianis, gabriel sundukianisa da sxva cnobil moazrovneTa
meTaurobiT, romlebic warmoSobili daZabulobis CacxrobisaTvis
iRvwodnen da keTilmezoblobisa da urTierTpativiscemis mraval-
saukunovani tradiciebis dacvisaken mouwodebdnen istoriul me-
zoblebs, razec yuradRebas amaxvilebs momxsenebelic.
XX saukuneSi warmoSobili problemebidan erT-erT umTavre-
sad, savsebiT marTebulad, miCneulia amierkavkasiis administraci-
ul-teritoriuli gamijvnis sakiTxi, rac SemdgomSi kidev ufro
garTulda sagareo faqtoris zegavleniT. Tavdapirvelad erovnu-
li sabWoebis moqmedebis periodSi 1917 w. qarTvel moRvaweTa erTi
nawili somxuri mxaris mier wamoyenebuli eTnikuri principis
mimarT loialurad iyo ganwyobili, magram 1918 w. maisis bolos
amierkavkasiaSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnam cxadyo
teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis aucilebloba. b-ni aS. melqoni-
ani sinanuls gamoTqvams qarTvel politikosTa im nawilis pozici-
is Secvlis da saerTod `eTnikuri principis~ uaryofis gamo.
b-ni aS. melqoniani aRniSnavs agreTve saqarTvelos somxuri
mosaxleobis separatistul midrekilebebs sabWoTa xelisufleb-
is dasawyis xanaSi da am movlenas bolSevikuri xelisuflebis
mkacri politikiT xsnis, ramac mTeli mosaxleobis masobrivi uk-
mayofileba gamoiwviao.
qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis Tanamedrove problemebidan
umTavresad miiCnevs regionaluri konfliqtebis mimarT saqarTve-
losa da somxeTis gansxvavebul, ufro zustad, sapirispiro midg-
omas. teritoriuli interesebidan gamomdinare, somxeTi mxars uWers
276
erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis principiT sakiTxis gadawyvetas,
raTa am gziT SeZlos yarabaRis mierTeba. saqarTvelo ki azer-
baijanTan erTad teritoriuli mTlianobis princips aniWebs upi-
ratesobas. amitom ariso, ganagrZobs b-ni aS. melqoniani, rom
saqarTvelos mTavrobam ufro mWidro ekonomikuri da politikuri
kavSirebi daamyara azerbaijanTan, vidre somxeTTano. saqarTvelo-
azerbaijanis aliansis Seqmnas yovelmxriv xeli Seuwyo TurqeTma
da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma, romlebic kavkasiidan ruseTis gan-
devnas cdilobeno. am procesis gasaRrmaveblad dasavleTma ruse-
Tis sawinaaRmdegod baqo-jeihanis sanavTobo kontraqtis xelmow-
eras miaRwia. aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelom SeinarCuna ra somxeTTan
normaluri urTierToba, avtomaturad aRmoCnda ekonomikuri da
politikuri Suamavlis rolSi rogorc somxeTsa da azerbaijans,
ise somxeTsa da TurqeTs Soris. regionSi ZalTa aseTma ganlagebam
somxeTi aiZula ufro mWidro kontaqtebi daemyarebina ruseTTan,
maT Soris samxedro-politikur dargSic. yvelafridan Cans, ga-
nagrZobs momxsenebeli, rom saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
mopovebis pirvel xanebSi somex-qarTvelTa urTierToba arc Tu
ise advilad viTardeboda. iyo momentebi, roca Cveni urTierTobani,
arcTu mesame Zalis monawileobis gareSe, SeiZleboda sabrZolo
situaciaSi gadazrdiliyo. sabednierod es ar moxda. gaimarjva
gonierebam da TviTgadarCenis instinqtma. samagaliTod imowmebs
general andranikis sityvebs, romelic mas noe ramiSvilTan da
evgeni gegeWkorTan saubrisas 1919 w. aprilSi warmouTqvams: qarTv-
el-somexTa saomari konfliqtis gameorebis SemTxvevaSi orive
qristiani eris daRupva gardauvali iqnebao. b. aS. melqonianis
azriT, somexi generlis es sityvebi dResac inarCunebs Tavis
aqtualobas. amJamad Cveni qveynebi, maTda uneburad, aRmoCndnen
ori samxedro-politikuri blokis interesTa mijnaze, ramac
aiZula isini ezrunaT amierkavkasiaSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
zonis Seqmnaze. dasasruls, gamoTqvams imeds, rom problemebi
daiZleva, risi dasturicaa Cveni mravalsaukunovani istoriao.
aseT optimistur notze amTavrebs b-ni aS. melqoniani Tavis
moxsenebas da Cvenc gviCndeba imedi, rom somxur istoriografi-
aSi bolo xans gaCenili pozitiuri Zvrebis niSnebi Tavis logikur
ganviTarebas poveben. peterburgis universitetis jer kidev me-
277
same kursis studenti, didi ivane javaxiSvili werda: `Zvel xanas
da Zvel adamianebs mietevebaT legendebis Seqmna, magram Tavis
mxriv Cven gvevaleba ganvasxvavoT legendebi istoriuli WeSmar-
itebisagan~38. cxadia, rom gayalbebuli faqtebidan da movlene-
bidan mxolod mcdari daskvnebis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli, rac
istoriis gakveTilebs qmediTunarianobas ukargavs. amitomac aris
aucilebeli yovelma erma icodes `utyuari, WeSmariti istoria
da ara gazviadebuli, yalbi~39. mxolod am principis dacvis SemTx-
vevaSi SeuZlia istoriografias sargebloba moutanos xalxs,
romelsac is emsaxureba.
38
sergo jorbenaZe, cxovreba da Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa, Tbili-
si, 1981, gv. 43.
39
iv. javaxiSvili, mamuliSviloba da mecniereba, Txzulebani, t.
XII, gv. 68.
278
daskvna
qarTul-somxuri istoriuli urTierTobis tendenciuri gaSu-
qeba, ZiriTadad Zveli somxuri istoriografiis yvelaze gavleni-
ani warmomadgenlis – movses xorenacidan iRebs saTaves, misi
Semdgomi ganviTareba ki sagareo faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sedegi
iyo, ramac metadre negatiuri saxe kavkasiaSi rusuli mflobelo-
bis damyarebis droidan miiRo, romlis gamoZaxili dResac sak-
maod igrZnoba.
somxuri istoriografiis `oqros saukune~ maSin dadga (V s.)
roca somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis didma marcxma (erovnuli xe-
lisufleba dasavleT somxeTSi 391 w. gaauqmes romaelebma, aRmo-
savleTSi sparselebma – 428 w.) erovnul TviTSegnebas samkvdro-
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis funqcia daakisra. aseT situaciaSi
somex istorikosTa patriotul movaleobad iqca Zlierebis xanis
somxeTis istoriis mTeli didebulebiT, Tundac gazviadebiT,
warmoCena, oRondac mas damoukideblobisaTvis xalxis darazmva
da sulierad ganmtkiceba SesZleboda. aqedan gamomdinare, somxe-
Tisa da somexTa gamorCeulobis ideam Sua saukuneebis somxur is-
toriografiaSi myarad daimkvidra adgili da saxelmwifoebrivi
marcxiT Selaxuli Rirsebis dacvis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad
iqca.
somxeTis gandidebis idea Tavis apogeas aRwevs movses xorena-
cis `somxeTis istoriaSi~, sadac somexTa gamorCeulobis azri
koncefciis donezea ayvanili. miznis misaRwevad Txzulebis av-
tori faqtebisa da movlenebis araTu Selamazebas, aramed, rig
SemTxvevebSi, gayalbebasac ar erideba. mematianisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia, rom kavkasiis qveynebsa da xalxebs ver amCnevs (n. ber-
ZeniSvili) da mas mxolod zogadi, geografiuli terminiT `Crdi-
loeTiT~ da `CrdiloelebiT~ aRniSnavs, riTac, etyoba, cdilobs
kavkasiaze mkiTxvels somxeTs daqvemdebarebuli qveynis STabeWd-
ileba Seuqmnas. amitomaa mis TxzulebaSi qarTli somxeTis naw-
279
ilad, xolo qarTveli xelisuflebi somxeTis samefos moxelee-
bad warmodgenili. ufro metic, m. xorenaci qarTlsa da masTan
erTad kavkasias politikuradac da sulieri kulturiTac somx-
eTze damokidebul qveynad warmogvidgens, rogorc Zvel war-
marTul, ise qristianul xanaSic. es koncefcia erTob mimzidveli
aRmoCnda sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZoli
politikuri wreebisaTvis, romelTa saSualebiT, etyoba, misi gav-
lena mTel somxur istoriografias gadaswvda mravali saukunis
ganmavlobaSi.
somxuri istoriografiis zviadobas da mis Semdgom ganviTare-
bas aranakleb uwyobda xels sagareo faqtoriT gamowveuli mis-
Tvis zogjer xelsayreli ZalTa Tanafardoba kavkasiaSi. magali-
Tad, sasanianebi somxeTs, rogorc aRmosavluri tradiciebis ma-
tarebel qveyanas, TavianTi politikis sayrden bazad iTval-
iswinebdnen am regionSi. amasTan, somxuri eklesiis dogmaturi
uTanxmoeba bizantiasTan irans saSualebas aZlevda masze dayrd-
nobiT ideologiuri situacia kavkasiaSi Tavisi mTavari metoqis
sawinaaRmdegod waremarTa. aqedan gamomdinare, somxuri eklesiis
mfarveloba sparsuli politikis mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda.
cnobilma sparsulma saeklesio krebam 614 w. ktezifonSi somxuri
sarwmunoeba savaldebulod gamoacxada misi qveSevrdomi qris-
tianebisaTvis, ris Semdegac somxuri eklesiis ierarqiulma pre-
tenziebma aq farTo gasaqani miiRo da msaxurma istoriografiamac
ara marto somxuri eklesiis, aramed kavkasiis politikuri is-
toriis suraTis warmosaxvac am Targze scada. analogiuri viTare-
bis mowmeni vxdebiT saxalifo-bizantiis dapirispirebis period-
Sic, roca arabTa egidiT aRdgenili somxuri saxelmwifos mes-
veurebi mfarvelTa politikur interesebTan garkveuli Tanx-
vedriT iwyeben mTeli kavkasiis dasaufleblad brZolas, am xanis
somxuri istoriografia, Tavis mxriv, kavkasiaSi somexi bagratuni
mefeebis ganusazRvreli Zalauflebis iluziur suraTs hqmnis da
mxolod somxuri samefoebis dasustebisa da TandaTanobiTi
gaqrobis kvalobaze, Sua saukuneebis somex avtorTa Txrobis me-
diduri toni da hegemonisturi midrekilebebi TandaTan cxreba
da sapirispirod icvleba.
qarTvelTa qristianuli warsulis mniSvnelobis eWvqveS day-
enebisa da misi damcrobis cdebi somxur istoriografiaSi sak-
280
maod argumentirebulad iyo adridanve uaryofili `moqceva¡
qarTlisa¡s~ krebulSi Sesuli `wm. ninos cxovrebiT~ (Zegli Tar-
iRdeboda VII-IX ss-iT, bolo xans ki V s. meore naxevariT). qarTu-
li hagiografiuli Txzulebis avtoris daskvniT, qarTlisa da wm.
ninos mniSvneloba aRmosavleTis saqristianos winaSe gacilebiT
didia, vidre somxeTisa da misi ganmanaTleblis grigol
parTelisa. qristianuli rwmenis siZveliTac qarTli win uswrebs
somxeTs, ramdenadac qarTlis gansakuTrebuli roli qristiano-
bis gavrcelebamde winaswar iyo gansazRvruli da qarTlis am up-
iratesobas Tavisi piriT aRiarebda dvineli somexi miaforic.
amitom moxda, rom qristianuli rwmenis Casaxvisas somxeTi mTli-
anad qarTlze aRmoCnda damokidebuli, vinaidan somexTa eklesiis
safuZveli im adamianTa Zvlebze daido, romlebic ninos mier
iyvnen moqceuli (e. i. rifsimianelebi) da maTTan erTad moevlin-
nen somxeTs (k. kekeliZe).
XI s. Sua wlebSi, roca Sua saukuneebis somxurma saxelmwifoe-
briobam saboloo marcxi ganicada, saqarTvelo ki mowodebuli
aRmoCnda im centrad qceuliyo, romlis garSemo mTeli kavkasia
erTiandeboda, saWiro gaxda iseTi ideur-moraluri sayrdenis
Seqmna, romelic kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos wamyvani rolis sa-
marTlianobas istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonzomierebiTac gaama-
rTlebda. albaT, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom XI s., TiTqmis erT-
droulad, ramdenime qarTveli istorikosi (leonti mroveli, jua-
nSeri, `matiane qarTlisa¡s~ avtori da sumbat daviTis Ze) wers
uZvelesi droidan XI s-mde Tavisi qveynis gabmuli istoriis sxva-
dasxva nawilebs, romlebic qmnis damoukideblobisa da progre-
sisaTvis qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani gmiruli brZolis
mTlian suraTs, erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobas kavkasiis er-
Tiani qristianuli samyaros warmoqmna-ganviTarebis warmosaCenad.
kavkasiis gaerTianebis procesis avangardSi myofi qveynis poli-
tikuri amocanebidan gamomdinare qarTuli istoriografia (le-
onti da sxvebi) kavkasiis istoriis imgvar models qmnian, romel-
sac qarTvelTa mimarT somexTa gaucxoeba unda gamoericxa, raTa
somxeTis memkvidreobisaTvis bizantiasTan brZolaSi xeli ar
SeSloda. amitom, am droisaTvis praqtikul mniSvnelobas mokle-
buli m. xorenacis koncefciis kritikis nacvlad leonti mrov-
elma misi ZiriTadi debulebebi da maTs safuZvelze gaSuqebuli
281
faqtebi Seaswora da xorenacis eqspansiurobas kavkasiis xalxTa
sisxliT naTesaobisa da Zmobis sakuTari koncefcia daupirispi-
ra, riTac ara marto moraluri upiratesoba moipova `somxeTis
istoriis mamaze~, aramed drois moTxovnasac ukeT moergo. ram-
denadac kavkasiis Semkrebis politikuri lideroba kulturuli
liderobiTac unda yofiliyo uzrunvelyofili, leonti qarTu-
li damwerlobisa da mwignobrobis did siZveles (somxeTTan Se-
darebiT 7-8 saukuniT) aRniSnavs da SesaniSnavad asabuTebs Zveli
qarTuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisTanave gaCenili kulturul-poli-
tikuri moTxovnilebebiT, mkiTxvelis yuradRebas amaxvilebs,
agreTve, kavkasiis politikuri lideris sxva upiratesobebzec.
istoriuli somxeTis didi nawilis saqarTvelos centralize-
buli monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi Semosvlis Semdeg somxeTis isto-
ria saqarTvelos istoriis nawilad iqca, ris gamoc somex avtor-
Ta interesi mis mimarT kidev ufro gaizarda da maTi damokide-
buleba am istoriisadmi daTba. gasagebia, rom XII-XVIII ss. somxuri
istoriografiis produqcia Tanadroul qarTvelTa gansakuTre-
bul komentars ukve aRar saWiroebda.
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis marcxTan erTad (1801 w.) somx-
uri istoriografiis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos istoriis mima-
rT erTbaSad Seicvala da, ZiriTadad, negatiuri saxe miiRo. amis
mizezi sxva pirobebTan erTad, carizmis kolonialuri politika
iyo, romlis uSualo gamtareblebi qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdego-
bis Zalismieri daTrgunvis RonisZiebebTan erTad misi istoriisa
da kulturis waSla-aRmofxvrasac cdilobdnen. am uRirs saqmeSi
adgilze TavianT mokavSired da sayrden socialur bazad rusuli
biurokratia somxur elements da mis burJuazias miiCnevda, romlis
gaZlierebac man Tavisi batonobis damyarebisTanave daiwyo. im-
periis administraciis keTilganwyobilebisa da mfarvelobis
pirobebSi somxuri burJuaziis interesebis gamomxatveli istori-
ografia saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis mniSvnelobis
damcrobis gziT kavkasiis istoriis Tanamimdevrul gadakeTebas
Seudga, rasac Tan axlda somexTa `gamorCeulobis~ xorenaciseuli
ideebisa da teritoriuli pretenziebis farTo propaganda. XIX s.
meore naxevridan mainc saqarTvelos istoriis gayalbebam somxur
istoriografiaSi, TiTqmis, sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo, ramac
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moRvaweTa
282
mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia. qarTuli cnobierebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli rusuli da somxuri istoriografiis es erToblivi
kampania miznad isaxavda ruseTisaTvis xelsayreli saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnas, romelic saqarTvelos dapyrobas
gaamarTlebda da mas ruseTis humanur aqciad, xolo somxeTisaTvis
istoriuli saqarTvelos mTel teritorias mosaxleobiTac da
politikuri warsuliTac somxeTad warmosaxavda. am mTavar poli-
tikur amocanas daeqvemdebara somxur istoriografiaSi qarTul-
somxuri urTierTobis nebismieri sakiTxis ganxilva ruseTis
mflobelobis TiTqmis ori saukunis manZilze. am TvalsazrisiT,
erTob mcirea sxvaoba burJuaziuli da sabWoTa somxuri
istoriografiebis poziciebs Soris. XIX s. dawyebuli Seteva
saqarTvelos istoriaze misi mniSvnelobis damcrobisa da gabi-
abruebis mizniT, XX s. 40-iani wlebidan ukve farTo frontiT,
Tanadmimdevrul da gegmazomier laSqrobaSi gadaizarda, romelmac
saistorio kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sfero da dargi moicva. amjerad
kvlevis mizani daSnakuri partiis fantastikuri rukebis mixedviT,
e. w. `didi somxeTis~ Crdilo nawilSi qarTulis nacvlad somxuri
civilizaciis nakvalevis dadastureba iyo. aseTi ganwyobileba
sruliad Tavisuflad ikiTxeba mTel rig sabWoTa somex mecnierTa
gamokvlevebSi, romlebic exeba somxeTis istoriul geografias,
toponimikas, politikur istorias, saistorio mwerlobas, xelovneb-
is istorias, kulturis istorias da sxv. rogorc am naSromTa
kritikulma ganxilvam dagvarwmuna tendenciurad ganwyobili
somexi avtorebi miznis miRwevas faqtebze ZaldatanebiTa da
istoriuli movlenebis gamrudebiT cdiloben. magaliTad, tao-
klarjeTisa da qvemo qarTlis qarTuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis
somxuri arqiteqturisaTvis misaTvlelad sakmarisad miaCniaT maTi
gamocxadeba qarTuli wesis somex qalkedonitTa naxelavad, am
Zeglebis qarTul warwerebsa Tu sxva werilobiT ZeglebSi moxse-
niebuli istoriuli pirebi ki qarTul enaze metyvel somxebad.
qarTuli wesis somex qalkedonitTa magiuri formula am avtorebma
faqtebis gayalbebis xelisSemSleli wyaroebis avTenturi cnobebis
winaaRmdegobis daZlevis universalur iaraRad aqcia, `daiviwyes~
ra, rom tao-klarjeTSi, istoriul niadagze rom araferi iTqvas,
qarTuli iyo ara marto arqiteqtura, aramed literatura,
xelnaweri wignebi, miniatiurebi, monumenturi ferwera, Weduri
283
xelovnebis nawarmoebebi da yvela isini organulad iyvnen dakav-
Sirebulni saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelos erovnuli xelovnebis
saerTo ganviTarebiT. amgvarive damokidebuleba SeiniSneba
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva regionebisa da istoriuli
Guram Maisuradze
periodebis gaSuqebisas. erTi sityviT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
totaluri gasomxurebis tendencia wiTel zolad gasdevs somxur FROM THE OF GEORGIAN – ARMENIAN RESATIONS
istoriografias mTlianad sabWoTa periodSi.
sabWoTa da Tanamedrove somxuri istoriografiis mniSvnelo- Summary
van naklad unda CaiTvalos, agreTve, qarTuli istoriografiis
The subject of our resaerch has various interpretations in historiography.
TiTqmis, sruli ignorireba da mis monacemTa gauTvaliswinebloba.
Opposite evalution of the facts and events in interpretations of one and the
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, damoukidebeli
same sources have long been attracting the interest of the readers. This para-
qarTuli da somxuri saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnis Semdeg, sruli
dox needs scientific explanation. The given work is the first attempt of such an
Tavisuflebis SegrZnebis pirobebSi, somxuri istoriografiis
explanation.
rigma warmomadgenelma daufaravad gamoxata Sors mimavali geo-
The tendentious interpretation of the history of Georgian – Armenian rela-
politikuri zraxvebi. warsulis kritikuli Seswavlis nacvlad,
tions originates mainly from the most influential representative of the old Ar-
winamorbedi da ufrosi Taobis mier gayalbebuli istoriis baza-
menian historiography Movses Khorenats. The further development of ten-
ze maT daSnakTa ideebis propagandas mihyyves xeli da am procesSi
dentious interpretation of Georgian history was the result of external factor
araseriozulobis yovelgvar zRvars gadaabijes. amasTan erTad,
attaining the mosts negative quality after the all-powerful government of Rus-
am bolo xans somxur istoriografiaSi pozitiuri Zvrebis niS-
sians in the Caucasus, the echo of which sounds strongly even today.
The „Golden Age“ of Armenian historiography started (the 5th century)
nebic SeimCneva. magaliTad, qarTul-somxuri kulturul-istori-
uli urTierTobis Temaze mdare, mecnierebas dacilebuli, prim-
when Armenian state suffered the great defeat (Romans abolished national
itiuli naSromebis momravlebiT SeSfoTebuli, CvenSi tendenci-
government in western Armenia in 391 and Persians in the east part of the
ur avtorad cnobili b-ni p. muradianic ki kritikulad ganewyo
country in 428) and the national self-idenification attained the decisive func-
da sajarod dagmo Tavisi axalgazrda kolegis s. karapetianis
tion. In this situation the supreme patriotic duty of Armenian historians was to
mier faqtebis aSkarad zRvars gadacilebuli gayalbeba, rac misi
show in full greantess, even though exaggerated, the history of Armenia, to
avtoris codnis ukmarisobiT axsna. miuxedavad amisa, p. muradianis
unite the nation for liberation movement and strengthen the spirit of Armenian
es gamosvla urTierTgagebisken gadadgmul sasikeTo nabijad
people. As a result, the idea of uniqueness of Armenia and Armenians was
unda miviCnioT. misasalmebelia, agreTve, XIX-XX ss. qarTul-somx-
firmly established in medieval Armenian historiography and had become one
uri urTierTobis SedarebiT axleburi gaazreba somxeTis mec-
of the main sources of defanding shaken national honour.
nierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis direqtoris aS. melqo-
The idea of the glorification of Armenia reaches its climax in „The History
nianis moxsenebaSi, romelic man TbilisSi waikiTxa.
of Armenia“ by Movses Khorenats where the idea of Armenians’ uniqueness
cxadia, gayalbebuli faqtebi swori daskvnis saSualebas ar
gains conceptual character. To reach the aim the author of the history is not
iZleva, amitom, iv. javaxiSvils rom davesesxoT, aucilebelia
only coloring the facts and events but in some cases even falsifies them. The
yovelma erma icodes utyuari, WeSmariti istoria da ara gazvi-
chronicle disregards the Caucasian countries and peoples (N. Berdzenishvili)
adebuli, yalbi.
and denotes them with generalgeographical term „the north“ and „norterners“.
Thus, apparently he tries to make readers belive that the Caucasus is a country
subordinated to Armenia. That is why in account Kartli is a part of Armenia
284 285
and Georgian authorities are the officials of the Armenian kingdom. More than
that according to Movses khorenats the Caucasus together with kartli had been
a country politically and culturally (meaning spiritual culture) subordinated to
Armenia both in pre-Christian and Christian periods. The concept seems to be
quite attractive for the Armenian political circles trying to rebuilt abolished
statehood. These circles must have promoted the concept and established it in
the and its further development was also supported and encouraged by advan-
tageous distribution of forces in the Caucasus conditioned by exterior factors.
For example, Armenia as the country bearer of the oriental traditions was con-
sidered by Sasanian as a support of their policy in the region. Besides, the dog-
matic disagreement of the Armenian Church was a significant factor of the pol-
icy of Iran. The well known Persian church countcil in Kteziphon in 614 an-
nounced Armenian religion as obligatory for his Christian subjects which caused
the wide extension of the pretensions of the Armenian Church hierarchs. Ar-
menian historiography was ready in trying to picture not only the history of the
Armenian Church but also the political of the Caucasus in the given frame. The
similar situation can be witnessed in the period of caliphate – Bizantium oppo-
sition where the authorities of Armenian state was restored under the aegis of
Arabs. Sharing the political interests of their protectors, Armenian political
forces started the fight for gaining the whole Caucasus. The Armenian histori-
ography of those days created the impression that Armenian kings-Bagratuns-
had an absolute power in the Caucasus. Only after weakening and gradual dis-
appearance of the Armenian kingdom the arrogant tone and hegemonic ten-
dentious of the medieval Armenian authors gradually died down and changed
to the opposite. The attempts raising doubts about the importance of Georgia’ s
Christian past and of belittle it, had been reasonably critcized already in „The
Life of St. Nino“ (the monument was dated earlier to the 7th -9th centuries, and
according to current investigations to the II half the 5th century) which is a part
the collection „Moktsevai kartlisai“ (The Conversion of Kartli). The author of
the Georgian historiograpic account concludes that the contribution of Kartli
and St. Nino towards Eastern Christianity is much more important than that of
Armenia and its enlightener Grigorius the special role of Kartli before the dis-
persion of Christianity was determined beforehead. Armenian miafor himself
(a person who looks after the sancuary) from Dvini admits this priority oof
kartli. So, when the Christian faith had been conceived in kartli, Armenia be-
came wholly depended on it, as the Church of Armenia was founded on the
286
holy bones of those martyrs (i. m. ripsimians) who were converted by St. Nino
ans had crossed the frontier with her (K. Kekelidze).
In the middle of the 11 th century, when the medieval Armenian state un-
derwent the final collapse and Georgia became the centre uniting whole Cau-
casus, the creaion of ideological and moral basis for justifying the leading role
of Georgia in history of the Caucasus was necessary. It mast not have been
accidental that in the 11 century some Georgian historians (Leonti Mroveli,
Juansher, the author of “The Chronicle of Georgia” and Sumbat the son of
David) wrote different parts of the country history from the ancient times till
the 11 century almost simultaneously displaying the whole picture of the cen-
turies-long heroic straggle the creation and development of the united Chris-
tian world of the Caucasus.
In the process of uniting the Caucasus, determined by the political aims of
the vanguard country, Georgian historiography (Leonti and others (creates the
model of the Caucasian history which should have overcome the Armenian
estrangement to fight freely with Byzantinium for the heritage of Armenia.
That’ s why instead of criticizing M. Khorenats’ concept, that had no practical
importance for those period, Leonti Mroveli corrected his main statements
and treatments of the facts and opposed his own concept of the Caucasian
peoples’ kinship and brotherhood to Armenian historians’ expansion. Thus,
Leonti gained not only moral priority over „The father of Armenian history“,
but met well the demands of the time. The political leader had to the cultural
leader as well. So, Leonti speaks about the ancient origin (7-8 centuriel-older
in comparison with Armenian script) of Georgian script and literature and proves
the cultural leadership of newly establishd ancient Georgian state had from the
very beginning. Leonti draws the attention of the readers to other priorities of
Caucasian political Leader as well.
When the great part of the historical Armenia became a part of the Geor-
gian centralized monarchy, the history of Armenia had become a part of Geor-
gian history as well. Because of this the interest of Armenian historians to-
wards history of Georgia had grown and the attitude became warmer. Natural-
ly, there was no need for making special comments on the Armenian historiog-
raphy of the 12th -13th centuries at that time.
With the downfall of Georgian history was completely changed. The rea-
son, among other circumstances,was the colonial policy of Tsarism. Besides
the violent repression of the Georgian resistance the main figures of this policy
287
were trying to wipe out its history and culture. Russian beaurocracy found
Armenia and its bourgeoisie to be their supporters in carrying out this unho-
nourable job. Supported by the empire administration, Armenian historiogra-
phy, expressing the interests of Armenian bourgeoisie, started changing the
Caucasian history diminishing the value of Georgian history and culture; con-
sequently, wide proragation of Khorenats’ ideas about Armenians’ „Excep-
tionality“ and erritorial pretensions. From the second half of the 19th century
distortion of the Georgian history in the pretensions. From the second half of
the 19th century distortion of the Georgian history in the Armenian historiog-
raphy gained almost systematic character causing the sharp reaction and activ-
ities of Georgian national liberation movement. The united campaign of Rus-
sian and Armenian historiography against Georgian mentality aimed at the
oreation of suitable international opinion favored by Russia; it justified the
annexation of Georgian, as a humane action and favored by Armenia which
was to show that historic Georgia with its whole territory, population and po-
litical past belonged to Armenia. Any subject of Georgian-Armenian relations
during almost two centuries of Russian domination served this main political
aim in Armenian historiography. From this point of view bourgeois and Soviet
Armenian historiography have mostly the same positions. The attack on Geor-
gian history started at the beginning of the 19th century and gained its speed in
the 40s of the 20th century; it developed into well planed and organized attack,
embracing almost all fields and trends of investigation.
On this stage of investigation Armenian historiography basing on abso-
lutely absurd maps of Dashnaks’ party aimend to prove that the northern part
of so calles „Great Armenia“ traced the exixtence of Armenian civilization in
the place of Georgian one. The attitude and position can be well seen in the
investigations dealing with historical geography, toponimy, political history,
chronicles, the history of art, the history of culture etc. The critical investiga-
tion of these works has proved that the Armenian scientists tried to reach the
aim by distortion of the historical facts and events. For instance, Georgian
anchitectural monuments in Tao-Klardgeti (historical province of Georgia,
now in Turkey) and Kvemo Kartli (one of the regions of east Georgia) were
declared to be Armenian because they were built by Chalcedonit Armenians of
Georgian canon and declare historical persons mentioned in the inscriptions
of these monuments or in historical sources as Armenians speaking Georgian;
the magic formula „Armenian Chalcedonits of Georgian right“ became a uni-
versal means for overcoming the obstacles on the way of distortion of the
288
authentic records.They have „forgotten“ that in Tao-Klardgeti not only archi-
tecture was Georgian but also rich literature, manuscripts, miniatures, monu-
mental paintings, engravings and all of them were united by the centuries-old
common Georgian culture development process to say nothing of hisorical
reasons. The same attitude can be traced in the treatment of the history of other
regions of east Georgia and historic epochs.
Thus, the tendency of total Armenisation of past Georgia runs through the
whole Soviet Armenian historiography.
The serious demerit of the Soviet and current Armeniam historiography is
also, almost total ignoring of the Georgian historiography and its data.
After establishing independent Georgian and Russian states in the 90s of
the last century, feeling absolute freedom, some representatives of Armenian
historiography openly unveiled their far going geopolitical interests. Instead
of critical study of the past on the ground of the history destroyed by elder
generation, they began the propagation of Dashnaks’ ideas and had exceeded
all limits. But the positive tendentions can also be viewed in the Armenian
historiography lately. For example even Mr. P. Muradian, notorious in Georgia
for his joung colleague S. Karapetian’s exceeding all limits and explained it as
lack of knowledge. Dispite this evaluation, Muradian’s position is realistic and
pozitive. Comparatively modern interpretation of the 19th -20th centuries
Georgian-Armenian relations by the head of the Institute of History of the
Academy of Armenia, Ash. Melkonyan presented in Tbilisi is welcomed, in-
deed.
It is obvious that interpretation of the facts enables us make right conclu-
sions. That is why Iv. Javakhishvili used to say that each people should know
the true and not falsified history of his nation.
289

Ãóðàì Ìàéñóðàäçå
ÈÇ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÎÃÐÀÔÈÈ
ÀÐÌßÍÎ-ÃÐÓÇÈÍÑÊÈÕ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈÉ
Ðåçþìå
Íàáëþäàåìîå â èñòîðèîãðàôèè ñîâåðøåííî îòëè÷àþùååñÿ äðóã îò
äðóãà îòíîøåíèå ãðóçèíñêèõ è àðìÿíñêèõ èñòîðèîãðàôîâ ê èññëåäóåìîé
òåìå, ïðè íàëè÷èè îäíîé è òîé æå èñòî÷íèêîâîé áàçû – â îñíîâíîì
ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîå îñâåùåíèå è îöåíêà ôàêòîâ è ÿâëåíèé – äàâíî îáðàùàåò
íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå ÷èòàþùåé îáùåñòâåííîñòè è òðåáóåò îáúÿñíåíèÿ
ñîçäàâøåéñÿ ïàðàäîêñàëüíîé ñèòóàöèè. Ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ ðàáîòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ
îäíîé èç ïåðâûõ ïîïûòîê å¸ îöåíêè.
Òåíäåíöèîçíîå îñâåùåíèå ãðóçèíî-àðìÿíñêèõ îòíîøåíèè áåð¸ò
íà÷àëî îò îäíîãî èç âëèÿòåëüíåéøåãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ àðìÿíñêîé
èñòîðèîãðàôèè – Ìîâñåñà Õîðåíàöà. Äàëüíåéøåå æå å¸ ðàçâèòèå áûëî
óæå èòîãîì âíåøíåãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ, ïîëó÷èâøåãî îñîáî íåãàòèâíûé
õàðàêòåð ïîñëå óñòàíîâëåíèÿ íà Êàâêàçå ðóññêîãî âëàäû÷åñòâà, îòãîëîñêè
÷åãî äîñòàòî÷íî ÷óâñòâèòåëüíî ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ è ïî ñåé äåíü.
«Çîëîòîé âåê» àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè íàñòàë, êîãäà (V â.) ïîëíàÿ
ëèêâèäàöèÿ àðìÿíñêîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè (ìåñòíàÿ âëàñòü â Çàïàäíîé
Àðìåíèè áûëà óïðàçäíåíà ðèìëÿíàìè â 391 ãîäó, à â Âîñòî÷íîé Àðìåíèè
– ïåðñàìè â 428 ãîäó) âîçëîæèëà íà íàöèîíàëüíîå ñàìîñîçíàíèå àðìÿí
æèçíåííî âàæíóþ ôóíêöèþ.  òàêîé ñèòóàöèè àðìÿíñêèå èñòîðèêè ñî÷ëè
çà ñâîþ ïàòðèîòè÷åñêóþ îáÿçàííîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿòü èñòîðèþ ìîãóùåñò-
âåííîé Àðìåíèè âî âñåé å¸ êðàñå, ïóñòü äàæå çà ñ÷åò ïðåóâåëè÷åíèÿ, ëèøü
áû ýòî ñïîñîáñòâîâàëî ñïëî÷åíèþ è äóõîâíîé ñòîéêîñòè íàðîäà â áîðüáå
çà íåçàâèñèìîñòü. Èñõîäÿ èç ýòîãî, èäåÿ «èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîñòè» Àðìåíèè è
àðìÿíñêîãî íàðîäà â ñðåäíåâåêîâîé àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè ïðî÷íî
çàêðåïèëàñü è ïðåâðàòèëàñü â îäíî èç îñíîâíûõ ñðåäñòâ çàùèòû ÷åñòè,
ïîðóãàííîé óòåðåé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè.
Èäåÿ âîçâåëè÷åíèÿ Àðìåíèè äîñòèãàåò ñâîåãî àïîãåÿ â «Èñòîðèè
Àðìåíèè» Ìîâñåñà Õîðåíàöà, â êîòîðîé «èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîñòü» àðìÿí
290
âîçâåäåíà äî óðîâíÿ êîíöåïöèè. Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ýòîé öåëè àâòîð íå
ïîñòåñíÿëñÿ íå òîëüêî ïîäêðàøèâàíèÿ ôàêòîâ è ÿâëåíèé, íî è, â ðÿäå
ñëó÷àåâ, ôàëüñèôèêàöèè èõ. Äëÿ ýòîãî ëåòîïèñöà õàðàêòåðíî, ÷òî îí íå
«çàìå÷àåò» (Í. Áåðäçåíèøâèëè) äðóãèå ñòðàíû è íàðîäû Êàâêàçà, ïîìèíàÿ
èõ îáùèìè òåðìèíàìè «Ñåâåðíûå» è «ñåâåðÿíå», ïûòàÿñü, ïî-âèäèìîìó,
ñîçäàòü ýòèì ó ÷èòàòåëÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå î Êàâêàçå êàê î ñòðàíå, ïîäâëàñòíîé
Àðìåíèè. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó â åãî ñî÷èíåíèè Êàðòëè ïðåäñòàâëåíà â êà-
÷åñòâå ÷àñòè Àðìåíèè, à ãðóçèíñêèå âëàñòèòåëè - êàê ñàíîâíèêè àðìÿíñ-
êîãî öàðñêîãî äâîðà. Áîëåå òîãî, Êàðòëè, à âìåñòå ñ íåé è Êàâêàç, Ì. Õî-
ðåíàö ïðåäñòàâëÿåò òàêèì îáðàçîì, áóäòî ýòà ñòðàíà çàâèñåëà îò Àðìåíèè
êàê ïîëèòè÷åñêè, òàê è ïî äóõîâíîé êóëüòóðå è âî âðåìåíà ÿçû÷åñòâà, è â
ïîðó õðèñòèàíñòâà. Òàêàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ îêàçàëàñü âåñüìà ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîé
äëÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ êðóãîâ, áîðþùèõñÿ çà âîññòàíîâëåíèå ñîáñòâåííîé
ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè è îíà, âèäèìî íå áåç ïîìîùè óêàçàííûõ ñèë, îêàçûâàëà
âëèÿíèå íà àðìÿíñêóþ èñòîðèîãðàôèþ è â ïîñëåäóþùåì.
Íåìàëî ñïîñîáñòâîâàëè ñïåñèâîñòè àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè è
äàëüíåéøåìó å¸ ðàçâèòèþ è îïðåäåë¸ííûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ñèë íà Êàâêàçå,
âîçíèêàþùèåñÿ âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè áëàãîäàðÿ âíåøíèì ôàêòîðàì è îêàçû-
âàþùèåñÿ âåñüìà âûãîäíûìè äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, Àðìåíèþ,
êàê ñòðàíó âîñòî÷íûõ òðàäèöèé, Ñàñàíèäû ñ÷èòàëè îïîðíîé áàçîé ñâîåé
ïîëèòèêè â ýòîì ðåãèîíå. Ïðè ýòîì, äîãìàòè÷åñêèå ðàçíîãëàñèÿ àðìÿíñêîé
öåðêâè ñ âèçàíòèéñêîé ïîçâîëÿëè Èðàíó íàïðàâëÿòü èäåîëîãè÷åñêóþ
ñèòóàöèþ íà Êàâêàçå ïðîòèâ ñâîåãî ãëàâíîãî ïðîòèâíèêà è, èñõîäÿ èç
ýòîãî, ïîêðîâèòåëüñòâî àðìÿíñêîé öåðêâè ñòàëî íåìàëîâàæíûì ôàêòîðîì
åãî ïîëèòèêè. Èçâåñòíîå ïåðñèäñêîå öåðêîâíîå ñîáðàíèå 614 ãîäà â Êòåñè-
ôîíå ïîñòàíîâèëî ñ÷èòàòü àðìÿíñêóþ ðåëèãèþ îáÿçàòåëüíîé äëÿ
ïåðñèäñêîïîäàííûõ õðèñòèàí, ïîñëå ÷åãî èåðàðõè÷åñêèå ïðåòåíçèè
àðìÿíñêîé öåðêâè ïîëó÷èëè øèðîêèé ïðîñòîð è ïîñëóøíàÿ åé
èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ ïîïûòàëàñòü îòîáðàçèòü ïî ýòîìó îáðàçöó êàðòèíó ïîëèòè-
÷åñêîé èñòîðèè íå òîëüêî àðìÿíñêîé öåðêâè, íî è âñåãî Êàâêàçà. Àíàëîãè÷-
íîå ïîëîæåíèå ìîæíî çàñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü è â ïåðèîä ïðîòèâîñòîÿíèÿ
Õàëèôàòà ñ Âèçàíòèåé, êîãäà äåÿòåëè àðìÿíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà,
âîññòàíîâëåííîãî ïîä ýãèäîé àðàáîâ, èñïîëüçóÿ îïðåäåë¸ííîå ñîâïàäåíèå
ñâîèõ ÷àÿíèé ñ ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè èíòåðåñàìè ïîêðîâèòåëåé, íà÷èíàþò
áîðüáó çà îâëàäåíèå Êàâêàçîì ïîëíîñòüþ. Àðìÿíñêàÿ èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ
ýòîãî âðåìåíè, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ñîçäà¸ò èëëþçîðíóþ êàðòèíó íåîãðàíè-
÷åííîé âëàñòè àðìÿíñêèõ Áàãðàòóíè íà Êàâêàçå è òîëüêî ïîñëå îñëàáëåíèÿ
291
àðìÿíñêèõ öàðñòâ è ïîñòåïåííîãî èõ èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ íàäìåííûé òîí
ïîâåñòâîâàíèÿ àðìÿíñêèõ àâòîðîâ è èõ ãåãåìîíè÷åñêèå íàêëîííîñòè ïîñ-
òåïåííî çàòèõàþò è ìåíÿþòñÿ íà ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå.
Ïîïûòêè ïîñòàâèòü ïîä ñîìíåíèå è óìàëèòü õðèñòèàíñêîå ïðîøëîå
ãðóçèí âåñüìà àðãóìåíòèðîâàííî áûëè îòâåðãíóòû â ñâî¸ âðåìÿ «Æèòè¸ì
Ñâ. Íèíû», âîøåäøåì â ñáîðíèê «Ìîêöåâàè Êàðòëèñàè» («Îáðàùåíèå
Êàðòëè â õðèñòèàíñêóþ âåðó»). Óêàçàííûé èñòî÷íèê äàòèðîâàëñÿ VII-
IX âåêàìè, â ïîñëåäíåå æå âðåìÿ – âòîðîé ïîëîâèíîé V âåêà. Ïî
çàêëþ÷åíèþ àâòîðà ýòîãî ãðóçèíñêîãî àãèîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ,
ðîëü Êàðòëè è Ñâ. Íèíû ïåðåä õðèñòèàíñòâîì Âîñòîêà ãîðàçäî
çíà÷èòåëüíû, ÷åì Àðìåíèè è å¸ ïðîñâåòèòåëÿ – Ãðèãîëà Ïàðôÿíñêîãî.
Êàðòëè îïåðåæàåò Àðìåíèþ è ïî äàâíîñòè âåðû, ïîñêîëüêó îñîáàÿ ðîëü
Êàðòëè â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè õðèñòèàíñòâà áûëà çàðàíåå ïðåäîïðåäåëåíà è
ýòî ïðåèìóùåñòâî Êàðòëè ïðèçíàâàë ñâîèìè óñòàìè àðìÿíèí Ìèàôîð èç
Äâèíà. Ïîòîìó è ïðîèçîøëî òàê, ÷òî â ìîìåíò çàðîæäåíèÿ õðèñòèàíñêîé
âåðû Àðìåíèÿ îêàçàëàñü âñåöåëî çàâèñÿùåé îò Êàðòëè, èáî îñíîâàíèå
àðìÿíñêîé öåðêâè îêàçàëîñü çàëîæåííûì íà êîñòüÿõ ðèôñèìÿí, ò. å. ëþäåé,
îáðàùåííûõ â ñâî¸ âðåìÿ Ñâ. Íèíîé è âìåñòå ñ íåé ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ â
Àðìåíèè (Ê. Êåêåëèäçå).
 ñåðåäèíå XI âåêà, êîãäà îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïðåêðàòèëà ñóùåñòâîâàíèå
ñðåäíåâåêîâàÿ àðìÿíñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòü, à Ãðóçèÿ îêàçàëàñü ïðèçâàí-
íîé ïîñëóæèòü öåíòðîì åäèíåíèÿ âñåãî Êàâêàçà, ñòàëî íåîáõîäèìûì
ñîçäàíèå òàêîé èäåéíî-ìîðàëüíîé îïîðû, êîòîðàÿ ïîñëóæèëà áû îïðàâ-
äàíèåì ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè âåäóùåé ðîëè Ãðóçèè íà Êàâêàçå è îáúÿñíèëà ýòî
çàêîíîìåðíîñòüþ èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. Íå ñëó÷àéíî, ïî-âèäèìîìó è
òî, ÷òî â XI âåêå, ïî÷òè îäíîâðåìåííî íåñêîëüêî ãðóçèíñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ
(Ëåîíòèé Ìðîâåëè, Äæóàíøåð, àâòîð «Îáðàùåíèÿ Êàðòëè», Ñóìáàò ñûí
Äàâèäà) ïèøóò ðàçíûå ÷àñòè, íà÷èíàÿ ñ äðåâíåéøåãî âðåìåíè, ñêâîçíîé
èñòîðèè ñâîåé ñòðàíû, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ åäèíóþ êàðòèíó ìíîãîâåêîâîé
ãåðîè÷åñêîé áîðüáû ãðóçèíñêîãî íàðîäà çà íåçàâèñèìîñòü è ïðîãðåññ –
îäíó èç çíà÷èòåëüíåéøèõ óñëîâèé îòîáðàæåíèÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ
êàâêàçñêîãî åäèíîãî õðèñòèàíñêîãî ìèðà. Èñõîäÿ èç ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ çàäà÷
ñòðàíû, ñòîÿùåé â àâàíãàðäå ïðîöåññà îáúåäèíåíèÿ Êàâêàçà, ãðóçèíñêàÿ
èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ (Ëåîíòèé Ìðîâåëè è äð.) ñîçäàþò òàêóþ ìîäåëü èñòîðèè
Êàâêàçà, êîòîðàÿ èñêëþ÷àëà îò÷óæäåíèå àðìÿí îò ãðóçèí, ÷òîáû ýòî íå
ìîãëî ïîìåøàòü â áîðüáå ñ Âèçàíòèåé çà íàñëåäîâàíèå Àðìåíèåé.
Ïîýòîìó, âçàìåí êðèòèêè óòðàòèâøåé ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè ïðàêòè÷åñêîå
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çíà÷åíèå êîíöåïöèè Ì. Õîðåíàöà, Ëåîíòèé Ìðîâåëè ïîäïðàâèë å¸
îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ è îñâåùåííûå íà èõ îñíîâå ôàêòû è
ïðîòèâîïîñòàâèë ýêñïàíñèâíîñòè Õîðåíàöà ñîáñòâåííóþ êîíöåïöèþ
êðîâíîãî ðîäñòâà è áðàòñòâà íàðîäîâ Êàâêàçà. Ýòèì îí íå òîëüêî äîáûëñÿ
ìîðàëüíîãî ïðåéìóùåñòâà íàä «Îòöîì àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèè», íî è áîëåå
àäåêâàòíî îòêëèêíóëñÿ íà òðåáîâàíèÿ âðåìåíè. Â âèäó òîãî, ÷òî
ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ëèäåðñòâî îáúåäèíèòåëÿ Êàâêàçà äîëæíî áûëî áûòü
ïîäêðåïëåíî ëèäåðñòâîì è â ñôåðå êóëüòóðû, Ëåîíòèé Ìðîâåëè óêàçûâàåò
è íà áîëüøóþ äðåâíîñòü (íà 7-8 âåêîâ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ àðìÿíñêîé)
ãðóçèíñêîé ïèñüìåííîñòè è ëèòåðàòóðû è çàìå÷àòåëüíî îáîñíîâûâàåò èõ
âîçíèêíîâåíèå êóëüòóðíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè òðåáîâàíèÿìè, ïîÿâèâøèìèñÿ
ñðàçó æå ïðè ñîçäàíèè äðåâíåãðóçèíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà. Îí çàîñòðÿåò
âíèìàíèå ÷èòàòåëåé òàêæå è íà äðóãèå ïðåéìóùåñòâà ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî
ëèäåðà Êàâêàçà.
Ïîñëå âêëþ÷åíèÿ áîëüøîé ÷àñòè èñòîðè÷åñêîé Àðìåíèè â ñîñòàâ
öåíòðàëèçîâàííîé ìîíàðõèè Ãðóçèè, èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè ñòàëà ñîñòàâíîé
÷àñòüþ èñòîðèè Ãðóçèè, âñëåäñòâèå ÷åãî èíòåðåñ àðìÿíñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ ê
íåé åùå áîëåå âîçðîñ è èõ îòíîøåíèå ê íåé ïîòåïëåëî. Îòñþäà âïîëíå
ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî ïðîäóêöèÿ àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè XII-XVIII âåêîâ óæå
íå òðåáîâàëà êàêèõ-ëèáî îñîáûõ êîììåíòàðèåâ ñî ñòîðîíû ñîâðåìåííûõ
åé ãðóçèíñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ.
Âìåñòå ñ ïðèõîäîì ê êîíöó ãðóçèíñêîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè (1801 ã.)
îòíîøåíèå àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè ê èñòîðèè Ãðóçèè ñðàçó è ðåçêî
èçìåíèëîñü, ïðèíÿâ, â îñíîâíîì, íåãàòèâíûé õàðàêòåð. Ïðè÷èíîé ýòîìó,
íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè, ïîñëóæèëà è êîëîíèàëüíàÿ ïîëèòèêà öàðèçìà, îñíîâíûå
èñïîëíèòåëè êîòîðîé, âìåñòå ñ ïðîâåäåíèåì ìåðîïðèÿòèé ñèëîâîãî ïîäàâ-
ëåíèÿ ïðîòèâîáîðñòâà ãðóçèíñêîãî íàðîäà, ïûòàëèñü ñòåðåòü è èçúÿòü åãî
èñòîðèþ è êóëüòóðó. Â ýòîì íåäîñòîéíîì äåëå ðóññêàÿ áþðîêðàòèÿ ñâîèì
ñîþçíèêîì è îïîðíîé ñîöèàëüíîé áàçîé íà ìåñòå ñ÷èòàëà àðìÿíñêèé
ýëåìåíò è åãî áóðæóàçèþ, óêðåïëåíèå êîòîðîé îíà íà÷àëà ñðàçó æå ïîñëå
óñòàíîâëåíèÿ ñâîåãî ãîñïîäñòâà. Àðìÿíñêàÿ èñòîðèîãðàôèÿ, îòðàæàþùàÿ
èíòåðåñû àðìÿíñêîé áóðæóàçèè, â óñëîâèÿõ áëàãîæåëàòåëüíîñòè è
ïîêðîâèòåëüñòâà ñî ñòîðîíû èìïåðñêîé àäìèíèñòðàöèè, ïðèñòóïèëà ê ïîñ-
ëåäîâàòåëüíîé ïåðåäåëêå èñòîðèè Êàâêàçà ïóò¸ì óìàëåíèÿ èñòîðèè è êóëü-
òóðû Ãðóçèè, ñîïðîâîæäàÿ ýòî øèðîêîé ïðîïàãàíäîé Õîðåíàöñêîé èäåè
«èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîñòè» àðìÿí è òåððèîðèàëüíûìè ïðåòåíçèÿìè.
Ôàëüñèôèêàöèÿ èñòîðèè Ãðóçèè â àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè ïðèíÿëà,
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îñîáåííî âî âîòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XIX ñòîëåòèÿ, ïî÷òè ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèé
õàðàêòåð, âûçâàâ òåì ñàìûì ðåçêóþ ðåàêöèþ äåÿòåëåé íàöèîíàëüíî-
îñâîáîäèòåëüíîãî äâèæåíèÿ Ãðóçèè, èáî ýòà ñîâìåñòíàÿ êàìïàíèÿ ðóññêîé
è àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè, íàïðàâëåííàÿ ïðîòèâ ãðóçèíñêîãî
ñàìîñîçíàíèÿ, ñòàâèëà öåëüþ ñîçäàíèÿ òàêîãî, âûãîäíîãî äëÿ Ðîññèè
ìíåíèÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îáùåñòâåííîñòè, êîòîðîå îïðàâäàëî áû
çàâîåâàíèå Ãðóçèè Ðîññèåé è îáúÿñíèëî áû ýòîò àêò êàê ãóìàííóþ àêöèþ
Ðîññèè, ïðåäñòàâèâ, íàðÿäó ñ ýòèì, âñþ òåððèòîðèþ èñòîðè÷åñêîé Ãðóçèè
êàê ïî íàñåëåíèþ, òàê è ïî ïîëèòè÷åñêîìó ïðîøëîìó, Àðìåíèåé. Ýòîé
ãëàâíîé çàäà÷å áûëî ïîä÷èíåíî ðàññìîòðåíèå â àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè
ëþáîãî âîïðîñà ãðóçèíî-àðìÿíñêèõ îòíîøåíèé íà ïðîòÿæåíèè äâóõ âåêîâ
ðóññêîãî ãîñïîäñòâà. Ñ ýòîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ âåñüìà íåçíà÷èòåëüíà ðàçíèöà
â ïîçèöèÿõ àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè áóðæóàçíîé è ñîâåòñêîé ýïîõ.
Íà÷àòàÿ â XIX âåêå àòàêà íà èñòîðèþ Ãðóçèè ñ öåëüþ óìàëåíèÿ è
ïðèíèæåíèÿ å¸ çíà÷åíèÿ, îíà ñ 40-âûõ ãîäîâ XX ñòîëåòèÿ ïåðåðîñëà â
îñóùåñòâëÿåìûé óæå øèðîêèì ôðîíòîì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûé è
ïëàíîìåðíûé ïîõîä, îõâàòèâøèé ïî÷òè âñå ñôåðû è îòðàñëè èñòîðè÷åñêèõ
èññëåäîâàíèé. Íà ýòîò ðàç çàäà÷åé èññëåäîâàíèé ÿâëÿëîñü ïîäòâåðæäå-
íèå â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ñîñòàâëåííîé ïàðòèåé äàøíàêîâ ôàíòàñòè÷åñêîé
êàðòû ò. í. «Âåëèêîé Àðìåíèè» ñëåäîâ àðìÿíñêîé öèâèëèçàöèè âìåñòî
ãðóçèíñêîé. Òàêîé íàñòðîé ëåãêî ÷èòàåòñÿ â èññëåäîâàíèÿõ öåëîãî ðÿäà
àðìÿíñêèõ ñîâåòñêèõ èñòîðèêîâ, êàñàþùèõñÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè,
òîïîíèìèêè, ïîëèòè÷åñêîé èñòîðèè, èñòîðè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû, èñòîðèè
èñêóññòâà, èñòîðèèè êóëüòóðû è ò. ä. Êðèòè÷åñêîå ðàññìîòðåíèå ýòèõ ðàáîò
ïîäòâåðæäàåò, ÷òî äîñòèæåíèÿ ñâîåé çàäà÷è òåíäåíöèîçíî íàñòðîåííûå
àðìÿíñêèå àâòîðû ñòàðàþòñÿ ïóò¸ì íàñèëîâàíèÿ ôàêòîâ è èñêàæåíèÿ
èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ÿâëåíèé. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, äëÿ ïðè÷èñëåíèÿ ðàñïîëîæåííûõ
â Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè è Êâåìî Êàðòëè ïàìÿòíèêîâ ãðóçèíñêîãî çîä÷åñòâà ê
àðìÿíñêîé àðõèòåêòóðå, îíè ñ÷èòàþò äîñòàòî÷íûì ïðîâîçãëàøåíèå èõ
ðóêîòâîðåíèåì «àðìÿíñêèõ õàëêåäîíèòîâ ãðóçèíñêîãî ïîðÿäêà», èëè æå
– óïîìèíàåìûõ â ãðóçèíñêèõ íàäïèñÿõ ýòèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ èëè â äðóãèõ
ïèñüìåííûõ ïàìÿòíèêàõ èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ëè÷íîñòåé – ãðóçèíîãîâîðÿùèìè
àðìÿíàìè! Ìàãè÷åñêóþ ôîðìóëó - «àðìÿíñêèå õàëêåäîíèòû ãðóçèíñêîãî
ïîðÿäêà» - ýòè àâòîðû ïðåâðàòèëè â óíèâåðñàëüíûé èíñòðóìåíò äëÿ
ïðåîäîëåíèÿ èìåþùèõñÿ â àóòåíòè÷íûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ ïðîòèâîðå÷èé,
ïðåïÿòñòâóþùèõ ôàëüñèôèêàöèè ôàêòîâ, «ïîçàáûâ», ïðè ýòîì, ÷òî â Òàî-
Êëàðäæåòè ãðóçèíñêîé áûëà, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå îá èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïî÷âå, íå
294
òîëüêî àðõèòåêòóðà, íî è áîãàòàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà, ðóêîïèñíûå êíèãè,
ìèíèàòþðû, ìîíóìåíòàëüíàÿ æèâîïèñü, ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ÷åêàííîãî
èñêóññòâà, è âñ¸ ýòî áûëî îðãàíè÷åñêè ñâÿçàíî ìåæäó ñîáîé îáùèì
ðàçâèòèåì ãðóçèíñêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî èñêóññòâà íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè
âåêîâ. Ïîäîáíîå æå îòíîøåíèå íàáëþäàåòñÿ è ïðè îñâåùåíèè äðóãèõ
ïåðèîäîâ èñòîðèè è äðóãèõ ðåãèîíîâ Âîñòî÷íîé Ãðóçèè. Îäíèì ñëîâîì,
ïîïûòêà òîòàëüíîãî «îáàðìåíèâàíèÿ» Âîñòî÷íîé Ãðóçèè êðàñíîé íèòüþ
ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ â àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè
ñîâåòñêîãî ïåðèîäà.
Ñåðü¸çíûì íåäîñòàòêîì ñîâåòñêîé è ñîâðåìåííîé àðìÿíñêîé
èñòîðèîãðàôèè ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü òàêæå è ïî÷òè ïîëíîå èãíîðèðîâàíèå
ãðóçèíñêîé èñòîðèãîðàôèè è íåïðèíÿòèå âî âíèìàíèå ïðåäîñòàâëÿåìîé
åþ èíôîðìàöèè.
 íà÷àëå 90-õ ãîäîâ ïðîøëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ, ïîñëå îáðàçîâàíèÿ
íåçàâèñèìûõ ãðóçèíñêîãî è àðìÿíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâ, â óñëîâèÿõ îùóùåíèÿ
ïîëíîé ñâîáîäû, ðàäîì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè
ñîâåðøåííî îòêðûòî áûëè âûñêàçàíû èäóùèå äàëåêî ãåîïîëèòè÷åñêèå
çàìûñëû. Âìåñòî êðèòè÷åñêîãî ðàññìîòðåíèÿ ïðîøëîãî, îíè çàíÿëèñü
ïðîïàãàíäîé äàøíàêöóòþíñêèõ èäåé íà áàçå èñòîðèè, èçâðàùåííîé èõ
ïðåäøåñòâåííèêàìè è ñòàðøèì ïîêîëåíèåì è ïåðåñòóïèëè â ýòîì
ïðîöåññå âñå ìûñëèìûå ðóáåæè íåñåðü¸çíîñòè. Âìåñòå ñ ýòèì, â ïîñëåä-
íåå âðåìÿ â àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèîãðàôèè îòìå÷àåòñÿ è ïðèçíàêè ïîçèòèâíûõ
ñäâèãîâ. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, äàæå èçâåñòíûé ó íàñ êàê òåíäåíöèîçíûé àâòîð
ã-í Ï. Ìóðàäÿí, îáåñïîêîåííûé óìíîæåíèåì íèçêîïðîáíûõ, äàë¸êèõ îò
íàóêè ïðèìèòèâíûõ ðàáîò íà òåìó ãðóçèíî-àðìÿíñêèõ êóëüòóðíî-èñòî-
ðè÷åñêèõ îòíîøåíèé, íàñòðîèëñÿ êðèòè÷åñêè è ïóáëè÷íî îñóäèë ÿâíóþ
è íåîáóçäàííóþ ôàëüñèôèêàöèþ ôàêòîâ ñâîèì ìîëîäûì êîëëåãîé
Ñ.Êàðàïåòÿíîì, îáúÿñíèâ ýòî íåäîñòàòî÷íûìè çíàíèÿìè àâòîðà. Ýòî âû-
ñòóïëåíèå Ï. Ìóðàäÿíà ìû âîñïðèíèìàåì êàê øàã äîáðîé âîëè íà ïóòè ê
âçàèìîïîíèìàíèþ. Ñëåäóåò ïðèâåòñòâîâàòü, òàêæå, è îñìûñëåíèå,
ñðàâíèòåëüíî ïî-íîâîìó, ãðóçèíî-àðìÿíñêèõ îòíîøåíèé â XIX-XX âåêàõ,
èçëîæåííîå â äîêëàäå äèðåêòîðà èíñòèòóòà èñòîðèè Àêàäåìèè íàóê
Àðìåíèè À. Ìåëêîíÿíà, ïðî÷èòàííîì èì â Òáèëèñè.
ßñíî, ÷òî ïîääåëàííûå ôàêòû íèêîãäà íå äàäóò âîçìîæíîñòü ñäåëàòü
ïðàâèëüíûå âûâîäû. Ïîýòîìó, ñëåäóÿ Èâ. Äæàâàõèøâèëè, ìîæíî ñêàçàòü,
÷òî êàæäûé íàðîä îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí çíàòü ñâîþ äîñòîâåðíóþ, èñòèííóþ
èñòîðèþ, à íå ïðåóâåëè÷åííóþ, ïîääåëüíóþ.
295
 arsen safareli 38 bagrat IV 37, 38, 53, 87, 88, 130, 230,
artabani (parTiis mefe) 66 231, 250, 272
artagi 55 bagrati, guaram mamfalis Zma 85
saZieblebi artavazdi 62 bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi 273
artavazd II 27 bagrat vxkaci (vixikeli), smbatis
pirTa saxelebi artaSes I, sparsTa mefe (Zv. w. II s.) mama 179, 180, 181
27, 29 bagrationebi 39, 54, 56, 185, 196,
a aleqsandre kaxTa mefe 266 artaSesi 52, 54, 61 216, 229, 258, 268, 269
abasianebi 195 aleqsandre makedoneli 26, 49, 50, artem ararateli 117, 120 artanujeli bagrationebi 184, 185,
abaSiZeebi 208 80 artem Saverdovi (somexi vaWari) 98 186, 257
abgari (somexTa mefe) 29 aleqsandre I (ruseTis imp.) 98, 99 aruTiniani p. t. 135 taoeli bagrationebi 157
abgar IX edesis mefe (179-214) 29 aleqsiZe z. 38, 129, 130(sq.), 181(sq.), aruTinova-fidaniani v. 173, 177, bagratunebi, bagratunianebi, bag-
abgar ukama, edesis mefe (daaxl. 211(sq.), 244 179, 181, 182, 189, 190, 191, 192, ratidebi 31, 33, 53, 86, 124, 125,
I s.) 29 aliSani m. 145 198, 229 144, 145, 150, 184, 191, 196, 216,
abdalaZe, al. 21(sq.), 28(sq.), 29(sq.), amazaspi 65 arSaki 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 222, 226, 227, 228, 230, 233(sq.),
58(sq.), 68(sq.), 90(sq.), 135(sq.), amilaxorebi 208 arSaki (parTiis pirveli arSakidi 254, 268, 269, 280
193(sq.), 205(sq.) amirqurd arwruni 148 mefe) 26, 44, 75 qarTveli bagratidebi 226, 236
abeRiani m. 16, 17(sq.), 20, 29(sq.), 31 anaiti RvTaeba 28 arSakidebi (parTeli) 27 somexi bagratidebi 226, 227
abramiani 270 ana komneni 165, 170, 171, 174, 179 arSakidebi, arSakunianebi, arSaku- Sirakeli bagratidebi 226, 227, 229
abramiSvili 270 andrianiki, generali 277 nebi 16, 21, 27, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, bakalova e. 172
abulabas somexTa erisTavi 85 andria bogolubski 147 58, 67, 91 bakuri, somexTa pitiaxSi 84
abulasani 148 anTaZe k. 110(sq.) arSuSa qarTlis pitiaxSi 129, 242 bakuriani, ZeY baldadisi (VIII s.
abulaZe il. 71, 102(sq.) antioqozi 49, 68 arwrunebi 53, 148 moRvawe) 168
abuseri, xixaTa, cixisjvrisa da antioqosi, asurastanis mefe 50, 51, aslaniani 270 bakuriani (grigolis mama), taos
awyuris cixis patroni 231 52 aslaniSvili 270 erisTavT-erisTavi 167, 171, 179
agaTangelosi 15, 16, 19, 28, 40, 76, antioqos III 52 astvawatur mRvdeli 203 bakuriani (xuasrovanis Ze, grigol
102 antoniusi 27 asfaguri 65, 67, 72 bakurianis biZaSvili) 167
adarnase bagrationi 196 aJRalan sparsTa mefe 68 afroditos 80 balazori 250
adarnase II qarTvelTa mefe 32, 86, aramazdi, RvTaeba 28, 80 afciauri n. 243, 244(sq.) baraTaSvili 211
228, 229, 273 aramaisi (aramaneakis Ze) 23 aRa-mahmad xani 137 bardosi 44
adarnase, guaram mamfalis Zma 85 aramaneaki (haikis Ze) 22, 23 aSot I 32, 33, barseRi 215
aderki 55, 56, 59, 102 araqel davriJeci 92 aSot II 33 bartami 64, 76
adonci n. 152, 194, 271 araqeliani b. 154 aSot I bagratidi 132, 227, 230 bartomi 55, 57, 59
avaliSvili 211 ardaSir sasaniani (igive artaSiri) aSot I didi, adarnases Ze 197 basili I 54, 55
avaliSvili z. 126 66 aSot II kurapalati, adarnase II-is basili II 187
avetiqi 210 arvelaZe b. 140, 263 Ze 86 baqraZe 211
azariani 270 aristakes lastiverteci 174, 175, aSot msakari (xorciWamia) bagra- baqraZe d. 103, 104
azariaSvili 270 176, 177, 230, tuniani 196 bayaTar, osTa mTavari 87
azoni, azo 50, 68 armazel (farsmanisa da kaosis aSot smbatis Ze 32, 228 bizantiosi 49
azork (farsmanisa da kaisis memk.) memk.) 60, 61 biWianci 216
armazi 28, 79, 80 b biWiaSvili 216
60, 61
babaiani l. 232, 239 boriani b. 200
bagrati, qarTvelTa mefe 189 beburi 266
*
saZieblebi daurTo irma beriZem. bagrat III 87, 88, 229 beburia 266

296 297
beburiani 266 giorgi saakaZe 93 daviT VII ulu 265 vaxuSti batoniSvili 82, 83(sq.), 208
beburiSvili 266 giorgi (wminda) 203, 214, 215, 216 daviTi 203 vahagni (tigran I-is vaJi) 28
beburiSvili mariami 266 giunaSvili e. 37(sq.) davlianiZe-tatiSvili l. 88(sq.), vahan I, somexTa kaTalikosi 37
beburiZe 266 grigol akaneci 91 228(sq.), 254(sq.) vahan mamikoniani 128, 156
begTabegisSvilebi 203 grigol artanujeli 198 danina 80 vahramianebi 236
bezobrazovi p. 172 grigol bakurianis Ze 162, 164, 165, demetre II 236 vermiSevi g. 159
beriZe v. 143, 162, 163, 273 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, deriberi m. 172 voroncov daSkovi 100, 121
berZeniSvili d. 9, 128 (sq.), 248, 249, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, doliZe i. 210 vramSapuhi 16
250, 251, 253, 254, 258, 260(sq.) 182, 183, 192(sq.) dondua v. 154, 155, 157, 158, 159
berZeniSvili n. 26, 37(sq.), 40, grigol ganmanaTlebeli (wminda) 17, don piedro avitabele (misioneri) z
57(sq.), 69, 70, 71, 81, 83, 119(sq.), 18, 19, 30, 36, 66, 85, 215, 216, 212, 213 zabiloni (wminda ninos mama) 35
182, 238, 259, 279 241, 242, 243, 244, 281 zagurski l. 97
berZniSvili m. 208(sq.) grigol daranaRci 92, 93(sq.) e zadeni 80
beSqen jayeli, Tuxarisis erisTavi grigol mamikoniani 195 ezovi (eziani) g. 106, 107, 116, 117, zareni, somexTa mefis Ze (an za-
198 grigol oSkeli (oSkis mSeneblis 135 rehi) 61, 62
bogveraZe, a. 21(sq.), 168(sq.), 171, xelmZRvaneli) 163, 273 ekaterine II 118 `zaqare spasalari~ 124, 125
192(sq.), 194(sq.), 198(sq.) grigol orbeliani 110, 113 elene dedofali 35 `zaqaria erkainabazuki~ 146
bludovi, grafi 98 grigol xanZTeli 186, 196 emini m. 106, 107 zaqaria valaSkerteli 178
brose, m. 69, 102 grigol xlaTeci 240 erasti (Saras Ze) 23 zaqaria mxargrZeli 135, 146, 147,
burnaSovi s. 132 grigoriani g. 233, 235 erekle II 93, 94, 117, 118, 119, 120, 148, 180
butkovi p. g. 117, 119 guaram goderZis Ze, beWis cixis 134, 206 zaqaria I (sargis mxargrZelis mama)
buRa Turqi 85 patroni 231 eremiani s. 19, 90, 146, 147, 148, 149, 147
guaram mamfali 85 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158, 187, zaqaria qanaqerci 93
g guguSvili p. 100(sq.) 226, 227, 232, 235, 236, 238, 267 `zaqarianebi~ 145, 147, 148, 232, 233,
gabriel sundukiani 276 guzan taoskareli 148 ericiani al. 106, 107 234, 235, 272
gagelebi 141, 236 gurgeni (taSir-Zoragetis kviri- `erkainabazuki~ 147 zaqaridebi 158, 233
gagik I 228 kiani mefe) 228, 254 esaia hasan jalalianci, somexTa zedgeniZeebi 208
gagik II 227 gurgeni, adarnases Ze 86 kaTalikosi 93, 116, 175 zviadi 178
gagiki, somexTa mefe 189 eqvTime grZeli, qarTveli beri 37 zubalaSvili stefane 113
gagik I SahanSa (anisis mefe) 87 d zubovi valerian 119
gai 79 daviT aRmaSenebeli 101, 118, 130, v
gaci 79 132, 157, 239, 268(sq.), 272 valarSaki (arSakis Zma) 26 T
gegeWkori evgeni 277 daviT batoniSvili (bagrationi) valuevi 110 Tadeosi (qristes mowafe) 29
gelami (haikis STamomavali) 24 202 varam gageli 147, 236 Tamazovi 112
gelasi kvizikeli 243 daviT begi 93 `vahram gageci~ 239 TamaraSvili m. 111(sq.), 113, 114,
gvanca dedofali 266 daviT zargarovi (somexi vaWari) 98 vardan arevelci 89, 148, 196(sq.) 214(sq.)
giorgaZe 211 daviT kurapalati 86 varTuSa 266 Tamar mefe 146, 148, 158, 232, 234
giorgi I 88, 174, 176, 177, 229 daviT soslani 146, 148 varsqen pitiaxSi 129 Targamosi 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47,
giorgi III 103, 104 daviT umiwawylo (lore-taSiris vasilievi a. 172 81, 89, 90
giorgi brwyinvale 148 mefe) 229 vaCnaZe 266 Targamosianebi 46, 47, 50, 51, 59
giorgi kedrene 190(sq.) daviT II, adarnase II-is Ze 86 vaxtang gorgasali 72, 75, 84, 85, TarxniSvilebi 206
giorgi merCule 37 daviT III kurapalati 87, 88, 157, 174, 102, 156, 196, 197, 250 Teimuraz II 93
giorgi mTawmindeli 198 186, 187, 188, 192, 199, 225, 229, vaxtang VI 93, 104, 116, 135, 136, 207, Temur-lengi 240
giorgi mwerali 198 273 209, 210 Teodorite 243

298 299
Teodoros rStuni (somxeTis mmar- k 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, mananovi daviT (somexi vaWari) 98
Tveli) 31, 222 kadmosi (aramaneakis Ze) 22 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, mari niko 96, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
Tmogvelebi 147, 236 kavkasosi 89, 90 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 216, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 179, 182,
Tovma mewofeci 90, 91 (sq.), 92 kazarovi d. 172 217, 218, 275, 281, 282 183, 184, 185, 186, 193, 198, 205,
Tornike erisTavi 190, 192, 193 kakabaZe s. 100(sq.) leo (araqel babaxaniani) 123, 124, 241
Torosiani x. 233, 234 kananiani a. 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 136, mariam dedofali (bagrat IV-is
TofCiSvili r. 110(sq.) 262 137, 139, 145 deda) 53
Trdati 18, 19,43, 44, 76, 77, 78, 79 kaosi (aderkis SviliSvili) 59, 60 lipariti 86, 178 markovi a. 100
Trdat didi 92 kaJdani a. 172 liparit baRvaSi (bagrat IV-is markozaSvili 270
Trdat I 55 karapet 250 Tanamedrove) 198 markosiani 270
Trdat III 22, 74, 84, 85 karapetiani s. 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, liparit baRvaSi 38 maruTiani t. 162, 163, 242, 272, 273,
Trdat somexTa mefe 27 256, 261, 262, 273, 274, 284 liparit qveSeli 274 maCabeli 211
Tumaniani 270 karen fahlavi 66 lomiZe 211 mgalobliSvili m. 208(sq.)
TumaniSvili 270 kaxaberisZeebi 265 lomouri n. 28(sq.), 71(sq.) menabde l. 172, 173(sq.)
kekeliZe k. 35, 36(sq.), 37(sq.), 197, lomsaZe S. 97(sq.), 111(sq.) meliqiSvili g. 52, 58, 151(sq.)
i lorTqifaniZe m. 68(sq.), 233 melqseT-begi l. 18(sq.), 66(sq.),
218(sq.), 219(sq.), 220(sq.), 240,
iazkert sparsTa mefe 129 241, 281 loRoTeti 80 91(sq.), 92, 145, 146, 260
iakobaSvili 270 kvaWantiraZe e. 89(sq.), 196(sq.) lubarski i. 172 mesrop maStoci 16, 19, 30, 83, 219
iarvandi (somexTa mefe) 59, 60 kvirike III 269 lui pti 164, 172 mesxi s. 99
ivane dadiani 231 kvirikianebi 130, 254, 272, lukaSvili 270 mesxiaA S. 147, 148, 206(sq.), 233
ivane erisTavi 231 kirakos ganZakeci 91, 237 miafori dvineli 36, 217, 218, 275,
ivane morCaisZe (iSxnis xuroT- m 281
kirakos diakvani 216
moZRvari) 163, 273 konstanti, afxazTa mefe 87 maeJan spaspeti 67, 68, 69, 71, 73 mirvan nebroTiani (farnajomis
ivane mxargrZeli 147, 148, 180 konstantine didi, romis impera- maTevosiani r. 188 vaJi) 55
ivaniSvili 270 tori 18, 19, 43, 44, 78, 79 mazniaSvili giorgi 127 mirdati 63
ivanovi i. 172 konstantine keisari (VIII s.) 196 maTeos ganZasareli 90 mirianaSvili n. 141(sq.)
ioane batoniSvili 120 konstantine I (1407-1411) 90 maTeos urhaeci 171, 179, 180, 181, mirianaSvili p. 113
ioane drasxanakertci 32, 101, 228 konstantine porfirogeneti 171 182(sq.), 230 mirian mefe 27, 28, 43, 44, 51, 52, 53,
ioane varazvaCe 190 koriuni 15, 19, 28, 30, 83, 217 maisuraZe g. 9, 81(sq.) 55, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80
ioane zosime 37 kosaro (xosro) somexTa mefe 65 maisuraZe i. 266(sq.), 270 mihrdati 26, 27
ioane Tornike 178, 190 kostova a. 172 mamagulaSvili 270 mkrtumiani g. g. 223, 227
ioane mamikoniani 250 kostovi a. 172 mamamisTvaliSvili 270 mnacakaniani a. S. 186, 187, 242
ioane sabanisZe 34 kupataZe b. 261 mamasaxlisaSvili 270 moavia xalifa 31, 222
ioane WormanisZe 274 kucia k. 92(sq.), 93(sq.), 116(sq.) mamasaxlisi 270 movses xorenaci 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
iob somxad wodebuli qarTlis mamikonianebi 20, 195, 196, 271 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
mTavarepiskoposi 218, 220 l mamukaZe 270 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51, 52,
ingoroyva p. 53 lazar farpeci 129, 156, 242 mamulaiSvili 270 53, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67,
ionnisiani a. 154 lazarevi g. 172 mamulaSvili 270 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 83, 84, 101,
ioseb orbeli 228 lalaiani e. 145 mamulia 270 102, 105, 141, 174, 193, 221, 242,
isakaZe 270 laji (senatori) 126 mamulovi s. 99, 262, 264, 265, 266, 243, 279, 280, 281, 282
isaakiani 270 levondi 177, 195(sq.), 196(sq.) 267, 268, 269, 270, 271 mose 209
iuzbaSiani, k. n. 55(sq.), 176, 188, 191, leonti mroveli 11, 39, 40, 41, 42, mamuloZe 270 muradiani p. 159, 160, 161, 162, 173,
222, 230, 231, 233(sq.) 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, manandiani h. 145, 146, 151, 152, 194, 175, 176, 177, 179, 189, 199, 200,
iuri andrias Ze bogolubski 148 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 230 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 209, 210,

300 301
 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, oniani aleqsandre 160 saakaSvili 270 sumbat daviTis Ze 39, 53, 84, 85, 86,
218, 219, 220, 221, 236, 240, 241, orbelebi 103, 104, 233 saakiani 270 87, 88, 229, 281
242(sq.), 261, 262, 263, 264, 273, orbeli 270 saak bagratuni 156 sumbat orbeli 235
274, 284, orbelianebi 147, 208, 235 saba (wminda), iSxnis aRmdgeneli an smbat tiezerakali, somexTa mefe
murvan yru (736-738) 195 ormaniani malaqia 145 mSenebeli 184 87
musxeliSvilebi 215, 216 ostrogorski g. 172 sabinini 37(sq.) surenianTa gvari 67
musxeliSvili daviT 21(sq.), 43, salia kalistrate 221 sureniani a. 67
128(sq.), 153, 193(sq.), 195(sq.), 196, p salome (Trdatis qaliSvili) 79 stalini 139
197(sq.), 260(sq.) pavliaSvili 270 sargis vesti 230 stefaniani g. 240
musxelovebi 215 papaSvili m. 113(sq.) sargis zaqariani 234 stefanos orbeliani 91, 103, 104,
muSeR mamikoniani 20, 156 papi, somxeTis mefe (369-374) 20 sargis Tmogveli 240, 241 235
muSeRi, yarsis mefe 229 paskeviCi 249, 269 `sargis Tmogveci~ 239 stefanos taroneci asoRiki 32,
muCaiZe 211 patkaniani q. 101-106 sargis mxargrZeli 147 193, 229
muxranbatonebi 208 perovski 111 sargis sarkavagi 203 straboni 27, 131, 193, 194, 260
mxargrZelebi 124, 130, 145, 146, 147, petriaSvili 270 saruxani 112 struve 151
158, 233, 235, 239, 268, 272 petre didi 106, 136 sarqisiani g. 151 suji dedofali 35
mxiTar airivaneci 88, 89, 228, 254, petrosiani 270 sarjvelaZe z. 160
272 poRosiani 270 sasanianebi, sasanidebi 66, 68, 75, t
mxiTar goSi 147, 209, 210, 237 poRosiani s. 187 194 tarsaiW orbeli 236
protiCi a. 172 saurmagi 52, 80, 156 tacitusi 64, 131
n sahaki, kaTalikosi 16 terakof 250
nabuqodonosori 82 J sebeosi 31, 101, 222 ter-mkrtiCiani k. 145
napoleoni 120 Janeni remon 242, 243, 244 senkovski o. 101, 102, 104, 105, ter-sarqisiani a. 252
nasra, guaram mamfalis Ze 86, 87 Jozef piton de turnefori (fran- sen-marteni 107 ter-Revondiani a. n. 222, 223, 224
naxapetiani 112 gi mogzauri) 207 serapion zarzmeli 241 tigran ervandiani 22, 25, 27
nebroTi (sparsTa mefe) 52, 53, 68, Jordania noe 137, 138 (sq.) sefelia loRoTetis as. (revis tiberiosi, romis keisari 29
84 coli) 80 tigran I 28
nebroTiani 75 r silvestri, romis papi 19 tigran II 27, 121
nerses III kaTalikosi 195 ramiSvili noe 277 simeoni, somexTa kaTalikosi 94 tokarski n. 142, 143, 144, 149, 159,
nersehi asureTis mefe 29 rati 178 simon I 92, 93 162, 163, 242, 272, 273
nikoloz I 109 revi 80 sisaki (gelamis Ze) 24
nikoloz mistikosi, konstantino- revi (mirianis Ze) 78 smbat bivritiani (somexTa sar- u
polis patriarqi 32 rifsime 30, 35 dali) 60, 62 ulumbabiani b. 235
nikoloz ColoyaSvili 213 rifsimianelebi 281 smbati (gurgenis Zma) 228, 254 umeki, somexTa mTavari 203
nino wminda 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 193, rozeni baroni 98 smbat I bagratidi 33, 227, 228
uxtanesi 181, 211(sq.)
216, 217, 218, 242, 243, 244, 265, rtiSCevi n. T. (infanteriis genera- smbat bagratis Ze 179
275, 281 li) 98, 99 smbat II Sirakis mefe 229, 187 f
noe 75, 85 rusudan, liparit qveSelis, meuR- sozimene 243
fadloni, ganZis amira 87
novoselcevi a. 152, 153 le 274 sokrate 243
favstos buzandi 15, 20, 28
nozaZe v. 126, 251(sq.) rufinusi 243 sosTeni, somexi winamZRvari 37
farnavazi 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 68, 72,
nune 30, 242 spandiat sparsTa mefe 48
s 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 104, 193
sula kalmaxeli 198
o saakaZe 270 sulxan-saba orbeliani 69, 70, 73
farnavazi (farsmanis spaspeti) 63
omeadTa dinastia 222

302 303
farnavazianebi 20, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,
67, 75
farnajomi 54, 55, 56, 57, 80
farsman armazeli (aderkis Svili-
Svili) 59, 60
farsman I 64
farsman II qveli 63, 64, 65
filartos varaJnuni, (antioqiis
Temis bizantieli gamgebeli)
(1078-1084) 182
fsevdo Sapuh bagratuni 32
q Cordvanelis Zeebi (karineli mema-
qarTami (aderkis Ze) 55, 59
qarTlosi 42, 44, 49, 50, 79, 81, 89,
90
qarTlosianni 50, 81, 82
qarZami, qarTvela mefe 62
qasre sasaniani, sparsTa mefe 65,
69, 75, 84
qiqoZe g. 105
qiSmiSovi s. 117, 118, 119, 120
quji 48, 55
R h
RarRaZe 216
RarRaZeanci 216
Rukasi (luka), somexTa kaTalikosi
93
Rukasiani 270
y WiWinaZe z. 112, 113, 114, 211, 212
yauxCiSvili s. 168
yubaneiSvili sol. 268
S xanlariani, n. a. 92(sq.)
Saburi, sparseTis mefe 156
Saverdovi amiran (somexi vaWari) 98
SaniZe a. 167(sq.), 169, 170, 172, 173,
177, 190(sq.)
Sapuh amatuni 196
Sara aramairis Ze 23
Sardeni 208(sq.)
Sahamiriani iakob 94 xorxorunTa gvari 23 Javakhishvili Iv. 289
Sahamiriani Samir 94 xosrovi, Trdat didis mama 92 Juansher 287
Sahnazariani as. 145, 233, 235, 236 xosrov somexTa mefe 66, 77
SahyulaSvili 270 xuaranZe, vaxtang gorgaslis da 84 Karapetian S. 289
Sahyuliani 270 xuasruvani (bakurianis Zma) 167 Kekelidze K. 287
Sirinkini gen. 100 xudabaSevi al. 106, 107
Leonti Mroveli 287
SoTa rusTaveli 241 xurSudiani l. 246
SoSiaSvili n. 89(sq.), 196(sq.) Melkonyan Ash. 289
SuSaniki 129 j
Movses Khorenats 285, 286, 287, 288
javadi, ganjis xani 116 Muradian P. 289
C javax (zevax) 249
CamCiani m. 145 javaxiSvili i. 13, 19, 123, 126, 127, St. Nino 286, 287
128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,
muleebi) 192 140, 151(sq.), 209(sq.), 259, 267, Sumbat 287
CubinaSvili g. 159,264 278, 284
CxartiSvili m. 34(sq.), 244 jala 217 Àáåãÿí Ì. 16(sq.), 19(sq.), 20(sq.), 28(sq.)
janaSia l.-n. 21(sq.), 27, 28, 129(sq.) Àäîíö Í. 194(sq.), 271(sq.)
c janaSia s. 91, 142, 143, 144, 155, 159, Àðàêåëÿí Á. Í. 154(sq.)
cagareiSvili, el. 31(sq.), 32(sq.), 222, 224(sq.), 273 Àðâåëàäçå Á. 221(sq.), 263(sq.)
104(sq.), 174, 175, 176, 179, 182, jandieri e. 249 Àðè÷ñòêåñ Ëàñòèâåðòöû 175(sq.), 188(sq.)
192(sq.), 195(sq.), 228(sq.) jaoSvili v. 97(sq.), 207(sq.) Àðóòþíîâà-Ôèäàíÿí Â. À. 180(sq.),
cankova-petkova g. 172 jorbenaZe s. 13(sq.), 278(sq.) 182(sq.), 190(sq.), 229(sq.)
cincaZe i. 120(sq.) juanSeri 39, 75, 84, 85, 88, 281 Àðóòþíÿí Ï. Ò. 135(sq.)
ciciSvilebi 208
Áàáàÿí Ë. Î. 233(sq.)
w haiki 22, 23, 24, 44, 45, 46, 88, 89 Áàãðàòèäè 31(sq.), 54(sq.), 191(sq.),
wereTeli akaki 276 haikiani arami 24 222(sq.), 233(sq.)
hakobiani 270 Áåðèäçå Â. 143(sq.), 162(sq.), 197(sq.)
W hamam amatuni 196 Áîðÿí Á. 200(sq.)
WavWavaZe ilia 106, 107, 108, 109, haosi 42, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 68, Áóòêîâ Ï. Ã. 119(sq.)
113, 116, 263, 266, 276 90
herakle 28 Ãðèãîðèé (ñâ.) 19
Wubabria r. 261 hmaiak mamikoniani 129 Ãðèãîðèé Áàêóðèàíèñ-äçå 170(sq.),
hovhannes drasxanakertci 32 177(sq.), 190(sq.)
x honigmani e. 172 Ãðèãîðÿí Ã. Ì. 233(sq.)
Äàðáèíÿí-Ìåëèêÿí Ì. Î. 32(sq.)
xatisovi al. 121 Bagratuns 286
Äæàíàøèà Ñ. 91(sq.), 142(sq.)
xaCatur 250 Berdzenishvili N. 285
Äîíäóà Â. 154 (sq.)
xaCaturi 203
xaCaturi, somexTa arqiepiskoposi David 287
Åðåìÿí Ñ. Ò. 90(sq.), 148(sq.)
215
Grigorius 286
xaCikiani l. 240 Çàãóðñêèé Ë. 97(sq.)
xeCaturi 210 Çàõàðèé Êàíàêåðöè 93(sq.)

304 305
Èîàííèñÿí À. Ð. 154(sq.) Õàíëàðÿí Ë. À. 92(sq.) eTnikuri saxelebi

Êèðàêîñ Ãàíäçàêåöè 92(sq.), 93(sq.), Øàíèäçå À. Ã. 170(sq.), 177(sq.), 190(sq.) a i

237(sq.)
Ýçîâ Ã. 117(sq.) abazgi 177 iberieli 101, 171
Êîðþí 19(sq.)
avRani 93(sq.), 116 (sq.) iverieli 20, 26, 175
Êèøìèøåâ Ñ. Ã., ãåíåðàë-Ëåéòåíàíò
Þçáàøÿí Ê. Í. 31(sq.), 54(sq.), 188(sq.), azerbaijaneli 122, 123 imereli 99
117(sq.), 119(sq.)
221(sq.), 233(sq.) alani 19, 61, 62 ingliseli 126, 127, 139
Ëîìîóðè Í. 189(sq.) Þðèé Áîãîëþáñêèé 148(sq.) albaneli, alvaneli 19, 26, 27, 30, iraneli 15, 17, 18
Ëóêèí Â. Ã. 17(sq.) Þñòèíèàí 194(sq.), 271(sq.) 31 italieli 213
amierkavkasiis xalxi 170, 221, 226
Ìàìóëîâ Ñ. Ñ. 99(sq.), 265(sq.) arabi 31, 84, 152, 195, 196, 198, 222, k
Ìàíàíäÿí ß. À. 194(sq.) ²Õ³Ø³ÑÙ³¹Ë³Ý120 (sq.) 223, 224, 225, 250, 280 kabadokieli 26, 265
Ìàðêîâ À. 100(sq.) ²ñÇëï³Ï»ëȳëïÇí»ñïóÇ 176(sq.) afxazi 12, 19, 86, 87, 97, 175, 177 kavkasieli, kavkasiis xalxi 27, 40,
Í. ß. Ìàðð 18(sq.), 96(sq.), 164(sq.), 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 53, 53, 58,
¶»áñ·Û³Ý ì. ². 176(sq.) b
183(sq.), 184(sq.) 60, 62, 79, 81, 89, 282
ºñ»ÙÛ³Ý Æ. ü. 187(sq.)
Ìàøòîö 19(sq.) berZeni 16, 18, 25, 34, 48, 50, 64,' 65, Crd. kavkasieli 72
ºñ»ÙÛ³Ý ê. 146(sq.) 78, 164, 171, 175, 184, 185, 186, kaxeli 266, 267
Ìêðòóìÿí Ã. Ã. 223(sq.), 227(sq.)
Ìêðÿí Ì. Ì. 31(sq.) 225, 243
¼³ù³ñdzºñϳÇÝ³μ³½áõÏ 146(sq.) l
Ìíàöàêàíÿí À. Ø. 186(sq.) bizantieli 157, 191, 225, 226, 230,
Ìîâñåñ Õîðåíàöè 31(sq.) È»á 124(sq.), 128(sq.), 135(sq.) 231, 243 lazi 165, 184
Ìóðàäÿí Ï. Ì. 175(sq.), 199(sq.), 203(sq.), branjTa eri 35 laTini 64, 243
ÎÇñ³Ïá붳ÝӳϻóÇ 92(sq.) leki 40, 48, 60, 65, 116, 136
207(sq.)
g
Ìóñõåëèøâèëè Ä. Ë. 260(sq.) Ô»íáݹ ì³ñ¹³å»ï 195(sq.) m
germaneli 99
Íîâîñåëüöåâ À. Ï. 152(sq.) Ú³ÏáμØ³Ý³Ý¹Û³Ý 146(sq.),
gogarebi (tomi) 260 makedoneli 265
guTebi 76 megreli 40, 48, 99, 165, 184
230(sq.)
Îíèàíè À. 160(sq.) mesxi 198, 256
Îðáåëè È. À. 228(sq.) d monRoli 238, 272
سïûáëàõéѳۻóÇ 179(sq.)
Øáõñ³¹Û³Ý ä. Ø. 237(sq.) daRestneli 137
Ïàòêàíîâ Ê. 102(sq.) didoeli 60 o
Ïåòð Âåëèêèé 117(sq.) Þ³Ñݳ½³ñÛ³Ý ². Æ. 234(sq.) durZuki 60 osi 48, 50, 60, 61, 65, 72, 87
ïñåâäî-Øàïóõ Áàãðàòóíè 32(sq.) Þ³Ñݳ½³ñÛ³ÝÎ. 19(sq.) osmalo 92, 121, 250, 251, 258
e
Ñàðäæâåëàäçå Ç. 160(sq.) äáÕáëÛ³Ý ê. ä. 187(sq.) ebraeli 82 p
egriseli 55 parTeli 75
Òåð-Ãåâîíäÿí À. Í. 195(sq.), 222(sq.), ê»μ»áë »åÇëÏáåáë 17(sq.) espaneli 190 paWaniki 60
224(sq.) êï»÷³Ýáëî³ñáÝ»óDzëáÕÇÏ 37
Òèãðàí âòîðîé 194(sq.) 193(sq.) r
Òîðîñÿí Õ. 233(sq.) T romaeli 15, 18, 27, 30, 52, 66, 72, 171,
Òîêàðñêèé Í. Ì. 91(sq.), 142(sq.) î»ñ–Ô»íáݹÛÝ 223(sq.)
TaTar-monRoli 240 179, 265, 279
ö³íëïáë´áõ½³Ý¹ 20(sq.) Turqi 47, 48, 102, 136, 187, 272 rusi 99, 107, 134, 136, 138, 148, 204,
Óëáàáÿí Á. À. 235(sq.)
Turqmani 92, 238 221, 553, 272
TuSi 98

306 307
 s 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59-68, geografiuli saxelebi
sabWoTa kavSiris xalxi 221 72-75, 78-80, 82, 84-89, 91, 92, 93,
94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, a araradis qveyana (vanis tbis sax.)
sarkinozi 84, 86
108-116, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, aboci 43, 85 22
selCuki 179, 227, 235, 236
127, 129, 131-138, 141, 149, 154, abuli 261 aras mTebi 130
selCukiani Turqi 40, 45, 130, 232,
156, 157, 164-166, 168, 169, 171, agarani 272 araratis gavari 205
239
173-178, 180, 181, 184-186, 189- agulisi 160 araratis mTa 46
sirieli 15, 16, 164
192-194, 196, 197, 198, 202, 204- adarbadagani 76, 87 araratis olqi 124
somexi 13, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28-30,
210, 211(sq.), 212-214, 216, 219, adrianopoli 55 araqsi 43, 45, 107
35, 38-42, 44-53, 56-68, 70, 72-75,
226-228, 230, 231, 236-238, 240, avlabari 120 areSti 258
78, 84-87, 90-92, 97-100, 102, 105-
241, 243, 250, 252, 256-258, 260, azavreTi 261 arzrumi, erzrumi 247, 256, 269
109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120, 122,
262, 263, 266, 267, 270, 272, 273, azia 26, 199, 202 armaviri (dasax. punqti) 23
124-138, 140-142, 148, 150, 151,
153, 154, 156, 157, 165, 169-172, 276, 277, 280-282 azerbaijani 12, 122, 139, 140, 277 armazi (geograf. punqti) 250
174, 175, 177, 178, 180-182, 184, `qarTveli grigoriani~ 211, 213- aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri 171, armazis cixe 68, 85
186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 196, 215 178, 190, 192, 197 `arminia~ 222, 223, 225, 226,
198-203, 205, 206, 209, 211(sq.), akanis 160 arnis 160
212, 214, 215, 218, 219, 222, 226- y aksigomsi 160 artaani 196
228, 234, 237-244, 247-249, 253, yivCaRi 72, 118, 148 akura 201 artani 59, 61
256-261, 263-267, 270-273, 275, alastani 261 artanujis saerisTavo 198
x albaneTi 16, 18, 31, 152, 186, 223, artanujis cixe 197
277, 279, 280, 282,
somexi qalkedonitebi 163-166, 168, xazari 46, 47, 65, 68 224 arcaxi 93, 124, 130, 239
172, 174, 177, 178, 181-183, 185, xevsuri 98 alberis 160 asisfori 196
189, 193, 198, 273, 283 amerika 126 asurastani 49, 50, 51, 52
j amierkavkasia 9, 12, 14, 20, 32, 35, 43, asureTi 26
somexi mosaxleoba 96, 97, 122, 123,
166, 199, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, jiqi 60 100, 101, 102, 105, 111, 115, 119, atropatena 26
213, 215, 216, 219, 220(sq.), 247, 122, 123, 125, 127, 135, 141 (sq.), afxazeTi 97
h 144, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, aSoci 132
249, 250, 251, 253, 259, 267, 269,
270, 276 heri 40 174(sq.), 176(sq.), 188, 189, 198, aSS 121
sparseli 15, 47, 50, 51, 58, 62, 63, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229, aWara 196
64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 230, 231, 232, 237, 244(sq.), 252, axali naxiWevani 205
àáõàçåö 18(sq.), 19
92, 93, 117, 130, 156, 243, 279 253, 254, 269, 275, 276, 277 axali julfa 205
àëàí 18(sq.), 19
ananuri 120 axalqalaqi 128, 140, 247, 249, 250,
àëáàíåö 19
u anisi (q.) 87, 124, 179, 190, 192, 236 251, 256, 269
àðìÿíèí 18(sq.), 99(sq.), 123(sq.),
urartueli 249 anisis samefo 38, 225, 227, 229, 230, axalqalaqis mazra 121, 122, 125, 139
148(sq.), 265(sq.)
231 axalqalaqis wyali 248
f ãðóçèí 18(sq.), 19, 123(sq.), 148(sq.) anisis cixe 228, 229 axalcixe 256
frangi 102 antioqia 181, 243 axalcixis mazra 125
Ð³Û 20(sq.), 22(sq.), 93(sq.), 106(sq.), agarani 132 axpati 148
q 151(sq.), 187(sq.), 223(sq.), 240(sq.) arabeTi 31(sq.), axuriani md. 93
qarTveli 9, 13, 19, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, arabTa saxalifo 226
b
35, 37, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, aragaci (mTa) 23, 130
`arakova~ 261 babiloni 22, 44, 52, 265
arani 222 bagrevandi 60, 62
bavra 261

308 309
bazari 201 gogarene 27, 155, 194, 260 elizavetopolis gubernia 128 125, 126, 127, 129(sq.), 132, 135,
baTumi 97, 126, 127(sq.) gori 97, 126, 201, 216, 269 erasxi md. 23 137, 138, 141(sq.), 148, 151(sq.),
baTumis olqi 126 gorisTavi 201 erevani 89(sq.), 93, 97, 133, 142, 149, 153(sq.), 154(sq.), 159(sq.), 160,
bambakis mTebi 271 gorisjvris somxuri eklesia 154, 174, 177, 188, 199, 203(sq.), 161, 164(sq.), 167(sq.),168(sq.),
bambak-Sorageli 97 (Calabandis saydari) 203 246, 247, 261 172(sq.), 173(sq.), 174(sq.), 181(sq.),
bana 197, 272 gugareTi 128, 131, 132, 133, 135, 154, erevnis gubernia 122 193(sq.), 196(sq.), 197(sq.), 199,
baraleTi 258 239, 271 eruSeTi 34 203, 206, 207, 208, 210(sq.),
bardavi 223 gugarqi 20, 124, 128, 155, 194, 217, eStio 258 218(sq.), 220(sq.), 221(sq.), 222(sq.),
basiani 60, 187 239, 247, 251, 254, 260, 271 extila 261 223(sq.), 225(sq.), 228(sq.), 231(sq.),
baRdadi 265 aR. gugarqi 130 238(sq.), 243(sq.), 244, 251(sq.), 252,
beiruTi 255 Cr.-aR. gugarqi 260 v 254(sq.), 255, 258(sq.), 264, 266,
berduji md. 42, 43 gumbri 121 vanis tba 22, 23, 24, 42, 44, 188, 192 268(sq.), 278(sq.), 284
berlini 121 gurgenis zRva 42, 87 vaspurakani 35 Tbilisis gubernia 122, 254
bizantia 156, 17, 32-34, 37, 38, 41, gurjistanis vilaieTi 238, 239, 250 vaspurakanis samefo 54, 227 Tbilisis samebis taZari 253
55, 68, 74, 131, 156, 162, 171, 174, vaRarSapati 94 Tbilisis wm. giorgis somxuri
182, 187, 189, 191, 192, 196, 224, d `vahramianTa samTavro~ 235, 236 eklesia 203
226, 227, 231, 241, 262, 265, 280, dadeSi 258 vixiki sof. 181 TeTriwyaro 259
281 daviT garejis veli 140 vladikavkazi 118 Telavi 134, 206, 269
bodbe 35 daviT garejis monasteri 273 Tetalia 26
bodbisxevi 201 daTvisi 160 z `Trelq~ 245
bolnisi 132, 160, 161, 259 damasko 222 `zabaxa~ 249 TrialeTi 132
bolnisis sioni 219 dariali 89 zadenis mTa 80 TurqeTi 97, 120, 125, 126, 139, 257,
bolnofori 260 darialis cixe 61 zaqaTalis olqi 140 277
borCalo 93, 97, 139 darubandi 89 zaqarianTa samTavro 235 Tuxarisi 46
borCalos mazra 121, 122, 125, 126, dasavleTis zRva 26 zemo ubani 108 Tuxarisis saerisTavo 198
134, 139 debeda-Cai md. 260 zemo qarTli 178, 258 `TfRis~ 239
breZa 215 demoTis cixe 61 zerti 204, 214
breZis grigol ganmanaTleblis derbendi 222 zertis wm. giorgis eklesia 214 i
monasteri 215, 216 dvini 223, 236 zindisi 161 iberia 18, 19, 21(sq.), 131, 154, 155,
breZis wm. giorgis eklesia 215, 216 dvliswyali 248 156, 171, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193,
britaneTi 125 `didi somxeTi~ 107, 123, 125, 141, T 194, 198, 223, 226, 249, 250, 260
bulgareTi 167(sq.), 173(sq.) 193, 244, 146, 247, 283 Tavfaravnis wyali 248 `iberiis Temi~ 225
burnaSeTi 258 dmanisi 132, 160, 161, 259 TamaraSeni 201 iberiis sakatebano 225
buqaresti 164 duisi 161 Tbilisi 13(sq.), 19(sq.), 21(sq.), ierusalimi 35, 82
27(sq.), 28(sq.), 29(sq.), 31(sq.), iveria 20
g e 32(sq.), 34(sq.), 36(sq.), 37(sq.), imereTi 252
ganZa 87, 136, 261 egvipte 265 38(sq.), 43(sq.), 53(sq.), 57(sq.), inglisi 121, 125, 126
ganZaki 93 egrisi 43, 47, 50, 75 58(sq.), 66(sq.), 68(sq.), 69(sq.), indoeTi 200
ganja 116, 126 evropa 126, 199, 202 71(sq.), 83(sq.), 88(sq.), 89(sq.), indoelTa qveyana 66
gardabani 131 evfrati 107 90(sq.), 92(sq.), 93(sq.), 94, 97(sq.), irani 15, 17, 27, 33, 65, 66, 152, 156,
gelaquni 24, 130 eldaris veli 140 99, 100, 102(sq.), 103(sq.), 104(sq.), 200, 205, 224, 280
geli 24 elarbini 217 105(sq.), 107(sq.), 110(sq.), 111(sq.), iranis azerbaijani 97
germania 121, 125 elias mTa 253 112, 113(sq.), 116(sq.), 117(sq.), italia 200
gogarani sof. 260 elizavetopoli 126 118(sq.), 119(sq.), 120, 121, 123,

310 311
iSxani 163, 165, 166, 184, 197, 272, konstantinopolis aia sofias ta- mcire azia 152, 197 ruseTi 95, 86, 98, 99, 100, 101, 109,
273 Zari 262 mcxeTa 57, 67, 76, 80, 82, 85, 126, 162, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
koruSeTi 258 220 122, 126, 130, 133, 134, 139, 140,
k koxtasTavi 240 mcxeTis jvris monasteri 220, 263, 152, 200, 206, 221, 255, 256, 272,
kavkasia 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21(sq.), 24, krwanisi 160 264 276, 277, 283,
26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, ktezifoni 17, 280 ruseTis imperia 253
39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 59, 64, 70, n ruisi 160
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 81, 84, 86, 87, l nasomxari 201 ruxi 201
88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 100, lagodexis raioni 266 naxWevani 60
101, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 119, lilo 206 nigali 296 s
121, 123, 124, 126, 136, 139, 141, lixi 42 nizibini 26 sabereebi 273
144, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, lore 234, 272 niCbisi 204 saberZneTi 49, 77, 78, 80, 244
157, 159, 221, 222, 226, 229, 232, lore-bambaki 272 nukriani 201 sabWoTa kavSiri 143, 149, 159, 221,
236, 239(sq.), 241, 242, 243, 244, lore-taSiri 128, 130, 135, 229 246
249, 264, 274, 277, 279, 280, 281, o sabWoTa saqarTvelo 161
282 m oTxTa eklesia 273 saloSeTi 258
samxr. kavkasia 22, 23, 96, 139, 140 magnezia 52 oloda 258 samSvilde 42, 130, 272
Crd. kavkasia 72 madrasi 94 oreTis zRva 42 samSvildis saerisTavo 43,
kavkasioni, mTa kavkasia 31, 42, 46, manglisi 34, 160, 161 orxofia 258 samcxe 195, 247
62 mangleacfori 260 orja 258 samcxe-javaxeTi 97, 245, 256
kala 208 marneuli 259 oseTi 67 samwevrisi 161
kalmaxis saerisTavo 198 maroko 265 osmaleTi 122, 134 sankt-peterburgi 18(sq.), 101, 106,
kalmaxis cixe 196 martyofis veli 93 oSki 163, 181, 197, 272 110, 277
kambeCani 275 maRaro 201 sasanianTa irani 17, 72
kari 232 maCxaani 201 p sasanianTa saxelmwifo 66
karini 190, 192, 261 maxl. aRmosavleTi 22, 151(sq.), 155, palan-kurdani 87 safrangeTi 121, 221
karinis olqi 154, 155 158, 225 palestina 26 safurcle 217
karwaxi 131 mahkanaberdi 148 parTia 26, 64, 66, 75, 84, 155 saqarTvelo 12, 13, 16, 21(sq.), 29(sq.),
kaspiis zRva 88, 90, 126 mesopotamia 152 pariadris sanaxebi 131 31(sq.), 37(sq.), 38-41, 43(sq.), 44,
kaxeTi 93, 114, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206, mesxeTi 97, 126, 198, 251(sq.) pariadris ferdobebi 155 45, 49, 51(sq.), 53-56, 57(sq.), 58-
212, 245, 251, 252 `mefis qalaqi~ 206 parizi 19(sq.), 127, 220 60, 64(sq.), 67-69, 70(sq.), 74, 75,
kaxeT-hereTi 269 miraSxani 258 parxali 197, 272 81, 82, 83(sq.), 88, 90-93, 95-99,
kesaria 243 mirzaani 201 petriwoni 164, 167 101, 103-107, 110(sq.), 112, 113(sq.),
kvarSa 258 mijnaZori 166 petriwonis monasteri 165, 166, 169, 115-119, 120(sq.), 121, 122, 124,
kvirikianTa samefo 130 movakani 75, 76 170, 171, 173, 178, 183, 190(sq.), 125, 126(sq.), 127, 128(sq.), 129(sq.),
kilikia 126 moskovi 53(sq.), 106, 174, 188, 264, 273 130-135, 137-141, 144-151, 153(sq.),
kiolni 162, 262 271 ponto 27 154, 156-164, 174, 176, 190, 191,
klarjeTi 42, 43, 148, 164, 184, 185, mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyofi 193 pontos zRva 26, 42, 88, 90 193, 195, 199-202, 203(sq.), 204-
193, 194, 195, 196 mtkvari 20, 33, 42, 43, 44, 45, 59, 79, 208, 209(sq.), 210-215, 218, 219,
`klarjq~ 245 87, 107, 126, 131, 155, 239 r 220(sq.), 224(sq.), 225(sq.), 228,
kola 43, 196 mtueris cixe 46 rabati 217 230-234, 236-240, 243, 244(sq.), 245,
kolbofori 260 mudrosi 125 rani 75, 76, 224 246, 249, 251-257, 258(sq.), 259,
konstantinopoli 32 muxrani 204 raxsi 43, 79 260(sq.), 261, 263-270, 272, 275-
romi18, 19, 28, 66, 72, 155, 156 277, 280, 282-284

312 313
aRm. saqarTvelo 100, 114, 155, 190, Crdilo somxeTi 124, 125, 158, 232, fxoveli 201 S
201, 220, 221, 226, 239, 266, 269, 234, 269 Savi zRva 126
284 Crd-aRm. somxeTi 234, 240, q
SavSeTi 196
das. saqarTvelo 64, 65, 230 Crd-das. somxeTi 184, 185 qalaqni araratisani 47 SavSeT-klarjeTi 197
samxr. saqarTvelo 143, 154, 251, 252 centraluri somxeTi 232 `qarasun aRbiur~ (ormoci wyaro) Sami 76
samxr-das. saqarTvelo 149, 163, somxiTi 49, 51, 52, 59, 63, 76, 78, 132, 248 SamSadini 272
197, 258 134, 254, 275 qarTli 20, 21(sq.), 26-38, 43, 49-52, Sarvani 87
saRore (sof.) 201 soxumi 97 54, 56-64, 66-69, 71-74, 76-83, 86, Satberdi 166, 197
sacxenisi 160 stamboli 93 87, 89, 93, 114, 132, 152, 153, 155, Sida qarTli 12, 46, 86
saxalifo 280 sxvilisi 161 177,185, 191-195, 198-200, 203, Siraki 23, 38, 226, 228, 229
sevanis tba 24, 271 204, 206, 212, 216, 218, 219, 221- Sirakuani 60, 62
selevkia 16 t 224, 228, 239, 244, 249-252, 258, Sua azia 256
selevkidebis samefo 49, 54 tabaxmela 201 260, 279, 280, 281
sivnieTi 24, 31, 35, 37, 93, 137, 235, `taiq~ 245, 271, 274 `qarTlis axalqalaqi~ 206 C
236, tao 42, 43, 131, 148, 157, 162, 164, qarTl-kaxeTi 35, 94, 98, 112, 115, Cixori 201
sivnieTis samTavro 235 174, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 117, 118, 120, 206 CunCxa 258
siria 152, 222, 244 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, qvemo ubani 208 Cxari 201
siuniqi 130, 239 196, 197, 198, 199, 227, 229, 272, qvemo tao 196
siRnaRi 134, 269 273, 274 qvemo qarTli 20, 21(sq.), 27, 97, c
svaneTi 144 samxr. tao 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 196 128(sq.), 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, celis tba 61
sparseTi 15, 20, 38, 52, 57, 63, 64, 65, tao-klarjeTi 142, 143, 144, 162, 178, 206, 219, 228, 239, 240, 245, curtavi 128, 129, 210, 219
71, 72, 75-78, 80, 84, 117, 120, 129, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 247, 251, 252, 254, 260, 271, 272,
131, 133, 134, 156 172, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 273, 283 Z
sparseTis azerbaijani 126 186, 193, 196, 197, 197, 198, 199, qvemo xaCeni 235 Zorogeti 145
speri 131, 193 245, 273, 283 qvewafori 260
speris zRva 43 taroni 227 qinZari 217 w
speris olqi 154, 155 taSiri 128, 132 quTaisi 138, 160, 201 walka 97
somxeTi 9, 12-22, 24-33, 35, 36, 41, taSir-Zoragetis samefo 228, 272 wina azia 44, 75, 244
43-46, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56-60, 62-65, taZrisi 161 R wkadisi 161
66(sq.), 67-69, 71-78, 81, 84, 88, tekoris taZari (somxeTi) 242 Rado 42 wnisi 161
90-94, 105, 106, 108, 114, 121-125, tibaani 201 Rrtila 37, 274 wobofori 260
127, 128, 130-135, 137, 139, 140, tirZnisi 161 wunda 57, 59, 61, 258
142, 144-147, 149-157, 161, 162, toloSi 258 y wundis saerisTavo 250
170, 183-185, 187, 193-195, 202, trapizoni 89 yazaxi 93
211, 212, 218-230, 232-239, 241- tfilisi 18(sq.), 66(sq.), 105(sq.), 131, yanda 216 W
243, 246, 247, 251, 252, 254-261, 145(sq.), 260(sq.) yarabaRi 12, 123, 137, 277 WobareTi 258
263-265, 268, 271, 272, 275-277, aRm. yarabaRi 122 Woris cixesimagre 31
279-283 u yaraia 206 Worox-evfratis wyalgamyofi 193
aRm. somxeTi 156, 224 ufliscixe 87 yarai-Siraqis veli 140 Woroxi md. 43 107, 196, 271
das. somxeTi 16, 224, 279 yarsi 236 Woroxis xeoba 107
zaqarianeli somxeTi 234 f yarsis samefo 229
`zaqariduli somxeTi~ 232 fazisi 160 yvibisi 161 x
faniani 201 yirxbulaxi 248 xazareTi 46, 47
faravnis tba 217, 275 yulaRisi 161 xanZTa 197

314 315
xaCeni 124 Russia 287, 288 93(sq.), 99(sq.), 135(sq.), 151(sq.), 263(sq.)
xaCenis samTavro 235 152(sq.), 188(sq.), 191(sq.), 233(sq.), Òèôëèñ 112(sq.), 117(sq.)
xaxuli 197, 272 Tao-Klardgeti 288, 289 237(sq.), 265(sq.)
xerTvisi 160 Tbilisi 289 Õà÷åíñêîå êíÿæåñòâî 235(sq.)
xmelTaSua zRva 42, 44, 126 Turkey 288 Ïåòðèöîíñêèé ìîíàñòûðü 177(sq.),
xoreni 261 189(sq.)
²Ë³Éù³É³ù 128(sq.)
xorzeni 131 Ïåòðîãðàä 96(sq.), 205(sq.)
àðàáñêèé Õàëèôàò 195(sq.), 222(sq.),
xorZene 155 Ïåðåäíÿÿ Àçèÿ 102(sq.) ºñ»õ³Ý 17(sq.), 20(sq.), 120(sq.),
224(sq.)
xospia sof. 262 Àðìåíèÿ 20(sq.), 91(sq.), 96(sq.), 142(sq.), 35(sq.), 146(sq.), 51(sq.), 175(sq.),
Ðèì 194(sq.)
xunani 43, 46 151(sq.), 194(sq.), 195(sq.), 200(sq.), 76(sq.), 87(sq.), 89(sq.), 230(sq.),
xrami md. 127 205(sq.), 222(sq.), 223(sq.), 224(sq.), Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã 119(sq.), 136(sq.) 234(sq.), 237(sq.), 239(sq.), 240(sq.)
233(sq.), 237(sq.), 271(sq.) Ñðåäíÿÿ Àçèÿ 151(sq.)
j ÈáéÇ 128(sq.)
Àõàëöèõå 97(sq.) Ñþíèê 233(sq.)
javaxeTi 57, 60, 61, 140, 217, 218,
239, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, Áàêó 123(sq.) Òàî-Êëàðäæåòè 143(sq.), 162(sq.), ÂÇýÉÇë 92(sq.), 106(sq.)
254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 262 Áîëãàðèÿ 170(sq.) 197(sq.)
Ú³Û³ëï³Ý 187(sq.), 237(sq.)
`javaxq~ 239, 245, 254, 256, 257, 258, Òáèëèñè 91(sq.), 128(sq.), 142(sq.),
259, 260, 274 Âàí 102(sq.) 143(sq.), 162(sq.), 179(sq.), 195(sq.), Ô³ñ³μ³Õ 124(sq.), 128(sq.)
jazireTi 76 Âèçàíòèéñêàÿ èìïåðèÿ 180(sq.), 190(sq.), 201(sq.), 207(sq.), 221(sq.), 260(sq.),
janjRa 258 229(sq.) ØáëÏí³ 187(sq.)
jiqeTi 87 Âèçàíòèÿ 31(sq.), 54(sq.), 191(sq.),
222(sq.), 233(sq.), 236(sq.), 239(sq.) æ³í³Ëù 255(sq.)
h Âîñòî÷íàÿ Ãðóçèÿ 128(sq.), 260(sq.)
haikaSeni (sof.) 22 ê.ä»ï»ñμáõñ· 37(sq.), 177(sq.),
haiqi 23 Ãðóçèÿ 99(sq.), 199(sq.), 201(sq.),207(sq.), 193(sq.), 195(sq.)
harqi (zeganis saxeli) 22 211(sq.), 221(sq.), 263(sq.), 265(sq.)
ì³Õ³ñÕ³å³ï 179(sq.)
hereTi 37, 42, 43, 75, 76, 275
Åðåâàí 16(sq.), 19(sq.), 20(sq.), 28(sq.),
hioc Zori (somxTa xevi) 23
31(sq.), 32(sq.), 90(sq.), 99(sq.),
holandia 200
142(sq.), 151(sq.), 154(sq.), 180(sq.),
horani (siria) 244
186(sq.), 194(sq.), 195(sq.), 199(sq.),
201(sq.), 207(sq.), 222(sq.), 223(sq.),
228(sq.), 233(sq.), 235(sq.), 171(sq.)
Armenia 285, 286, 287, 288, 289
Çàêàâêàçüå 100(sq.), 119(sq.), 152(sq.),
Byzantium 287 205(sq.), 236(sq.), 239(sq.)

Caucasus 285, 286, 287 Èðàí 17(sq.), 151(sq.)

Dvini 286 Êàâêàçñêàÿ Àëáàíèÿ 186(sq.)

Êàðòëè 199(sq.), 201(sq.), 211(sq.)
Georgia 285, 286, 287, 288, 289
Êàõåòèÿ 199(sq.), 201(sq.), 211(sq.),
Iran 286 223(sq.), 227(sq.)

Kartli 285, 286, 288 Ìîñêâà 17(sq.), 31(sq.), 54(sq.), 92(sq.),

Kteziphon 286
316 317
gamocemis redaqtorebi leila sixaruliZe
rusiko kaiSauri

gamomcemloba artanuji
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamz. 17 b.
25-05-22, 91-22-83, 8(93) 25-05-22.
www. artanuji.ge
artanuji@telenet.ge