EE750

Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 1

1
Notations

E: electric field intensity (V/M)

H: magnetic field intensity (A/M)
D: electric flux density (C/ M2)
B: magnetic flux density (Weber/M2)
Ji: impressed electric current density (A/M2)
Jc : conduction electric current density (A/M2)
Jd: displacement electric current density (A/M2)
µi : impressed electric current density (V/M2)
µd : impressed electric current density (A/M2)
EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 2
Notations (Cont’d)

qev: volumetric electric charge density (C/M3)

qmv : volumetric magnetic charge density (C/M3)

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 3

Historical Background

• Ancient civilizations knew the effect of magnetic

materials
• Gauss’s law for electric fields
∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev
S V

• Gauss’s law for magnetic fields

B
∫∫ B.dS = 0
S
dS
• Faraday’s law C

∂ V

∫ E .dl = − ∫∫ B.dS
C ∂t S

EE750, 2003, Dr. Mohamed Bakr 4

Historical Background (Cont’d)

• Ampere’s law
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS = total current due flow of charges
C S

• Ampere’s law in its original form could not be

considered general

l I l I
A A

∫ H.dl = I
C
∫ H .dl = 0 ?
C

I I

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Historical Background (Cont’d)

• Ampere’s law is modified by introducing the

displacement current
∂
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS
C S ∂t S
• It follows that the 4 main laws are
∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev
S V

∫∫ B.dS = 0
∂
S

∫ E .dl = − ∫∫ B.dS
C ∂t S
∂
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS
C S ∂t S
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 Maxwell’s Equations (the integral form)

• Maxwell’s equations are made symmetric by the

introduction of fictitious magnetic charges and currents

∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev ∫∫ B.dS = ∫∫∫ q mv dV = Q mv

S V S V
∂ ∂
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS ∫ E.dl = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS
C S ∂t S C S ∂t S
J = Ji + J c
µ = µi + µc

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The Divergence Theorem

• The divergence of a vector at a point is defined as

∫∫ F.dS
div F = lim ∆ S = ∇.F
∆V →0 ∆V

• The divergence of a vector is a scalar value that is

position dependent
• Divergence Theorem converts a closed surface
integral to a volume integral over the enclosed volume

∫∫ F.dS = ∫∫∫ ∇.F dV

S V

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The Divergence Theorem (Cont’d)

Iskandar 1992

• For the ith element we have ∫∫ F.dS = div F ∆ Vi

∆ Si
• Summing over the N volumetric elements we get
N N
∑ ∫∫ F.dS = ∑ div F ∆ Vi
i =1 ∆ S i i =1

• Notice that the flux cancels out between adjacent

elements leaving only external surface flux
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The Divergence Theorem (Cont’d)

• As N→∞, we get ∫∫ F.dS = ∫∫∫ ∇.F dV

S V
• As an application of the divergence theorem, we have

∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ qev dV ∫∫∫ ∇.D dV = ∫∫∫ q ev dV

S V V V

∇.D = q ev Gauss’s law in differential form

• Similarly, for the magnetic field we have

∫∫ B.dS = ∫∫∫ q mv dV ∫∫∫ ∇.B dV = ∫∫∫ q mv dV
S V V V

∇ .B = q m v

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 Stokes’ Theorem
• The curl is a measure of the rotation of a vector

Iskandar 1992

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 Stokes’ Theorem (Cont’d)

• The curl can measured through a line integral

Iskandar 1992

∫ F .dl = + ve ∫ F .dl = 0 ∫ F .dl = − ve

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Stokes’ Theorem (Cont’d)
• The curl is a vector that have magnitude and phase
curl F= [curl F]x ax+ [curl F]y ay+[curl F]z az
z

∆z y

∆y
x

∫ F.dl
[∇× F ]x = lim
C1
∆y , ∆z → 0 ∆y∆z

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Stokes’ Theorem (Cont’d)
• This theorem relates the value of a line integral over a
closed contour to a surface integral over the enclosed
surface ∫ F .dl = ∫∫ (∇ × F ).dS
l S

∫ F .dl
• = curl F .n
li
For the ith element we have lim
∆ S i →0 ∆ Si
or ∫ F .dl = curl F .∆ S i
li

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Stokes’ Theorem (Cont’d)

• Summing for all elements we get

N N
∑ ∫ F .dl = ∑ (∇ × F ).∆ S i
i =1 l i i =1

• Notice that the internal line integrals cancel out and only
integration over the external contour remains
• It follows that as ∆Si → 0, we get
∫ F .dl = ∫∫ (∇ × F ).dS
l S

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Applications of Stokes’ Theorem

• Starting with the Maxwell’s integral equation

∂
∫ E .dl = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS
C S ∂t S
apply Stokes’ Theorem
∂
∫∫ (∇ × E ).dS = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS
S S ∂t S

∂B
(∇ × E) = − µ −
∂t
∂
• Similarly, starting with ∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS
C S ∂t S
We get (∇ × H ) = J + ∂D
∂t
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 Maxwell’s Equations

Integral form Differential form

∫∫ D.dS = ∫∫∫ q ev dV = Q ev ∇.D = q ev

S V

∫∫ B.dS = ∫∫∫ q mv dV = Q mv ∇ .B = q m v
S V

∂ ∂B
∫ E.dl = − ∫∫ µ.dS − ∫∫ B.dS (∇ × E) = − µ −
C S ∂t S ∂t
∂ ∂D
∫ H .dl = ∫∫ J .dS + ∫∫ D.dS (∇ × H ) = J +
C S ∂t S ∂t

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The Constitutive Relations

• A material is characterized by its constitutive

parameters ε, µ and σ
∞
• For example, D (t ) = ∫ ε (t − τ ) E ( τ ) dτ
−∞

• For frequency independent permittivity and for

frequency-domain analysis we have D=ε E
• For free space we have εo=10-9/(36π) F/M
• Similarly, B=µ*H B=µH (frequency
independent or single frequency analysis)
• For free space we have µo=4π×10-7 H/M

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The Constitutive Parameters (Cont’d)

• Also, J=σ*E J=σE (frequency independent or

single frequency analysis)
• For free space, σ o=0 S

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