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MCE 4511: Fluid Machinery (Credit 3.00)

INTRODUCTION
Dr. Mohammad Mamun
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
BUET, Dhaka-1000
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MCE 4511: Fluid Machinery (Credit 3.00)

Hydraulic turbines, Euler turbine equation, degree of reaction, impulse and reaction
turbines, Pelton wheel, Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine, main components, and their
performance. Specific speed. Hydraulic power plants, selection of turbines and sites.

Introduction to fluid movers. Classification of pumps. Reciprocating pumps,

applications, operating principles, performance characteristics. Centrifugal pumps,
applications, operating principles, performance characteristics, cavitation, priming,
parallel and series operations, specific speed, selection. Turbine pump, construction,
working principles, characteristics, applications. Applications and selection of gear
pumps, vane pumps and piston pumps.

Reciprocating compressors, principles of operation, single-stage and multi-stage

compressors, intercooling, applications. Centrifugal compressors and axial flow
compressors, performance characteristics, efficiencies, applications, selection.
Applications and selection of rotary, screw and lobe type compressors. Fans and
blowers, operating principles, types, applications and performances.

Hydraulic intensifiers, jacks, cranes and lifts.

What is a Fluid?
A fluid is a substance that can easily flow. A fluid is able to
change shape, therefore liquids and gases are both fluids.
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously (flows) under
the action of a shear stress, no matter, however small the
shear stress is, i.e., a fluid cannot resist even an infinitesimal
amount of shear stress.

Example - Fluids
What is a Machine?
A machine is something which reduces human effort or
magnifies/amplifies human effort in accomplishing certain task.
A machine is an energy conversion device, i.e., it receives as input
one form of energy and gives as output another form of energy.

Input Machine Output

form of form of
energy energy
Energy conversion

Example - Electric Motor

Electrical Mechanical
Energy Motor Energy
Input conversion Output
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Energy Available in a Flowing Fluid

1. Kinetic Energy, 𝑣2/2 Energy types 1 to 3 are called ‘Hydraulic
Energy’ whereas energy type 4 is also
2. Pressure Energy, p/𝜌 called ‘Internal Energy’.
3. Potential Energy, 𝑔𝑧
4. Thermal (Heat) Energy, 𝑢 Energy types 1 to 3 and 4 are called
‘Thermo-fluid Energy’ or ‘Enthalpy’
5. Electrical Energy ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝/𝜌
6. Magnetic Energy
Energy types 5 to 7 are usually ignored in
7. Chemical Energy, etc.
Fluid or Turbo-machinery.
The machines in which either input or output form is any combination of these
energy types 1 to 4, are called fluid machines or turbo-machines.

The machines in which either input or output form of energy is of thermal or

thermo-fluid (enthalpy) type, are called heat engines.
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Hydraulic Energy
❖ Hydraulic energy is what is produced by the water which is
stored in reservoirs and lakes at a high altitude (so that it
has gravitational potential energy). If at a given moment it
falls to a lower level, this energy is transformed into
kinetic energy and afterwards into electrical energy in the
hydroelectric plant.

➢ Kinetic Energy
➢ Pressure Energy

➢ Potential Energy
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Turbo Machinery
 Turbo machines are dynamic fluid machines that either
extract energy from a fluid (as in turbines) or add energy to
fluid (as in pumps) as a result of dynamic interactions between
the device and fluid.

 Turbines are also called ‘prime movers’ since they can produce
mechanical motion. [IC engines, Electric motors are prime movers]
 Pumps are ‘auxiliary devices’ since they need other prime
movers for their mechanical motion. [fan, blower, compressor, electric
generator are auxiliary devices]
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Classification of Turbo Machines

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Classification of Turbo Machines

 Based on energy addition/extraction:
1. Absorb mechanical energy to produce (increase) fluid
(hydraulic) energy e.g. pumps, fans, compressors.
2. Produce mechanical energy by absorbing fluid
(hydraulic) energy, e.g. turbines

Turbine Pump Compressor

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Classification of Turbo Machines

 Based on direction of fluid flow:

1. Axial Flow: E.g. Kaplan Turbine
2. Radial Flow: E.g. Francis turbine old version
3. Mixed Flow: E.g. Francis Turbine
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Classification of Turbo Machines

 Based on type of fluid handled:

1. Incompressible fluid (liquid): Pumps,
Hydraulic Turbines, etc.
2. Compressible fluid (gas) : Fan, Blower,
Compressors, Wind Turbine, Gas Turbine, Steam
Turbine

 Based on no. of stages:

1. Single stage – single row of blades/impellers
2. Multi stage – multiple row of blades/impellers
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Pump
✓ It is a mechanical device which transfers energy from
an external source to the liquid flowing through a
conduit.
MECHANICAL ENERGY → HYDRAULIC ENERGY
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Pump Classification
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Positive Displacement Pumps

✓ A Positive Displacement Pump makes a fluid move by trapping a

fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the
discharge pipe. The volume is constant through each cycle of
operation.

 Rotary type: Gear, screw, lobe, vane pumps

 Reciprocating type: Piston, plunger, diaphragm pumps
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Reciprocating Pump
✓ A Reciprocating pump is a
positive displacement pump
which is driven by power from
an external source and consists
of a cylinder in which a piston is
moved forwards and backwards.
The movement of the piston
creates alternately a vacuum
pressure and positive pressure
by means of which the water is
raised.
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Gear Pump
✓ A Gear Pump uses the meshing of
gears to pump fluid by
displacement. Gear pumps are
widely used for hydraulic fluid
power applications and in chemical
installations to pump high viscosity External Gear Pump

fluids. As the gears rotate they

separate on the intake side of the
pump, creating a void and suction
which is filled by fluid. The fluid is
carried by the gears to the
discharge side of the pump, where
the meshing of the gears displaces
Internal Gear Pump
the fluid.
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Lobe Pump
✓ Lobe Pumps are used in a variety of
industries including pulp and paper,
chemical, food, beverage,
pharmaceutical and biotechnology.
Lobe pumps are similar to external
gear pumps in operation in that fluid
flows around the interior of the
casing. Unlike external gear pumps,
the lobes do not make contact. Lobe
contact is prevented by external
timing gears located in the gearbox.
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Centrifugal Pump
✓ A Centrifugal Pump is a machine which converts mechanical
energy into kinetic and pressure energy through centrifugal force.
✓ A centrifugal pump consists of two main parts:
➢ a rotating element, including an impeller and a shaft.
➢ a stationary element made up of a casing, stuffing box and bearings.

Impellers
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Centrifugal Pump–Why Priming?

 Total head, H = Suction head, hs + Delivery
head, hd
 Priming is done in pumps to remove any
air present in the suction side. For
removing air water is filled in suction
pipe, casing and into a portion of
delivery pipe. As the head developed by
the pump is directly proportional to the
density of fluid to be handled, so with
the presence of air it is not possible to
create pressure. So, if impeller runs in air,
very low pressure will be developed due
to low density of air. As a result, no
liquid will be lifted by the pump.
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Fan, Blower and Compressor

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Turbine

 A Turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy

from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
 has at least one set of moving blades attached to a shaft called
the rotor assembly.
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Turbine Classification
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Impulse Turbine
► An Impulse turbine is a turbine which is driven by
the impulse of water. In case of an impulse turbine
water from the dam flows through a pipeline. After
passing a guide mechanism it comes out through a
nozzle. All the energy of water is converted into
kinetic energy. Water in the form of a jet from nozzle
impinges on the buckets fixed to the outer periphery
of a running wheel. After coming out of buckets water
flows with a low velocity. The pressure of water both
at entering and leaving the buckets is atmospheric.
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Reaction Turbine
► A Reaction turbine is a turbine into which water
enters with high pressure and flows over curved
blades. A part of pressure head is converted into
kinetic energy and the remaining part remains as
pressure head. The reaction pressure is responsible
for the motion of the runner. The difference of
pressure between inlet and outlet point is known as
reaction pressure. The entire water passage remains
totally enclosed.
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Pelton Wheel
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Pelton Wheel
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Pelton Wheel
❖ Nozzles direct forceful, high-
speed streams of water against
a rotary series of spoon-shaped
buckets mounted on the rim of
a wheel. The water jet's
momentum is transferred to the
wheel and thence to a turbine.
Thus, impulse energy does work
on the turbine. Used for high
head, low flow rate.
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Francis Turbine
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Francis Turbine
❖ Francis turbine is an inward
flow reaction turbine where the
water under the pressure
enters the runner from the
guide vanes towards the centre
in radial direction and
discharges out of the runner
axially. This turbine is used for
medium head and medium
flow rates.
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Kaplan Turbine
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Kaplan Turbine
❖ Kaplan turbine is an evolution
of the Francis turbine. It is a
propeller type water turbine
which has adjustable blades.
Since the radial distance from
the axis at the inlet and outlet is
same, the peripheral velocity is
constant. This turbine is used
for low heads and high flow
rates.
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Hydroelectric Power Plant

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Hydroelectric Power Plant

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Hydroelectric Power Plant- Components

✓ Reservoir: The place behind the dam where water is stored.
✓ Intake: The gates built on the inside of the dam. Water from
reservoir is released and controlled through these gates.
✓ Dam: Dam develops a reservoir of the desired capacity and
builds up a head for power generation.
✓ Penstock: carries the water flowing from reservoirs towards the
power generation unit.
✓ Draft Tube: allows the turbine to be set above tailrace.
✓ Tailrace: a channel which carries water from the turbine.
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Karnafuli Hydroelectric Power Plant

Generation capacity = 230MW
Reservoir size = 777 sq. km
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Gas Turbines
➢ Gas turbines are internal combustion engines which convert heat energy of a fluid
(product of combustion) into mechanical energy of a rotating shaft or axial thrust
for propulsion.
➢ Main Applications: Aircraft Engines (Jet Engines), Helicopters, Ship Engines,
Power Generation

➢ Main components:
1. Compressor
2. Turbine
3. Combustion Chamber
4. Nozzle for producing thrust
(Turbo-jet type)
Or, power turbine (Turbo-prop type)
for generating shaft power.
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Gas Turbines

Fig: Gas Turbine (Jet Engine)

Operating Principle:
Air at atmospheric pressure enters the compressor and exits at high pressure. The high
pressure air enters the combustion chamber where fuel is added and ignited by a spark
plug. This high pressure, high temperature combustion gas then expands through the
turbine which drives the compressor and rotates another shaft of a machine or an
electric generator or allows further expansion through a nozzle to generate thrust for
propulsion.
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Gas Turbine
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Turbojet
✓ Turbojet is an airbreathing jet
engine, usually used in aircraft.
✓ Consists of a gas turbine with
a propelling nozzle.
✓ Compressed air from the
compressor is heated by the
fuel in the combustion
chamber and then allowed to
expand through the turbine.
✓ Turbine exhaust is then
expanded in the propelling
nozzle where it is accelerated
to high speed to provide
thrust.
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Turbojet
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Turbofan
✓ Turbofan is an airbreathing jet
engine, widely used in aircraft
propulsion.
✓ Turbo portion refers to a gas
turbine engine which achieves
mechanical energy from
combustion.
✓ A ducted fan uses the
mechanical energy from the
gas turbine to accelerate air
rearwards.
✓ In turbofan, some of the air
bypasses the turbine.
❖ A turbofan can be thought of as a turbojet being used to drive a ducted
fan, with both of those contributing to the thrust.
Turbofan

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Turboprop
✓ Turboprop engine is a turbine
engine that drives an aircraft
propeller.
✓ In contrast to a turbojet, the
engine’s exhaust gases do not
contain enough energy to
create significant thrust, since
almost all of the engine’s power
is used to drive the propeller.
✓ The propeller is coupled to the
turbine thorough a reduction
gear that converts the high
RPM, low torque output to low
RPM, high torque.

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Turboprop

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Turboprop

Airbus Military Cargo Aircraft

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