Acid & Base

ACIDS & BASES MR HAYYAN
1
ACIDS & BASES
ACIDS
A CIDS
Chemical substances that ionises in water to produce
Hydrogen ion H+ or Hydroxonium ion H3O+
HCl + H 2O H+ + Cl-
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
T YPE OF A CIDS
ORGANIC ACIDS
MINERAL ACIDS
Citric Acid, Ethanoic
Hydrochloric Acid, Acid, Butanoic Acid,
Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Palmitic Acid, Miristic
Acid, Carbonic Acid, Acid, Lactic Acid,
Phosphoric Acid, Formic Acid, Malic
Cyanic Acid….. Acid,….
2
ACIDS & BASES
BASICITY OF ACIDS
Basicity of acid is the number of hydrogen
ions that is produced when one mole of
acid ionises in water
M ONOPROTIC A CID
1
 Acid which produces 1 mole of Hydrogen ion when one mole
of acid ionises in water
 Hydrochloric acid [HCl], Nitric acid [HNO3], Ethanoic acid
[CH3COOH]
 Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
 Nitric acid, HNO3 H+ + NO3-
2
DIPROTIC A CID
 Sulphuric acid [H2SO4], Carbonic acid [H2CO3]
 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-
 Carbonic acid, H2CO3 2H+ + CO32-
3
T RIPROTIC A CID
 Phosphoric acid [H3PO4] H3PO4 3H+ + PO43-
3
ACIDS & BASES
THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS & ALKALIS

THE pH SCALE
 Used to measure the acidity and alkalinity
of solution based on the concentration of
hydrogen ion [H+]
ACIDIC SOLUTION
 pH value less than 7
 The concentration of Hydrogen ion is higher than
hydroxide ion
 The lower the pH value the higher concentration of
hydrogen ion in the solution
ALKALINE SOLUTION
 pH value more than 7
 The concentration of hydroxide ion is higher than
Hydrogen ion
 The higher the pH value the higher concentration of
hydroxide ion in the solution
4
ACIDS & BASES
Role Of Water To Show

Properties Of Acids
❶ The presence of water is essential for the formation of
hydrogen ions and it is only the presence of hydrogen ions
which causes acidity.
❷ Without water, an acid won’t show the properties of acid.
❸ Example
Without water, the molecules of ethanoic acid do not
dissociate to form hydrogen ions. Without hydrogen ions,
ethanoic acid does not shows acidity
❹ With the presence of water, the molecules of ethanoic acid
disassociate and form hydrogen ions. With the presence of
hydrogen ions, ethanoic acid shows acidity
❶ The presence of water, the

Ethanoic
molecules of ethanoic acid
acid in
Water disassociate and are formed
hydrogen ions.
❷ With the presence of

hydrogen ions, ethanoic acid
shows acidity
5
ACIDS & BASES
Role Of Water
To Show Properties Of Acids
Glacial / ❶ Without water, the molecules

Pure of ethanoic acid do not
Ethanoic dissociate to form hydrogen
acid
ions.
❷ Without hydrogen ions,
ethanoic acid does not
shows acidity
❶ Organic solvent such as

Ethanoic propanon, alcohol, benzene,
Acid in tetrachloromethane and so
Organic on.
solvent ❷ The molecules of ethanoic
acid do not dissociate to
form hydrogen ions.
❸ Without hydrogen ions,
ethanoic acid does not
shows acidity
6
ACIDS & BASES
Role Of Water To Show

Properties Of Acids
CH3COOH
ETHANOIC ACID
IN WATER IN TETRACHLOROMETHANE
❶ Acid ionizes in water ❶ Acid does not ionizes

❷ Hydrogen ions H+ is ❷ No Hydrogen ions H+ is
presence presence
❸ Has freely moving ions to ❸ No freely moving ions to
conduct electricity conduct electricity
❹ H+ ions turns blue litmus ❹ Blue litmus paper
paper to red remains unchanged
7
ACIDS & BASES
THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS

STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS
STRONG ACIDS WEAK ACIDS
 Strong acid is an acid  Weak acid is an acid

which ionises / dissociates which ionises / dissociates
completely in water to partially in water to
produce higher produce lower
concentration of hydrogen concentration of hydrogen
ions ions
 Example of strong acids  Example of weak acids are

are Hydrochloric acid Ethanoic acid [CH3COOH],
[HCl], Nitric acid [HNO3] Phosphoric acid [H3PO4],
and Sulphuric acid [H2SO4] Carbonic acid [H2CO3],
and other than strong acid
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
 No more hydrogen
 The ethanoic acid
sulphate molecules in the
molecules are still present
acid
in the acid


8
ACIDS & BASES

Strong Acid
 Acid which ionises / dissociates completely in water to
produce higher concentration of hydrogen ions
 Degree of ionisation 100%
All molecules of
acid are ionised
Hydrogen ions
are presence
Concentration of H+
pH value
9
ACIDS & BASES

Weak Acid
 Acid which ionises / dissociates partially in water to
produce lower concentration of hydrogen ions
 Degree of ionisation < 100%
Only part of
molecules of Hydrogen ions
acid are ionised are presence
Concentration of H+
pH value
10
ACIDS & BASES

I ONISATION OF S TRONG A CID
H2O
H2 SO4 2H+ + SO42-
Sulphuric Acid Hydrogen ion Sulphate ion

HCl H+ SO42-
I ONISATION OF W EAK A CID
H2O
CH3COO H CH3COO- + H+
Acetic Acid Acetate ion Hydrogen ion

CH3COOH CH3COO- H+
11
ACIDS & BASES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
ACID + METAL ACID +

CARBONATE REACTIVE
METAL
SALT + WATER
SALT +
+ CARBON
HYDROGEN GAS
DIOXIDE
1
2
ACID + ACID +
BASE ALKALI
SALT + SALT +
WATER WATER
4
3
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ACIDS & BASES

1
Acid + Reactive Metal
❶ Acids react with a metal that is more electropositive than hydrogen

in the electrochemical series to produce salt and hydrogen gas.
❷ Acids do not react with copper and silver.
❸ This is actually a displacement, where the metals that are placed
above hydrogen in Electrochemical Series able to displace
hydrogen from acid.
Acids + Reactive Metal Salt + Hydrogen Gas
Sulphuric Acid + Zinc Metal
Zinc powder
Sulphuric acid
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ACIDS & BASES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS 1

Sulphuric Acid + Zinc Metal
Example of Experiment
Procedure
❶ About 5 cm³ of dilute Sulphuric acid is poured into a test tube.

❷ One spatula of zinc powder is added into the acid until excess.
❸ A burning wooden splinter is placed at the mouth of the test tube.
❹ The observations are recorded.
Observation
❶ Colourless gas is released.
❷ A "pop" sound produced when the wooden splinter is placed at
the mouth of the test tube.
Inference
❶ Hydrogen gas is released
Chemical Equation
H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2
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ACIDS & BASES

2
Acid + Metal Carbonate
❶ Acids react with metal carbonates produces salt, water and carbon
dioxide
Acids + Metal Carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Sulphuric Acid + Calcium Carbonate
Sulphuric acid
Calcium
Carbonate
Lime Water
15
ACIDS & BASES

Sulphuric Acid + Calcium Carbonate
Procedure
❶ About 5 cm³ of dilute sulphuric acid is poured into a test tube.

❷ One spatula of calcium carbonate powder is added into the test
tube.
❸ The gas released is passed through lime water as shown in the
diagram above.
❹ The observations are recorded
Observation
❶ Colourless gas is released.
❷ The gas turn lime water chalky.
Inference
❶ The gas released is carbon dioxide.

The gas released is carbon dioxide
Chemical Equation
H2SO4 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

16
ACIDS & BASES

3
Acid + Base ( Oxide / Hydroxide )
❶ Acids react with bases produces salt and water

❷ Base which is metal oxide @ metal hydroxide undissolved in water
Acids + Base Oxide Salt + Water

Neutralisation
Acids + Base hydroxide Salt + Water
Hydrochloric Acid + Copper Oxide / Hydroxide
Copper(II)
Oxide
Hydrochloric
acid
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ACIDS & BASES

Hydrochloric Acid + Copper Oxide / Hydroxide
Procedure
❶ One spatula of copper(II) oxide powders is added to 5cm³ of

hydrochloric acid in a test tube.
❷ The mixture is heated slowly and stirred with a glass rod.
❸ The observations are recorded.
Observation
❶ The black solid dissolves.
❶ The colourless solution turns blue.
Inference
❶ The copper(II) oxide powder (the black powder) has reacted with
The gas the hydrochloric
released is carbon dioxideacid.
❷ The blue colour solution contain copper(II) ions.
Chemical Equation
2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O

18
ACIDS & BASES

Acid + Alkali
❶ Alkali which is metal oxide @ metal hydroxide dissolved in water

❷ Neutralization process is the reaction between acid & alkali using
Titration method
❸ The phenolphthalein acts as an indicator to indicate the present
of hydroxide ion [OH-] and the solution turns to pink colour
Acids + Alkali Salt + Water
Sulphuric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide
H2SO4
NaOH &
Phenolphthalein
19
ACIDS & BASES

Sulphuric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide
Procedure
❶ A pipette is used to draw up 25 cm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution
❷ The NaOH solution is transferred into conical flask
❸ Two or three drops of phenolphthalein is added to NaOH solution
& the solution turns to pink colour
❹ A burette is filled with sulphuric acid, H2SO4
❺ H2SO4 is added drop by drop into alkali solution until the indicator
turns to colourless
Observation
❶ The pink colour of solution turns to colourless.
Inference
❶ Water is formed @ acid & alkali has been neutralised
Chemical Equation
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

20
ACIDS & BASES
SOURCES OF ACIDS
Vinegar Lemon
[Acetic Acid] [Citric Acid]
Tomato
[Oxalic Acid]
Apples SOURCES
[Malic Acid] OF
ACIDS
Ant
[Formic Acid]
Grapes
Milk
[Tartaric Acid]
[Lactic Acid]
21
ACIDS & BASES
USES OF SOME ACIDS

HYDROCHLORIC SULPHURIC ACID
NITRIC ACID  To make paints,
ACID  To remove rust, detergent,
 To make nitrate to clean metals fertiliser, as
fertilizer, dyes, before electrolyte in acid-
explosives such
electroplating lead accumulator
as TNT & plastic
USES OF CARBONIC
ACID
BENZOIC ACID SOME  Used in fizzy
 As a food
preservative ACIDS drinks
METHANOIC ACID
TARTARIC ACID ETHANOIC ACID  Known as a
 As a flavouring  Known as a acetic formic acid
in food & drinks acid  Used to
 To make fruit  Main component coagulate of
salts or health of vinegar latex [rubber]
salts  To preserve pickle
fruit & vegetables
22
ACIDS & BASES
BASES AND ALKALIS

BASE & ALKALI
ALKALIS
BASES
 Chemical substances
 Chemical substances
[bases] that can dissolves
which can react /
in water to produce
neutralise an acid to
hydroxide ions [OH-]
produce salt and water
 Mostly alkalis are soluble
 Mostly bases are
in water
insoluble in water
 All the alkalis are the
 All alkalis are the bases
bases but not all bases
but not all bases are
are alkalis
alkalis
 Example of alkalis include
 Example of bases
metal oxide, metal
include metal oxide &
hydroxide & ammonia
metal hydroxide
 Such as Na2O, K2O,  Such as CuO, MgO,
NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, Cu(OH)2, Mg(OH)2,
Ca(OH)2 & NH3
23
ACIDS & BASES
THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS & ALKALIS

THE pH SCALE
 Used to measure the acidity and alkalinity
of solution based on the concentration of
hydrogen ion [H+]
ACIDIC SOLUTION
 pH value less than 7
 The concentration of Hydrogen ion is higher than
hydroxide ion
 The lower the pH value the higher concentration of
hydrogen ion in the solution
ALKALINE SOLUTION
 pH value more than 7
 The concentration of hydroxide ion is higher than
Hydrogen ion
 The higher the pH value the higher concentration of
hydroxide ion in the solution
24
ACIDS & BASES
Role Of Water
To Show Properties Of alkaline
❶ The presence of water is essential for the formation of
hydroxide ions and it is only the presence of hydroxide
ions which causes alkaline properties.
❷ Without the presence of water, an alkali won’t show the
properties of alkaline.
❸ Example
Without water, the molecules of ammonia gas do not
dissociate to form hydroxide ions. Without hydroxide ions,
ammonia gas does not shows alkalinity
❹ With the presence of water, the molecules of ammonia
disassociate and form hydroxide ions. With the presence
of hydroxide ions, ammonia shows alkalinity
❶ The presence of water, the

c molecules of ammonia gas
dissociate and are formed
hydroxide ions.
❷ With the presence of

Ammonia hydroxide ions, ammonia
in water shows alkalinity.
Red Litmus ❸ Red litmus paper turns to blue

Paper colour.
25
ACIDS & BASES
Role Of Water
To Show Properties Of Alkaline
❶ Without water, the molecules
of dry ammonia gas do not
dissociate to form hydroxide
ions.
Dry Ammonia
❷ Without hydroxide ions,
gas
ammonia does not shows
alkaline properties
❸ Red litmus paper remain
Red Litmus
unchanged
Paper
❶ Organic solvent such as

propanon, alcohol, benzene,
tetrachloromethane.....
Ammonia ❷ The molecules of ammonia

in organic gas do not dissociate to form
solvent hydroxide ions.
❸ Without hydroxide ions,

ammonia gas does not shows
Red Litmus alkalinity
Paper
26
ACIDS & BASES
Role Of Water
To Show Properties Of Alkaline
WATER NH3 TETRACHLOROMETHANE

AMMONIA
SOLUTION
Red Litmus Paper
❶ Alkali ionizes in water ❶ Alkali does not ionises

❷ Hydroxide ions OH- is ❷ No hydroxide ions OH- is
presence presence
❸ Red litmus paper turns to ❸ Red litmus paper remain
blue unchanged
❹ Has freely moving ions to ❹ No freely moving ions to
conduct electricity conduct electricity
27
ACIDS & BASES
THE STRENGTH OF ALKALIS

STRONG AND WEAK ALKALI
STRONG ALKALI WEAK ALKALI
 Strong alkali is an alkali  Weak alkalis is an alkali

which is ionises / which is ionises /
dissociates completely in dissociates partially in
water to produce higher water to produce lower
concentration of concentration of
hydroxide ions [OH-] hydroxide ions [OH-]
 Example of strong alkalis  Example of weak alkalis

are sodium hydroxide are Ammonia [NH3],
[NaOH], Potassium Barium hydroxide
hydroxide [KOH], Sodium [Ba(OH)2] & Calcium
oxide [Na2O], Potassium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]
oxide [K2O] NH3 NH4+ + OH-
NaOH Na+ + OH-  The ammonia
 No more sodium molecules are still
hydroxide particles in the present in the alkali
alkali
28
ACIDS & BASES
THE STRENGTH OF ALKALIS

IONISATION OF STRONG ALKALI
H2O
Na OH Na+ + OH-
Sodium
Hydroxide Sodium ion Hydroxide ion
NaOH Na+ OH-
IONISATION OF WEAK ALKALI
H2O
NH3 OH- + NH4+
Ammonia Hydroxide ion Ammonium ion

NH3 OH- NH4+
29
ACIDS & BASES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI
ALKALI + ALKALI + SALT

AMMONIUM SALT SOLUTION
SALT + BASE
SALT + WATER + HYDROXIDE
AMMONIA GAS /OXIDE
2
3
ALKALI +
ACID
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
OF ALKALI SALT +
WATER
1
30
ACIDS & BASES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI 1

Alkali + Acid
❶ Alkali which is metal oxide @ metal hydroxide dissolved in water

❷ Neutralization process is the reaction between acid & alkali using
Titration method
❸ The phenolphthalein acts as an indicator to indicate the present
of hydroxide ion [OH-] and the solution turns to pink colour
Acids + Alkali Salt + Water
Sodium Hydroxide + Sulphuric Acid
H2SO4
NaOH &
Phenolphthalein
31
ACIDS & BASES

Sodium Hydroxide + Sulphuric Acid
Procedure
❶ A pipette is used to draw up 25 cm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution
❷ The NaOH solution is transferred into conical flask
❸ Two or three drops of phenolphthalein is added to NaOH solution
& the solution turns to pink colour
❹ A burette is filled with sulphuric acid, H2SO4
❺ H2SO4 is added drop by drop into alkali solution until the indicator
turns to colourless
Observation
❶ The pink colour of solution turns to colourless.
Inference
❶ Water is formed @ acid & alkali has been neutralised
Chemical Equation
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

32
ACIDS & BASES

Alkali + Salt Solution
❶ Reaction between sodium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate to
produce sodium nitrate, water & ammonia gas
Salt Solution + Alkali Salt + Base Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide + Copper(II) Nitrate
Sodium
Soluble
Hydroxide
Salt
Copper(II)
nitrate
Blue
Precipitate
33
ACIDS & BASES

Sodium Hydroxide + Copper(II) Nitrate
Procedure
❶ Measure & pour 15 cm3, copper(II) nitrate solution into test tube
❷ Put with drop by drop sodium hydroxide NaOH solution into test
tube until excess
❸ Shake well the mixture in the test tube
❹ Record the observation
Observation
❶ Blue precipitate is formed insoluble in excess of NaOH
❷ Blue colour solution turns to colourless
Inference
❶ Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is presence

❷ Copper(II) hydroxide is formed
Chemical Equation
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + Cu(OH)2
34
ACIDS & BASES

Alkali + Ammonium Salt
❶ Reaction between sodium hydroxide and ammonium nitrate to
produce sodium nitrate, water & ammonia gas
Ammonium Salt + Alkali Salt + Water + Ammonia
Sodium Hydroxide + Ammonium Nitrate
White fumes
Sodium
Hydroxide
Ammonium Hydrochloric
Nitrate Acid
Warm
35
ACIDS & BASES

Sodium Hydroxide + Ammonium Nitrate
Procedure
❶ Measure & pour 15 cm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution into test
tube
❷ Added with ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 solution into test tube
❸ Slowly heat the test tube
❹ Flow the gas is produced into hydrochloric acid HCl
❺ Record the observation
Observation
❶ Colourless gas bubbles given off
❷ Formed white fumes [NH4Cl] in the hydrochloric acid solution
Inference
❶ Ammonia gas is produced

❷ Ammonium chloride is formed
Chemical Equation
NH4NO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + H2O + NH3

36
ACIDS & BASES
acid and ALKALI indicator

pH Scale
❶ pH scale is a measure of acidity and alkalinity. Practically, it is
numbered between 0 and 14.
❷ Neutral substance has pH of 7.
❸ A solution of pH less than 7 is acidic
❹ The lower the pH value, the higher the concentration of
H+ ions in the solution [ Inversely Proportional ]
❺ A solution of pH more than 7 is alkaline
❻ The higher the pH value, the higher concentration of OH- ions
presence in the solution [ Directly Proportional ]
❼ The pH of a solution can be measured by using the Universal
indicator, pH paper or with a pH-meter.
ACIDIC pH 7 ALKALINE
❶ Show acidic properties ❶ Show alkaline properties
❷ pH value range 0 – 6 ❷ pH value range 8 – 14
❸ pH value ❸ pH value
❹ Concentration of H+ ❹ Concentration of OH-
37
ACIDS & BASES
38
ACIDS & BASES

pH Scale
❶ An indicator is a substance or mixture of substances that when
added to the solution gives different colours depending on the
pH of the solution.
❷ Table below shows the colour of indicators in neutral, acidic
and alkaline solution.
Indicator Colour in acid Colour in neutral Colour in alkali

pH < 7 pH = 7 pH > 7
❶ Litmus Red 'Purple' Blue
❷ Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink
❸ Methyl orange Pinky Red Orange Yellow
❹ Methyl red Red Orange Yellow
❺ Bromothymol Yellow Green Blue
blue
❸ The best indicator of all is the universal indicator.

❹ It can be used to show not only whether a substance is acidic or
alkaline, but also whether it is a strong acid or a weak acid.
39
ACIDS & BASES
USES OF SOME BASES

MAGNESIUM SODIUM
HYDROXIDE HYDROXIDE
 To make  To make soaps,

AMMONIA
toothpaste and detergents,
gastric pills  To make paper, fertilisers
[antacids] nitrogenous  To make
fertilizer, nitric bleaching
acid agents
 To remove
grease
 To prevent
CALCIUM coagulation of ALUMINIUM
HYDROXIDE latex in rubber HYDROXIDE
industry
 To make  To make gastric
cement, lime medicine
water [gastric pills]
 To neutralise the [antacids]
acidity of soil  To neutralise the
 To make excess of acid in
bleaching the stomach
powder
40
ACIDS & BASES
CONCENTRATION OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS

Solute, Solvent and Solution
 If a substance dissolves in a liquid, it is called a solute and the
liquid is called the solvent.
 The resulting mixture is called a solution.
SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLUTION
NaOH H2O NaOH SOLUTION
Solute Solid which dissolves
Solvent Liquid which does the dissolving

Solution Solute + solvent
A solution which will dissolve no more
Saturated solution
solute.
Soluble substance A substance that will dissolve in a solvent.
A substance that will not dissolve in a
Insoluble substance
solvent
41
ACIDS & BASES

Concentration of Solution
❶ The concentration of a solution tells you how much solute is dissolved
in 1 unit volume of solution.
❷ The volume of a solution is measured in dm³ [litres]
1 dm³ = 1000 cm³.
❸ The amount of solute can be measured in grams or moles.
❹ 2 units of concentration used in chemistry are g dm-3 and mol dm-3
Concentration in g dm-3
❶ Concentration is the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution.
❷ A concentration of 10 g dm-3 means there is 10 g of solute
dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution.
Concentration = Mass of solute (g)
Volume of solution (dm3)
Example 1:
Calculate the concentration of the solution if 28 g of NaOH is
dissolve in 250 cm3 of water.
Answer:
Mass of solute = 28 g
Volume of solvent = 250 cm³ = 0.25 dm³
Concentration = 28 / 0.25
= 112 gdm-3
42
ACIDS & BASES

Concentration in mol dm-3 (Molarity)
❶ Molarity is probably the most commonly used unit of
concentration. It is the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution.
❷ A concentration of 2 mol dm-3 means there are 2 moles of
solute dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution.
Molarity = Mole of solute (mol)

Example:
What is the molarity of a solution made when water is added
to 0.2 mol of CaCl2 to make 100 cm³ of solution?
[RAM: Ca = 40; Cl = 35.5]
Answer:
Number of mole of solute = 0.2 mol
Volume of solvent = 100 cm³ = 0.1 dm³
Molarity = Mole of solute (mol)

= 0.2
0.1
= 2 mol dm-3
43
ACIDS & BASES
2 Units of the
Concentration
of Solution
Concentration Molarity [M]
g dm-3 mol dm-3
1 2
Concentration in g dm-3 = Mass of solute (g) )

= g dm-3
1
Concentration in mol dm-3 = No. of moles of solute (mol)

[Molarity] Volume of solution (dm3)
= mol dm-3
2
44
ACIDS & BASES

Conversion of Concentration Unit
Concentration in mol dm-3 = C Concentration in g dm-33

Molar mass of solute
÷ Molar Mass of Solute
Concentration Molarity
[ g dm-3 ] [ mol dm-3 ]
X Molar Mass of Solute
45
ACIDS & BASES

Example 1:
The concentration of a Potassium chloride solution is
14.9 g dm-3. What is the molarity [moldm-3] of the solution?
[Relative Atomic Mass: Cl = 35.5; K = 39]
Answer:
Relative Formula Mass of Potassium Chloride, KCl

= 39 + 35.5 = 74.5
Molar Mass of Potassium Chloride = 74.5 g/mol
Molarity in mol dm-3 = C Concentration in g dm-33

Molar mass of solute
Molarity of Potassium = 14.9 g dm-3

Chloride, KCl 74.5 g mol-1
Molarity of Potassium = 0.2 mol dm-3

Chloride, KCl
46
ACIDS & BASES

1.
Example 2
Solutions of barium hydroxide have molarity 0.1 mol dm-3.
What is the concentration of the solution in g dm-3 ?
[Relative Atomic Mass: Ba = 137; O = 16; H = 1]
Answer:
Relative Formula Mass of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2

= 137 + 2(16+1) = 171
Molar Mass of Ba(OH)2 = 171 g mol-1
Concentration in g dm-3== Molarity x Molar mass Ba(OH)2

Concentration Ba(OH)2 = Molarity x Molar Mass Ba(OH)2
= 0.1 mol dm-3 x 171g mol−1
= 17.1 g dm−3
47
ACIDS & BASES
Molarity [M] = Number of moles of solution [mol]

Volume of solution [dm3]
Therefore, M = n
V/ 1000
Where, n = MV
1000
M = Molarity [mol dm-3]

n = Number of moles [mol]
V = Volume of solution [dm3]
Example:
How many moles of zinc sulphate is present in 200 cm3 of
0.1 mol dm-3 zinc sulphate solution?
Answer:
Molarity, M = 0.1 mol dm-3
Volume, V = 200 cm3
No of mole, n = MV/1000
n = (0.1)(200)/1000
= 0.02 mol
48
ACIDS & BASES

Molarity and The pH Value of Acid or Alkali
The table below shows the pH value and the molarity of a strong
acid and a weak acid.
pH value
Molarity of Acid
Hydrochloric Acid Ethanoic Acid
0.1 mol dm-3 1.0 2.9
0.01 mol dm-3 2.0 3.4
0.001 mol dm-3 3.0 3.9
0.0001 mol dm-3 4.0 4.4
0.00001 mol dm-3 5.0 4.9
The table below shows the pH value and the molarity of a

strong alkali and a weak alkali.
pH value
Molarity of alkali Sodium Hydroxide Ammonia Aqueous
Solution
0.1 mol dm-3 13.0 11.1
0.01 mol dm-3 12.0 10.6
0.001 mol dm-3 11.0 10.1
0.0001 mol dm-3 10.0 9.6
0.00001 mol dm-3 9.0 9.1
According to the tables shown above, we can conclude that the pH

value of acid or alkali is affected by 2 factors:
❶ The Molarity
❷ Strong or weak Acid /Alkali
49
ACIDS & BASES
CONCENTRATION
❷ OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS
Concentration of Acid
The concentration of hydrogen ion in acid depends on:

❶ Molarity (concentration) of the acid
The higher the molarity of an acid, the higher the
concentration (or molarity) of the hydrogen ions in the acid
❷ Strength of the acid
Strong acid has higher concentration of hydrogen ions
compare with weak acid of same concentration and same
basicity
❸ Basicity of the acid

The concentration of hydrogen ions of a diprotic acid is
higher than the monoprotic acid and lower than the
triprotic acid
Example:
Calculate the number of mol of hydrogen ions that contain in
200 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.4 mol dm-3.
Answer:
Number of mole of H2SO4 = MV / 1000
n = (0.4)(200) / 1000
= 0.08 mol
H2SO4 Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid. Each molecule of sulphuric
acid will produce 2 hydrogen ions when dissolve in water.
Number of mole of hydrogen ions
= 2 x Number of mole of H2SO4 = 2 x 0.08 mol
= 0.16 mol
50
ACIDS & BASES
Preparing A Standard Solution

Preparing a Standard Solution
A standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is

known. Determine the volumes and concentration that you want
to prepare.
The steps taken in preparing a standard solution are:
❶ Calculate the mass of solute needed to give the required

volume and concentration.
❷ Weigh the solute
❸ Dissolve the solute completely dissolved in distilled water
❹ Then transfer it to a volumetric flask partially filled with distilled
water.
❺ Add distilled water to the calibration mark of the volumetric
flask.
❻ Invert the flask and shake it to make sure through mixing.
51
ACIDS & BASES

Calculate the Weigh out the

mass of solute exact mass of
needed solute needed
1 2
Invert the flask

Dissolved the
and shake it to
solute in a small
make sure
amount of
uniform mixing
distilled water
6 3
Add distilled Transfer the

water to the dissolved solute
calibration mark into suitable
of the volumetric volumetric flask
flask.
5 4
52
ACIDS & BASES

The Steps Taken in Preparing a Standard Solution
Glass Rod
Volumetric Flask
Sodium
Hydroxide
1 2 3
4
Distilled Water
Calibration Mark
6 5
53
ACIDS & BASES

PREPARATION OF SOLUTION BY DILUTION METHOD
DILUTION METHOD
❶ An aqueous solution becomes diluted if more distilled water is
added in to solution
❷ Measure the required volume of solution to be diluted and
transfer into flask
❸ Add more distilled water until the bottom of meniscus at level
of the mark
❹ The concentration of aqueous solution decreased / lowered
❺ During dilution, the number of moles of solution remains
unchanged
BEFORE DILUTION AFTER DILUTION
SOLUTE
Adding water does not change the amount of solute

.
54
ACIDS & BASES

Before dilution After dilution
Process Process
n1 = M1V1 n2 = M2V2
1000 1000
Hence, the relationship for dilution is
M1V1 = M2V2 M1V1 = M2V2

1000 1000
M1 = Concentration of solution before dilution

V1 = Volume of solution before dilution
M2 = Concentration of solution after dilution
V2 = Volume of solution after dilution
55
ACIDS & BASES

Preparation of Solution By Dilution Method

 A solution in which its concentration is accurately
known is a standard solution
 Adding water to a concentrated solution changes the
concentration of the solution but does not change the
amount solutes [number of moles) of solution present in
solution.
Moles of Stock Solution = Moles of Dilute Solution

[Before dilution Process] [After dilution Process]
n1 = n 2
M1V1 = M2V2
56
ACIDS & BASES

Calibration
Mark
1
Volumetric
Pipette
Measure the required
volume of solution to be
diluted from a stock
solution of known
Stock concentration
Solution
The measured volume of

stock solution is
transferred to a second
volumetric flask
57
ACIDS & BASES

Solvent
3
The measured volume in

Calibration the second flask is then
Mark diluted with solvent
[water] up to the
Diluted volumetric mark
Solution
Example 1
100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution is diluted with distilled
water to produce 250 cm3 of solution. Calculate the concentration

(in mol dm-3) of the sodium chloride solution after the dilution.
Answer:
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = 0.5 mol dm-3 (0.5)(100) = M2 (250)
M2 = ? M2 = 0.5(100)/ 250
V1 = 100cm3
= 0.2 mol dm-3
V2 = 250 cm3
58
ACIDS & BASES
NEUTRALISATION OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS

NEUTRALISATION
Reaction of an acid and a base or alkali to form salt and
water
ACID BASE SALT WATER
CHEMICAL EQUATION
HCl NaOH NaCl H2O
IONIC EQUATION
+
H OH- H2O
59
ACIDS & BASES

TITRATION METHOD
 Acid – base titration is a quantitative technique used to

determine the volume of acid is required to neutralise a
fixed volume of an alkali using acid – base indicator
 Indicator which are commonly used in an acid – base

titration is phenolphthalein & methyl orange
1 2 3 4
60
ACIDS & BASES
 A pipette is used  The NaOH

to draw up 25 cm3 solution is
sodium hydroxide, transferred into
conical flask
NaOH solution
1 2
 A burette is
 Two or three
filled with
drops of
Hydrochloric
phenolphthalein
acid, HCl
is added to NaOH
 HCl is added drop
solution & the
by drop into
solution turns to
alkali solution
pink colour
until the
indicator changes
in colour
3 4
61
ACIDS & BASES

NEUTRALISATION IN DAILY LIFE
SOIL TREATMENT
TREAT GASTRIC
BAKING POWDER
DETERGENT TREAT WASP STINGS
PREVENT COAGULATION
OF LATEX
62
ACIDS & BASES

NEUTRALISATION IN DAILY LIFE
Industries
Soil Treatment Baking Powder
 Acidic effluent is
 Quick lime [calcium  Contain bicarbonate
treated with quick
oxide] & slaked of soda
lime before
lime [calcium  When water is
discharged
hydroxide] is added, the acid
added to the soil to  Acidic gas [SO2] is
gives out carbon
neutralise the neutralised with
dioxide, which
excess acid quick lime before
raises the cake
discharged
63
ACIDS & BASES

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING NEUTRALISATION
 Write chemical
 The steps to do
equation or ionic
calculation
equation for
involving
neutralisation
neutralisation
reaction
 Calculate the
number of moles  Use mathematic
of solution relationship
using: [stoichiometric
method] involving
n = MV concentration of
solution
1000
2 3
64
ACIDS & BASES

 Ratio between 2
substances that
3 completely
reacted
OR
na – Moles ratio of acid

Ma – Concentration of acid
Va – Volume of acid MaVa = na
MbVb nb
nb – Moles ratio of alkali
Mb – Concentration of alkali
Vb – Volume of alkali
65
ACIDS & BASES

Say the balance equation is

aA + bB Product
Which,
A = acid
a = no of mole of acid
B = base
b = no of mole of base
MAVA = a & MBVB = b

Therefore
MAVA a
MBVB
= b
66
ACIDS & BASES

20.0 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 sulphuric acid,

EXAMPLE H2SO4 is neutralised by 25 cm3 of
aqueous potassium hydroxide, KOH
solution. Calculate the concentration
of potassium hydroxide solution in
moldm-3.
Chemical Equation
H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O

1 mole + 2 moles 1 mole + 2 moles
Mole Acid, na = 1 Mole base, nb = 2
67
ACIDS & BASES

Calculate No of
Mole Acid
n = MV 2
1000
= 0.1(20)
1000
= 0.002 mol
68
ACIDS & BASES

Based on equation: Stoichiometric method
1 mole of H2SO4 is reacted with 2 moles of KOH

0.002 mol H2SO4 is reacted with…
= 0.002 x 2
1
= 0.004 mol KOH
3
69
ACIDS & BASES

OR
Calculate
Concentration of
KOH MAVA a
=
MBVB b
M = n (1000)
V
= 0.004 (1000) MB = MAVAb
25 VBa
= 0.16 moldm-3
0.1(0.02)[2]
= 0.025 [1]
4
= 0.16 moldm-3
70

Acid & Base

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ACIDS & BASES MR HAYYAN

ACIDS & BASES

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

ACIDS & BASES

ACIDS & BASES

THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS & ALKALIS

ACIDS & BASES

Role Of Water To Show

❶ The presence of water, the

❷ With the presence of

ACIDS & BASES

Glacial / ❶ Without water, the molecules

❶ Organic solvent such as

ACIDS & BASES

Role Of Water To Show

❶ Acid ionizes in water ❶ Acid does not ionizes

ACIDS & BASES

THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS

STRONG ACIDS WEAK ACIDS

 Strong acid is an acid  Weak acid is an acid

 Example of strong acids  Example of weak acids are

ACIDS & BASES

THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS

ACIDS & BASES

THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS

ACIDS & BASES

THE STRENGTH OF ACIDS

Sulphuric Acid Hydrogen ion Sulphate ion

I ONISATION OF W EAK A CID

Acetic Acid Acetate ion Hydrogen ion

ACIDS & BASES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

ACID + METAL ACID +

ACIDS & BASES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

❶ Acids react with a metal that is more electropositive than hydrogen

Acids + Reactive Metal Salt + Hydrogen Gas

Sulphuric Acid + Zinc Metal

ACIDS & BASES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS 1

❶ About 5 cm³ of dilute Sulphuric acid is poured into a test tube.

❶ Hydrogen gas is released

ACIDS & BASES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

Acid + Metal Carbonate

Acids + Metal Carbonate Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Sulphuric Acid + Calcium Carbonate

ACIDS & BASES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS 2

❶ About 5 cm³ of dilute sulphuric acid is poured into a test tube.

❶ The gas released is carbon dioxide.

H2SO4 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

ACIDS & BASES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

❶ Acids react with bases produces salt and water

Acids + Base Oxide Salt + Water

Hydrochloric Acid + Copper Oxide / Hydroxide

ACIDS & BASES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS 3

❶ One spatula of copper(II) oxide powders is added to 5cm³ of

❷ The blue colour solution contain copper(II) ions.

2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O