DemocracyMother ThanWinHlaing

www.burmeseclassic.
com
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31 - 7 - 2011
"In honour of
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Mother of Democracy)
And I honour all political prisoners
Those who stand for political integrity in
Burma."
Than Win Hlaing

July 31st 2011
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aom em;vnfr_ &&SdcJhygonf? atmifqef;pk=unf.rdcif oHtrwf=uD;
cef@tyfjcif;cH&csdefu ae±l;onf 0ef=uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJ
jzpfygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf tawG@t=uKHA[kokw us,jf yef@ap&ef rdcifa':
cif=unfppD Ofay;aomudprP sm;teuf atuDAidk f;em;ac: *syefyef;tvSjyif
enf;/ tEkynmbmom&yfrsm;avhvmjcif;ESifh jrif;pD;oifjcif;wdk@yg0if
onf? tdE, Nd Edik if HorRw=uD;. ud,
k &f aH wmfwyfzJ@G avhusi&hf m jrif;pD;uGi;f
Y tdE, Nd t&m&S=d uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ Edik if w H umoHwrefrsm;. om;
orD;rsm;ESihf yef'pfae±l;.ajr; tif'&D m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;*ENw D k@d EiS hf
atmifqef;pk=unf awG@qakH vh&ydS gonf? trSwf 24 tuUbmvrf; (No.24
m
Akbar Road) &SdaetdrfwGif pEN,m;qufoif&ygonf? xdk oHtrwf ae

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tdrfonf =uD;rm;I tvGefcrf;em;wifhw,faom yef;O,smOfysK;d xm;

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onfh jcH0if;us,f=uD;twGif; wnf&Sdygonf? tqifjh rifhqkH;tdENd, t&m
&Sd=uD;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aomtdrfrsKd;jzpfjyD; tpdk;&u jAdwdo#
vufxufuuJo h k@d vSyaumif;rGepf mG xde;f odr;f xm;ygonf? a':cif=unf
udk txl;av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkaetdrfudk ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf txl;ESpo f ufrufarmaom 0goemw&yfrSm
pmzwfjcif;yifjzpfonf? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfE;dk r_udk tm;ay;cJhaom
0ef=uD;csKyfOD;Ek. (pD;yGm;a&;t=uHay;yk*~Kdvf OD;tkef; 1931-1981) udk
atmifqef;pk=unfu tpOfav;pm; cspfcifaus;Zl;wifa=umif; r=um
c%ajymjyavh&o Sd nf? awmifilZmwdzmG ;OD;tkef;onf &efuek w f uUov dk f
wGif ynmqnf;yl;I wzufrS ynmoif&if; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
wdkufwGif owif;axmuftjzpfvkyfudkifcJhaom owif;pmq&mwOD;
vnf;jzpfonf? olonf 1934 ckEpS w f iG f 0dZm… bG@J &&Sjd yD; Oya'0dZm… bG@J
twGuf &efukefwuUodkvfwiG f qufvufynmqnf;yl;&if; wuUodkvf
or*~wiG f b¾ma&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gucf ho J jl zpfonf? 1936 wGif wuU
odkvo f r*~oydwfwdkufyGJESifh=uKHcJhjyD;aemuf Oya'pmar;yGJudk rajzjzpfcJh
awmhay? wuUodkvo f ydwt f jyD;wGif ynmawmfoiftjzpf ta&G;cH&jyD;
t*Fvefjynf vd'fwuUodkvfwGif vlr_0efxrf;ynm&yf oif=um;cGifh&cJh
onf? xdk@aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@rjyefawmhyJ ynma&;bGJ@udk qufvuf
qnf;yl;onf? t*FvefjynfwGifaexdkifpOftwGif; jrefrmEdkifirH S vGwfvyf
a&;twGuf ta&;qd&k efvma&muf=uaom Adv k fcsKyaf tmifqef; trSL;jyK
aom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@tm; tultnDrsm;pGmay;cJhonf?
1948 wGif jrefrmEdkiif Ho@kd jyefvnfa&muf&jdS yD; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
ESihf or0g,r0ef=u;D tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1949 wGif jrefrmEdik if . H
yxrqkH; jAdwdefEkid fiHqkid f&m jrefrmEdik fiHoHtrwf=uD;tjzpf wm0efay;jcif;
cH&onf? 1955 ckEpS w f iG f qdAk ,D ufjynfaxmifpq k kid &f m jrefrmEdik fiH txl;
tm%mukefvJ$tyfjcif;cH&aom oHtrwf=uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$Œwm0ef
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xrf;cJholjzpfonf?
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OD;tke;f onf pmay0goemxkHov l nf;jzpf&m atmifqef;pk=unftm;

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22 oef;0if;vIi
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zwfoifhzwfxu dk fonfh jrefrmESihf t*Fvyd fpmtkypf m&if;&Snf=uD;rsm; OD;pGm
ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? atmifqef;pk=unf. tody
nm tawG;tac:ydik f; zG@HjzdK;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdjyKrdjyD; pdwf0ifpm;cJh
olrmS wcsed u f emrnf=uD;cJah om &efuek fwuUov kd o f r*~. td;k a0r*~Zif;
t,f'w D mtzGJ@0ifESifh atmifqef;pk=unf.zcif Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
twl wuUodkvfausmif;aezwf OD;ndKjr (1914-1985) yif jzpfonf?
aemufydkif;wGif OD;ndKjronf pme,fZif;avmuwGif tvGefemrnf=uD;
cJah om pmtkyrf sm;pGmudk a&;om;cJhonfh pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfvmygonf?
olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydkjyD; atmifqef;pk=unfzwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh
jrefrmpmtkyaf ygi;f rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJo h nf? OD;ndKjrvufaqmifay;
cJhaom tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Awf*Eˆ0ifpmtkyfwGJwpkHvkH; (Harvart
Classic) udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;jyD; r=umc%zwfcJha=umif;vnf; atmif
qef;pk=unfu ,ae@wdik f owdw&&Sad eygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;jzifh

atmifqef;pk=unfonf pmayavmuwHcg;udk zGihv f pS Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf? atmif
qef;pk=unf. pmzwf0goemrSm tdE, dN ra&mufcifuyif tjrpfw, G jf yD;
jzpfygonf?
e,l;a'vDjrdKŒqifajczke;f tpGet f zsm;&Sd ara&mfvD (Mehrauli) &yfuu G f
wGif *±kwpdu k xf ed ;f odr;f xm;Edik fjcif;r&Sod nfrSm=umjyDjzpfI ysupf ;D ,d, k iG ;f
aeonfh tmaomu0d[m&trnfwGiaf om Ak'b < momXmewck&o dS nf?
xdkXme jyefvnf&iS foefvmEdik fap&ef a'vD&SdAk'<bmom0ifrsm;/ txl;
ojzifh Ak'b
< mom ud;k uG,af omEdik if Hrsm;rS oHtrwfrsm;. tultnDukd
a':cif=unf&,lcJhygonf? Tvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom
0ifrsm;ESifh tdE,Nd Edik fiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdŒtwGuf jyef
vnftouf0ifvmjyD; jzpfa om tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfus
a&mufaom Ak'<bmomyGJawmf=uD;rsm;usif;y&m/ bk&m;0wfjyK&m/ urR
Xmef;bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?
m
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t*FvefraS &mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G fygonf?
tarESifhorD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onfhtwdkif; a':cif=unf.
vkyfazmfudkifzufoHwrefrsm;ESihf yef'pfae±l;rStpcsDI tdE, Nd tpd;k &tzGJ@
0iftaygi;f wd@k uvnf; cspcf if
av;pm;=uygonf? tdENd,
wGif &&Scd aJh om tawGŒt=uKH
rsm;onf atmifqef;pk=unf
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wd@k rmS cdik rf mvsu&f ydS gonf?
xdt k csed u f a'vD&dS jAdwd a':cifMunfEiS hf a':atmifqef;pkMunf
o#r[mrif;=uD;rSm qmaygvf*dk;bkof (Sir Paul Gore Booth) (aemiftcg
avmh'fbGJ@ &) jzpfygonf? ,cif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif oHtrwftjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhpOfu olESihf ol.ZeD; yufx&D&mS (Patricia) wdk@onf a':cif
=unfESifh aumif;pGm odu|rf;cJh.? xdkcifrif&if;ES;D r_rSm tdENd,Y jyefvnf
qef;opf &Sifoefvmygonf? odk@ESifh atmifqef;pk=unf atmufpzdk@'f
wuUov kd fo@kd ynmoif&efomG ;aomtcg aygvEf iS hf yufx&D&mS wd@k u rdb
ud, k pf m;apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef,cl . hJ ? atmifqef;pk=unfonf olw@kd .
rdom;pk0ifwOD;uJhok@d olw@kd om;ESpfa,mufEiS hf orD;ESpaf ,mufw@dk . nDr
&if;csmwOD;uJho@kd jzpfvmygonf? xdrk o d m;pktrd fwiG yf if 4if;wd@k .rdwfaqG
rsm;tjyif 4if;wd@k zdw=f um;{nfch aH om Edik fiaH &;orm;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &t&m&Sd
rsm;udk atmifqef;pk=unf odu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? xdkyk*dK~ vfrsm;. toGif
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[kwyf gavm?
aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;twGif; atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdcif
&Sd&m e,l;a'vDok@d jyefavh&. Sd ? od@k aomf wESpfwiG f usr&Sd&m t,f*s;D &D;
,m;jrdK@ (Algiers) odk@vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD ukvor*~
jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f*s&D ;D ,m;Edik if /H t,f*sm&D;,m; (Algeria) jrdKŒawmf
odk@ajymif;a&$Œum tvm;wlXmewckzGifh&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&ygonf?
t,f*sD;&D,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;vf'Da*gvf (Charles de Gaulle)
tpdk;&ESifh atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) udk vufrSwx f k;d jyD; vGwfvyf
a&;&cJo h nfrmS r=umao;yg? jyifopfxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&&ef &SpEf pS =f um
±kef;uefr_aemufydkif; wajz;ajz;emvefxlqJEdkifiHjzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh
t,f*sD;&D;,m;jrdKŒwGif ae&mxdik fcif; tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,d, k Gif;
aeaom&yfuGurf sm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom[dw k ,f
rsm; enf;yg;aejcif;ESihf 0efaqmifrv _ yk fief;rsm; vGepf mG rS uef@owfxm;jcif;
wdk@rSm tHh=ozG,f&mr[kwfyg?
zGivhf pS pf oH±;Hk rsm;/ ukvor*~±;Hk rsm;ESihf 0ifa&mufvmqJ pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;omru t,f*s;D &D;,ef;vlrsK;d rsm;uyg tdraf e&mrsm;ESihf vkyf
ief;cGifae&mrsm;&Edkif&ef oJoJrJrJ vkH;yrf;&SmazGae&ygonf? t,f*sD;&D;
,m;wGif tcsdef=umjrifhpGm tajccsaexdkifcJhaom jyifopfvlrsKd; ajrmuf
rsm;pGmrSm wdik ;f jynfrS xGucf mG oGm;=ujyD jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlopfrsm;
rSm 0ifvmrpJjzpfygonf? xdo k rl sm;rSm ppfrx _ rf;rnft h pm; y&[dw vkyf
ief;trsKd;rsK;d wd@k wiG f 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef a&G;cs,af om jyifopf
trsKd;om;vli,frsm;/ ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;/ axmufyaHh &;pDrHudef; t
vkyform;rsm;ESifh tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm; jzpf=uygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf a&muf&SdvmcsdefwGif [Gm&DblrD'D,ef (Houari
Boumedirre) u tmrufbifbJvm; (Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;
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rsm;ESifh awG@qu kH m 4if;wd@k widk ;f jynftwGi;f jzpfysuaf eor#uadk vhvm&ef
ydkrkI
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&ef pmtkyfwaowWmvnf; ygvmygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfvyf
a&;±kef;uefr. _ '%fudk cHcJh&olrsm;tm; ulnDaxmufy&Hh ef pDrHude;f rsm;udk
uGyfuaJ eaomtzG@J tpnf;wckESihf usrwdk@qufo, G yf gonf? pDrHued ;f w
&yf. wm0ef cHjzpfol vli,fwOD;vma&mufI 4if;wd@k vkyfief;ta=umif;
&Si;f jyygonf? vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf w
GJ Gif usq;Hk cJhaom&Jabmfrsm;. use&f pf
olZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrrf sm;aqmufvyk af e=u&m t,f*s;D &D;,ef;vlrsK;d
rsm;omru EdkifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef zdwfac:=udK
qdka=umif; ajymjyygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfvnf; xdkaqmufvkyfa&;
pcef;wGif &ufowWywf tawmf=um oGm;a&mufaexdkifum vkyftm;
ay;cJhygonf? oGefoif=uD;=uyfolrSm ±k&Sm;vlrsK;d jzpfjyD; vkyfazmfukid fzuf
rsm;rSm t,f*s;D &D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGe/f e,fomvefEiS hf *smreDpaom
wdik f;jynfrsm;rS vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif;
ay;aomfvnf; vkycf ray;yg?
atmifqef;pk=unf. rdwaf qGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle)
awmifwef;rsm;odk@ vufxufr*FvmwyGJ wufa&muf=unf±h &_ ef ac:oGm;
zl;onf? usrwd@k EpS Of ;D twlwl qm[m&oJuE mW &tpyf&dS jrdKŒav;wjrdKŒ
wdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;
vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI roGm;EdkifcJhyg? aemuftvnftywf c&D;w&yf
taeeJ@ a&mracwfu aqmufvkycf Jhaom jrdKŒysu=f uD;&Sd&modk@ oGm;cJh.?
xdjk rdKŒysuw
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vif;jyifay:wGif bifbv J m;. opPmcHwyfrsm;u “bifbv J m; oufawmf
&Snfygap” [laom pmvkH;=uD;rsm;jzifh a&;xm;ygonf? atmifqef;pk
=unf armf±u dk o kd @kd c&D;xGufchjJ y;D pydeEf kid if aH wmifbufurf;ajcudvk nf; ajc
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csro d nfqo kd avmuf a&mufcyJh gonf? xd@k aemuf ausmif;pmjyefusujf y;D

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atmifqef;pk=unfonf a'vDwuU
odv k Yf Edik fiHa&;odyHb
` mom&yfukd avh
vmqnf;yl ;cJhonf? 1964 ckESpfrS
1967 ckEpS ftwGi;f atmufpzd@k 'f wuU
odkv&f Sd [l;pfaumvdyfY '\eaA'/
EdkifiHa&;ody`HESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yf
rsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJjh yD; 0dZm… *k%f
xl; (B.A Honour) bG@J uk d &&Scd oh J nf? bG@J
a':atmifq ef; pkMunf &&Sd jyD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf
atmufpzdk Ywuúodkvfü ynmoifMum;pOf onf vydki;f r# [l;pfaumvdyfwGif pm
oif=um;yd@k csonf? ,if;aemuf ordkif;okawoD [,l;wifum (Hugh

Tinker) ESiht f wl okawoevkyfief;wdk@ aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1968 ckESpf
wGif vef'efwuUokv d f ta&SŒydkif;ESihf tmz&du avhvma&;Xme/ EdkifiHa&;
odyX`H meY ok awoe vufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;&GufcJhonf?
xdk@aemuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk e,l;a,mufY aexdkifv#uf&Sd
aom bdvyfjyefoef;ESifhtwlaexdki&f ef e,la,mufjrdKŒodk@ a&muf&SdcJh
onf? bdvyfjyefoef; ac: 'dk&moef;at;onf t,f*sD;&D;,m;wGif (4)
ESpwf mr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcjhJ yD;aemuf ukvor*~XmecsKyfo@kd jyefvnf
a&muf&adS ecsdejf zpfonf? bdvyfjyefoef;ESihf rdom;pkyrm&if;ES;D aeaom
z&ef@xa&*g (Frank Trager) u 4if; Edkiif w H um qufqaH &;bmom&yf
ygarmuQtjzpfaqmif&Guaf eaom e,l;a,mufwuUov kd Yf a': atmif
qef;pk=unf bGJ@veG foifwef;wuf&ef ulnDpDpOfay;cJhonf? ygarmuQ x
a&*gonf tar&dueftpdk;&. axmufyhHa&;tpDpOfjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif
ESpftawmf=um aexdkifcJhzl;onf? olonf ta&SŒawmiftm&SESihf ta&SŒ
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atmifqef;pk=unfESifh bdvyfjyefoef;wdk@aexdkif&m ref[wfwifrS e,l;
a,mufwuUov dk o
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ygonf? bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS yef;jcHwckudkjzwfjyD; 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif
(Washington Square) odk@ oifwef;wuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unf
oGm;&aomvrf;Y usupf m;avh&daS om vrf;o&J vl&rf;um;wdk@. tE W
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ukvor*~±kH;udrk l 6 rdepfcef@ vrf;av#muf±kHjzifh a&mufEdkifayonf?
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udk &ifrqdkifEkid fawmhbJ udk,fpdwEf Spfjzm jydKvJvkrwwfjzpfaeolrsm;udk
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or*~Y tvkyfvkyfygoenf;? rnfonfhEdkiif Hul;vufrw S fudk udkifaqmif
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oHwrefrsm;qdik &f m Edik if Hu;l vufrw S u
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utajctaeudk vH;k aphywfaph em;rvnfcJha=umif;/ &efuek af &mufaom
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rdwfaqGu “pk” . a0zefcsufrsm; ody&f JvGef;onf[k ajymaomtcg/
‘pk’ u “,H=k unfcsuft& owœ&d d±S rkH u tquftEG,ft&vnf; owœ&d dS
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yif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wuUodkvfY pwifzl;pmqkHchaJ om a'guf
wmrdkufu,ft&J pf (Dr.Michael Viallancourt Aris) ESihf 1971 ckESpf/
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onf jAdwo d #vlrsKd;wOD;jzpf+yD; atmufpzdk@'fwuUov dk fY ajrmufykid f; Ak'<
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odk@ESifh b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm
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awmfrsm; pmjyq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXmet=uD;
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a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@dk ZeD;armifEo SH nf om;OD; jrifhqef;atmif
ac: tvufZENm; (Alexander John Chirstopher Aris) udk rsuEf mS jrif
&ef t*Fvefodk@jyefvmonf? om;t=uD; jrifhqef;atmifudk 1973 ckESpf
{jyDv 12 &uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? rdkufu,fu vef'ef
wuUokv d fY yg&*lbGJ@oifwef;pwifjyD; rsm;r=umrD atmufpzd@k 'fwuU
odkvf ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ 0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd, om;i,f xdefvif;
ac: uifrf (Dannaian Kim Arundel Aris) udk 1977 ckESpf/ pufwifbm
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rsm;tm;jyKpyk sKd;axmifjcif;/ &efuke&f drS dcifxHo@dk tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wd@k
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ompum;udk ZG=J uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdu k pf u
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rsm;udyk g wajz;ajz;pkaqmif;vmcJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. txWKy`wdW
udk taxmuftxm;cdik cf ikd v f v Hk jHk zifh jyKpk&ef&nfoefxm;&m pepfwus
okawoejyKygawmhonf?
wzufrv S nf; 1985-86 ESprf sm;wGif *syeftpd;k &. ynmoifqk
udvk ufcu H m *syefEikd if u H sKwd w kd uUov kd /f ta&SŒawmiftm&Sqikd &f m avh
vma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Sit f jzpf oGm;a&mufoak woejyKcJyh g
onf? *syefEikd if YH okawoejyKpk&if; *syef-jrefrmcsp=f unfa&;toif;
tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESiahf wG@qu Hk m 4if;wd@k rw S qifh olrzcifEiS o hf u d |r;f cJah om t
ouf&iS q f J *syefppfzufqikd &f m t&m&S/d t&mcHrsm;ESih f tqufo, G &f cJh
onf? xdt k csed u f rdu k u f ,fonf tdE, dN jynfajrmufyikd ;f qif;rvm;+rdKŒ&Sd
tdE, dN Edik if H tqifjh rifh pmayavhvma&;Xme okawoeynm&Sit f jzpf
a&muf&adS eonf?
xdo k @kd oak woejyK&if; 1987 ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN Edik if qH if;rvm;jrdKŒ&Sd
txl;okawoejyKa&; tdEN, d odyXH` me (Indian Institute of Advanced
Study) wGif okawoeynm&Sif (Resarch Fellow) tjzpf vkyu f ikd cf ohJ nf?
,if;od@k vyk u f ikd &f if; vef'efjrdKŒ&Sd vef'efwuUov kd f ta&SŒwdik ;f ESihf
tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&*lb@JG ,&l efvnf; bG@J ,pl mwrf;wapmif
udk jyKpk&efppD Ofco hJ nf? xkt d csed fu olr. vkyu f ikd vf y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;onf
vk@H v}uD;jcif;ESihf oEMÏd mef cdik cf ikd rf mrmcsxm;jcif;udk jyoaeonf[k qd&k
ayrnf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. bG@J ,&l ef wifoiG ;f cJo h nfph mwrf;trnfrmS
“jrefrmhvw G vf yfa&;wdu k yf wJG iG f pme,fZif;rsm;u taxmuftuljyKcJyh Hk
(1910-1945)” jzpfonf?
xdEk pS w f iG yf if rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf rsupf rd w S rd u f kd cGpJ wd u f o k &ef
twGuf vef'efjrKd Œod@k a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf? cGpJ w d rf r_ sm; atmifatmifjrif
jrif&o dS jzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&S&d aomfvnf; a':cif=unf
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twGuf pdw&f i$ v f ef;csr;f ajrŒzG,t f csed jf zpfygonf?

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vef'efjrdKŒwGif ESpv f =umr#aexdik jf yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf 1987

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36 oef;0if;vIi
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ZGefvwGif rsufpd tawmf tajctaeaumif;vmojzifh jrefrmjynfodk@
pdwf&$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;cJhonf? vef'efudk tvnftywfa&muf&SdpOfu
rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJha=umif;/ 4if;wd@k EiS fhawG@qHck Jh&onfuv dk nf; yDwjd zpf&
a=umif; ponfjzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;cJhonf?
od@k aomf &efuek jf yefa&mufI 10 vrjynfrh D 1988 ckEpS /f rwfvukef
ydki;f wGif jyif;xefaomavjzwfjcif;'%fudkcH&ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk
onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk&yfxm;cJhum rdcifudkjyKpk&ef a&muf
vmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f aexdik t
f vkyv
f yk af eaom olr
tpfuk d atmifqef;OD;vnf; 10 &ufcef@ vma&mufvnfywfcho J nf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrfaxmifruscifuvnf;aumif;/ tdrf
axmifjyKjy;D aomtcgYvnf;aumif; rdcif=uD;xHreS rf eS f vma&muf vnf
ywfaexdkicf ho J nf? rdcifa':cif=unfonf ajr;rsm;udk olrrsupf rd cGJrD wESpf
tvdu k &efuek af etdrfwiG f &Sijf yKr*FvmyGJukd rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESiht f wl udk,f
wdkif=uD;=uyfjyD; usif;ycJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ rdu k u f ,fEiS fh om;
ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS vef'efjrdK@odk@ 1987 pufwifbmvtwGif;
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jyefa&mufvm=ujyD; wuUokv d fynm&SifavmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;w
ustcsdefY rdcif=uD;a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif; owif;a&mufvmyg
awmhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf a=u;eef;&&Sdjcif; csufcsif;yif
&onfah v,mOfjzifh rdcif =uD;tm;jyKpk&ef &efukefodk@ vdkufygcJhonf?
1988 ckEpS w f iG f rdcif=uD; a':cif
=unf emruse;f r_a=umifh jyefvnf
a&muf&dv S maom a':atmifqef;pk
=unfonf jrefrmhEdkiif Ha&; tvSnfh
tajymif; wqpfcsKd;auG@wiG f rar#mf
vifhyJ xdawG@cJh&ayonf? Tae&m
Y ociftkef;jrifh/ OD;axG;jrifh/ ocif
wifjrwdk@udkvnf; &if;ESD;awG@qkHcJh&
onfudk azmfjy&efvkad yonf? wdk;wufa&;
ociftkef;jrifo h nf Adkvcf sKyf ociftek ;f jrifh
atmifqef;ESifhyk*~dKvfa&;t& &if;ESD;oljzpfonf? wdk;wufa&;ESifh *sme,f
ausm*f sme,fwk@d wiG f t,f'w D mtjzpf aqmif&u G cf haJ om wd@k Armtpnf;
t±k;H 0ifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ociftkef;jrifu h dk 1918/ {jyD 28 &ufae@wiG f
yJc;l wdik f;a'o=u;D / vufyw H ef;jrdKŒY tzOD;zd;k aumif;/ trda':at;wifw@kd rS
zGm;jrifonf? 1933 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmvwGif vufyw H ef;jrdKŒ tpd;k &txuf
wef;ausmif;Y wdk@Armtpnf;t±kH; aºuG;a=umfoHpm&Gufrsm; jzef@a0jcif;
jzifh e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf? *se,f
ausmfOD;cspaf rmifrSm xdpk Ofu ol. ausmif;q&mjzpfonf? 1934 ck/ rwf
vwGif vufyw H ef;jrKd Œ tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifc&Jh m
aq;wuUodkvfodk@rwufa&mufbJ &efukefowif;pmavmuodk@ 0if
a&mufvyk u f ikd cf hjJ y;D a&ausm&f yfwGif *sme,fausmfOD;cspaf rmifEiS hf twlae
xdkifonf?
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1938 ckEpS /f {jyDvwGif ykord fwGiu f sif;yaom wwd,t=urd f jrefrm

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Edik fiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&ifhodk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? 1938

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38 oef;0if;vIi
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ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif wdk;wufa&;owif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyf

udkifco Jh nf? 1938 u olwnf;jzwfxw k af 0cJhaom‘axmift&om’ pm
tkyf xif&Sm;ausmf=um;cJhonf? *sme,fausmfwGifvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;om;onf? 1939 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D wGif qDr;D cGuf uavmiftrnfjzifh
a&;om;cJhaomaqmif;yg;wyk'af =umifh wd;k wufa&;owif;pm tmrcH t
awmif;cH&onf? xdkESpfrSmyif wdk@Armtpnf;t±kH;XmecsKyf tr_aqmif
tjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf?
1947 ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;cJhjyD;aemufyidk f;Y use&f pfol
a':cif=unfrdom;pkESifh taea0;vmcJhjyD; wESpfwcgcef@om oGm;vm
qufo, G fr_&dcS Jhavonf? 1967 ckESpf a':cif=unf tdENd,oHtrwf=uD;
tjzpfrS tjidrf;pm;,lI jrefrmEdkifiHo@dk jyefvnfa&muf&v Sd mjyD;aemufyidk f;
wGif r=umc%qdkovdk qkHjzpfcJholjzpfonf? xdkpOfu a':atmifqef;pk
=unf t*FvefjynfwGif ynmoif=um;aeqJjzpfonf?
1984 ckEpS f a':atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmEdik if o H @kd acwWjyefa&mufchpJ Of
OD;tke;f jrifEh Sijhf yefvnfawG@qHck ho
J nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf yg&*lb@J G ,&l ef
pmwrf;jyKpkaepOftwGif; vdktyfaomordkif;taxmuftxm; tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;&ef OD;tkef;jrifhudk tultnDawmif;cJhonf?
OD;tkef;jrifhuvnf; vdktyfaomordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pm=unfh
wdu k frsm;pGmrS rdwLW ul;wefu;l / pmtkyt f a[mif;qdik rf sm;rS 0,fwef0,fI
pkaqmif;ay;cJhonf?
4if;aemufydkif;wGif a':cif=unf. use;f rma&;tajctae wpwp
csKdŒwJv h maomtcg OD;tkef;jrifhonf a':cif=unftrd fodk@ ae@pOfvkv d kd 0if
xGufI vdktyfor#udk ulnDay;cJhonf? 1986 ckESpf a':atmifqef;pk
=unf yg&*lbGJ@&jyD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@acwWjyefvmpOf ol.om;ESpf
a,muftm; rdcif=u;D a':cif=unfu &Sijf yKay;cJo h nf? &SifjyKyGJtjy;D rdom;
pk pkHpkHvifvif&SdaepOftwGif; OD;tkef;jrifhu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
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xdk@aemuf 1987 ckESp/f arvwGif a':cif=unfonf t*Fvefodk@
rsupf cd GJ&efomG ;a&mufcjJh yD; ZGefvqef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHo@dk jyefa&muf&v Sd m
cJhonf? 1988 ckESpf/ rwfvtukefwGif a':cif=unfavjzwfjyD;aemuf
{jyDvqef;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf &efukefodk@vdkufygcJhonf? OD;tkef;
jrifhu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; a':cif=unf. usef;rma&;tajctae
ESirhf ;D pmukeq f cD rf;t&G,af &mufaeonfrk@d rnfok@d r#jyefvnf use;f rmvm
vdrrfh nf ol rxifa=umif; zGifh[ajym=um;cJhonf? xdkpOfu a':cif=unf
onf touf 75 ESpf&SdjyDjzpfonf?
tu,fI rdcif=uD;wdrf;yg;cJah omf t*Fvefo@dk rjyefbJ jrefrmjynfrSm
aexdkifI wdkif;jynftwGuf wckckudk wm0ef,lvkyfay;apcsifa=umif;
xyfraH jym=um;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf 1988 ck/
'DZifbm 27 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf?
odk@uvdk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpOftjrJtajccsaexdkifI wdkif;jynfESifh
vlrsKd;twGuf apwemoef@oef@/ &nf&G,cf suf&Sd&/Sd cH,lcsujf yif;jyif;jzifh
Edik fiHa&;vkyfaqmifygu ol.udk,fa&;ud, k fwmpGe@f vw $ rf r_ sm;/ &ifqidk f=uKH
awG@&rnfhtcuftcJrsm;udk ay;qyf&rnfudk =udKwifwGufqxm;jyD;jzpf
onf? xdkpOf rwfvausmif;om;ta&;tcif;. aemufqufwGJ 'Drdku
a&pDvy_ f&mS ;r_rsm; ay:aygufaejyDjzpfonf?
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odr;f cJah om AkdvfcsKy=f uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifonfh ppfwyftm%modr;f awmf
vSeaf &;aumifpu D 1962 ckEpS /f Zlvik d v f 4 &ufae@wiG f jrefrmh qd&k , S f
vpfvrf;pOfygwD ac: rqvygwDudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhonf?
rqv ygwDonf 26 ESpfwmumvtwGif; jynfolvlx=k uD; w&yf
vk;H tm; rpm;&0cref; pdwful;,Ofq&dk S,fvpf0g'rsm; r_di;f wdu k fum jrefrmh
qd&k ,
S v f pf0g'vrf;pOfudk twif;t=uyftaumiftxnfazmfcrJh a_ =umifh
ta&SŒawmiftm&SwiG f o,HZmwrsm;aygºu, G If pD;yGm;a&;zHG@jzdK;wd;k wuf
aejyDjzpfaom jrefrmEdik fiHonf pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm; =uKHawG@
vmum urBmhrdom;pkY zGH@jzdK;r_tenf;qkH;EdkifiHtjzpf pm&if;0ifoGm;cJh&
ayonf?
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odkvaf usmif;om;tcsKd@ESifh tif;pdef=udKŒukef;taemuf&yfuGufrS vli,f
tcsKdŒwd@k . rar#mfvifhbJ cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cJ&h onfh omref&efyaGJ v;wckudk
ta=umif;jyKI 1988 ta&;awmfykH pwifjzpfay:cJhavonf?
1988 ck/ rwfv 12 &uf/ paeae@n 9 em&D 15 rdepftcsdecf ef@wiG f
tif;pdefjrdK@e,f/ =udK@ukef;blwmteD; pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqdkifY pufr_
wuUodkvf 'kwd,ESpfausmif;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom armifausmfqef;0if;/
armif0if;jrifhtygt0if ausmif;om; 4 OD;ESifh t&ufrl;aeonfh &yfuGuf
aumifpDOuUX.om; aZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGiftygt0if taygif;tyg
5 OD;wd@k u pdik f;xD;qdik foDcsif;zGifhcdkif;&mrS pum;rsm;cduk f&efjzpfyGm;cJhonf?
,if;odk@ausmif;om;udk0if;jrifht±dkufcH&ojzifh OD;acgif;/ ausmESihf vuf
armif;wdk@wGif aygufjyJzl;a&mifaom '%f&mrsm;&&Scd Jh=uonf? xd@k a=umifh
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onfh aZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGifESifh vli,f 5 OD;wdk@tm; zrf;qD;cJhonf?
oufqkid &f mausmif;tm%mydik frsm;ESifh jynfo@l &Jwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;u ta&;,l
aqmif&GufcJhjcif;a=umifh xdkudpPrSm xdkntwGuf jyD;pD;cJhavonf?
1988 ckEpS f/ rwfv 13 &ufae@wGif tif;pdefjynfol@&Jpcef;rS zrf;qD;
xm;aomaZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnv D Gifonf &yfuu G af umifpD OuUX.om;
jzpfaeaoma=umifh jyefvnfvw $ fay;cJo h nf? ,if;od@k aZmfaZmfqo kd ltm;
jyefvnfvw $ af y;vdkufonfudk ausmif;om;rsm;od&Sd=uaomtcg pufr_
wuUokv d fausmif;om; 20 cef@ jynfol@aumifp±D kH;odk@ oGm;a&muf uef@
uGufcJh=uonf? &yfuGufaumif pDOuUXu *±krpdkuf/ em;raxmifvdk
a=umif; jiif;y,fvu dk fI ausmif;om;rsm; a'goolyek x f um aumifp±D H;k
udk cJrsm;jzifhypfcwfcJh=uonf? pufr_wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
&yfuu G faumifpOD uUXom;ESihf =uKd Œuke;f taemufyikd ;f om;vli,frsm; xyf
rH cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cJh=u&m ausmif;om;tcsKdŒxyfrH'%f&m&&Sdc=Jh ujyefonf?
xdt k ajctae xdkowif;udkod&=Sd uonfESifhwjydKifeuf ausmif;om;rsm;
pkpnf;jy;D pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqidk fEiS hf =udKŒukef;taemuf&yfuu G jf ynfo@l
aumifp±D kH;wdk@tm; cJrsm;/ ckHrsm;jzifyh pfaygufjcif;/ atmf[pfqJqdkjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? xdktajctaewGif &yfuGufor0g,rtoif;qdkif rD;
avmifr_jzpfyGm;&m &yfuu G fvlxku rD;jidrf;owfjyD; ausmif;om;rsm;udk
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a&;rSL;xH aiGpm&if;rsm;oGm;a&mufvJt $ yf&ef oGm;a&mufpOf qlyrl j_ zpfyGm;
pOfEiS fh=uKHawG@um vkHjcKHa&;wyfzJ@G 0ifrsm;ypfcwfr_a=umifh aoewfusnf
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armifzkef;armftm;ayG@,jl yD; pufr_wuUodkvt f wGif;wGif 0Sufxm;cJh=u
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xd@k jyif xdkae@reG f;vGJ 2 em&Dcef@wGif ausmif;0if;tkwef H&/H uGr;f ,mqdkif
wdk@wGif atmufygawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkvnf; xyfrHuyfcJh=uonf?
(u) 13/ 3/ 88 ae@jzpf&yfukd owif;pmrsm;xJY trSet f wdik ;f a&;
om;&ef/
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rSwfwrf;wifay;&ef/
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(i) ausmif;om;rsm;vdv k m;csuu f kd w&m;0iftzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&yfrS
wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;&ef/
aemufwae@jzpfaom rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif ynma&; 'kwd,0ef
=uD; a'gufwmarmif'Donf ausmifom;rsm;udk csufcsif;oGm;a&mufnd‡
E_id f;cJah omfvnf; tqifrajybJ qufvufwif;rmaecJhonf? xdpk OfrmS yif
vkHxed f; 500 cef@onf &efukefpufrw _ uUodkvfukd 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJhjyD;
ausmif;om;rsm;udk 0ifa&muf±u kd Ef u
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qD;cH&jyD; '%f&m&&SdcJh=uonf? xd@k a=umifh pufr_wuUov dk f0if;twGif;Y
xde;f r&avmufatmif qlyltkHºuGvmcJo h nf? xdkpOftwGif; oufqidk f&m
tm%mydik fw@kd u ae&yfjyefvo dk al usmif;om;rsm; jyefEkid af =umif;jzifh xkwf
jyefa=unmum ausmif;rsm;udk acwWydwfvu kd favonf? &efukepf ufr_
wuUov kd t
f a&;tcif;onf &efuek w f uUov kd yf ifrod@k a&muf&do S mG ;um
tkHºuGr_rsm; ydrk dk=uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? pufrw _ uUov dk fausmif;om;rsm;
onf rwfv 16 &ufae@wGif &efuek w f uUokv d f (yifr) y&0k%f&Sd ausmif;
om;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um xdkrSwqifh &efukew f uUodkvf (vSKdife,fajr) odk@
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abmifwiG f acsmifyw d ±f kud Ef u
S cf rhJ E_ iS yhf wfowfI Adkvrf LS ;csKyaf [mif; atmif
=uD;u (8/ 6/ 88) &ufpGJjzifh a&;om;xm;aomtdwzf Gifhay;pmwGif T
odk@azmfjyxm;onf?
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uav;rsm;udkqHyifqGJ±dkuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onfh rdef;u
av;udk qHyifqGJI±dkufa=umif;/ rdef;uav;tavmif;ESpfavmif; a&xJrS
ay:vma=umif;”ponfjzifhazmfjyxm;onf? 4if;tjyif tif;vsm;uef
abmifay: Yjzpfonfhnu vlrsm;pGmaoqkH;cJha=umif;/ tavmif;rsm;udk
nwGif;csif;rD;±_dŒcJha=umif;/ aoqkH;olrsm;ESifhywfowfI wvcef@=umrS
rdbrsm;xH pmjzifhta=umif;=um;a=umif;/ axmifxJwGifvnf; vkHxdef;
ykvyd frsm;u 0if±u dk af =umif;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk t"rRusiahf =umif;/ axmif
xJwGif rsm;pGmn‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf uf=ua=umif;/ vlaygi;f 283 a,mufaoqkH;cJh
a=umif; tp&Sdonfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?
tvm;wl rwfv 17 &ufae@wGifvnf; &efuek fwuUodkvt f wGif;
pka0;a&muf&daS eaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk vlpkcGJ twif;t"rR t=urf;
zufjzKd ciG ;f cJo
h nf? rqvtpdk;&xkwo f wif;pmrsm;Yrl qENjyausmif;om;
ausmif;ol 154 a,mufudkom pDppfxdef;odrf;cJhonf? aoqkH;ol/ '%f
&m&olvkH;0r&Sd[k a&;om;azmfjy=uonf?
rqvtpdk;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;. ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;ESifh
ywfowfI awmif;qdkcsurf sm;udk vk;H 0vspfvsL±_Ir&awmhojzifh rwfv
17 &ufae@wGif pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sifudk zGJ@pnf;ay;cJh&onf? xdkaumfr&Sif
onf 12/ 3/ 88 &ufae@wGif &efukefpufr_wuUodkvaf usmif;rsm; jzpf
yGm;cJhaom ta&;tcif;udk pkHprf;wifjy&rnfjzpfayonf? xdak umfr&Sift
zG@J udk jynfaxmifpkqk&d , S fvpforRwjrefrmEdik if H Edkiif aH wmfaumifprD S 1988
ckESpf/ rwfv 17 &ufpGJyg trdef@a=ujimpmtrSwf (45§88)jzifh xkwfjyef
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(c) OD;vSwifh - jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmif-tzGJ@0if
(*) a'guw f marmif&edS f -jynfo@l vkyif ef;ppfaq;a&;tzG@J 0if
xdk@tjyif ,if;trdef@a=umfjimpmwGif aumfr&Si. f twGif;a&;rSL;
tjzpf OuUXu wm0efay;tyfou l aqmif&u G &f rnfjzpfjyD; pkpH rf;a&;
aumfr&Sio f nf ta&;cif;rnfuo hJ k@d pwifay:aygufcho J nf? ta&;cif;wGif
ausmif;om; 2 OD; aoewf'%f&mjzifhaoqkH;cJh&jcif;rSm rnfonfh ao
ewfjzifh rnfol.vufcsufa=umifhjzpfonfudk tcsuftvufrsm; trSef
&&Sad tmif pkHprf;ppfaq;I tpD&ifcpH mudk (17/ 4/ 88) &ufae@ta&muf
Edik if aH wmfaumifpDo@kd wifjy&efyg&o dS nf? xd@k tjyif ta&;cif;ESihf ywfowf
onfh aumfr&Sif.okH;oyfcsuf/ t=uHjyKcsuf/ tvm;wlta&;tcif;rsKD;
ray:ayguaf p&ef aqmif&u G foifo
h nft h csurf sm; vdkygu xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy
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tpd;k &rS pkpH rf;ppfaq;r_rsm;jyKvkyaf epOftwGi;f rSmyif ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh jynfolvlxkyl;aygif;um qENjyr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;cJhonf?
rwfvta&;tcif;twGi;f Y tpk;d &. t=urf;zufjzKd cGi;f r_a=umifh ausmif;
om;rsm;ESihf &[ef;&Siv f al jrmufrsm;pGm aoG;ajruscho J vd/k vlaygi;f rsm;pGm
xdcdkuf'%f&m&&Sdum zrf;qD;cHcJh&avonf?
emrnfq;kd jzifh ausmMf um;&m tif;pdet

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46 oef;0if;vIi
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tusOf;axmifodk@ydk@aqmifcJh&m tif;pdefaxmifa&muf&Sd vmaomtcg
(71) OD;wifaqmifvmaom tcsKyu f m;wpD;wGif (41) OD;aoqk;H aeonf
udk awG@&SdcJh&onf? tpd;k &xkwfjyefcsufrsm;wGifrl tcsKyfarmfawmf,mOf
rsm; rvkaH vmufra_ =umifh ,mOfwpD;wGif wifaqmif&rnfh tcsKyfom;OD;
a&xuf ydkIwifaqmifch&J jcif;/ 45 rdepfom armif;ESif&rnfch &D;udk vrf;
ydwfqdk@r_tajctaersm;t& 2 em&Dcef@=umatmif armif;ESif&r_rsm;
a=umifh jzpf&onf[lI azmfjycJhonf?
aoqkH;olrsm;udk AdkvfwaxmifjrdK@e,f/ jrdK@e,fjynfol@&Jwyfz@GJ rSL;u
19/ 3/ 88 &ufae@wGif AdkvfwaxmifjrdK@e,f/ jrdK@e,fw&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@odk@
aor_ aocif;zGifhjyD; ppfaq;ay;yg&ef wifjycJo h nf? Adv
k fwaxmif w&m;
ol=uD;tzG@J onf xdak e@wiG fyif jrdK@e,fwm0efcq H &m0ef/ oufqkid f&m jynf
ol@&tJ &m&Srd sm;ESithf wl tif;pdet f usO;f axmifo@dk oGm;a&mufppfaq;cJh
onf? aor_aocif;zGifhvSpfppfaq;csuft& 4if;wdk@onf rsuf&nf,kdAkH;
"gwfaiG@ ±_±_dufrdIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tcsKyf,mOftwGif; wifaqmif&
rnfhOD;a&xuf ydkrdkwifaqmifcJhojzifh touf±_rGef;usyfIvnf;aumif;
aoqk;H cJh&jcif;jzpfa=umif; awG@&SdcJh&onf? tqdkygudpPEiS fhpyfvsO;f I 19/
7/ 88 ae@wiG rf S xkwfjyefa=unmcJhjy;D xdkowif;xkwjf yef&ef =uef@=umae
&jcif;rSm jidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk axmuf±_I qlylr_r=uD;xGm;ap&eftwGuf
jzpfa=umif; xkwfjyefcho J nf?
,if;odk@aoqkH;cJhr_a=umifh jynfxJa&;ESifh/ omoema&;0ef=uD;Xme
0ef=uD; OD;rif;a*gif EkwfxGufoGm;cJh&onf? xdk@jyif 1988 rwfvtwGif;
jzpfymG ;cJah omta&;tcif;wGif jzpfay:vmcJah omudpPrsm;twGuf wm0ef
ruif;=uonfh 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;armifarmifcESifh jynfo@l Oya'tusKd;aqmif
tzGJ@OuUX OD;jrifharmiftm; 1988 Zlvdkif 26 &ufae@wGif &mxl;rS Ekwf
yg,fcJhonf?
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yg&daS ompmrsm;onf vlxt k wGi;f ysHŒES@H cho J nf? xdk@jyif OD;atmif=u;D onf
(1) “udkif;-tckawmhaumif;Edik f=uao;&JŒvm;” [laom pmw
apmifudk 12/ 5/ 88 &ufae@wGif vnf;aumif;/
(2) “tif;vsm;uefabmifjy\em”[laom pmwapmifudk 8/ 6
88 &ufae@wGif vnf;aumif;/
(3) “prf;acsmif;/ ajreDukef; &wemykH±ky&f iS f±kHudprP sm;”[laompmudk
22/ 7/ 88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif;/
(4) “u|eaf wmfwk@d ESpOf D;xJtwGuo f mjzpfonf”[laompmudk 9/
7/ 88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif;
(5) “vl@tcGifhta&;tjynfht0&&Sda&;udpP”[laompmudk 19/ 7/
88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif; jzef@a0cJhonf?
rnfodk@yifqkad pumrl xdktcsdefujzef@a0cJhaom OD;atmif=uD;. pm
wef;rsm;onf jynfov l xl u
k dk Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;apcJo h nf? 4if;a&;om;xm;
aompmwrf;udk wckcsif;avhvm=unfhygu atmufygtwdkif; awG@&Sd&
onf?
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aumifpD tm%modr;f jyD; 26 ESpt f =um tajctaeonf ,k, d iG ;f ,ko
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usqH;k jcif;ruusq;kH cJah =umif;/ vufatmuf&dw S m0ef&o Sd rl sm;u wm0ef
,l=u&ef acgif;cHvakd =umif;/ rdrt d aejzifh pmwrf;wapmif a&;om;wifjy
cJha=umif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif=uD; EkwfxGufcgeD; ygwDOuUX=uD;u okH;ESpf
vkyfr,f/ ratmifjrifv#if Adkvfatmif=uD;wdk@vky=f uyg[k ajymcJha=umif;/
Edkiif Ha&;orm;vkyfazmfudkifzufwiG f OD;EkEiS fh ygwDOuUX=uD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf
a[mif;atmif=uD;om&Sjd y;D usev f lrsm;rSm uG,v f eG jf yDjzpfa=umif;/ r=umrD
wdik ;f jynfqefjy\emjzpfawmhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ pufr_vkyfief;tm;vk;H vdk
vdkydwfxm;&jyDjzpfa=umif;/ 'kuQa&mufrnft h a&;udk owday;&a=umif;
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f wl &m;cH
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ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;ESiyhf wfowfI ygwOD uUX=uD;taejzifh wm0efr
,l&ef/ 4if;udpP.w&m;cHrSm ygwDOuUX=uD;r[kwfa=umif;/ =udKŒukef;&yf
uGuo f r0g,rqdik fukrd D;±_Œd r_onf ausmif;om;rsm;r[kwaf =umif;/ tvGJ
okH;pm;cJo h tl m; zkH;uG,&f efpm&if;&Si;f vdI k rD;±d@_ cJhjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ ausmif;
om;rsm;udt k ifvsm;uefabmifwGif acsmifydwf±ku d fa=umif;/ rdef;uav;
rsm;udk qHyifq±GJ dkuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onfh rdef;uav;udk
yif qHyifqGJI ±du k af =umif;/ rdef;uav;tavmif;ESpaf vmif; a&xJuay:
vma=umif; ponfjzifha&;om;xm;&m trSefwu,faoqkH;cJhjcif;/ jyif;
xefpmG '%f&m&&SdchjJ cif;r&S[ d k tpdk;&xkwo f wif;pmrsm;. rrSerf uef azmf
jyr_udk t±_u d x f ;dk wkef@jyefxm;ayonf? 4if;jyif Adkvrf SL;csKyfa[mif; atmif
=uD;.pmwrf;Y tif;vsm;uefabmifay:wGifjzpfonfhnu vltrsm;t
jym;aoqk;H cJah =umif;/ tavmif;rsm;udk nwGi;f csi;f rD;±_@d cahJ =umif;/ aoqk;H
olrsm;ESifhywfowfI wvcef@=umrS rdbrsm;xH pmjzifhta=umif;=um;
a=umif;/ axmifxw J iG v
f nf; vkxH ed ;f ykvyd rf sm;u 0if±u kd af =umif;/ ausmif;
olrsm;udk t"rRusifha=umif;/ axmifxJwGifrsm;pGm n‡Of;yrf;ESdypf uf=u
a=umif;/ vlaygi;f 283 a,muf aoqk;H cJha=umif;ponfjzifh a&;om;xm;
&m zwf±_&olrsm; wkefv_yaf jcmufjcm;um a'gocHjyif;cJh=u&onf?
(*) 7/ 3/ 88 &ufpGJjzifha&;om;xm;onfhpmwrf;wGifrl AdkvfrSL;csKyf
a[mif;atmif=u;D onf *syefEidk if rH S Edkiif aH &;orm;rsm;ESihf awG@qHI k wdkif;
jynftusKd;aus;Zl;&Sdrnfhudp&P yfrsm;udk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJha=umif;/ vuf&Sd
wm0efxrf;aqmifae=uaom0ef=uD;rsm;ESifh Edik fiHjcm;qufqHa&; tqif
rajyojzifh 4if;xHvma&mufawG@qjkH yD; OuUX=uD;xHwifjyay;&ef ajymqdk
jcif; jzpfa=umif;ponfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?
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taemuf&yfuu G fvlxktcsKdŒwdk@ jzpfyGm;cJhaomta&;tcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;
onfh tpD&ifcHpmudk wifoGi;f cJhonf? xdktpD&ifcHpmwGif tcef; (14)
cef;cGJI pmrsufESm 292 rsuEf mS jzifh tao;pdwpf pkH rf;azmfxw k f&&Scd sufrsm;
udk wifjyxm;onf?
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. =uD;rm;onfh yxrtrSm;wckrSm &yfuGufaumifpOD uUXudk bufvu dk f
umuG,fay;r_ESifh vkHxed f;wyfzGJ@tiftm; tqrwefokH;jyD; ausmif;om;
rsm;udk t=urf;zufESdyfuGyfr_yifjzpfonf? 'kwd,trSm;rSm owif;pdppf
wif;=uyfr_jyKvkyfxm;onfomru owif;vdrv f nfa=unmjcif;yifjzpf
onf? vkHxdef;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; jynfxJa&;0ef=uD;XmeESifh &JcsKyfwdk@u
tkycf sKyf&aomfvnf; rqv. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E &W m;zG@J pnf;ykHt& trde@f ay;
pepfonf a&maESmaecJhjyD; txufrS pGufzufr_rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf? &efukef
wdkif;Yvnf; a'oygwDOuUX/ wdik f;aumifpDOuUXESifh &efukefwkid f;ppfXme
csKyfwidk ;f rSL;[lI trdef@ay;Edkio f nfh tm%mydik f (3) OD;&Sdonf? &efukejf rdKŒ
vkHjcKHa&;twGuf wyfr (22)/ (44)/ (77) wdk@ukd qGJac:&mwGifvnf; wyfr
awmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf csucf si;f rodvu kd &f bJ t"du±k%f; ESrd Ef iS ;f &mY
vnf; vkx H def;rsm;ESifh ppfwyf a&maxG;aeonfukd wyfrLS ;rsm;u r=udKuf
ESpo f uf=uacs?
1988 arv 30 &ufae@wGif ausmif;rsm;jyefvnfziG fhvSpfonfhtcg
tusOf;axmifujyefvw G vf monfh ausmif;om;rsm;u ,if;wdk@ tawG@
t=uKHrsm;udk jyefvnf&iS ;f vif;=u&m ZGef 15 &ufae@rS 20 &ufae@txd
&efuek fwuUodkvf tyef;ajz&dyfomwGif qENjyyGJrsm; qufwdkufjzpfyGm;
cJhjyefonf? &[ef;oH Cmawmfrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ txufwef;
ausmif;om;rsm;ygrusef jynfov l lxkyg tajrmuftrsm;yg0ifvm=u
onf?
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ZGefv 21 &ufae@wGif ausmif;rsm;udk jyefydwfa=umif; a=unmcJh

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aomfvnf; oydwaf rSmufrr_ sm; wjynfv;Hk od@k ysŒH ESHomG ;cJo h nf? ,if;ae@Y
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&efuek w f uUov kd f (yifr)/ vdycf ;Hk aq;wuUov dk f (1) ausmif;om;rsm;onf
wuUokv d f0ef;twGif;rS jyifyodk@xGuv f mjyD; vlxkESifhyl;aygif;um v_dif/
prf;acsmif;/ urm&Gwf/ r&rf;ukef;/ tif;pdefjrdKŒe,frsm;wGif qENjycJh=u
onf? prf;acsmif;jrKd Œe,fwiG f &JwyfzJ@G 0ifrsm;u at;csr;f pGm vufeufrhjJ zifh
qENjyaeolrsm;udk ypfcwfEdrS fESif;&m aoa=uxdcu dk rf r_ sm;&Scd Jhonf? xdkae@
rSmyif &efukefjrdKŒxJ&Sdaq;wuUodkvfukd ausmif;om;xkonf jynfvrf;
twdkif;qufvufcsDwufoGm;&m [Hom0wDt0dkif;tausmf ajreDukef;
ta&mufY vkx H ed ;f wyfz@GJ rsm;.wm;qD;r_a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vkH
xdef;wyfzGJ@rS yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;&m teD;tem;&Sd&yf=unfhaeonfh jynfolvl
xk. ylaygi;f wdu k cf u kd rf a_ =umifh vkx H ed ;f 20 ESifh jynfow l &mausmf aoqk;H
cJh&onf?
tpd;k &owif;pmrsm;Y qlyt l =urf;zuform;rsm; vufeufrsKd;pkHjzifh
xdk;ckwfwdkufcku d fr_a=umifh jynfo@l &JwyfzGJ@0if 6 OD; usqkH;jyD;/ 25 OD; jyif;
xefpmG '%f&m&&Scd o hJ nf[k vdrn f ma&;om;xm;cJhaomfvnf; jynfov l l
xkaoa=uxdcdkufr_udkrl zkH;zdxm;cJhonf?
xdt k awmtwGi;f awmif=u;D jrKd ŒESihjf ynfjrKd Œrsm;Yvnf; vlxq k ENjyr_
rsm;jzpfymG ;cJ&h m yk'rf 144 xkwjf yefco hJ nf?odak omf jynfjrdKŒY jzpfyGm;vsuf
&Sad om tkºH uGqENjyr_rsm; vk;H 0xde;f r&awmhojzifh 1988 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f
22 &ufae@wGif tpdk;&u ppftkycf sKyfa&;a=unmum ppfwyfrS vufeuf
jzifh jzdKcGif;cJhonf?
,if;uJo h @kd Edik fit H ES@H &dS jrKd Œ=uD;rsm;wGif qlyt l ºHk uGrr_ sm;jzpfymG ;aepOfrmS
1988 Zlvkdif 23 &ufae@wGif jrefrmhq&kd , S fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ta&;ay:
nDvmcH usif;ycJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;Y ygwDOuUX OD;ae0if;onf
,if;Y tjypf&Sdra_ =umifh EkwfxGuf&aomfvnf; “ppfwyfqdkwm rdk;ay:
axmifjyD;awm yh pfwmr[kwfbl;? ypf&ifreS af tmifypfw,f” [k vlxEk iS hf
ausmif;om;rsm;udkped af c: jyD; ordki;f wGif trnf;puf=u;D xifatmif ajym
m
=um;oGm;cJhonf? Zlvidk f 24 &ufae@wiG f qufvufusif;yjyKvkycf Jhaom

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rqvygwD ta&;ay:nDvmcH'w k d,ae@tpnf;ta0;Y wyfrawmf pnf;

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±kH;a&;aumfrwDrS nDvmcH &J
abmfarmifoifu h OD;atmif=u;D
. 41 rsufESmygpmESifh ywf
owfI xnfhoGif;ajym=um;
oGm;cJhonf? 4if;. wifjy ajym
qdkcsurf mS “wuUokv d o f r*~ t
aqmufttkHudk 1962 ckESpf/ Zl
vdkifv 8 &ufae@wGif azmufcGJ
zsufqD;onfhjzpf&yfrSefudk &Sif; tmPm&Sifa[mif;
vif;ajym=um;cJhjcif;onf o Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;
rdkif;wGif rSefuefaomjzpf&yfudk twdtvif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;&Sdonfh
EdkifiaH &;upm;uGufjzpfa=umif;/ ,if;udpPwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; atmif
=uD;onf OuUX=uD;tay: ausmif;om;ESifhjynfolvlxku txiftjrif
vGJrSm;r_jzpfay:atmif v_H@aqmfcsufomjzpfonfudkawG@&Sd&a=umif;/ 4if;
onf wdkif;jynf. pGrf;tm;pk=uD;okH;&yfjzpfaom jynfol/ wyfrawmfESifh
Edik if aH wmfacgi;f aqmif=u;D rsm;udk jyKd uGJatmifprD cH sujf zifh ,if;or*~upd u P kd
tcGifhaumif;,lum jynfou l dk qlyx l ºuGap&ef zefwD;cJhjcif;jzpfa=umif;/
xdk@tjyif rwfvESifhZGefvta&;tcif;rsm;wGif jzpfay:cJo h nfh tajctae
rsm;udk r[kwfrrSev f rd fnmpGyfpJI
G jynforl sm;xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfap&ef
pmwrf;rsm;udka&;om;I jynfolESiafh usmif;om;rsm;udk jzef@a0cJah =umif;/
wcsdefwnf;wGif acgif;aqmifyidk f;ESifhwyfrawmftwGif; aoG;uGaJ tmifjyK
vkyfjyD; OuUX=uD;tay: opPmapmifhod cspcf ifav;pm;oa,mif csOf;uyf
um 4if;tm%m&&Sd&ef =uKd ;yrf;cJha=umif;/ olonfOuUX=uD;tay: opPm&Sd
onf[ak jymqdka&;om;aeaomfvnf; OD;Eku EdkifiaH wmfuk d awmfvSefyek f
uef&ef jynfyod@k xGufcGmrnfhudpPudk OuUX=uD;tm; qufvufwifjyr_
r&SdcaJh =umif;/ 1970 jynfEh pS wf iG f OD;Ek. jynfajy;olykeftcsKŒd jrpf0u|ef;ay:
m
a'ood@k 0ifa&mufc&Jh mwGiv f nf; wyfrawmfEiS jfh ynfow l @dk y;l aygi;f I axmf
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ydkifppfqifa&;jzifh tjy;D tydkifacsr_ef;cJhonfudk wyfrawmfonf wyfcGJESpfcGJ

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52 oef;0if;vIi
d f
pmolykeu f kd wyfom;tvk;H t&if;ok;H jyD; acsr_ef;jcif;onf ra&mif&mqDv;l
jzpfaea=umif;/ olykeftiftm;rsm;aom&Srf;jynfe,fa'owGif wyftif
tm;enf;enf;ESifh ppfqifa&;0ifaeonf[k ajymqdkcaJh =umif;/ 4if;onf
at;csrf;om,maom trmcHe,fajrwGif jynfajy;olyek frsm; =uD;xGm;
vmapaomqENjzifh r±d;k om;aomt=uHtOm%fukd OuUX=uD;xHo@dk a&;
om;wifjycJha=umif;/ olonf wdkif;jynfudk wu,fcspfjrwfEdk;ol rsKd;cspf
yk*~Kdvt f ppftrSefjzpfv#if Todk@a&SŒaemufrnDnGwfaom ajymqdka&;
om;r_ukd rjyKvkyo f ifah =umif;/ OuUX=uD;onf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiht
f wl
vGwfvyfa&;wdu k yf 0JG ifc±hJ rHk #omru wdik ;f jynfwGif ta&;=uKv H mwdik f; wm
0ef,cl Jhonfhacgif;aqmifjzpfa=umif;/ txl;ojzifh 1958-59 ckESpfwGif
wdkif;jynfwGiftdrfapmifhtpdk;&tjzpfjzifh wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufay;cJhjyD;
1962 ckESpfwGif wdkif;jynftpdwfpdwfjydKuGrJ nfh tajctaersm;a=umifh
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufc&hJ a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh OuUX=uD;taejzifh ygwDEw k f
xGuu f pd uP kd jyefvnfpOf;pm;ay;yg&ef wifjyyga=umif; aqG;aEG;oGm;onf?
od@k aomf Zlvdkif 25 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom nDvmcH wwd,ae@
ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0; qk;H jzwfcsufcsrw S fcJh&m vrf;pOfygwOD uUX=uD; OD;
ae0if;ESifh ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;pef;,kwdk@tm; ygwDwm0efrS
EkwfxGucf Gihjf yKjyD;/ ygw0D iftjzpfrS tem;,lcGihjf yK&ef/ jynfol@qENcH,yl JrG jyK
vkyf&efwdk@twGuf qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf?
Zlvdkif 26 &ufae@wGif ygwDA[dkaumfrwD '\rt=udrf tpnf;t
a0;udk jynfo@l v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;cef;rYusi;f yjyKvyk &f m A[dk aumf
rwD0ifrsm;u OD;pdefvGiftm; ygwOD uUXtjzpf wifajr‡mufcJh=uonf? xdk@
tjyif Edkiif aH wmf0ef=u;D csKyf OD;armifarmifcESihf jynfol@Oya'tusKd;aqmif
tzGJ@OuUX OD;jrifharmifwdk@tm; tcsKyfum;twGif; vlaygif; 41 a,muf
avrGef;usyfaoqkH;r_EiS fhywfowfI jzKwfcsvdkuo f nf? xdk@aemufZlvkid f
27 &ufae@wGif qufvufusif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom pwkwˆt=udrf jynfol@
m
v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;rSvnf; OD;pdev f iG tf m; Edkiif aH wmfaumifpD OuUX

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ESihf Edik if HawmforRwtjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufch=J uonf? xd@k tjyif Edik if H
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awmfaumifpt D wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;xGe;f wifw@kd uv dk nf;aumif; a&G;cs,f
cJh=uonf? Zlvdkif 28 &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf vlpkvla0; rjyK
vky&f [k xkwfjyefxm;aomtrdef@udkqef@usifjyD; a&$wd*kHb&k m;Y oydwf
pcef;zGifhvSpI f pk±kH;qENjycJh=uonf?
Zlvkid f 29 &ufae@ta&mufwGif ppftpd;k &rS OD;atmif=uD;ESihf taygi;f
tyg 9 OD; (OD;=unf[ef/ atyDowif;axmufOD;pdef0if;/ OD;cifndK/ OD;=unf
armif/ OD;ba&$/ OD;cspu f ku
d k/d OD;xGe;f a&$/ OD;atmifjrif/h OD;aZmf0if;OD;) wd@k tm;
Edkiif Hawmfudkxdyg;rnfhtE W&m,frS =udKwifumuG,fonfhy'k frjzifh xdef;
odrf;vdkufonf?
tajctaerSm wjznf;jznf;ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmum tpdk;&qef@usifa&;
aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:odk@ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? 1988 Zl
vdik f 28 &ufae@rpS I &efuek jf rdK@awmfpnfyifom,ma&;e,ferd w d ft
wGif;&Sd jrdK@e,frsm;Yynmoif=um;aeaom ausmif;rsm;odk@ysŒH ESH@a&muf&Sd
vmonf? qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;ae@rS =o*kwfv 2 &ufae@
txd a&$w*d &Hk ifjyifawmfay:wGif oydwpf cef;rsm; zGiv hf pS cf =Jh uonf? qENjy
ausmif;om;rsm;onf bk&m;&ifjyifay:wGif pkpnf;um vma&muf=u
aom vlxyk &dwo f wftm; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a0iSjcif;/ tpdk;&qef@
usifa&;a[majymjcif;/ pmuyfjcif;wdk@udk jyKvkyfcJh=uonf?
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkESifh jynfolwdk@ pk±kH;rdaomtcg bk&m;ay:rS
wqifh &efukejf rdKŒtwGif;&Sd jrdKŒe,ftcsKdŒwGif vSnhv f nfqENjycJh=uonf?
xdk@a=umifh rqv tpd;k &onf 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f 3 &ufae@wiG f
EdkifiHawmfaumifp. D a=unmcsuftrSwf 5§88jzifh &efukew f idk f; ppftyk f
csKyfa&;Oya'udk xkwjf yefco hJ nf? xd@k tjyif Edik fiaH wmf. pDrcH ef@crJG t _ m%m
ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_tm%mrsm;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k fcsKyf=uD; apm
armiftm; tyfEiS f;cJo h nf? umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyo f nf Edik fiHawmfaumifpD
a=unmcsuf 5§88 yg vkyfyidk fcGit fh & xdkae@rmS yif umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
m
±kH;. ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmcsuftrSwf (2)udk xkwfjyefI &efukefwdkif;

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ppfXmecsKyf/ wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwkid f;rSL; Adkvrf SL;csKyfrsKd;nGe@f tm; rdru d , dk fpm;

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54 oef;0if;vIi
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ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk aqmif&u G f&ef tm%mv$Jtyfay;cJhonf?
od@k jzifh 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f 3 &uf n 7 em&DrpS I 1988 =o*kwf
v 24 &ufae@txd &efukefwkid f;ppfXmecsKyf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@rsm;udk
atmufygtwdkif;xkwfjyefcJhonf?
(u) &efukefwidk f;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trde@f trSwf (1§88)
jzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oowfrSwfjcif;ESifh ppfa'orSL;rsm;cef@tyfjcif;?
(c) &efuek w f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 2§88)jzifh
pDrHcef@cGJr_ESifh w&m;pD&ifr_wdk@EiS fhywfowfI n$ef=um;csufxkwfjyefjcif;?
(*) &efuek w f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 3§88)jzifh
ppftyk fcsKyfa&;a'owGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;?
(C) &efuek w f ikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkycf sKyfa&;trde@f trSwf (4§88)jzifh
jynfo@l vyk fief;ppfaq;a&;tzG@J tqifq h ifw h @dk ukd pDrcH ef@caJG &;udpPrsm; quf
vufaqmif&u G fapjcif;?
(i) &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSwf(6§88)jzifh
nrxGu&f / vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vlig;a,mufEiS hf ig;a,mufEiS t hf xuf oGm;
vmv_y&f mS ;jcif;rjyK&trdef@rsm; xkwjf yefjcif;?
(p) &efuek w f ikd f;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 9§88)jzifh
ppftkycf sKyfa&;trde@f trSw(f 6§88)jzifh xkwjf yefwm;jrpfcsurf sm;tm;
±kyfodrf;jcif;?
1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 5 &ufae@twGif; ppftkycf sKyfa&; t=uH
ay;tzG@J tm; wyfrawmfrt S &m&Sd=u;D wOD;ESihf jynfo@l Oya'tusKd;aqmif
tzGJ@rS wOD;tygt0if ckESpfOD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Gufco Jh nf? xdk@jyif um
uG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adkvcf sKy=f u;D apmarmifonf &efuek w f idk ;f ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f
rSL;tm; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf±kH;. a=unmcsuftrSwf(2) t& v$Jtyf
xm;aomtm%mt&yf&yfuu dk sio
hf H;k apvsuf atmufygtwdkif;ppftyk f
csKyfa&;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
m
(u) AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;n$ef@ - OuUX (wdik f;rSL;/ &efuek fwidk f;ppfXmecsKy)f

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(c) OD;&J0if; - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ &efukefwdki;f a'oygwDaumfrwD)

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(*) OD;ausmfodef; - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ &efuek fwdkif;jynfol@aumifpD)
(C) AdkvfrLS ;=uD; atmifcif - tzG@J 0if (jrdKŒawmf0ef/ &efuek fjrKd Œawmf
pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJ@)
(i) Adv k rf LS ;=uD; oef@Zif - tzG@J 0if ('kw, d wdik ;f rSL;/ &efuek w f ikd ;f
ppfXmecsKyf)
(p) Adv
k frSL;=uD; cifjrifh - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (1) ppfa'o)
(q) AdkvfrSL;=uD; odef;xGef; - tzGJ@0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (2)
ppfa'o)
(Z) Adv k rf LS ;=uD; omaX; - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (3) ppf
a'o)
(ps) Adv
k rf LS ;=u;D rsK;d aqG - tzG@J 0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (4) ppfa'o)
(n) 'kw, d Adv k rf SL;=u;D odef;jrifh - tzG@J 0if (OuUX/ wdkif;w&m;ol=u;D
tzG@J )
(É) OD;rsKd;n$ef@ - tzGJ@0if (OuUX/ wdkif;vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@)
(X) OD;qef;jrifh - tzGJ@0if (&JaxmufcsKyf/ jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@XmecsKyf)
(È) AdkvfrSL;=uD; aZmfrif;- tzGJ@0if (n$e=f um;a&;rSL;csKyf/ rD;owf
OD;pD;Xme)
(Ê) a'gufwm OD;pdef&D - tzGJ@0if (&efukew f dkif;usef;rma&;OD;pD;Xme)
(%) 'kwd,Adv k frSL;=uD; atmifoef; - twGif;a&;rSL; (ppfOD;pD;rSL;-
yxrwef;)
(w) 'kwd,Adkfvrf SL;=uD; wiftkef;- wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (vuf
axmufppfOya'csKyf/ &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf)
,if;uJhok@d ppftkycf sKyfa&; a=unmusifhokH;jcif;udk rqv tpdk;&u
EdkifiaH wmfvHjk cKHa&;ESifh jynfol@tdk;tdrfwdk@udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef t
vdk@iSm urBmhEdkifirH sm;wGif usifho;kH vsuf&Sdaom usifhxkH;rsm;ESifhtnD jynf
axmifpk qdk&S,v f pforRw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'yk'fr
m
(76) t& tyfESi;f xm;aom vkyfykid cf iG rfh sm;udk ok;H pGJvsuf xkwfjyefcahJ om
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Edkiif aH wmfaumifp. D a=unmcsut f rSw(f 5§88)t&jzpfonf[q k okd nf?

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56 oef;0if;vIi
d f
,if;odk@ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; a=unmcJhjyD;aemuf ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*~u ppfOya'xkwjf yefcsuu f kd zDqefum &Spaf v;vk;H
taxGaxGoydw=f uD;twGuf v_@H aqmfa&;pmapmifrsm; pwifjzef@a0cJho
vdk vlaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmuvnf; qENjycJhonf?
Todk@jzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;pwifonfh 1988 =o*kwfv 3 &ufrS 8

&ufae@txd &efuek fjrdK@tygt0if jrdKŒ=uD; 19 +rdKŒY jidr;f csrf;pGm qENjy
awmif;qkdaeaom vlxk=uD;tm; vkHjcKHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u ypfcwf&Sif;
vif;r_a=umifh &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;rsm; axmifcsDaoqkH;cJh&onf?
1988 =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ ordkif;wGifrnfh taxGaxGoydw=f uD;udk jynf
olvx l koed ;f csq
D ifEc$J =Jh uonf? xdkae@nae 5 em&DwiG f jrKd Œawmfcef;ra&SŒ&Sd
ajruGufvyfY qENjyolrsm; pka0;a&muf&SdvmjyD; awmif;qkdr_rsm;udk
awmif;qdjk cif;/ tpd;k &qef@usifa&; ajymqdjk cif;rsm;jyKvyk uf m a&muf&v Sd m
aom vlx=k uD;tm; qENjyacgif;aqmifrsm;u tvSnfhusw&m;a[m
ajymae&m &efukefwdkif; wdkif;rSL;u tjrefq;kH vlpck GJ&ef toHcsŒJ pufrS a=u
jimcJhonf? vlx=k uD;u rdrt d pDpOfwdkif; ra=umufr&GHŒ/ rwkerf v_yf quf
m
vufjyKvkyfc&Jh m n 11 em&DwGif enf;AsL[mwckESifh ajcjrefwyf&if; (2)

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&if;wdk@onf jrdK@awmfcef;rrSaeI armif;jyefaoewfrsm;jzifh w&pyfypfcwf

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r_a=umifh vlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm xyfrHaoG;ajruscJh&jyefonf? =o*kwf
v 11 &ufae@wGif tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pk/H or*~/ toif;tzGJ@rsm; at;csrf;
pGm qENjyaeonfv h x
l tk m; ppfwyfu xyfrHypfcwf&m vlxkaxmifaygi;f
rsm;pGm aoa=u'%f&m &&Sdcho J nf?
,if;odk@ &ufpufpmG ypfred @f ay;cJah om Edik if aH wmforRw OD;pdefviG ftm;
jynfyowif;pmapmifwckjzpfonfh wdkif;rf (Time) r*~Zif;=uD;u (8/ 8/
88) xkwfwGif om;owform;odk@r[kwf vlowform; (The Butcheer)
tjzpf a&;om;cJhavonf?
xdkae@rSmyif emusnf;a'gojzpfaeaom vlxk=uD;u &efukefwdkif;
twGif; jrdKŒe,f&pJ cef;rsm;udk pD;eif;0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuu f m rD;±_d@zsufqD;
cJ=h uonf? xd@k twl 1988 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f 10 &ufae@wiG f jrefrmjynfjrdKŒ
=uD;rsm;Y qlyltkHºuGr_rsm; qufwdkujf zpfyGm;cJhonf?
xdkodk@aom tajctaet&yf&yfa=umifh =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@wGif
OD;pdefvGio f nf rqvygwDOuUXtjzpfrv S nf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmfaumifpD
OuUXtjzpfrv S nf;aumif; EkwfxGufoGm;cJh&onf?
jynfwGif;jynfyEdkifiHrsm;wGif emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf=um;cJhaom OD;
pdefvGifonf rGefjynfe,f/ aygifjrdKŒe,f/ aumhu&if&GmwGif tzOD;a&$&if/
trda':rm=uD;wd@k rS 1924/ Zefe0g&v D 22 &ufae@wiG f zGm;jrifco hJ nf? y
nmt&nftcsi;f edryhf g;I ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf wyf&if; (1) wyf
cGJ (3) Y wyfom;tjzpf 0ifa&mufppfrx _ rf;&if; *syefacwf r*Fvm'kH ppf
wuUov dk Af kv
d of ifwef;wwd,odk@ wufa&mufcho J ljzpfonf? xd@k aemuf
ajcvsifwyf&if;(3)/ csif;aoewfudkifwyf&if;/ trSwf (4) aoewfudkif
wyf&if;wdk@Y toD;oD;xrf;&GufcJholjzpfonf?
,if;aemuf taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf 'kwdkif;rSL;/ taemuf
ajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw f idk ;f rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf o
hJ jl zpfonf? xdkrw S qifh
or0g,r0ef=uD;Xme/ ydk@aqmifqufoG,af &;0ef=uD;Xme/ jynfxJa&;ESifh
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aumifpt D wGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ rqvygwD wGzJ uftaxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; tqifhqifhxrf;aqmifcJholjzpfonf?
rqvygwD OuUXESifh EdkifiHawmforRwtjzpf EkwfxGuo f Gm;cJhjyD;aemuf
2004 ckESpf/ {jyDv 9 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?
rqvtpdk;&u =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@rS =o*kwfv 14 &ufae@txd
&Spfq,fh&pS f'Drku
d a&pDta&;awmfy=kH uD;tm; t=urf;zufjzdKcGi;f cJhr_a=umifh
aoqkH;ol/ '%f&m&ol/ zrf;qD;xdef;odr;f cH&olrsm;udk xdefcsefI atmuf
ygtwdik f; xkwfjyefcJhonf?
(u) aoqk;H olrsm;? ? trsKd;om; (106) OD;/ trsKd;orD; (8) OD;/
pkpkaygif; (114) OD;?
(c) '%f&m&olrsm;? /? oHCm (6) yg;/ trsKd;om; (304) OD;/
trsK;d orD; (26)OD;/ pkpkaygif; (336)OD;?
(*) zrf;qD;xde;f odrf;cJ&h olrsm;? ? oHCm (27) yg;/ trsKd;om;
(2557) OD;/ trsK;d orD; (381) OD;/ pkpak ygi;f (2965) OD;wd@k jzpf
onf?
xdkumvwGif vkjH cKHa&;wyfzJ@G 0ifrsm; xdcdkufaoqkH; '%f&m&&Sdr_ t
ajctaersm;udkvnf; -
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(1) aoqkH;ol (2) OD;
(2) '%f&m&ol (10) OD;
(3) vufeufwvuf qkH;±_H;?
(c) jynfol@&J
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xdkumvtwGi;f t=urf;zufrr_ sm;a=umifh ysuq f ;D qk;H ±_;H r_pm&if;rsm;
udvk nf; oufqikd &f m0ef=u;D Xmetvdu k f atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjycJo h nf?
(u) aqmufvyk af &;0ef=uD;Xme usyf (1827260)
(c) jyef=um;a&;0ef=uD;Xme usyf (802255)
(*) pGr;f tif0ef=uD;Xme usyf (2843983)
(C) v,f,mESio hf pfawm0ef=uD;Xme usyf (141550)
(i) trSwf (1) pufr0_ ef=uD;Xme usyf (725346)
(p) or0g,r0ef=uD;Xme usyf (10373778)
1988 =o*kwfvwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom &Spfq,fh&Spf 'Drdkua&pDta&;
awmfykHonf &efukefjrdK@wckwnf;wGifomr[kwfbJ EdkifiHtESH@/ +rdKŒe,ft
rsm;tjym;wGijf zpfymG ;cJ&h m qk;H ±_;H ysufp;D r_rsm;/ aoa=u'%f&m&ol trsm;
tjym;&SdcJhonf?
TuJhok@d tajctaersm;±_yaf xG;aepOfumvtwGif;rSmyif rqv
ygwD ygwAD [dak umfrwD (11) =urd af jrmuf tpnf;ta0;udk 1988 =o*kwf
v 19 &ufae@wGif &efukefjrdKŒ jynfol@v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rY
usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf? xdktpnf;ta0;rS vpfvyfoGm;aomygwDOuUX
ae&mtm; ygwAD [dktvkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwD0if a'guw f marmifarmif
tm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJh=uonf? xdkae@ ae@vnfydkif;wGif qufvuf
usif;yaom pwkwt Î =udrf jynfol@vw $ fawmftpnf;ta0;rS Edik fiHawmf
aumifpOD uUXESihf Edkiif aH wmforRwtjzpf a'gufwmarmifarmifukyd if a&G;
cs,fvu dk fa=umif; a=unmcJhonf?
a'guw f marmifarmifonf EdkifiaH wmforRwjzpfvmjyD;aemuf EdkifiH
awmfaumifp. D a=unmcsuftrSwf (7§88) jzifh EdkifiHawmfwGif vuf&Sd
jzpfysuaf eaom Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ jynfo@l a&;&mpDrcH ef@cGaJ &; tajc
taet&yf&yfESifhpyfvsOf;I jynfolwk@d . ppfreS faomoabmxm;rsm;udk
&,lEkid f&eftwGuf jynfo@l w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@OuUX OD;wifatmif[ed ;f OuU
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(u) OD;wifatmif[ed ;f - OuUX (OuUX/ jynfol@w&m;ol=u;D tzG@J )
(c) OD;pef;armif - tzGJ@0if (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if)
(*) OD;pdkif;atmifxGef; - tzJG@0if (EdkifiaH wmfaumifpD0if)
(*) a'gufwm ref;oufpH - tzJG@0if (EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if)
(i) OD;bjidrf; - ('kwd,OuUX/ tvkyform;tpnf;t±kH;/ A[dkOD;pD;
tzG@J XmecsKyf)
(p) OD;cspfaqG - ('kwd,OuUX/ awmifolv,form;tpnf;t±kH;
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@XmecsKyf)
(q) a'gufwmxGef;oif - (ygarmuQcsKyf/ aq;wuUodkvfrE Wav;)
(Z) OD;vSxGe;f - (jynfo@l vw $ fawmfu,dk pf m;vS,/f ausmufwef;-
2)
(ps) OD;apmv_dif - (ausmif;tkyf=uD;/ [oFmwaumvdyf)
(n) OD;atmifw;kd - twGi;f a&;rSL; (tzG@J 0if/ 0efxrf;a&G;cs,af vhusihf
a&;tzGJ@)
(É) OD;cifarmifat; - wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/
A[dkw&m;±kH;/ jynfol@w&m;ol=uD;tzGJ@)
xdkpOftwGif; ociftkef;jrifhonf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ocif
wifjrESifhrdwfqufay;cJhonf?
ocifwifjronf ociftek ;f jrif. h urf;vSrf;csut f & a':atmifqef;
pk=unfok@d tultnDay;&eftwGuf oabmwlncD suEf Spcf suu f kd awmif;
qkcd Jhonf?
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xm;aom tpd;k &ESihjf ynfolwk@d tm; arwWm&yfccH sufpmwrf;wGif jrefrmhqkd
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vufccH haJ =umif; jyef=um;cJo h jzifh ocifwifjru a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
uln&D ef qufoG,cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? xd@k aemufwiG f ocifwifjr t=uHay;cJh
onft h wdki;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd a&;om;xkwaf 0cJah om “jynfo@l
twdkifyifcHuGefz&ifhusif;yI jy\emrsm; nd‡E_dif;ajz&Sif;a&;” pmwrf;
wGifyg&Sdonfh rqvygw0D ifrsm;tay: *kd%f;*%oabmxm;jzifh a&;
om;xm;csufudk jzKwfy,f&efpmwrf;udk xyfrH±ku d fESdyfjzef@jzL;cJhonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xdak rwWm&yfcHcsufpmwrf;udk xdkpOfu
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cJhonf? vlcsif;awG@qkH&efvnf; =udK;pm;cJhonf? odk@aomf awG@qkHcGifhr&cJh
ay? xdk@aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol.oabmxm;udk a'guf
wmarmifarmifxw H ifjy&ef ocifwifjrtm;wifjyI =uKd ;pm;cJah o;onf?
ocifwifjru a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tultnDawmif;cHr_rsm;ESihf ywf
owfI yxrOD;pGm olESi&hf if;ES;D aom w&m;ol=uD;tzG@J OuUX OD;wifatmif
[def;tm; qufoG,ftultnDawmif;=unfhrnf? OD;wifatmif[def;
oabmwlv#if OD;wifatmif[ed ;f ESifh yxrawG@jy;D a'guw f marmifarmif
ESifh qufvufawG@qkH&efwdk@udk t=uHay;cJhonf[kod&onf? xdkudpPudk
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu oabmwlojzifh OD;wifatmif[ed ;f ESihf awG@qkH
a&;twGuf ocifwifjronf Akdvrf SL;&JxËG f (&Jabmok;H usdyf0if) ESifh oGm;
a&mufaqG;aEG;cJhonf? Adv k rf SL;&JxËG u
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awG@qaHk qG;aEG;Edkiaf &;twGuf =um;rS yg0ifaqmif&u G af y;&ef aqG;aEG;cJh&m
OD;wifatmif[def;u oabmwlcJhonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh OD;wifatmif[def;wdk@ awG@qHak &;twGuf
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pDpOfch=J u&m 1988 ckEpS f/ =o*kwfv 21 &ufae@wiG f awG@qHjk zpfcJh=uonf?

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&Si;f jyjyD; a'guw f marmifarmifEiS hf awG@qaHk qG;aEG;wifjycGi&hf &S&d ef =um;rS
tultnDay;a&;udpu P dk wifjycJhonf?
xd&k uftwGif;rSmyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ocifwifjrudk EdkifiH
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vdok nfhta=umif; ajymvmjyefojzifh ocifwifjru taumiftxnf
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wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS fh Edik if aH &;orm;a[mif;rsm;jzpf=uonfh 0d"&l
ocifcspfarmif/ ocif cifatmif/ ocifxeG ;f cif/ a&SŒaetoif;rS OD;bxGe;f /
armifuk, d /k OD;xGe;f wif/ rk&H Gmwifa&$/ pmayynm&Sirf sm;jzpf=uonfh OD;0if;
wif ([Hom0wDowif;pm)/ armifaomfu/ OD;vS0if;(avol&w J OD;)/ a':
atmifqef;pk=unf. ±kH;tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom ocifwifjr/ Adv k fpHom
ausmf/ OD;omxGef;(ausmufjzL)/ OD;vSwifwdk@wufa&muf aqG;aEG;yGJjyK
vkyfch=J uonf?
,if;aqG;aEG;yGJu OD;wifatmif[ed f;OD;aqmifaom jynfo@l qENcH,l
a&;aumfr&Sifudk todtrSwfjyKjyD; jynfol@qENv_yf&mS ;r_rsm;udk Oya'
abmiftwGif;rS jidrf;csrf;pGm;v_yf&Sm;&ef/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf acgif;
aqmifI vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJ=uD;wck tjrefqkH;jyKvkyf&efw@dk udk oabm
wlqkH;jzwfcJh=uonf?
xdkpOftwGif; 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 24 &ufae@wGif EdkifiHawmf
aumifpOD uUX a'guw f marmifarmifxHo@kd rsKd;cspw f yfrLS ;a[mif;=u;D rsm;.
tcsuf (10) ygaomwifjycsuw f apmif (23/ 8/ 88) &ufae@wGif xGuf
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kd a&pDa&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufyJrG sm; jyKvkyaf y;&ef t"du azmfjycJh=uonf?
vufrw S fa&;xdk;Iawmif;qdck Jh=uaom wyfrSL;rsm;rSm -
(1) AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmifa&$
(2) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;apmjrifh
(3) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;vGif
(4) Akdvrf SL;=uD;a[mif; oD[ol& OD;vSarmf
(5) Akv d frSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;=unf0if;
(6) Adkvrf SL;=uD;a[mif; OD;a&$
(7) Adv k frSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifOD;
(8) Akv d frSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifarmif
(9) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;odef;wkwf
(10)AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;cspfcdkif
(11) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifxGef;
(12)Akv d frSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;batmif
(13) AkdvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;at;armif
(14) AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;=unfarmif
(15)AkdvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;xGef;atmifausmf
wdk@jzpf=uonf?
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v$wfawmfwdk@udk oydwfarSmuf&ef?
(*) vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef?
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onf? od@k jzifh xdkae@rSmyif orRw a'guw f marmifarmifu ppftkycf sKyfa&;
Oya'udk ±kyfodr;f vdkufa=umif; a=unmcJhonf?
xdk@jyif xdkae@rSmyif OD;atmif=uD;tygt0if zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;ESifh
tusOf;om;pkpkaygif; 2750 udk jyefv$wfay;cJhonf?
,if;tajctaersm;udk rqv ygwOD uUXESihf orRw a'gufwmarmif
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cGef; ajym=um;cJhonf? 4if;rdef@cGef;wGif -
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t"du&nf&, G cf suu f awmh 'Dtpk;d &vnf;r[kwfb;l / =um;jzwftpd;k
&vnf;r[kw/f aemuftpdk;&vnf;r[kwfbl;/ jynfaxmifpk=uD; wnfwHh
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ay:rSm rsuaf jcrjywfygapeJ@/ wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tem*wfta&;udk rarhyge@J /
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w,f? tckusrwdk@ b,ftajctaerSma&mufaejyDv/J yef;wdkifudk uGuf
uGufuGif;uGi;f jrifae&ygjyD? jrifaewJhyef;wdkifudk tm;vk;H vufwJjG y;D awmh
csDwufoGm;=uygpdk@/ pdwf0rf;ruGJ=uygeJ@/ ausmif;om;av;awGzufu t
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rm;rm;rwfrwf udk,, fh H=k unfcsuf ud, k &f ESd kid fwpJh epfrsKd;jzpfygw,f? olwk@d
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jzmrS a0;uGm=uygap? aemufq;Hk taeeJ@ usrwd@k &ŒJ aºu;G a=umfou H awmh
- qENc, H lyGJtvdrk &Sd?
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- w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyJG tjrefqkH;usif;yay;?
qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHygyJ”[lI ajym=um;oGm;onf? vlxkuvnf;
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tjzpftrSL;jyKaom “'Drdkua&pDESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;tzG@J (,m,D)”udk 1988

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21 OD;jzifhzJ@G pnf;cJhonf?
(1) OD;Ek (0ef=uD;csKyfa[mif;) - em,u
(2) ref;0if;armif (EdkifiHawmforRwa[mif;) - OuUX
(3) AkdvfrSL;atmif (v$wfawmfOuUXa[mif;) - 'kOuUXa[mif;
(4) ol& OD;wifO;D (Adkvcf sKy=f u;D a[mif;) - taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(5) OD;oef;pdef (ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;) - wGJzuf taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;
(6) OD;atmif (jrif;jcH) - aiGxdef;
(7) ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&) - tr_aqmif
(8) ocif cifatmif (om,m0wD) - tr_aqmif
(9) ocifodef;az (0g;c,fr) - tr_aqmif
(10)OD;atmifa&$ (tjidrf;pm;AdkvfrSL;csKyf) - tr_aqmif
(11) OD;apmjrifh (AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(12)OD;cifarmif (0ef=uD;a[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(13) OD;xGef;pdef (jrdwf) - tr_aqmif
(14) Adkvrf SL;xGef;wif (v#yfppftzGJ@ OuUX) - tr_aqmif
(15)OD;baqG ('kwd,twGif;0efa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(16)OD;n$ef@atmif (ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(17) ocifcspf ('kOuUX §bm;aumifp)D - tr_aqmif
(18) OD;bxGe;f (OuUX§&efuek fa&S@aersm;aumifp)D - tr_aqmif
(19) OD;&Jacgifne$ @f (ygvrD eftrwfa[mif;) - tr_aqmif
(20) OD;oka0 (,cifygvDref 'Drkdua&pDygw0D if) - tr_aqmif
(21) a'guw f m0rfudka[m(tjidrf;pm;oHtrwf=uD;) - tr_aqmif
,if;'Drdkua&pDESifh jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (,m,D). &nf&G,cf sufrsm;rSm
(1) vufiif;ay:aygufvsu&f Sdaomjy\emrsm;udk tpGrf;ukef ajz
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ajcvSrf;vnf;jzpfonf?
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aumvdyaf ygif;pHq k &m§rrsm;or*~/ &efuek fjrdKŒvHk;qdik &f m&[ef;ysKrd sm;
or*~/ usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm;or*~/ aq;wuUov kd Ef iS hf ausmif;om;rsm;
or*~EiS fh ajrmufOuUvmyjrdKŒe,fausmif;om;rsm;or*~ponfw@dk zGJ@pnf;
ay:ayguv f mcJh=uonf? xd@k jyif &efuif;trSwf (1) tajccHynmtxuf
wef;ausmif;/ awmifOuUvmytrSwf (2) tajccHynm txufwef;
ausmif;/ '*HkjrdKŒe,f jynfol@aumifpD±Hk;/ '*Hjk rdKŒe,fygwD,lepf±;Hk / vom
jrdKŒe,fygwD,el pf±Hk;/ vrf;rawmfjrdKŒe,fygwD,lepf±k;H eSifh jrdKŒe,fjynfol@
aumifpD±Hk; ponfwdk@udk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh or*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u
oydwpf cef;rsm; zGifhvSpfv_yf&mS ;vmcJh=uonf?
xd@k aemuf 1988 ckEpS f/ =o*kwfv 31 &ufae@wGif tpd;k &0ef}uD;
tzGJ@u a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§88 jzifh jrdKŒe,fjynfol@aumifpD±Hk;rsm;/
Edkiif Hawmfykid ftaqmuftODrsm;udk odrf;ydkufum oydwfpcef;zGifhvSpfae
olrsm;udk z,f&mS ;=u&ef xkwfjyefa=unmonf?
xdpk OftwGi;f Edkiif aH wmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmifu 1988 ckEpS /f
pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif -
“rdrw d k@d onf tajccHOya'/ w&m;Oya'wdk@ukd apmifx h def;vdu
k fem&
rnfjzpfa=umif;/ Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD ESpfouf&mpepfudk jynfolrsm; a&G;
cs,fEdkif&ef r=umrDusif;yawmhrnfhygwDnDvmcHESifh v$waf wmfwdk@rS qHk;
jzwf=urnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfo@l qENc, H yl EJG Sihf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG sm;
wGif vGwfvyfaomjynfow l @dk rS qHk;jzpf=urnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfol@qENcH
,lyGEJ iS fh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif vGwfvyfaom jynfolwdk@ av;
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om;or*~taqmufttHkudk jyefvnfwnfaqmufay;rnfjzpfa=umif;/
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tusK;d udk o,fydk;=uapvkda=umif;” ponfjzifh rdef@cGef;ajym=um;oGm;
onf?
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=um;csuf (3§88) udk xkwfjyefI jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;tm;vHk; tvkyf
odk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf&ef E_d;aqmfcJhonf? odk@aomf 0efxrf;rsm;u xdk
nGef=um;csufrsm;ESifh trdef@rsm;onf 4if;wdk@ESifh rywfoufovdak ecJh=u
jyD; ,if;wdk@. rlvEdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk qufvufaumftxnf
azmfcJh=uonf?
tvm;wl pufwifbm (3) &ufae@wGif ynma&;0ef}uD;ESifh wuU
odkv/f aumvdyfq&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh awG@qHkjcif;tcrf;tem;udk wuU
odkvrf sm; A[dak umifpDcef;rwGif jyKvkyfcJhjyD; pufwifbm(2) &ufae@u
xkwfjyefcJho nfh Edkifi HawmforRw a'gufwmarmifa rmif. rdef@cG ef;yg
ausmif;om;or*~z@JG pnf; a&;/ ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttHak qmuf
vkyfa&;udpw P @kd EiS hf pyfvsOf;I ausmif;om;or*~,m,Dtr_aqmiftzG@J EiS hf
q&m/ q&mrrsm; ,m,Dtr_aqmiftzG@J wdk@. oabmxm;rsm;udk
awmif;cHcJhonf? ,if;wdk@. oabmxm;xkwfjyefcsufwGif -
“ausmif ;om;ESifhjynfolonf wom;wnf;jzpfI jynfolrsm;.
awmif;qdck sujf zpfonfh wygwpD epfzsuo f dr;f a&;ESifh =um;jzwftpd;k & csuf
csi;f zG@J pnf;a&;/ 'Drku d a&pD&&Sda&;wd@k udk vdkufavsmjcif;r&Sdor# umvywf
vHk; u|Eykf fwo dkh nf ausmif;om;or*~zpGJh nf;jcif;udkvnf; vufcHvdrfhrnf
r[kw”f [lI yg&do S nf?
xdk@twl ,if;ae@ (2 ² 9 ² 88) wGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh jidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@
(,m,D) A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;ta0;udk trSwf (10) 0uF
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olw@dk . wcJeufqENjy taxGaxGoydwfju;D udk 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbm
8 &ufae@wGif qifE$Jrnfjzpfa=umif;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;(,m,D)
. oabmxm;ESifh vkyif ef;pOfukd axmufcHaom &[ef;&Sifvljynfolrsm;
onf tqdkygtaxGaxGoydwf}uD;wGif tvH;k t&if;jzifh tpGrf;ukefyg0if
qifE=J$ u&efEiS fh vlxktwGif; pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;r_r&d/S txl;aoG;pnf;nDnw G f
=u&ef/ tzsuform;rsm;u trsKd;rsKd;zsufqD;&ef vkyf=uHvdrhrf nf? 4if;udk
&ifqidk fEdkif&eftwGuf txl;pnf;urf;ao0yf=u&ef/ TwdkufyGJ}uD;onf
ESvk;H &nfwu dk yf JjG zpf&m rnfo@dk yif &efpv_@H aqmfonfjzpfap/ t=urf;rzuf
rd=u&ef” wd@k yg&o dS nf? Ta=unmcsuo f nf rqvppftpd;k &jzKwfcs&ef
twGuf jynfolvlxktm;v_H@aqmfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf?
pufwifbm 5 &ufaeh or0g,rtoif; 0efxrf;rsm;or*~tzG@J
(,m,D)/ wmarGjrdKŒe,fusL&Siq f &m§rrsm; or*~tzG@J (,m,D)/ ajrmuf
OuUvmyjrdKŒe,f a&SŒaersm;or*~tzG@J (,m,D)/ use;f rma&;0efxrf;rsm;
or*~tzG@J (,m,D)/ rlqviftcrJhaq;±Ht k vkyform;or*~tzG@J (,m,D)/
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tqdkygowif;onf vGwfvyfaom yk*~vdupmapmif/ owif;pm/
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jynfolvlxktaygif; txdwftvef@usD;vef@pmpm; jzpfapcJh&onf?
,if;uJho@dk ae&mtES@q H lytl ºHk uGqENjyaepOftwGif; pufwifbmv
9 &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdKŒ/ 0uFbmvrf;/ jcHtrSwf(10) Y 'Drdkua&pDESifh
jird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J (,m,D) em,uOD;EkEiS hf jynfwiG ;f jynfyowif;pmq&m
rsm;awG@qI Hk oif;pm&Sif;vif;yGjJ yKvkycf Jhonf? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGw J Gif
OD;Eku -
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tkyfcsKyfyt kH ajccHOya't& usaemfomv#if w&m;0if 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf
a=umif;ESihf pif+ydKiftpdk;&zG@J pnf;a=umif;” a=unmcsuf xkwjf yefcho J nf?
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pif+ydKiftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI at&S0dpf (Asia Weeks)
pmapmifrS owif;axmufwOD;u OD;EkESihf awG@qaHk r;jref;onht f cg OD;Eku
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atmif}u;D wd@k jzpf=uygw,f? olwk@d ok;H OD; usaemfwdk@tzG@J eJ@aygif;r,fqk&d if
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&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwcf Jhonf? xdknDvmcHwGif ygwDpHkOuUX a'gufwm
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1988 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmv 11 &ufae@wGif pwkwt Î }udrf jynfol@
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jynfo l@v$wfawmfu vufcHoabmwlum EdkifiHawmfaumifpDO uUX
a'guw f marmifarmifu -
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rif;}uD;)
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pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; a&;qGjJ yÏmef;ay;jcif;wd@k ukd aumfr&Sif
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tem;,lae=uaom yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfI rnfonfhygwDEidk fiHa&;udkr# quf
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udk,w f mtwGufvnf; wpHkw&m ar#mfrSef;xm;jcif;&Sd=uolrsm; r[kwf
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aumfr&Sif.vkyif ef;rsm;udk Edik if aH wmfaumifpDu wpHw k &mpGuzf ufr_ rjyK
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jyKvyk af y;&ef arwœm&yfccH h&J m taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu GJ pd rP sm;wGif aumf
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vnf;aumif;/ aumfr&Sit f zGJ@0ifrsm;onf apwemtjynhft0ESifh wwf
pGrf;or# aqmif&Gufay;&ef aumfr&SifwGif yg0ifcJh=ujcif;jzpfygonf?
2? odk@ygI ygwpD Hk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk r=umrD
usif;y&eftwGuf ygwpD k'H rD ku d a&pDudk awmif;qdkae=uaom &[ef;&Sifvl/
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;/ jynfolrsm;tygt0if wm0ef&Sdaom acgif;
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tyfaom t=uHOm%frsm;ay;=uyg&ef av;pm;pGm zdwaf c:tyfygonf?”
odk@aomf jynfolvx l Ek iS hf 'Dru
kd a&pDacgi;f aqmifrsm;u tpd;k & usi;f y
rnfah &G;aumufyJu G kd t,Hkt=unfr&SdbJ =um;jzwftpd;k & zG@J pnf;ay;&efukd
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csKyf/ jrefrmEdik fiv H Hk;qdkif&m tvkyo f rm;or*~tzGJ@csKyf(&efuke)f / Oya'±Hk;
rsm;qdkif&m tvkyform;or*~(&efukef)/ wuUodkvfbJ@G & ausmif;om;
a[mif;rsm;tzGJ@/ 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyGJ0ifausmif;om;rsm;tzGJ@/ wuUodkvf
rsm; (&efuke)f wd@k rS OuUXESifh twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;/ udk,pf m;vS,frsm; wuf
a&mufcJh=uonf?
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ESifh wufa&mufvm=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;u ygwDp'Hk Drdk
ua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJaG umfr&Siw f iG f yg0ifonfyh k*dK~ v}f u;D rsm;udk
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wGif Taumfr&Siu f dk vuf&t Sd pdk;&u zGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;jzpfI wdkif;jynfESifh
jynfolvlxku tpdk;&tay: vHk;0t,Hkt=unfr&Sd=uawmhojzifh tpdk;
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rsm;/ rzGJ@&ao;aom/ b¾maiGvnf;r&SmazG&ao;aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
taejzifh a&G;aumufyw GJ Gif yg0if,OS f+yKd if&ygu rnfonfhenf;ESirhf # w&m;
r#waom a&G;aumufyrGJ jzpfEkid fa=umif;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm;vHk;eSifh
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xdk@tjyif 15 ² 9 ² 88 &ufae@xkwf a=u;rHkowif;pmwGifvnf;
“OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS fh ol&OD;wifO;D wd@k . jynfolw&yf
vH;k od@k yef=um;csu”f acgif;pOfyg pmwapmifukv d nf; (14 ² 9 ² 88) &ufpGJ
jzifh ‚if;wd@k ok;H OD;udkwkid f vufrSwaf &;xdk; xkwfa0xm;onfhtwdkif; azmf
jyxm;onfudk awG@&onf? xdkyef=um;csufrSm -
1? wae@xufwae@ =uHKawG@vm&onfh pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJ t
usyftwnf;=um;rSyif jynfolwk@d . 'Drku d a&pDwku d yf t GJ &Sdefonf jrihfrm;
vmcJhonf? wEdkifiHv;Hk r=uHKpzl; jyif;xefvSonfh 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf
jynfolw&yfvHk;u qENjyKaeygvsuf tpdk;&u yxraomf rodusKd;u|H
jyKum tcsdeq f o JG nfeh nf;y&d,m,fuo kd m usio hf ;kH cJ&h mrS ,cktcg wxpf
avsmhjyD; ygwDpHkpepfjzifh a&G;aumufyJu G kd oHk;vtwGif; usif;yay;&ef a&G;
aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk yk*dK~ vfig;OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;ay;cJyh gonf?
2? jynfow l @kd u tpd;k &udk r,H=k unfyg? xd@k a=umifhvnf; a&G;aumuf
yGaJ umfr&Sifudk r,Hk=unfyg? tvGefwkad wmif;vSaom oH;k vqdkonfh t
csdetf wGif;Y tm%m&tpdk;&. taxmuftyHhcHygwED Sifh bmwckrS t
oifrh jzpfao;aom tjcm;ygwDw@dk . ,SOjf ydKifta&G;cH&rnfh a&G;aumufyGJ
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aumufyGJaumfr&Sifa&SŒarSmufY jywfom;pGm wifjycJhjyD;jzpfygonf?
3? qENjytiftm;pk}uD;xJY a&SŒwef;rS aoG;ajrus wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=u
onfh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf twufºuGqHk; yg0ifolrsm;jzpf=u
onf? ,cktcgwGif jynfolwk@d eSifh vufwGJjyD; jidrf;csrf;pGm qENjyonfh
ausmif;om;rsm;&So d vdk tpdk;&. tcsdefqJrG _enf;y&d,m,fudk repf+rdKŒo
jzifh jyif;jyaompdwf"gwfa=umifh tpmiwfcHqENjyausmif;om;rsm;udk
m
vnf;aumif; awG@jrifvm&onf? trsm;jynfox l YJ tm;rvkt d m;r&

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jzpfjcif;/ ,ckxuf jyif;xefvSaomajcvSr;f udyk if vSrf;vdkaomolrsm; &Sd

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vmonfudkyif awG@vmygonf?
4? odk@aomf T'Drdkua&pDwu dk fyJGonf ESvHk;&nfwku d fyGJjzpfygonf?
pnf;urf;aooyfpmG qENjy&if; &J&ifhaomESvHk;&nfowœdjzihf atmifycGJ H,l
&rnfhwdkufyjGJ zpfonf? tpdk;&onf jynfoal wGtvd&k o Sd nfh =um;jzwf t
pd;k &w&yf tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;&efrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdyg/ ausmif;om;
xktygt0if jynfolw&yfv;Hk uvnf; xufjrufonfEh SvHk;&nf owœd
udo k m ppfreS o f nfv h ufeuftjzpf ravsmah omZG/J rqkwrf epfaom pdwf
"gwjf zifh jidrf;csrf;pGmqENjyr_udk raoGz,fvpJ w d fr&Snrf /_ qENjyif;jyr_w@dk jzifh
t=urf;zufr_/ aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh tjcm;tedÏm±Hkjzpfay:r_rsKd;rsm; rjzpf
ay:apzdk@ txl;a&Smif&Sm;&ef vdktyfygonf?
“ppfrSefaom'Drku d a&pDwu dk fyGJ rkcsatmifjrif&rnf?”
(yH)k ····· ( OD;atmif}uD;)
(yH)k ····· ( a':atmifqef;pk=unf)
(yH)k ····· (ol&OD;wifO;D )
[lI jzpfonf?
xd@k tjyif (13 ² 9 ² 88) &ufae@xkwf Adkvfwaxmif owif;pmwGif
vnf; “vuf&dS tpd;k &udk jynfol,k=H unfrv _ 0Hk uif;rJu h m =um;jzwf tpd;k
&zGJ@v#if oydwrf sm;&yfpJrnf? OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifO;D ESifh a':atmif
qef;pk=unfwdk@ awGhqHkaqG;aEG;jyD; oabmxm;udk EdkifiHawmf orRwxH
ay;ydk@” [laomacgif;pOfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?
“ ygwpD pHk epfjzifh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu GJ sif;yrnfu h pd eP iS fh ywfouf
I u|ekfyfwdk@. oabmxm;udk wifjyvkdygonf? vuf&SdtajctaerSm
wwdkif;jynfvk;H wGif tpdk;&tkyfcsKyaf &;,Eœ&m; &yfqkid f;aejyD; jynfolvlxk
w&yfv;kH r=uHKpzl; pm;0wfaea&;/ vHjk cHKa&;jy\emrsm;ESihf &ifqikd af e&yg
onf?
ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; w&dyf&dyf}uD;jrifhvmjcif;/ tvkyftudkifysufI qif;
m
&J'kuaQ &mufjcif;/ &efuek f+rKd ŒwGi;f Yyif vHkjcKH ru_ kd tpd;k &u wm0efr,lEidk I f
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rdrdwk@d bmomvHjk cHKa&;udk wm0ef,lae&aom jynfov l lxkrmS pdwq f if;&J

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86 oef;0if;vIi
d f
udk,q f if;&JESihf ylyefaomua&mufae&ygonf?
tajctaerSm ae@pOfESifhtr# qdk;&Gm;vsuf&Sdygonf? Tjzpfay:ae
aom tajctaewGif tpdk;&u a&G;aumufyJu G sif;yay;Edkifrnfh tajct
aer&Syd g? wae@xufwae@/ wem&Dxufwem&D ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;aeaom pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlra_ &;/ EdkifiaH &;/ vHkjcHKa&;tajctaersm;udk wm;qD;Edkif&efrSm wdkif;
jynfu vufcHEkid frnhf=um;jzwftpdk;& tjrefzGJ@pnf;ay;jcif;rSty tjcm;
enf;vrf;r&Sad wmhyg?
vuf&t dS pd;k &tay:wGif jynfov l x
l k ,Hk=unfrv _ ;kH 0uif;aejyD;jzpfI
tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;ay;aomaumfr&Sifu OD;pD;usif;yay;rnfha&G;aumufyJu G dk
wdkif;jynfu ,Hk=unfvufcH=urnfr[kwfyg?
jynfolvlxv k ufcHrnfh =um;jzwftpd;k &zG@J onfEiS w fh jyKd ifeuf qENjy
r_rsm;/ oydwaf rSmufrr_ sm;&yfpjJ yD; tpd;k &,Eœ&m;rsm; jyefvnf vnfywf
jcif;/ a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;rsm; jyefvnftouf0ifvmrnf[k u|Eykf f
wdk@ ,Hk=unfygonf?
xdk@a=umihf pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxal xmif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf
wnfaqmufI taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;&ef =um;jzwftpdk;&
tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&efom &Sdygawmhonf?
tajctaerSm tcsde&f Sdoa&GŒ qd;k &Gm;aombufok@d ul;ajymif;aeyg
ojzifh tcsed rf qdik ;f bJ =um;jzwftpd;k & tjrefqk;H zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef awmif;qdk
ygonf” [lI azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@o@dk yef=um;csurf sm;/ awmif;qdck sufrsm; xkwfjyefcJhjyD; r=umrDrSm
yif jynfolvlxw k &yfv;kH vrf;ray:xGuI f “wygwDtm%m&Sif pepf
zsufodrf;a&;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;” aºuG;a=umforH sm; ydkrku d s,f
avmifcJhygawmhonf?
xdkpOftwGif; tpd;k &wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm; awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;aecsdefrSmyif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD; vufrSwfa&;xd;k xm;
m
aom udk,fwidk fvufa&;jzifhpmudk rdwWLul;pufjzifh trsm;jynfolt=um;

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jzefah 0vmonfudk awG@&./ xdkpmwGif OD;atmif}uD;u “a&G;aumufyGJ

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aumfr&SifzGJ@ay;jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJusif;yrnfhtpdk;&. a=unmcsufudk
rdrd,k=H unfa=umif;/ odk@jzpf&m oydwfrsm;vnf; anmif;vmjyDjzpfI o
ydwfveS f=u&efwu dk fwGef;a=umif;/ tu,fI rdrdwifjyonfhtwdkif; a&G;
aumufyGJvkyfray;v#if rdrdudk,fwkid faq;±Hka&SŒrSm tpmiwfcHum rdrd
udk,w f dkif "gwfqDavmif;rD;±_dŒjyD; qENjyrnfjzpfonf” [k a&;om;xm;
onf? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu OD;atmif}uD;. ay;pmonf tjyKo
abmaqmifonf[k ,lqum auseyf0rf;omcJ=h uonf[k od&onf?
xdkpOftwGif; 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif jrefrm
EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~odk@ OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;
pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;wdk@u tdwfzGihaf y;pmwapmifukd ay;ydk@cJhonf? xdk
pmtjynfhtpHkrSm
(1) 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif tpdk;& a&G;cs,f
cef@tyfxm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyaJG umfr&Siu f ,ae@Eidk if w
H Gif 'Dru
dk
a&pDwu kd yf J0G ifae=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;udk OD;aqmifra_ y;ae=uaom OD;
Ek/ OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;
tzGJ@ESifh &[ef;tzGJ@rsm;tm; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;cJhygonf?
(2) xdkodkhawGhqHkaqG;aEG;tjyD;Y vl}uD;rif;rsm;or*~rS tqdkyg tzGJ@
toD;oD;rS vl }u;D rsm;udk aq;wuUov dk f (1) ausmif;cef;rod@k zdwfac:I
aqG;aEG;cJhygonf? tqdkygaumfr&SifY rdrdw@dk . cdkifrmaom&yfwnfcsuf
t& =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;[lonfhtajccHrludkom qGJudkifI ajym
=um;cJah =umif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &Si;f vif;ajym=um;cJhygonf?
(3) ausmif;om;rsm;u vl}uD;rsm;. &yfwnfcsufudk vufcH}udK
qdkygonf? odk@&mwGif ,ckwdkif tpdk;&. tcsdefqGJr_udk pdwfr&Snfr_/ pdwf
"gwfjyif;xefwufºuGr_wdk@jzifh TaqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfonfah e&mYyif vl}uD;
rsm;u =um;jzwftpdk;&w&yfudk zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef wifjyawmif;qdkcJhygonf?
vl}uD;toD;oD;uvnf; TudpPudk rdrw d k@d .tzGo
J @dk wifjy&efvdkonfjzpf
m
I qdkif;iHh&ef jyefvnfaqG;aEG;ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; tpdk;

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&zGhrJ _udk tcsdef=um=umrqdkif;vdkojzifh (48) em&DtwGif; jzpfatmif jyef

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88 oef;0if;vIi
d f
=um;ay;yg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?
(4) ,ae@ tajctaew&yfwiG f =um;jzwftpd;k &zGJ@pnf;&efrmS trSef
wu,f vdktyfcsuq f dkonfudk tzGJ@tm;vHk;a&m/ jynfolw&yfvk;H uyg
vdkvm;awmif;wonfhtcsuf jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif vuf&Sdtpdk;& r
jyKwaf o;bJ tpd;k &opfw&yfukd rdrdw@dk qENt&zGJ@pnf;ygu =um;jzwftpd;k
&r[kwfbJ pifjyKd iftpdk;&w&yfjzpfvmEdkiyf gonf? Tod@k jzpfygu awmfvSef
a&;wGif tcsdeftcgroifhbJ ajcvSr;f rdygu rvdkvm;tyfaom [ef@wm;
aESmif, h Surf E_ Sihf tjcm;tEœ&m,frsm; jzpfvmEdkiyf gonf? xdk@a=umifh vuf&dS
tpdk;&tm; z,f&Sm;jyD; jynfolwdk@vdkvm;aom =um;jzwftpdk;& jzpfay:
vmrSom jynfolwdk@tyfESif;onfhtm%m&yfjzifh ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom
tajctae tcuftcJtm;vHk;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEidk frnft h jyif jynf
oltm;vHk;vdkvm;aom ppfrSefonh'f Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yf jzpfay:vm
atmif w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyJjG yKvkyfay;Edik f&ef vdktyfonfh tpD
trHtm;vHk;udk jynfolw@dk tvdkus jyKvkyfay;Edkif=uygrnf?
(5) Tod@k jzpfygI ausmif;om;rsm;vdktifqENukd usaemfw@dk oabm
aygufpmemygonf? vdkvm;aom&nfrSef;csufjcif;vnf; wlnyD gonf?
odk@&mwGif azmfjyjyD;cJhonft h csut f vufrsm;tay: av;eufpmG pOf;pm;
&rnfjzpfygaoma=umifh ,cktcsdefwiG f qENrapmrdzkhd av;pm;pGm arwœm
&yfcHygonf”[lI azmfjyxm;onf?
xdk@aemuf 1988 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmvwGif aumfr&Siv f }l u;D rsm;onf
EdkifiHawmforRwa'gufwmarmifarmiftrSL;jyKaom EdkifiHawmf aumifpD
0ifrsm;ESifh awG@qcHk Jh=uonf? tqdkygy*k ~dKvfrsm;ESifh awG@qkcH JhpOf aumfr&Sif
tzG@J 0ifv}l u;D rsm;u rqvygww D iG f wyfrawmf/ jynfo@l &EJ iS hf 0efxrf;rsm;
yg0ifaeonfhudpPudkpHkprf;&m EdkifiHawmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmifu
aumfr&Sit f aejzifh rnfhok@d aqmif&Guaf pvdak =umif; t=uHay;yg/ t=uaH y;
onhftwdkif; aqmif&Gufygrnf[k ajym=um;cJhonf?
m
xdkhaemuf aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm;t=uHjyKonfhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmf

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aumifpOD uUX a'guw f marmifarmifonf a=unmcsuf 14§88 udk xkwf

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jyefum “jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onf Edik fiHawmftay:opPmxm;I jynfol@
0efuokd m xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfojzifh ygwDppkH epfwGif usiho
f ;kH cJo
h nfh tpOf
tvmESifhtnD jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&Jwyfz@GJ paom umuG,fa&;
wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ jynfhol@0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;/ EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;/
bkwfaumfydka&;&Sif;tzGJhtpnf;toD;oD;rS 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmf
b¾mrS vpmcHpm;=uaom tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;onf ,ae@rpS I rqv
ygwDtygt0if rnfonfhEidk fiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;0ifr# rjzpfap&” [lI
xkwfjyefcJhonf?
xdk@ae@rSmyif rqvygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;at;udkonf
jynfol@wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&JESifh 0efxrf;rsm;tm; vrf;pOfygwD ygwD0if
tjzpfrS EkwfxGufcGifhjyKcJhonf?
ÙÙÙ
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90 oef;0if;vIi
d f
tcef; (3)
ppfwyftmPmodr;f ydu
k jf cif;
xdk@aemuf jynfolvlxk. qENjyr_rsm;onf vHk;0&yfwef@jcif;r&SdbJ
qufvufI =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdkaeojzifh rqv
ygwDOuUXESifh EdkifiHawmfaumifpOD uUX a'guw f marmifarmifonf EdkifiH
awmftm%mudk vH;k 0xde;f odr;f EdkifpGrf;r&Sdonft h wGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;
csKyf AdkvfcsKy}f u;D apmarmif (aemifAkv d cf sKyfrSL;}uD;) tm; ppfwyfrS tm%m
odrf;ydkuf&ef tcsufjyvdkufawmhonf?
Todk@jzifh jynfolw&yfvHk;awmif;qdkaeonfh =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@
pnf;ay;a&;udk rsuu f GufjyKum 1988 ckEpS f/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@
wGif Edkiif Htm%mudk vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh odrf;ydkufvku d fawmhonf? jref
rmhEikd if Ha&;ordki;f wGif ppfwyftm%modr;f r_ oHk;}urd &f cSd oJh nf? 1958 ckESpf
wGifw}udrf/ 1962 ckESpfwiG f w}udrfESifh ,ck 1988 ckESpw f Gifw}udrf jzpf
onf?
,if;odk@ tm%modrf;ydkufchjJ yD;aemuf ,if;ae@rmS yif trde@f trSwf
1§88 jzifh EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ac: e0wudk zGJ@
pnf;a=umif; a=unmcJhonf? e0wtzGJ@wGif -
(1) Adv k fcsKyf}uD;apmarmif - OuUX
(2) 'kAv kd fcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ - tzG@J 0if
(3) Adv k fcsKyfarmifarmifcif - tzGJ@0if
(4) Adv k fcsKyfwifxeG f; - tzGJ@0if
(5) Advk rf LS ;csKyf atmif&aJ usmf - tzG@J 0if
(6) Advk cf sKyf bke;f jrifh - tzG@J 0if
(7) Advk cf sKyf pdeaf tmif - tzG@J 0if
(8) Advk cf sKyf cspaf qG - tzG@J 0if
(9) Advk rf LS ;csKyf ausmb f - tzG@J 0if
m
(10)AdkvfrSL;}uD; armifoifh - tzGJ@0if

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(11) AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifat; - tzGJ@0if

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(12)AdkvfrSL;csKyf Om%fvif; - tzGJ@0if
(13) AdkvfrSL;csKyf jrifhatmif - tzGJ@0if
(14) Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf jroif; - tzG@J 0if
(15) Adv
k rf SL;csKyfxeG ;f =unf - tzG@J 0if
(16)AdkvfrSL;csKyf at;aomif - tzGJ@0if
(17)AdkvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;nGef@ - tzGJ@0if
(18)AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifnGef@ - twGif;a&;rSL; (1)
(19) Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;wifO;D - twGi;f a&;rSL; (2)
ponf yg0ifcho J nf?
1988 pufwifbmv 18 wGif e0wtzGJ@}uD;onf a=unmcsuf
trSwf 2§88 jzifh jynfol@v$wfawmf/ EdkifiHawmfaumifp/D 0ef}uD;tzGJ@/
jynfo@l w&m;ol}u;D tzJ@G / jynfo@l Oya'tusK;d aqmiftzG@J / jynfo@l vyk if ef;
ppfaq;a&;tzJ@G / jynfol@aumifpDtqifq h ifrh sm;udk zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k af =umif;
a=unmvdkufjyD; 'k0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udkyJ wm0efrS&yfpJa=umif; a=unmcJh
onf?
,if;aemuf xdkae@rSmyif a=unmcsut f rSwf 3§88 jzihf jrefrmEdik fiH
onf vGwv f yfIwufºuGaomEdkifijH cm;a&;0g'udk qufvufusiho f k;H rnf
[k a=unmcJo h nf? wqufwnf;rSmyif trdef@trSwf 2§88 jzifh jynfol
vlxkw&yfvHk; vdkuef m&efEiS fh Xmeqdik f&m0efxrf;/ tr_xrf;rsm;udk quf
vufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef trdef@trSwf 3§88 wdk@udk xkwfjyefcJhonf?
trde@f 3§88 t& 0efxrf;tm;vH;k onf 1988 pufwifbmv 19 &uf
ae@rSpI vkyfief;cGifodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&muf=u&efEiS fh pufwifbmv 26
&ufae@txd vkyfief;cGifr0ifygu wm0efr&S yfpJrnfqdkonfhtrdef@rsm;udk
quf wdkufxkwfjyefcJhonf?
pufwifbmv 18 &uf wae@wnf;rSmyif a=unmcsuf (1§88)/
(2§88)/ (3§88) ESihf trde@f trSwf (1§88)/ (2§88)/ (3§88) wd@k ukd
m
qufwku d fxkwfcJhjyD; e0wppftpdk;&tjzpf pwifouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmcJh

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onf?
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92 oef;0if;vIi
d f
e0wOuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfvnf;

aumif;/ Edkiif aH wmft}u;D tuJtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ umuG,af &;0ef}u;D ESihf
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyt f jzpfvnf;aumif; ,lxm;onht f jyif Edik if Hjcm;a&;
0ef}uD;tjzpfyg ,lxm;vdkufao;onf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf tm%modrf;ydu k fjy;D jyD;csi;f ta&;awmfyk}H u;D udk
rif;rJhp±dkufvy_ f&Sm;r_}uD;tjzpf ±_jriftykycf s uifyGe;f wyfum enf;vrf;
aygif;pHkjzifh+zdKcGif;um zrf;qD;ta&;,lr_rsm;udk quf wdkufvkyfaqmifcJh
onf? tm%modrf;tpdk;&jzpfaomfvnf; rqvESifh rqvacgif;aqmif
rsm;tm;vH;k pm&if;0ifrsm;jzpfcaJh oma=umifh rqvzufrS t}uD;tus,f
ckcHumuG,fay;I &yfwnfc=Jh uonf? ,if;odk@ rqvygwDtm; ckcHum
uG,af y;&yfwnfchaJ omajumifh e0wtm; ‘ae0if;wyf’ [kyif jynfow l hdk
u avSmifajymifac:a0:cJh=uonf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnf
aqmufa&;tzGJ@}uD;udk vlxku ‘jidrfyd’ tzGJ@[k uifyGef;wyfcJh=uovdk
,if;wd@k csrw S v f yk fuidk af eonfh vrf;pOfay:vpDESifh vkyaf qmifcsurf eS o f r#
udkvnf; ‘uvdefaphjirf;qif jidryf dvrf;pOf’ [kyif avSmifajymif ac:a0:cJh
=uonf?
xd@k aemuf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 19 &ufae@ rGe;f vGJ 1 em&DwGif
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme '*H&k dyfomY e0wtzG@J u aumfr&SiftzG@J 0ifrsm;
tm; zdw=f um;I tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhonf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;odk@ e0
w OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (aemifAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;/ ,ckuG,v f Gef)
trSL;jyKonfh tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfjuD;oef;a&$ (,ck
etzOuUXAdkvfcsKyfrLS ;}uD;)/ Adv k fcsKyfarmifarmifcif(a&) / Adkvcf sKyfwifxeG ;f
(av)/ AdkvfcsKyf pdefatmif (,ckuG,fvGe)f / Adv k fcsKyf cspfaqG/ twGif;a&;
rSL; (1) Adv k rf SL;csKyfcifneG /hf twGi;f a&;rSL; (2) Adkvrf LS ;}u;D wifO;D (vky=f uHc&H )
wdEkh iS hf aumfr&SiOf uUX OD;baX;trSL;jyKonfh aumfr&SiftzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpf=u
aom OD;apm=um'd;k / OD;pef;armif/ OD;ausmfneG @f EiS hf aumfr&Sit f wGi;f a&;rSL;
m
OD;at;armifwdk@ wufa&mufcJh=uonf? tzGJ@0if q&mcs,fonf tpnf;

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ta0;odk@wufa&muf&ef vrf;ydwfaeonft h wGuf cGihyf efco Jh nf? tpnf;

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ta0;wGif e0w OuUXu rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfESifh 0efxrf;rsm;onf rnf
onhEf kid fiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;r[kwfawmha=umif;/ rdrdw@dk onf
=um;aetzGt Jh pnf;rsm;jzpfjy;D jynforl sm;udk tvkyftau|;jyK&rnfh tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ ,ckjynfolrsm; vdkvm;awmifhwaeonhf ygwDpHk
'Dru dk a&pDukd tjrefq;Hk taumiftxnfazmfay;Edik af &;twGuf ygwDpkH 'Drkd
ua&pDt axGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ uD;udk tvGwfvyfq;Hk / tr#wqHk;ESifh t
jrefq;Hk jyKvkyaf y;&ef aumfr&Sit f zG@J 0ifvl}uD;rsm;udk arwœm&yfcHa=umif;/
aumfr&Sif.vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;jyD; aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifvl}uD;rsm;u
rnfo. l rsuEf mS udrk # raxmufxm;bJ ormorwfusus "rR"Ïd mefusus
w&m;tr#wqH;k aqmif&Gufay;apvdkyga=umif;/ aumfr&Sif. vkyfief;rsm;
ESifh pyfvsOf;I rdrw d k@d onf tzG@J tpnf;taejzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ wOD;
csif;taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ }udK;udkifr_/ vrf;nGefrv _ kH;0jyKvkyfrnf
r[kwaf =umif;/ a&G;aumufyJOG ya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGif aumf
r&Sit f zG@J 0ifv}l uD;u awG@qakH qG;aEG;vdak om tzG@J tpnf;udjk zpfap vl}u;D
rsm;u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;vdkaom tzGJhtpnf;udkjzpfap/ yk*K~d vfwOD;csif;udk
jzpfap awG@qaHk qG;aEG;t=uOH m%frsm;&,ljy;D vGwv f Gwvf yfvyfa&;qGJEkid f
a=umif;/ aumfr&Sifu a&;qGJaxmufcHay;ydk@onfhOya'rsm;udk tjrefqk;H
jyÏmef;ay;rnfjzpfyga=umif;/ ygwpD k'H rD u kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ u;D
atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifrnfh vdktyfonfhtultnDrsm;udkvnf; tjynfh
t0ay;oGm;rnfjzpfyga=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf?
Todjkh zifh e0wtzGJ@onf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufpJGyg
a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§88 jzifh ygwpD Hk'Dru dk a&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumuf
yG}J uD;ukd }uD;rSL;usif;yay;&ef a'guw f marmifarmif vufxufu zG@J pnf;cJh
aom a&G;aumufyu GJ sif;ya&;aumfr&Siu f kd qufvufwm0efay;tyfch&J m
aumfr&Sifonf rdrd.vkyfief;rsmudk taumiftxnfazmfEkid fa&;twGuf
e0wtzGJ@u 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv 21 &ufae@wGif ygwpD k'H rD u kd a&pD
m
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGu J si;f ya&;r&SiOf ya' (e0wtzGJ@ Oya'trSwf

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1§80) udk jyÏmef;ay;cJhonf?

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94 oef;0if;vIi
d f
xdk@aemuf aumfr&Sio f nf jynforl sm;ESihf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;. t=uHjyK
csufrsm;udt k ao;pdwaf vhvmjy;D jynfo@l vw $ af wmf a&G;aumufyOJG ya'
onf usif;y&ef&Sdonfh ygwpD Hk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf
w}udrfomtoHk;jyK&ef &nf&, G fIvnf;aumif;/ aemifwGif usif;yrnfh
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGufudkrl xdktcsdef
wGifrS pOf;pm;a&;qG=J uap&ef &nf&, G fIvnfaumif;/ jynfol@vw $ af wmf
a&G;aumufyGJOya'udk jyKjyifa&;qGjJ yD;aemuf epwtzGJ@odk@ wifjycJhonf?
e0wtzG@J onf ,if;Oya'=urf;udk 1989 arv 25 &ufae@wiG f
aumfr&SifESifh n‡dE_dif;pdppfjyD;aemuf 1989 ar 31 &ufae@Y jynfol@v$wf
awmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya' (e0wOya' trSw1f 4§89) udk jyÏmef;ay;cJh
onf? ,if;Oya'wGif tcef;aygi;f (15)cef;ESihf yk'rf aygi;f (82) ck yg0ifonf?
enf;Oya'jyÏmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif aqmif
&Gu&f rnfh tao;pdwef nf;pepfOya'rsm;udk 1989 ZGef 30 wGif jyÏmef;
ay;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf Edik fiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfykw H ifjcif;Oya'/ enf; Oya'
rsm;udk jyÏmef;jyD;aemuf aumfr&Sifonf a&G;aumufyJG 0ifa&muf,OS fjydKif
vdkaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 30
&ufae@rSpI rSwyf HkwifcGifhjyKcJhjyD;aemuf aemufqHk;&ufrS 1989 azazmf
0g&D 28 &ufae@ukd aumfr&SifrS owfrSwfa=unmay;cJhonf?
odkhuvdk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif zGJ@pnf;cGifhjyKvdu k fjyD;
aemuf “ atmif - pk - wif” tjzpf txl;yl;wGJvy_ &f mS ;ae&mrS OD;atmif
}uD;bufrS (4) OD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;/ OD;wifOD;bufrS
(4) OD; pkpak ygi;f (12) OD;yg0ifonfh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dt
k vkyf
tr_aqmiftzGJ@udk 1988 ckESp/f pufwifbm27 &ufae@wGif pwifzJ@G pnf;
vdkujf y;D w&m;0ifrw S fywkH ifc&hJ m a&G;aumufyJaG umfr&Siu f 1988 atmuf
wdbk m 3 ae@pyJG g a=unmcsut f rSwf (3) jzifh w&m;0ifEidk if Ha&;ygwt D jzpf
twnfjyK xkwfjyefa=unmay;cJhonf?
m
a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;

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0if;wif/ a': jrifhjrifhcifESifh OD;atmifvGif (±ky&f Sio f ±kyfaqmif/ 'g±ku d fwm)

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wdk@ jzpfonf? yxrqHk; pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
(NLD) . A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm -
(1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUX

(2) OD;wifOD; - 'kOuUX
(3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGwGif;a&;rSL;
(4) OD;=unf[ef - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if
(5) OD;cspfcikd f - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if
(6) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0if
(7) a': jrifjh rifch if - vlxv k wl ef;pm;XmerSL;
(8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;XmerSL;
(9) OD;atmifviG f - jyef=um;a&;XmerSL;
(10) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±Hk;a&;XmerSL;
(11) OD;=unfarmif - okawoerSL;
(12) OD;ba&$ - tkycf sKyfa&;XmerSL;
wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf pwifz@GJ pnf;prSmyif vlxkt=um; a&
yef;tpm;qHk; EdkifiaH &;tzG@J tpnf;jzpfvmcJhonf? wdak wmif;vSonfh um
vtwGif;rSmyif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftwGif; ygwDtzGJ@0ifOD;a&
wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmonf?
xdk@aemuf tzG@J 0ifO;D a& (30) yg0ifaom A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J udk xyfrzH @JG pnf;
onf? A[kdtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJh pwifzJG@pnf;pOfuJhodk@ A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@udk
vnf; “atmif-pk-wif” wOD;csif;pDrS wzufv#if (10) OD;uspD E_ef;xm;
jzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
A[dOk D;pD;tzGJ@0ifopfrsm;rSm
(1) OD;cifndK
(2) OD;aZmf0if;OD;
m
(3) OD;rif;'if
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(4) OD;ausmfjrifhav;
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96 oef;0if;vIi
d f
(5) OD;omxdk
(6) OD;odef;Edkif (*k%fxl;)
(7) OD;cifarmifarmifjrifh
(8) OD;armifarmif
(9) OD;eef;EG,f
(10) OD;bd;k atmif
(11) OD;aomif;'ef
(12) OD;vSarmif
(13) OD;apmjrifh
(14) OD;a&$
(15) OD;at;armif
(16) OD;wifat;
(17) Adkvf&JxGËf (&JabmfoHk;usdyf)
(18) OD;oef;xGef;
(19) OD;csdefydk;
(20) OD;vSarmif
(21) OD;xGe;f wif
(22) OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)
(23) OD;ukd,k (armifudk,k)
(24) OD;rdk;ol (armifrk;d ol)
(25) OD;csrf;at;(armifp;l prf;)
(26) a'gufwmwifrsKd;0if;
(27) a'gufwmoufrif;
(28) OD;0if;cuf
(29) OD;wifa&$
(30) OD;cifarmifaqG
m
wd@k jzpfonf?
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trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf zGJ@pnf;jyD;pumvrSmyif &efukef

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tygt0if wEdik if v H ;kH a'otoD;oD;u wufa&mufvm=uonhyf gwD0if
olrsm;ESifh qufvufpnf;±H;k v_yf&Sm;vdkolrsm;udk ygwD0if (tzGJ@csKyf0if)
av#mufv$myHkpH (25) apmifE_ef;pDxkwfay;jyD; ,m,Dpnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;rsm;
tjzpftodtrSwfjyKay;cJhonf? odk@jzifh tzGJ@csKyf0ifOD;a&onf tcsdefwdk
twGif;rSmyif tqrwefwk;d yGm;vmcJhayonf? tjcm;aomEdik fiaH &;ygwD
tzJG@tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;u tHh=o,l&avmufatmif tcsdefwdktwGif;
a&yef;pm;vmr_onf tzG@J csKyf. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;
pk=unftay: vlxk. ar#mfvifhtm;xm;,kH=unfr_ESifh av;pm;r_yifjzpf
onf?
,if;od@k vlxak xmufcrH _}u;D rm;vmaom trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzJ@G
csKyf}uD;twGif; yxrqkH;ay:xGufcJhonfh jy\emrSm tzJG@csKyf. OuUX
OD;atmif}uD;ud, k wf kid u
f pwifzefw;D azmfxkwcf o Jh nf? “tzJ@G csKyftwGi;f
uGejf rLepfrsm; a&muf&adS eyg+yD? ,if;udk tjrefq;Hk z,f&mS ;ypfa&;” qdo k nfh
jy\emyif jzpfonf? xdkpOfu OD;atmif}u;D . 1988 Edk0ifbm 29 &ufpJG
yg ta&;ay:oHk;oyfcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;az: jyxm;onf?
ta&;ay:okH;oyfcsuf
(1) ,ckvuf&Sdtajctaet& trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwGif
uGefjrLepfESihf uGefjrLepfvdkvm;oltkyfpk }uD;xGm;vmonf?
(3) xdk@a=umifh (1) tdk*sD§,l*sDESifh uGejf rLepfvy_ f&Sm;r_ukd ta=umif;
jyKI teD;tem; (a&G;aumufyGJa&G;csde)f wGif a'gufjzKwfI y,fEdkifonf?
(2) tjcm; y,fEidk af omtcsurf mS aiGa&;aju;a&;jzpfonf? wdik ;f ESijfh ynf
e,frsm; wGif aiGpm&if;ppfjyD; jzpfae&efvko d nf?
(4) xdk@a=umifh ‘atmif-pk-wif’ruG&J ef vdkonf? txl;*±kpdkufI
}udK;pm;&efvdkonf?
(5) xdkhajumifh ‘atmif-pk-wif’ tzGJ@twGif;rS uGefjrLepfrsm;/ uGef
m
jrLepfvdkvm;olrsm;udk tem;,l&ef arwœm&yfcHoifhonf?

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(6) ajcurjrJ vufujrJ/ vufurjrJajcujrJ&ef/ tu,fI trsKd;

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98 oef;0if;vIi
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om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftm;y,fv#if t&eftzG@J &Sd&efvko d nf?
(7) jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDygwD (Union National Democracy
Party – UNDP ) onf t&eftzGJ@omjzpfI trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf.
tvHawmfatmufwiG &f o dS nf? trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyu
f dk rnfonfh
ta=umif;a=umifrh S ruGaJ tmif tbufbufrS }udK;pm;&rnf? tjcm;tzG@J
rsm;u txifrSm;/ tjrifrSm;jzpfatmif aoG;xdk;jcif;udk tjrefqHk; &Sif;jy
&efvko d nf?
(8) jynfaxmifpt k rsKd;om;'Drkud a&pDygwo D nf vGwv f yfa&;umv
(zqyv) tzGJ@csKyftvHawmfatmufwGif jynfol@&Jabmf/ qdk&, S fvpf
woD;yk*~vrsm; v_y&f Sm;r_ykpH H/ ,ckrsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzJG@ v_yf&Sm;
r_yHkpHtwdkif; trsK;d om;wyfaygif;pktzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpfjzifh v_yf&Sm;=u
&rnfjzpfonf?
(yHk) atmif}uD;
9 - 11 - 88
,if;od@k OD;atmif}uD;u uGejf rLepfwq H dycf yfEydS jf y;D z,f&mS ;ypfvokd nfh
yk*Kd~ vf (8) OD;rSm OD;0if;wif/ a': jrifjh rifch if/ OD;atmifviG (f rif;om;)/ OD;xGe;f
wif/ OD;ud, k (k armifu, kd )k / OD;csrf;at; (armifpl;prf;)/ OD;wifa&$ (rH&k Gm) ESifh
OD;0if;cufwdk@ jzpfonf?
A[dktvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;ESifh A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@0iftrsm;pk}uD;u
,if;udpPESifh ywfoufjyD; ,if;odk@rjzpfoifha=umif; azsmifhzsem;cscJhaomf
vnf; jy\emajyvnfr_r&&SdbJ ouFm&Sif;yGJ}uD;udk rJcJt G qHk;tjzwf jyK
vkyf&onftxd jyKvkyfcJh&onf? rJc&GJ mY OD;atmif}uD;bufrS ±_H;edryfh gu
EkwfxGufay;a&;ESifh (8) OD;bufu ±_;H edrfhv#if (8) OD;pvHk; E_wfxu G fay;
a&;udk oabmwlnDrj_ zifh A[dt k vkytf r_aqmif (12) OD;/ A[dOk D;pD;tzGJ@0if
m
(30) tygt0if pkpkaygif; (42) OD;jzifh rJcGJ&m OD;atmif}uD;.vkyf&yftay:

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OD;atmif}uD;. tpkzufrS yg0ifaomyk*~dKvfrsm;yif uef@uu G fcJhojzifh OD;

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atmif}uD; ±_H;edrfhoGm;cJhonf? xd@k a=umifh OD;atmif}uD;onf tzGJ@csKyf
OuUXtjzpfrS Ekwx f Gufay;vdu k f&onf? OD;atmif}uD;ESifhtwl OD;atmif
}uD;bufrS OD;=unf[ef/ OD;ba&$/ OD;eef;EG,f/ OD;cifarmifarmif/ OD;om
xdk/ OD;odef;Edkif/ OD;rif;'if/ OD;cifndK/ OD;ausmfjrifhav;/ OD;bdk;atmif/ OD;
armifarmif/ OD;aZmf0if;OD;wdk@ (12) OD;vnf; EkwfxGufoGm;cJh=uonf?
,if;aemuf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfonf 1989 ckEpS /f 'DZif
bmvtwGif;rSmyif A[dktvkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwDudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;
cJh&m A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDopfrSm atmufygtwdik f;jzpfonf?
(1) OD;wifOD; - OuUX
(2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(3) OD;0if;wif - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;cspfcidk f - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(6) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±Hk;a&;rSL;
(7) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;rSL;
(8) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;rSL;
(9) a': jrifhjrifhcif - vlxv l lwef;pm;XmerSL;
wd@k jzpfonf?
OD;atmif}uD;ESifh (12) OD;wdk@u tzGhcJ sKyrf S EkwfxGufa=umif; a=unm
cJjh yD; tzG@J csKyfurl OD;atmif}u;D ESihf (12) OD;wdk@ukd tzG@J csKyrf S xkwyf ,fvku d f
a=umif; a=unmcJyh gw,f? OD;atmif}u;D ESit fh zG@J 0ifrsm;onf “jynfaxmif
pk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwD” tjzpf oD;jcm;cGJaxmifcJh=uonf?
OD;atmif}uD;ESifhtzGJh EkwfxGufoGm;jyD;aemuf trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pD
tzG@J csKyfonf tiftm;avsmhenf;roGm;onfhtjyif ydkIyif tiftm;}uD;
xGm;vmcJhonf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@vm=u
onfhygwDaygif;rSm (46) ygwDtxd wd;k yGm;vmcJhonf? rsKd;csp&f Jabmfrsm;
m
tzGJ@ESifh trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDygwDwdk@onf trsKd;om;'Drku d a&pDtzG@J cskyf

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. b,fawmifyHESifh nmawmifyHozG,f jzpfay:vmcJhonf?

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100 oef;0if;vIi
d f
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf. jyef=um;a&;vkyif ef;wcktjzpf ‘rSwf
wrf;v$m’ pmpOfukd yHkreS fxkwaf 0cJhonf? ,if;rSwfwrf;v$mwGif wjynf
vHk; a'otoD;oD;u rawmfrw&m;tzrf;tqD;cH&r_rsm;/ tjypfay; t
a&;,lcH&r_rsm;ESifh w&m;r#wr_r&Sdonfh tjzpftysuu f pd Prsm;tay: uef@
uGujf cif;/ &_HŒcsjcif;udk azmfjycJhonf?
xd@k a=umifh e0w tpdk;&. jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoema&;0ef}u;D Xmeu
“yHkESdyfolrsm;ESifh xkwaf 0olrsm; A[kdrSwfyw Hk iftzGJ@neG f=um;csu(f 38)”
udk xkwfjyefI 1962 ckEpS f yHkEySd fo/l xkwfa0olrsm; rSwfykw H ifolrsm; rSwf
yHkwifOya'udk vdkufemjcif;r&Sdygu xda&mufpGmta&;,lrnfjzpfajumif;
xkwjf yefa=unmvdkufaomtcg e0w tpdk;&tay: ydkI tjrif r=unf
vifjzpfcJhonf?
xdkumvtwGif; 1989 ckESpf/ arv 12 &ufae@wGif ausmufwH
wm;+rdKŒe,f/ 37 vrf; trSwf 145 &Sd r[meENmykHESdyw f dkuftm; ppftpd;k &
u w&m;r0ifpmapmifrsm;±dkuef ySd frj_ zifh ta&;,laqmif&u G cf h&J mwGif trs;kd
om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyf. ±dkufESdyq f Jpm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; yg&o dS Gm;cJhonf?
xdt k jzpftysuw f @dk onf NLD tm; tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:od@k
wGef;wifvdkufovdk jzpfoGm;cJ&h onf?
xdahk emuf 1989 ckEpS f/ ZGev f 6 &ufae@ wGif jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoem
a&;0ef}uD;Xme. a=unmcsut f rSwf 38 tay: rvdkufemEdkifa=umif;
NLD u ta=umif;=um;cJhonf?
xdkpOftwGif; ZGefv yxrywftwGif;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unfeSifh

trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. wwfodynm&Sifrsm;jzpf=uonfh armif
aomfu/ a': jrifhjrihfcif/ om,m0wDprf;prf;EJ@G / armifudk,k/ armif0Ho/
armifcufyef/ OD;wifr;kd wd@k tzG@J awG@qkaH qG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? xdak qG;aEG;yGw J iG f
wwfoyd nm&SiftzGJ@u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk [ife&Da';zpf aomf
±d;k .pmyd'k fudk pma&;q&marmifaomfu &GwfjycJhonf? tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;u
m
oabmusI NLD jrefrmvdkudkufnDrnfhpmom;udk 0dkif;I t=uHjyKay;

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=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ‚if;wd@k .t=uHjyKcsuu f dk oabmusI

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NLD tpnf;ta0;wGif tm%mzDqefa&;vdkif;udk aqG;aEG;&ef OD;0if;wif
tm;wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf? OD;0if;wifu tvkyt f r_aqmif tpnf;ta0;
wGif “trsm;oabmrwlwhJ trdef@tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef=u”
qdkonfhaºuG;a=umfoHudk wifjycJh&m tm;vHk;uoabmwlI NLD .
aqmifyk'ftjzpf pmwrf;rsm;±dkuEf ySd f&mwGif “Tpmapmifonf e0w t
pd;k & jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D Xme. zdEdyS cf sKycf s,af om trde@f tm%mudk zDqefI
xkwfa0aompmapmifjzpfonf” [k &J&J0Hh0Hh azmfxkwfjyocJhonf?
,if;udpPESifhywfoufI a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -
“tm%mzDqefa&;qdw k mvnf; usrwd@k a=unmcJhjyD;jyD? rw&m;wJh
trdef@tm%mzDqefa&;/ 'gukv d nf; ‘e0w’ todtrSwfjyKygw,f? usr
wdk@[m rw&m;wJt h rde@f tm%m zDqefr_pDpOfw,fqw dk m ta&;}uD;wm
u bmvJ/ vGwfvyfpmG yHkEdyS x f kwfa0ydik fcGihyf /J t&iftywf owif;pm&Sif;
vif;yGJwkef;u 'DudpPeJ@ywfoufvdk@ usrwdk@ ajymjyD;oGm;jyD;ygjyD? 1962
ckEpS f yHkEdyS x
f w
k fa0olrsm;ESihf rSwyf w
Hk ifOya't&qdv k k@d &&Sd if usrwdk@ tzGJ@t
pnf;[m vGwv f Gwfvyfvyfxkwaf 0ydik cf Gih&f r,fh tzGJ@tpnf;yg? 'gayr,hf
'DtcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifjyD;awmh usrwdk@udk trdef@tm%meJ@ ydwfyifjyD;
awmh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfyEHk dyS fxkwfa0cGirfh &Syd gbl;/ yHEk dyS fxkwfa0jcif; rvkyf
&bl;vdk@ajymwJhtcgusawmh usrwdk@taeeJ@ wajz;ajz;&oifh&xdkufwJh
tcGiht f a&;awG[m r&wJt h jyif avsmv h mygvm;qdw k m uGuu f uG f uGi;f
uGi;f jrifvmygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@vk@d 'Dtrde@f tm%mudkawmh zDqef&r,f/
usrwdk@ xkwfoifhxkwfxdkufwhpJ m&Gupf mwrf;awG qufjyD; xkwf&r,f?
tck oHk;/ av;&uftwGif;rSmjzpfwJhudpPawGukd =unfhjcif;tm;jzihf
usrwdk@taeeJ@ pm&Gufpmwrf;xkwfzdk@qdkwm b,favmufvdkvJqdkwm
xif&mS ;ygw,f? e0wtaeeJ@ owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGv J yk v f u kd wf ,f/ jrefrmh
toHuae a=unmvdu k wf ,f? vkyo f m;jynfo@l ae@pOfxrJ mS xnfv h u
kd f
w,f/ ESpf&ufqufjyD;xnfhvk@d rauseyfao;bl;/ 'Dae@qv dk dk@&Sd&if tydk pm
m
&Gufuav;taeeJah wmifrS xnfv h u

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rSmayghav/ a&;xm;wm=unfhvdkufvdkh&d&S ifawmh apwemeJ@vkyfwm r
[kwyf gbl;qdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f?
'Dawmh vkyfom;jynfol@aehpOfowif;pmeJ@ jrefrmhtoHudk wzuf
owf usrwdk@udk wdkufcdkufzdk@oHk;pGJae&if usrwdk@rSm vGwfvyfpGmyHkESdyf
xkwaf 0ydik fciG hv f akd ew,fqw kd m xif&mS ;ygw,f? ‘e0w’ taeeJ@ wu,f
yJ rSefrSefuefuefvkyfcsifw,fqdk&if usr tck owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrSm
ajymoGm;wJhtcsufawGudk rSefrSefuefuef jynfjh ynfhpHkpHk owif;pmxJrSm
ygvmr,f? jrefrmhtoHrSm ygvmr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&ifawmh usrwdk@taeeJh
a=omf usrwdk@uawmh rSm;jyDyJ/ ‘e0w’[m wu,fyJ apwemrSefrSefeJ@
vkyf aewmyJvk@d ajymzdk@ usrtqifoifyh gyJ? 'Dawmh 'DrmS vkyo f m;jynfo@l
ae@pOfu vl}uD;rsm;vnf;&Syd gw,f/ usrajymwJt h csut f vufrsm;udk rSef
rSefuefuef jynfhjynfhppHk Hk xnfhay;vdk@&dS&if usr e0wudk xyfjyD;awmh
awmifrS awmif;yefvdkuOf D;r,f/ usrtxifrSm;oGm;ygjyD/ txifvGJomG ;
ygjy/D e0w[m apwemrSerf eS ef J@ vkyo f mG ;ygvm;qdjk yD; usrajym&Jygw,f”
[lI tzG@J csKyf±;kH Y 1989 ckEpS /f ZGev f twGi;f jyKvkycf ahJ om owif;pm&Si;f
vif;yGJY ajym=um;oGm;onf?
,if;aemuf r=umrDrmS yif e0wtpd;k &u a=unmcsuf (2§89)
jzifh tmZmenfae@ usif;yrnfu h dpPEiS fh ywfoufI xkwjf yefa=unmvm
cJhonf?
a=unmcsuftjynfhtpHkrSm -
(1) Edkiif aH wmfjird f0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u ygwpD k'H rD u kd a&pD
taxGaxG a&G;aumufyJGrsm;jzpfajrmufatmifjrifa&;udk rjzpfrae &nf
rSe;f csuf csrw S af qmif&u G af eygonf? xd@k tjyif Edik if aH wmftpd;k &onf Edik f
iHawmfESihyf wfoufonfh ae@}uD;&uf}uD;rsm;udk tcrf;tem;jzifh usif;y
vsuf&d&S m 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@wGif usa&mufrnfh (42)
ESpaf jrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;udv k nf; ,cifEpS rf sm;uJo
h @kd Edik if H
m
awmfrS }uD;rSL;usif;yrnfjzpfygonf?
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(2) EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@rS pI EdkifiHawmf

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tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ e,fcsJŒvufyg;apwdk@. vkyf=uHcH&ojzifh usqHk;cJhaom
tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;.r o d m;pkrsm;/ oHwreftzG@J tpnf;rsm;
ESihf ygwDpk'H rD ku
d a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJu G si;f ya&;aumfr&Siw
f Gif rSwf
yHkwifcJhonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u ,if;tcrf;tem;odk@ wufa&muft
av;jyK=urnf jzpfygonf?
(3) (42) ESpaf jrmuf tmZmenfae@ tcrf;tem;od@k wuf
a&muf&ef tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.rdom;pk ud;k pktm; usi;f ya&;
aumfrwDu zdwf=um;cJh&m atmufyg tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.
rdom;pk&pS pf u k tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&muf&ef pmjzifh jyef=um;cJhjy;D jzpfyg
onf?
(u) 0ef}uD;ocifjr. rdom;pk
(c) 0ef}uD; OD;bcsKd. rdom;pk
(*) 0ef}uD; OD;&mZwf .rdom;pk
(C) 0ef}uD; OD;b0if; .rdom;pk
(i) 0ef}uD; ref;bcdkif .rdom;pk
(p) 0ef}uD; rdkif;yGefapmfbGm; p0fpHxGef;. rdom;pk
(q) twGif;0ef OD;tkef;armif. rdom;pk
(Z) &JabmfudkaxG;. rdom;pk
(4) 1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f 16 &ufae@wiG f usi;f yonfh (42) eSpf
ajrmuf tmZmenfae@ 0wfpHkjynfh tcrf;tem;avhusifhonfh tcrf; t
em;odhk tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. txufazmfjyyg rdom;pk&Sppf u k
wufa&mufcJh=uaomfvnf; Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;. rdom;pkonf 0wfpHk
jynfhavhusifhrt _ crf;tem;odk@ wufa&mufcjJh cif;r&Sdonft h jyif (42) eSpf
ajrmuftmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&mufrnf[v k nf; ,ckcsdef
txd ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;rjyKao;a=umif; awG@&Sd&ygonf?
(5) ygwDpHk'Drku d a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ya&;aumfr&Sif
m
wGif rSwfyHkwifxm;aomEdkifiHa&;ygwrD sm;tm; usif;ya&;aumfrwDu

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zdw=f um;cJ&h m/ Edik if aH &;ygwD (70) u 42 ESpaf jrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;

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104 oef;0if;vIi
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tem;od@k wufa&muf&ef pm&if;ay;xm;jyD;jzpfygonf? tcrf;tem;od@k
wufa&mufrnfEh ikd if Ha&;ygwrD sm;. trnfpm&if;udk ae@pOfxw k f owif;
pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;jyD;jzpfygonf?
(6) EdkifiHawmfrS }uD;rSL;usi;f yonfh tcrf;tem;jyD;pD;aomtcg t
pOftvm&SdonfEiS fhtnD jynfolvlxkrSvnf; rdrdqENtavsmuf tm
ZmenfArd mefwiG f tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; tav;jyKEdik &f ef
pDpOfxm;&SdjyD;jzpfygonf? od@k ygI at;csrf;pGm*g&0jyKvkad om jynfov l lxk
taejzifh rdrdwdk@qENt& wOD;csi;f aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;qHk; ig;OD; pk
aygi;f Iaomfvnf;aumif; tmZmenfArd mefo@kd vma&mufI *g&0jyKEdik yf g
onf?
(7) tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;tm; jynfov l xl rk S at;csr;f pGm
*g&0jyKEdkif&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfvdkaom
ta=umif;jzifh pDwef;vSnv hf nfcsDwufjcif;/ aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfjcif;/ ql
yl&efvH@_ aqmfjcif;/ qlylv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ jynfov
l x l t
k m; t"rRpnf;±Hk; ac:iif
jcif;/ pk±Hk;jcif;rsm;rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfvdkufonf? Twm;jrpfcsufudk
azmuf zsuu f sL;vGeyf gu w&m;Oya't& xda&mufpmG ta&;,lrnfjzpf
a=umif; a=unmvdkufonf?
trde@f t&
(armifudk)
twGif;a&;rSL;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzJG@
xdk@tjyif (19-7-89) &ufaehwGif vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOf owif;

pmYvnf; “AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;pOfrSm e,fcsJŒ
t*Fvyd facwfu csay;cJah omvrf;pOfjzpf/ wyfrawmfonf e,fcsŒJ udk qefh
m
usifjyD; vGwfvyfa&;udkumuG,faeaomtzGJŒjzpf/ tmZmenfAdrmefodk@

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jynfolrsm; vma&muftav;jyK&mwGif rdrdwdk@.vHkjcHKa&;tpDtpOf t

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wGi;f rSjzpf&rnf” [laom acgi;f pOfjzifh azmfjyxm;a=umif; awG@&S&d jyef
onf?
xdk@aemuf 1989 Zlvikd f 19 &ufae@ eHeufwiG f a':atmifqef;pk=unf
u jynfolvlxk rvdktyfaom xdcdkufepfemr_rsm; ray:ap&eftwGuf
tmZmenfae@ csw D ufrnfth pDtpOfukd zsuo f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf? tmZmenf
ae@tcrf;tem;udk tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;Yom usif;yjyKvkyfoGm;&ef nGef=um;cJh
onf?
ÙÙÙ
mo
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106 oef;0if;vIi
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tcef; (4)
yxrqk;H aetdrt
f us,fcsKyfumv
xdk@aemuf ae@wae@ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvkid f 20 &ufae@wGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfESifh OD;wifOD;wdk@tm; EdkifiHawmftm; aESmifh,SufzsufqD;vdk
olrsm;. ab;teœ&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&SmufonfhOya'yk'fr 10 (c)
t& aetdrfwGif wm;qD;rdef@xkwfI wm;qD;xm;jcif; cHcJh&onf?
xdo k k@d ta&;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufI Zlvidk fv 21 &ufae@wGif e0w.
t}udrf 50 ajrmuf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY -
“ 1989 ckESp/f Zlvidk f 20 &ufae@ eHeufrSpI a':atmifqef;pk=unf
ESifh ol&OD;wifO;D wdk@tm; Edik fiHawmftm; aESmuf,Suzf sufq;D vdkorl sm;.
ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,fapmifha&Smufonfh Oya't& ta&;,lvdkuf
&a=umif;/ TOya'onf EdkifiaH wmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh Edkiif aH wmf
vHjk cHKa&;udkjzpfap/ trsm;jynfolw@dk . at;csrf;om,ma&;udjk zpfap xd
yg;rnfhteœ&m,frS }udKwifumuG,fEdkif&efvnf;aumif;/ Edkifio H m;rsm;.
rlvtcGit fh a&;rsm;udk rxdcu dk fapbJ Edik fiHawmftm; aESmifh,uS zf sufqD;
vdok rl sm;.ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,&f efvnf;aumif;/ jyÏmef;xm;aom
Oya'jzpfa=umif;?
,if;yk*Kd~ vfEpS Of ;D tm; tqdyk g Oya'yk'rf 10 (c) t& vkyyf ikd cf iG hfrsm;
udk usio fh ;kH jyD; wm;qD;r_jyKvyk x f m;a=umif;/ Tyk'rf 10 (c) t& ta&;,l
jcif;cH&oltm; wESpftxd wm;qD;r_jyKvkyfEdik fonf[k jyÏmef;xm;
a=umif;” Todk@wm;qD;r_rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;qdk&mY -
(u) rnfonfhae&ma'owGif raexdki&f [k owfrSwjf cif;/
(c) rnfonfhae&ma'owGifom aexdkif&rnf[k owfrSwfjcif;/
(*) oGm;vmr_udk vdktyfovdk wm;qD;jcif;/
(C) owfrSwfonfht&m0wˆKrsm;udk vuf0,fxm;&Sdjcif; (odk@r
[kwf) toHk;jyKjcif;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;wd@k udk jyKvkyfEdkifa=umif;?
m
azmfjyygOya't& ‚if;wd@k tm; ta&;,l&mwGif um,uH&iS frsm;

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onf vuf&aSd exdkifvsu&f Sdaom tdrftoD;oD;wGifom aexdkifI tdrfjcH

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jyifyodk@xu G cf mG oGm;vmcGirfh jyKyga=umif;/ ‚if;. tdrfaxmifpx k wJ iG f yg&Sd
aom w&m;0ifrdom;pkrsm;om jyifyodk@ tapmifhta&Smufjzihf oGm;
a&mufEdkifa=umif;/ odk@aomfvnf; ,if;wdk@tm; EdkifiHjcm;oH±;Hk rsm;/ EdkifiH
a&;ygwDrsm;/ Edik fiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh qufoG,folrsm;xHok@d oGm;a&mufcGifh
rjyKyga=umif;/ jyifyyk*~dKvfrsm;udkvnf; vludk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;/
w,fvzD ek f;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; vma&mufqufo, G jf cif;rjyK&ef uef@
owfwm;jrpfxm;a=umif;/ um,uH&Sifrsm;tm; vdt k yfonfh aq;0g;
ukor_ESifh usef;rma&;udpPrsm;udk aqmuf&Gufay;&ef EdkifiHawmfu wm
0ef,lxm;a=umif;?
TuJhodk@ ta&;,laqmif&Gucf Jh&jcif;onf azmfjyygyk*K~d vfEpS fOD;. O
ya'csKd;azgufvyk f&yfrsm;a=umifjh zpfa=umif;/ txl;tm;jzifh EdkifiHawmfudk
tE W&m,fjzpfaprnfhtajctaersm;jzpfay:atmif aqmif&GufcJhjcif;
a=umifhjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;tjyif wdik f;&if;om;jynfolrsm;ESifh wyfrawmf
udk aoG;cGjJ yD; wdik ;f &if;om;jynfolrsm;u wyfrawmftay: rke;f wD;atmif
aqmif&GufcJhjcif;rsm;a=umifh jzpfa=umif;/
1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f 19 &ufae@ nae 6 em&DwiG f VOA jrefrm
ydki;f tpDtpOfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf.a=unmcsufY -
“'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ jynfolvlxk toufaysmufatmifvdk@ usrwdk@
b,fawmhrS rvkyyf gbl;/ jynfov l lx&k ŒJ toufudk trsm;}u;D wefz;dk xm;
ygw,f? e0wvdk wefzk;d rxm;wJh tkyfpkr[kwyf gbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@v@dk usr
wdk@Ekid fiHrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if ppftpdk;&tkycf sKyfr_qdkjyD; a=unmcsuf[m zufqpf
0g'awGp;dk rdk;aejyDqkw d m tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk@ jynfol jynf
om;awG[m zufqpf0g'atmufrmS ±ke;f uef&rSmyJ? 'Dru kd a&pD&zdk@twGuf
'Dzufqpf0g'atmufrSmowœ&d d&S eSd @J qufjy;D ±kef;uefoGm;zd@k jzpfygw,f” [k
yg&Sda=umif;/
Todk@ r[kwfrrSefpGyfpGJcsufrSm jynfol@wyfrawmfudk zufqpfESifh
m
Edi_ ;f ,SOfxm;ojzifh tvGefem=unf;p&maumif;a=umif;/ jynfoEl iS hw f yfr

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awmfonf zufqpfudk rsm;pGm&GH&Sm rkef;wD;a=umif;/ xdk@a=umifh jynfol

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108 oef;0if;vIi
d f
ESifhwyfrawmf vufwjGJ yD; zufqpfuq dk ef@usifwkud fcu
dk cf Jh=ua=umif;/ ‚if;
.ajymqdkr_rsm;onf zufqpfe,fcsJŒudk aoG;pnf;nDnGwfpGm wdkufcdkucf Jh
=uaom jynfolESifh wyfrawmfudk aoG;uGJatmif wrifzefwD;ajymqdkr_
rsm;jzpfa=umif;?
Todk@aom wyfrawmfudk zufqpfwyfrawmf[k ac:a0:orkwf
vdkujf cif;onf wyfrawmfEiS fhjynfoltm; &efwu dk fay;jcif;/ rormaom
&nf&G,cf sufjzifh vdrfnmpGyfpGJykwfcwfjcif;yifjzpfajumif;/ EdkifiaH wmftm;
tEœ&m,fodk@usa&mufap&ef =uHaqmifzefwD;jcif;jzpfa=umif;?
a':atmifqef;pkjunfonf 1989 Zlvkid f 10 &ufae@wiG f yef;bJwef;
jrdKŒe,f trSwf 163/ taemf&xmvrf;&Sd vl@abmifopf'Dru dk &ufwpf yg
wD±Hk;cef;wGif rdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mYvnf; -
“EdkifiHolEidk fiHom;rsm;udk aemufxyfvufeufESihf ESdrfESif;r,fqdk&if
awmh usrwdk@u zufqpftpd;k &vdk@ a=unm&rSmyJ” [k ajymqdkchaJ =umif;/
Todk@ajymqdkjcif;onf e0wtzG@J tpd;k &onf wyfrawmftpdk;&yifjzpfI
wyfrawmftm; jynfolu trkef;yGm;ap&ef ajymqdkjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif
&Sm;yga=umif;?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -
“ 'Dwyfrawmf[m vlwa,muftwGufr[kwb f l;/ tzGJ@tpnf;
twGuf r[kwfbl;qdkwmvJ xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f/ wyfrawmf vrf;
rSm;oGm;rSmudkvJ azaztifrwefrS pdk;&drfoGm;w,f/ 'DavmufawmifrS
pd;k &draf e&ufeJ@ bmjzpfv@kd vrf;rSm;oGm;&wmvJ? OD;ae0if;[m wyfrawmf
udk vrf;rSm;ay:rSm wifay;vdkufw,f? tJ'Dawmh ,ck wyfrawmfxJrSm
&Sw d hJ wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; pOf;pm;yg? wyfrawmf&JŒzcifqkw d m
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qdkjyD;awmh twdtvif;a=unmxm;jyD;/ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[m wyfrawmfukd b,fvt kd aetxm;rSm b,fvjkd zpfapcsif
ovJqkw d m jyefjyD;oHk;oyfyg? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrawmfvm;/ Adkvf
m
ae0if;wyfrawmfvm;qdkwm qHk;jzwf&awmhr,f” [kvnf; txufyg

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rde@f cGef;wGif ajymqdkcJha=umif;/

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a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1989 ck/ Zlvkid v f 8 &ufae@ wGif ‚if;.
aetdrfY xdik f;EdkifiHrS ae;&Si;f (Nation) owif;pm owif;axmuf uGeef m
a*gpuD;ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG;&mYvnf; OD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmftm; }udK;
udkifvsuf&Sdonf? AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf OD;ae0if;. vdkvm;csuf
twdkif; vdkuI f vkyfudkifae&onfrSm xif&Sm;aeonf? wyfrawmfonf
vlru dk ftvkyfuk d vkyfudkifae&onf? vltdkwpk tm%mwnfjrJa&; t
wGuf vkyfuidk fae&onf[k ajymqdkcJha=umif;/ ‚if;ajymqdck sut f m; 1989
Zlvdkif 15 &ufxw k f ae;&Sif;owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wyfrawmf. *k%o f u
d mQ usqif;atmif
ESifh wyfrawmfudk jynfolrsm;u qef@usifv_yf&Sm;um v_H@aqmfaoG;xdk;
ajymqdkcJhonfrsm; tajrmuftjrm;&SdcJha=umif;/ TuJhodk@ wdkif;jynf z±dk
z&Jjzpfap&ef =uHaqmifr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI wyfrawmfu t}udrf}udrf
onf;nnf;cHcsKyfwnf;cJha=umif;/ OD;wifOD;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwk@d
OD;aqmifaomtzGJ@u Zlvkid fv 19 &ufae@wGif jynfolrsm;tm; tmZm
enfrsm;tm; *k%fjyKrnft h pDtpOfudk ppf0g'Dwk@d u vufeuftm;udk;jzifh
acsre_ ;f &ef}uKd ;yrf;aea=umif;/ tmZmenfae@ukd xyfraH oG;pGe;f ap&ef ywf
pufpmG =uHaeonf[kv_H@aqmfjyD; wyfrawmfudk jynfolESifh &efwu dk fay;
cJha=umif;?
“ OD;wifOD;onf ucsifjynfe,fok@d vSnhv f nfpOfu awG@&SdcJh&aom
udpPrsm;ESifh ywfoufI wyfrawmfESifh wdkif;&if;om;jynforl sm; aoG;uGJ
atmifEiS hf wyfrawmftay:wGif jynfov l x
l uk em=unf;rke;f wD;atmif
‚if; wd@k tzGJ@. 5 }urd af jrmufowif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJY ajymqdkoGm;cJhonfukd
awG@&yga=umif;/ xdkowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh
OD;wifO;D wd@k onf a&SŒwef;vkyt f m;&Sirf sm;toHk;jyKaomudpEP iS hf ywfouf
I wyfrawmftm; vlrqefaom/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom/ pD;yGm;a&;
aomif;use;f aomtzGJ@tpnf;wckozG,±f yk v f ;kH ay:aygufap&ef ajymqdkcJh
m
a=umif;/ xdk@tjyif OD;wifOD;onf r_cif;wyfz@GJ rS w&m;pGJqdkxm;aom

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pdk;odrf;yg ajcmufO;D tr_ukd ppfaq;aeonfh tif;pdet f usO;f axmifteD;&Sd

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txl;w&m;&H;k od@k 1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f 4 &ufae@wiG f vma&mufjyD; OD;
aiGvid_ t f m; csucf sif;tmrcHray;r_EiS hf ywfoufI “vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh
tEdkifusifhaejcif;jzpfonf” [k wyfrawmfESifh jynfolukd aoG;uGJatmif
ajymqdkchaJ =umif;/ OD;wifOD;onf wdkif;jynftwGif; wnfjidrrf _ysujf ym;ap
&ef/ qlylr_rsm;jzpfyGm;ap&ef ajymqdkcJhonfrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdcJha=umif;/
xd@k a=umifh Edik fiaH wmfESihf jynfow l @kd .tusK;d pD;yGm;/ touftk;d tdrpf nf;pdrf
vHkjcHkwnfwHha&;twGuf ,ckuJhodk@ ‚if;wdk@ESpfOD;tm; wm;qD;ta&;,l
vdu k f&jcif;jzpfa=umif;” ajym=um;oGm;onf?
aetdrt f us,cf sKyjf zifh xde;f odr;f jcif;cHae&pOf a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wiG f ygwDpk'H Drdkua&pD taxG
axGa&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf jydKifrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJhonf?
a=unmcsuftjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
“Edik if aH &;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;a=umifh 1989 Zlvikd f 20 &ufae@rpS I xde;f
odrf;cHcJh&ygonf? txdef;odrf;cHae&vsufESifhyif rdrdtzGJ@csKyf. 'Drdku
a&pDenf;vrf;t& qHk;jzwfcsufudk av;pm;aomtm;jzihv f nf;aumif;?
wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@. trSew f &m;ESifh udkufnDaomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk
wwfpGr;f oa&GŒulnDjznfhpGufvdkaoma=umifhvnf;aumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD
udv
k v k d m;aom jynfov l x l . k ZGoJ wœu d kd *k%jf yKaomtm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/
1989 ck 'DZifbmvwGif A[ef;jrKd Œe,f trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf jynf
ol@vw $ fawmfudk,fpm;vS,favmif; pdppfa&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ@.qH;k jzwfcsuf
udkvku d femI a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if ,SOfjydKifvo dk lwOD;tjzpf trnfpm
&if; wifoGif;vdkufygonf?” [lI xkwfjyefcJhonf?
od@k aomf wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw G af &; (wpn) ygwDtm; ud, k f
pm;jyKI &efukefwidk f;/ A[ef;jrdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) wGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfESifh ,SOjf ydKi&f eftqdkjyKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;vbef*a&mifrS uef@
uGuv f m$ wifoiG f;cJ&h m/ yef;qd;k wef;trSwf (1) wGif zGihv f pS pf pfaq;cJo
h nfh
m
&efukefwidk f; a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ ufyu GJ sif;ya&;aumfr&SifrS vufcHppfaq;I

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a&G;aumufyGJOya'yk'fr 10(i) jzifhjidpGef;onf[kqdkum a':atmifqef;

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pk=unf. trnfpm&if;wifoGi;f v$mudk y,fcsco Jh jzifh 0ifa&muf,OS fjydKif
cGifhr&&SdbJ jzpfcJh&onf?
aemufqHk;rSwfykw H ifcGifhjyK&ufjzpfonfh 1989 azazmf0g&D 28 txd
(5)v cef@twGif; rSwyf w kH ifciG hjf yKcJo
h nfh Edik if Ha&;ygwDtzG@J tpnf;aygif;rSm
236 zG@J jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf rSwfyw Hk ifxm;onfh Edik if Ha&;ygwt D zGJ@tpnf;
rsm;onf ygwDwGif pnf;±H;k a&;wdk@udk aqmif&u G fc=Jh u&mY ygwDtcsKŒd onf
ygwDwGif;tajctaet&vnf;aumif;/ tjcm; EdkifiaH &;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;zG@J pnf;vdI k rdrdwdk@ EdkifiaH &;ygwrD SwfyHkwifxm;jcif;udk y,f
zsufcGifhjyK&ef aumfr&Sifodk@av#mufxm;ojzifh Edik fiHa&;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;
aygi;f (102) zGJ@udk y,fzsufay;cJhonf?
xdk@jyif v$wfawmfrJqENe,f 3 e,f txd 0ifa&muf,SO f+ ydKif
Edik jf cif;r&So
d nfh (6) ygwED Sihf Edkiif Hawmftm; vufeufpGu J kid If awmfvSeyf kef
uefaeaom ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD tzG@J tpnf;. ajray:tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;jzpfonf[x k wk jf yefI trsK;d om;EdkifiHa&;wyfaygif;pk (rew) rEœav;
jrdKŒ/ jynfol@wk;d wufa&;ygwD &efukejf rdKŒ/ tjrJprd f;vli,frsm;tzGJ@ rHk&mG jrdKŒ
ponfh (3) ygwDtm;vnf; e0wtzGJ@u y,fzsufcJhonf?
,if;aemuf ygwDpHk'Dru dk a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJu G dk 1990 jynfh
eSpf arv 27 &uf we*FaEGae@Y wjynfv;Hk wGif w+ydKifeuf eHeuf 6 em
&DrS nae 4 em&DtwGif; usif;ycJhonf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf 1990 jynfhESpf ygwDpHk'Drku d a&pD taxGaxG
a&G;aumufy}JG uD;udk usif;yjyKvyk fonftxd Edik if Ha&;ygwt D zGJ@tpnf;rsm;
wifjyawmif;qdkcho J nfh rw&m;csKyfcs,fuef@owfrde@f rsm;jzpfaom (2§
88)/ (8§88) wd@k udk vHk;0±kwo f rd f;ay;jcif;r&Sb d J usi;f ycJoh vdk wpnygwD
udk bufvku d frsuEf mS omay;cJ&h ef trsKo d m;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@. pnf;±Hk;v_yf
&Sm;r_rsm;udk trsK;d rsKd;tzHkzHk uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jy;D rS (t"dujydKifjrif;udk
}udK;wkyx f m;jyD; wjcm;+ydKifjrif;awGudk v$waf y;jy;D t+yKd ifckid ;f ovd)k wzuf
m
owfprD Hcef@cJG usi;f ycJjh cif;jzpfonf? od@k aomf jynfov l lx}k uD;w&yfvk;H u
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rJrsm;ruGo J mG ;apa&;twGuf tzrf;qD;cHxm;&onfh a':atmifqef;pk

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112 oef;0if;vIi
d f
=unfacgif;aqmifonfh NLD tzGJ@rS wpn tay: pD;csif;xdk;tEdkif,l
atmifyGJcHedkifa&;twGuf rdrdwdk@. tonf;=um;u rJwjym;udk rSefrSef
uefueftoHk;csjyD; toHwdwfqENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfyrm jywfjywfom;om;
azmfjycJ=h uonf? od@k uvdk jynfolvx l }k uD;. wcJeuf axmufct H m;ay;
r_a=umifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf jrefrmEdkiif H a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Sifordki;f Y rnfonft h cgrS &&Scd Jhzl;aom atmifjrifr_rsKd;jzifh a&G;
aumufyGJ}uD;wGif tjywftowf atmifycGJ HEdkifcJhayonf?
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJYG 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifonfh
Edik if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf; 93 zGJ@teuf trsK;d om;'Drku d a&pDtzJ@G csKyo
f nf
0ifa&muf,SO+f yKd ifco hJ nfh 447 rJqENe,fY 392 OD; tEdik &f &Scd ho J nf? wjynf
vk;H wGif rJqENe,f 485 ae&m&So d nfth euf NLD ygwDonf 392 OD; tEdkif
&&SdonfhtwGuf wjynfvHk;wGif 82 &mcdkifE_e;f tEdkif&&Sdum armfuGef;
xlEdkifcJhonf?
1990 jynfEh Spfa&G;aumufyGJwGif v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f t
enf;qH;k wOD;ESit fh xufa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufc&H onfh Edik fiaH &;ygwD tzGhJ
tpnf;aygif; (27) zG@J a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufc&H onf? a&G;aumufyJG wif
ajrm‡ ufc&H onfh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,Of ;D a&rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf?
(1) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 392 OD;
(2) &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; 'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 23 OD;
(3) &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 11 OD;
(4) wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD - 10 OD;
(5) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@ - 5 OD;
(6) trsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta&;'Drku d &ufwpfygwD - 4 OD;
(7) csi;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf - 3 OD;
(8) ucsijf ynfe,ftrsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDuGe*f &uf - 3 OD;
(9) jynfaxmifpkytdk0fh trsK;d om;tzGJ@csKyf - 3 OD;
m
(10) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDygwD - 3 OD;

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(11) Zdrk D;trsKd;om;uGe*f &uf - 2 OD;

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(12)em*awmifwef;a'owdk;wufa&;ygwD - 2 OD;
(13) u,m;jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 2 OD;
(14) watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf - 2 OD;
(15)u,ef;trsKd;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
- 2 OD;
(16) 'Drkdua&pDygwD - 1 OD;
(17) 'Dru k d &ufwpfwuUov kd b
f @JG &ESihf ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm; tzG@J
- 1 OD;
(18)rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJ@ - 1 OD;
(19)u&ifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf - 1 OD;
(20)&Sr;f jynfu;kd uef@'rD du k &ufwpfygwD - 1 OD;
(21) jynfaxmifpk"EktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf - 1 OD;
(22)ureftrsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf - 1 OD;
(23) r&mjynfol@ygwD (ryy) - 1 OD;
(24) jynfaxmifpt k rsK;d om;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDygwD - 1 OD;
(25)jrdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnw G af &;tzG@J (rcrnz) - 1 OD;
(26)vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD - 1 OD;
(27)jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
- 1 OD;
xdk@aemuf a&G;aumufyw GJ Gif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifjyD; v$wfawmf ud, k f
pm;vS,fwOD;r# a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcsif;rcH&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwD (63)
ygwDtm; e0wrS 1992 Zefe0g &D 22 &ufae@&ufpJyG g trde@f trSwf 2§92
jzifh zsuo f drf;cJhonf? xdk@jyif a&G;aumufyw GJ Gif v$waf wmfuk, d fpm;vS,f
tenf;qHk;wOD;ESifhtxuf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onfh EdkifiaH &;ygwD
(20) tm; e0wtzG@J rS 1992 rwf11 &ufae@ &ufpyJG g trde@f trSwf
7§92 jzifh zsuo f drf;cJhjyefonf?
m
od@k aomf a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f wOD;r#ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; e0wtpd;k

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&u w&m;0if &yfwnfcGihaf y;cJhaomygwD (3) ckrmS udk;uef@'Dru dk a&pDESifh

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114 oef;0if;vIi
d f
nDnGwfa&;ygwD (Kokang Democracy and Unity Party)/ ‘0’ trsKd;om; zGH@
+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD (Wa National Development Party)/ jynfaxmifpk u&if
trsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (Union Karen League) wdk@jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh w
&m;0if&yfwnfvsu&f daS om Edik if aH &;ygwD (10) ygwrD mS atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfonf?
(1) trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
(2) wdik f;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwD
(3) &Sr;f wdkif;&if;om;rsm;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
(4) jynfaxmifpkytdk0ht f rsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
(5) &Sr;f jynfu;kd uef@'rD du k &ufwpfygwD
(6) +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzGJ@
(7) vm;[ltrsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
(8) jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf
(9) udk;uef@'Drdkua&pDESifh nDnGwfa&;ygwD
(10)‘0’ trsKd;om;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
ponfwdk@ jzpfonf?
1990 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufyw JG iG f woD;yk*~vtrwfavmif; ajcmufO;D
ta&G;cH&onf? ,if;wdk@rSm -
(1) a'gufwmr_xef / xef;wvef+rdKŒe,f jynfol@v$waf wmfrq J EN
e,f/ csif;jynfe,f?
(2) OD;0if;&Sed f / ajrmif+rdKŒe,f/ jynfo@l vw $ fawmf rJqENe,f trSwf
(1) ppfudkif;wdkif;?
(3) OD;yDwmvif;yif/ jyifOD;vGif+rdKŒe,f jynfo@l v$wfawmfrJqENe,f
trSwf(2) rEœav;wdkif;?
(4) a'gufwmpef;atmif/ t*Fyl+rdKŒe,f jynfol@v$wfawmfrJqEN
e,ftrSwf (2) {&m0wDwkid f;?
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(6) OD;odef;az/ uef@bvl+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf(1) ppfudkif;wdkif;

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e0wppftpdk;&onf rnfo@dk rS ar#mfvifhrxm;rdonfh &v'frsKd;
jzifh trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfu tjywftowftEdik &f &So d mG ;r_tay:
tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;cJh&jyD;aemuf tzG@J csKyftay: enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh zdESdyfa&;udk
apmif;ay;vkyfaqmifvmcJhayonf?
e0wppftpdk;&u a&G;aumufyGJtjyD;Y a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdki f&
&SdchaJ om EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf -
(1) aiGa=u;tiftm;jzifh trwfae&mrsm; 0,f,x l m;Edik of nfh bm
oma&;tpGe;f a&mufrsm;u bmoma&;e,fajr cGx J u
G af &;udk jyifqifvm
=uonf? ratmifjrifv#if vufeufudkifwdkufrnf?
(2) vlrsKd;a&;tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfhygwDrsm;uvnf; e,fajrrsm;
udk cGJxGuf&efjyifqifvm=uonf? cGifhrjyKv#if aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh
aygi;f rnf/ vufeufudkifwdkufrnf?
(3) tm%m&vmrnf[k ar#mfvifhaeaomEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf
taemuftkyfpko±H kH;rsm;/ jynfyrS taemuftkypf k udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
&if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHvm=ujyD; taemuftkyfpu k dk tvGet f u|H rSDcdktm;
udk;&ef jyifqifvm=uonf?
(4) taemuftkyfpkt}udKuf vdkufvkyfaeaomfvnf; vuf0J0g'D
rsm; v$rf;rdk;aeaomfygwrD sm;onf tm%m&Sifpepfudk xlaxmif&ef }udK;
pm;ae=uonf?
(5) wyfrawmfu tm%mrodr;f Edkif&eftwGuf ppf±;Hk udk &efuek +f rdKŒ
tjyifbuf tif;wdik fo@kd a&$Œ&ef =unf;/ a&/ av/ wyfrawmfukd =unf;wyf/
a&wyf/ avwyf oD;jcm;pD cGJxw k zf @JG pnf;&ef/ 'kw,d Advk frLS ;}uD;ESihf txuf
tqifrh sm;udk wyfrawmfrSxw k yf ,fypfjyD; tcsKdŒudk cH±k ;Hk wifI ta&;,l&ef
wdk@udk aqG;aEG;=uum wyfrawmfudk +zdKcGJypf&ef/ zsufodrf;ypf&eftxd
=uHpnfvm=uonf[I l tajctjrpfr&Sd pGyfpJGjyD; zGwv f #mo¿mef
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ESpcf OG m%fjzifh uvdraf phjirf;pifum tEdik &f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
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tm; tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;a&;udk cg;cg;wl;wl; jiif;qefco Jh nf? xd@k aemuf

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v$wfawmfrsK;d r[kw/f zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qG&J efomjzpfonf? ta&G;
aumufcH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'udk a&;qGzJ @kd omwm0ef&o dS nf? tm%mudk tvdktavsmuf &&Srd nf
r[kw”f [kqdkjyD; yxrqH;k t}udrf ajymifvdrfajymifpm; ajymqdkcho J nf?
tu,fI wpn ac: wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ygwDom
tEdkif&&Sdrnfqdk v#if 1947 ckESpf zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya' od@k r[kwf 1974
zG@J pnf;yHkOya'udv k t kd yfovdk ,m,Djyifqifr_jyKvkyjf y;D tm%mudk jrefjref
qefqefvG,v f G,u f lul v$Jajymif;tyfvdkuI f ay:aygufvmonfh v$wf
awmfopfrSzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'opfudk a&;qGJaprnfjzpfaomf
vnf; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG@csKyfygwu D ,ckuho J @dk tjywftowf t
Edik &f &So
d nfonft h ay: e0w ppftpd;k &onf ay:ay:xifxif npfywf
vmjcif; jzpfonf?
ppftpdk;&. tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;jiif;qefaer_ukd a':atmifqef;
pk=unfu -
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azmfay;zdk@vnf; vdkao;w,fqdkwJhtcsufygyJ? a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fukd t
aumiftxnfrazmfwm[m xrif;pm;zdwf/ xrif;yGJjyif/ pm;yGJrmS xdkicf kid f
jyD;rS rpm;&bl;qdkjyD; xrif;[if;awGjyefodrf;oGm;ovdkygyJ? {nfo h nfawG
udk apmfum;wJv h yk &f yfyg? 1990 a&G;aumufy&GJ v'fukd t aumiftxnf
razmfay;wm[m jynfolw&yfvHk;udk vdrfvnfvSnhjf zm; apmfum;&m
a&mufygw,f?”
“tm%mydkiaf wG[m rdrw d @dk oabmruswhJ a&G;aumufy&JG v'fqk&d if
vspfv#L±_vku d /f vdkcsifw&Jh v'fjzpfvmEd;k Edk; a&G;aumufyt JG opfawG usi;f
yvdkuef @J vkyaf er,fq&dk ifawmh wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ tem*wfe@J upm;&m a&muf
ygvdrrfh ,f? wdik f;jynf&JŒtem*wfqdkwm[m upm;&r,ht f &m r[kwfyg
m
bl;? wav;wpm;eJ@ apmifha&SmufoGm;&r,hft&momjzpfygw,f? 'g

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a=umifh 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnfrazmfbJ aemuf

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a&G;aumufyGJtopfusif;ya&;udk trsKd;om;'Drku d a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu vHk;0
vufcrH Smr[kwb f ;l vd@k qHk;jzwfxm;wmjzpfygw,f” [lI wdwv d if;vif;
ajym=um;cJhonf?
NLD tm; rJxnfa h y;cJhaomjynfov l x l tk m;vnf; a':atmifqef;
pk=unfu -
“1990 jynfEh pS af &G;aumufyrJG mS vlx[ k m wm0efauscyhJ gw,f? usr
wd@k Eikd if eH J@ Edik if Hujynfov l xl ke@J wjcm; 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf v_y&f Sm;±ke;f uef
ae&wJhEdkifiHu jynfolvx l keJ@pmvdk@&d&S if usrwd@k &ŒJ vlx[ k m EdkifiHa&;t&
tifrwefrS &ifhusufw,fvdk@ usrwdk@ owfrSwf&rSmyg? bmjzpfvk@d usr
wdk@ 'Dvadk jym&vJqkad wmh usrwdk@&JŒEdik fiH 'Drku d a&pDvkcd sifwJh jynfolvx l k
[m 'Dru dk a&pDudk &,lay;Edkifwt Jh zGJ@wckudk axmufcHr,f/ yHhyk;d r,f/ 'Dvdk
vkyfrS usrwdk@&JŒ'Drdkua&pD[m wdk;wufEdkifr,fqdkwmudk jrifw,f/ [kd
tzGJ@uadk y;/ 'DtzGJ@udkay;/ usrwd@k &ŒJ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh Edik fiHa&;ygwDawG trsm;}uD;&Sdwt Jh xJrSm tJ'DEkid fiHa&;ygwDawG
rSmvnf; rdrw d @dk &ŒJ wefb;k d eJ@ rdrw d @kd &jSd y;D om;yg? odk@aomfvnf; jynfov l lxk
[m 'DvdkrJawGjyef@oGm;vdk@&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf epfemEdkifw,fqdkwm
em;vnfvdk@ rJawGudk rjyef@apbJ usrwdk@ trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
twGuf rJay;cJw h ,fqw kd m 'gjynfolvx l t k aeeJ@ xdkux f u kd w
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cJhw,fqdkwm usr 'Dvdkajym&rSmyJ? 'g EdkifiHa&;&ifhusurf _udk jyw,fvdk@
usruawmh,Hk=unfw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh usrwdk@ 'D (82) &mcdkif
E_ef;&wmudkawmifrS tm%mrv$Jay;wm/ usrwdk@rsm;om (50) &mcdkif
E_e;f wnf;wnf;av;&w,fqkv d h&dk &Sd if b,favmufyjdk yD;awmh tcuftcJ
jzpf&rvJqw dk m pOf;pm;=unfh? usrwdk@&JŒtzG@J [m 'Dvw dk cgwnf; 80 &m
cdkifEe_ ;f ausmfe@J Edik fcv Jh @dk vnf; wurBmvHk;u todtrSwjf yK&w,f? b,f
vdkrS urBmudkrsufvn S fhjyjyD;awmh tzGJ@csKyfudk jynfolvlxak &G;aumufyGJ
wke;f u tm;ay;wmr[kwyf gb;l ? wnf;wnf;uav;Edik w f mygv@kd rajym
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trsKd;rsKd;ajymzdk@}udK;pm;wmawG tck&Sdaewm od=uwmyJ/ 'Davmuf

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awmifrS jywfjywfom;om;Edkix f m;vk@d 'Davmufolw@kd ajymEdik fwm? tJvkd
om usrwdk@om jywfjywfowfowfrEdik fcJhvdk@&d&S if trsKd;rsKd; wcgwnf;
rsufvSnfh uGuaf wGeJ@vkyt f Hk;r,f? urBmudkvnf; vSnfhpm;zdk@/ usrwdk@
jynfov l x l t
k aeeJ@ 1990 a&G;aumufyrJG mS 'Dru kd a&pDukd &,lay;Edkiw f ,f
vd@k jynfolvlxu k ,Hk=unfwht J zG@J tpnff;udk Edik if aH &;&ifu
h sufwt Jh jrife@J
rJay;cJhwm[mawmh wm0efausygw,f? xdu k x f u dk w f efwefeJ@ vkycf w hJ myJ
vdk@ usrajymcsifygw,f” [lI ajym=um;cJhonf?
e0wppftpdk;&onf a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifru D yif ol&OD;wifOD;ESifh a':
atmifqef;pk=unfwdkhudk rw&m;ojzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; cHxm;&
onhftwGuf ,m,DOuUXtjzpf wm0ef,x l m;aom OD;=unfarmif OD;
aqmifonfh NLD A[dt k vkyfr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;u 90 jynfhESpf a&G;
aumufyt JG Edik &f aom NLD tm; e0wtpd;k &xH v$waf wmfac:,lay;a&;
udk Oya'ESifhtnD wifjyawmif;qdkcJhonf?
a&G;aumufyGJtjyD; &ufaygif; (60) twGif; ac:ay;&±d;k xHk;pH&do S nfh
v$wfawmfudk ac:,lray;onft h wGuf tzGJ@csKyfonf a&G;aumufyJG usi;f
ycJoh nfh ar27 &ufrS &ufaygi;f 60 t=um; 1990 jynfEh pS f Zlvikd 2f 8/
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yxrt}udrf nd‡E_dif;tpnf;ta0;udk usif;y&ef ac:,lcJhonf?
ppftpd;k &onf NLD . tpnf;ta0;rwdkifcif w&uftvdk (Zlvkid f
v 27 &uf) wGif e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf Adv k fcsKyfcifnGe@f (aemifAv dk cf sKyf
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(1§90) udk uref;uwef;xkwjf yefjyD; tzGJ@csKyf.tpnf;ta0;}u;D udk }uKd
wifuef@owfcsKyfcs,[ f ef@wm;r_udk jyKvkyfco Jh nf?
e0wtpd;k &. a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§90 tjynft h pHkrSm atmufyg
twdik f;jzpfonf?
(1) jrefrmEdik if oH nf 1948 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&D (4) &ufae@wiG f vH;k 0
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vGwv f yfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEidk fiHjzpfonf?

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(2) 1988 ckEpS ftwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;jzpfay:cJhojzifh Edkifiw H 0Srf;

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jym;cJo h nfh tajctaet&yf&yfukd tcsderf Dxed f;odr;f Edik &f eftwGuf jynfol
jynfom;tm;vHk;tusKd;iSm wyfrawmfu Edik if aH wmftm%mt&yf&yfudk
vH;k 0wm0ef,lcJhonf? jynfol@v$wfawmftygt0if EdkifiHawmf tm%m
ydik t
f zG@J tpnf;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f vsuf Edik if aH wmfjidrf0yfrw
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tzGJ@ukd zGpJh nf;um wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfukd aqmif&Gufrnfjzpfa=umif; a=u
nmjyD; EdkfifiHawmf. ta&;udpPt00udk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufcho J nf?
(3) Edik fiHawmfjird 0f yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf Edik if HawmftwGi;f
jird 0f yfydjym;a&;/ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;ESihf e,fajrat;csr;f om,ma&;wd@k ukd
xda&mufpGmxdef;odr;f Edkif&ef vdt k yfaomOya'/ trdef@/ a=unmcsu/f Oy
a'uJhodk@tm%mwnfaomtrdef@rsm;udk xkwfjyefco Jh nf?
(4) jynfolrsm;. pm;0wfaea&;acsmifvnfap&ef yk*v ~ ud / or0g
,r/ zufpyfvkyfief;rsm; vkyu f dkifEdkifap&eftwGuf t[ef@twm;jzpfap
aom Oya'rsm;udyk ,fzsufjyD; vkdtyfaomOya'/ trdef@nGef=um;csuf/
Oya'uJho@dk tm%mwnfaomtrdef@rsm;udkvnf; xkwfjyefvsuf vuf
awG@ taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G fvsuf&do
S nf? xdk@jyif Edkiif Hawmf.
a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;udk ar#mfrSef;I vkyaf qmifoifhonfrsm;udkvnf; vkyf
aqmifvsuf&Sdonf?
(5) Edkiif Hawmfjidr0f yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf Edkiif w H 0ef;vH;k wGif
vrf;yef;qufoG,rf _vkjH cHKacsmarG@ap&efESifh wdk;wufaumif;rGeaf p&ef t
wGuf aqmif&Gufoifhonfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufvsuf&do S nf?
(6) Edik fiHawmfjidr0f yfrw_ nfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf rnfonfhzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udkr# vdu k ef musio fh ;Hk aomtzGJ@tpnf;r[kwb f J EdkifiaH wmf
udk rm&S,af vm (Martial Law) jzifh tkycf sKyaf eaom tzG@J tpnf;jzpfa=umif;/
EdkifiHawmfjidr0f yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J tpdk;&onf ppftpdk;&tjzpf
tkyfcsKyfvsuf&aSd =umif;ESihf ukvor*~tygt0if urBmhedkifiHtoD;oD;rS
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(7) Edik if wH umqufqaH &;eSifh ywfoufI Edik if aH wmfjidrf0yfr_ wnf

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vsu&f do S nf? Edik if t
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qufvufxm;&SdcGijfh yKjyD; yHrk SefqufqaH eonfeh nf;wl EdkifijH cm;wdki;f jynf
rsm;wGif jrefrmoH±Hk;rsm;udkvnf; ±kyfodrf;jcif;rjyKbJ qufvufzGihv f Spf
xm;&Su d m yHrk eS q
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aom EdkifiHwEdkifiHwGif oH±Hk;topfw±Hk; wdk;csJŒzGifhvSpfcJhonf?
(8) jrefrmEdik if Honf ukvor*~tzG@J 0ifEidk fiHjzpfonfeiS t fh nD urBmh
Edik if Ha&;udp&P yfrsm;ESihf ukvor*~qikd &f m vkyif ef;wm0efrsm; aqmif&u G f
&mwGif ukvor*~qidk &f m jrefrmoH±;Hk onf jrefrmEdkifi. H EdkifiHjcm;a&;0g'
udk wduspGm vdu k femaqmif&Gufvsuf&o Sd nf? EdkifiHwumESifh qufqH
&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf jidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;rlEiS fhtnD
vdu k ef musiho f k;H vsuf&do
S nf? xdk@tjyif jrefrmEdkiif o
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rsm;udv k nf; ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf;ESit fh nD vdkufemusiho f Hk;vsuf
&So d nf?
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wrefwcsKdŒ. oHwrefusi0fh wfazmufzsufr_rsm;udkvnf; oabmxm;
}uD;pGmjzifh oHwreftrnfESifh EdkifiHtrnfrsm;udk xkwfazmfjcif;rjyKbJ rdrd
wd@k jynfwiG ;f a&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGuzf ufjcif;rjyK&ef t}urd }f urd f ajym=um;
cJhonf? xdk@jyif oHwrefenf;vrf;rsm;ESifhtnD oufqdkif&moH±Hk;rsm;odk@
vnf; ta=umif;=um;cJhonf? ,if;odk@aqmif&Gujf cif;jzifh Edik fit H csi;f csif;/
tpdk;&tcsi;f csif; qufqHa&;ysujf ym;aprnfhudpP&yfrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edik cf hJ
aoma=umifh ,ae@txd rnfonfhjy\emrS ay:aygufcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? oH
wrefwcsKŒd . vky&f yfa=umifh rdrdw@dk tpd;k &tay: txiftjrifvrGJ Sm;r_rsm;
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0efudk ,lco Jh nft h csed rf SpI jynfaxmifprk +ydKuGJa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k
nDnGwfrr_ +ydKuGJa&;/ tcsKyftjcm tm%mwnfwcHh dkifjrJa&;wdk@udk pGJjrJpGm
udkifpGJaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? wzufwGifvnf; vufeufpGJudkif qlyl
aomif;use;f olrsK;d pHkukd wyfrawmfom;rsm;. touf/ aoG;/ ac|; ajrmuf
rsm;pGmay;vSLvsuf xdk;ppf}uD;rsm;jzifh acsr_ef;cJhonfrSm tm;vHk;tod
yifjzpfonf? wyfrawmfonf Edkifi Ha&;tzGJ@tpnf;r[kwfojzif h qlyl
aomif;use;f olrsm;ESifh Edik fiaH &;enf;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif; jyKvkyfchjJ cif;
r&Sdyg? odk@&mwGif vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wI f tvif;0ifvmol
rsm;udkrl aumif;rGefpmG vufcH}udKqdkI jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;a&; vkyf
ief;rsm;udk tzGJ@tpnf;jzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? EdkifiHawmfjidr0f yfr_
wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf EdkifiHa&;tpdk;&r[kwfojzifh rnfonfh vuf
eufukid faomif;usefoltzGt Jh pnf;ESifhr# EdkifiHa&;enf;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;
jcif;jyKvky&f ef ta=umif;r&Sad y?
(11) EdkifiaH wmfjidr0f yfrw _ nfaqmufa&;tzG@J onf ygwpD Hk 'Drdkua&pD
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJu G kd usif;yEdkif&ef ygwpD 'Hk rD u
dk a&pD taxGaxG a&G;
aumufyGJusif;ya&;aumfr&SiOf ya'udk jyÏmef;vsuf ygwDp'Hk Drdkua&pD t
axG xGa&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk zG@J pnf;ay;cJhonf? a&G;aumufyJ0G ifvdk
aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifEdkif&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyHkwifjcif;
Oya'udk jyÏmef;cJhonf? xdk@jyif vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom ygwDp'Hk Drdk
ua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGu J sif;yEdik f&ef jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;
aumufyGJOya'udkvnf; jyÏmef;ay;cJhonf?
(12)jynfo@l vw $ af wmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya'yk'fr (3)wGif “v$waf wmf
udkrq J ENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESifhtnD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvdkufaom
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;&rnf” [lI jyÏmef;yg&do S nf?
,if;jyÏmef;csuEf iS t hf nD v$wfawmfac:,lz@GJ pnf;jcif;udk Edik if Hawmf jird 0f yf
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Edkifa&;twGuf ygwpD k'H Drdkua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usif;ya&;aumf

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r&Sifu aqmif&Guf&efupd P&yfrsm;/ a&G;aumufyJw G iG f ta&G;cH&onfh ygwD
rsm;ESihf a&G;aumufyw JG iG f ta&G;cH&onfh yk*K~d vfrsm;u aqmif&u G &f ef udpP
&yfrsm;udk Oya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;ESit hf nD aqmif&u G x f m;=u&ef tcgtm;
avsmfpGm owif;xkwfjyefa&;tzGJ@u &Sif;vif;cJhjyD;jzpfonf?
(13) ,ae@ ygwpD kH 'Dru kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG usi;f yjy;D pD;onfh
aemufykdif;wGif v$wfawmfac:,la&;/ tm%mv$aJ jymif;a&;udpPrsm;ESifh
pyfvsO;f I pmapmifrsm;xkwaf 0aejcif;/aqG;aEG;jiif;cHjk cif;/ jynfytoHvi$ hf
Xmersm;rS a&SŒaqmifvrf;jyvkyjf cif;/ aoG;xd;k v_H@aqmfjcif;/ w&m;r0if
pm&Gufpmwrf;xkwfa0jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfae=uonf?
(14) v$waf wmfac:,la&;eSifh ywfoufI txufwiG f &Sif;vif;azmf
jycJhjy;D jzpfonf? tm%mv$Jajymif;a&;udpEP iS hf pyfvsO;f I Edik if aH wmfjidrf0yf
ydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J OuUX u wdik ;f rSL;rsm;/ wyfrrSL;/ jynfe,fEiS hf
wdik ;f jidr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@OuUXrsm;tm; tcgtm;avsmpf mG
ajym=um;cJhonhfrdef@cGef;rsm;wGif nGefjycJhjyD;jzpfonf? EdkifiHawmf jidrf0yfyd
jym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) taejzifhvnf; 1990 jynfh
ESifh Zlvdkif13 &ufae@wGif usif;yonfh (100) }udraf jrmuf owif;pm&Sif;
vif;yGJY wdwdvif;vif;ajymqdkcJhjyD; jzpfonf?
(15)Edkiif Ha&;tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfonf jynfol@v$wfawmfw&yf ay:
ayguv f m±Hkjzifh Oya'jyKr_tm%m/ pDrHcef@crJG t _ m%mESihf w&m;pD&ifr_ tm
%m[laom tcsKyftjcmtm%m (3) &yfudk tvdktavsmufr&&SdbJ
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yftay: tajcjyKIom &,lEdkifa=umif; txl;
&Sif;vif;&ef vdkrnfr[kwfyg/ 1947 ckESpfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'
onf 1947 ckESp/f pufwifbmv 24 &ufae@wGif wdkif;jynfjyKvw $ af wmf
uvufcHI Oya'tjzpf twnfjyKcJhonf? odk@aomf xdktajccHOya'
tm%mwnfjyD; trSefwu,f tusKd;oufa&mufonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH
vHk;0vGwfvyfaom tcssyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifi Hawmfjzpfa=umif;
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a=unmonfh 1948 ckESp/f Zefe0g&v D (4) &ufae@wGifrjS zpfonfukd Oya'

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a=umif;t& txift&Sm;awG@Eikd o f nf? Edik if w

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w&yfonf vGwv f yfa&;r&rD a&;om;xm;onfh Oya'ESifh vGwfvyfa&;
&&SdonfhaemufrS a&;om;xm;onfh Oya'[lI ESpfrsKd;&So d nf? vGwfvyf
a&;&&Scd Jh=uonfh urBm@Ekid fiHtoD;oD;wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vuf
qkyv f ufuikd f&jy;D rSom wdik ;f jynfjyKvw $ af wmfuadk c:,lI zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'udk a&;qGJ=uonfh tpOftvm&So d nf? jrefrmEdkifiw H Gifrl wdkif;jynf
jyKv$wfawmfwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyD;rS vGwfvyfa&; a=u
nmcJh&onf? xdko@dk aqmif&GufcJhjcif;onf xdktcsdeu f edkifiHacgif;aqmif
rsm;taejzifh jAdwo d #w@kd xrH S jird f;csr;f aomenf;jzifh vGwv f yfa&;udk tjref
&,lvkad omqENa=umifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rSm xif&Sm;onf?
(16)1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'udk avhvmygu vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;
aemufa&;qGjJ cif;jzpfjyD; jynfol@qENc, H yl jGJ zifh jyÏmef;cJah omOya'jzpfonf
udk rnfolr#jiif;qdkjcif;jyKEdik frnfr[kwfyg?
(17)1947 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'onf vGwv f yfa&;r&rD a&;qGJ
onfh Oya'jzpfjyD; 1974 ckEpS zf @JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'onf vGwv f yfa&;&jyD;
rS a&;qGo J nfOh ya'jzpfa=umif; uGmjcm;csufukd txl;owdjyK&efvo kd nf?
(18)ygwDpk'H Drku d a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyw GJ iG f 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd if
cJ=h uonfh Edkiif aH &;ygwDtrsm;pk.qENrmS zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opf a&;qGJ
a&;jzpfa=umif; ,if;wdk@. oabmxm;a=unmcsufrsm;t& od&SdEdkif
onf? 1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qGJpOfu wdik f;&if;om;rsm;t
a&;ESiyfh wfoufI yifvHknDvmcHwGif &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESiho f m
aqG;aEG;nd‡Ei_d f;cJhjyD; rGef/ &cdkifpaomvlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;n‡dE_dif;r_ r&Sd
a=umif; awG@=u&rnfjzpfonf? ,ae@jrefrmEdik if w H iG f Edik if aH &;Edk;=um;vm
aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; trsm;tjym;&S&d m ‚if;wdkif;.qEN oabm
xm;rsm;udk nd‡Eid_ ;f &,ljy;D cdik rf monfhz@GJ pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfw&yf a&;
qGJjyÏmef;&ef txl;vdktyfaea=umif; xif&Sm;aeonf?
(19)Edkiif Hawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf ppftpdk;&w&yf
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jzpfonfESifhtnD rm&S,favm (Martial Law) Oya'udk udkifpGJoHk;aeonfh

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tpd;k &jzpfonf? xdko@kd jzpfonfESit hf nD jrefrmEdkiif Htm; atmufygtwdik ;f

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(u) Oya'jyKrt _ m%m? ? Edik if aH wmfjird 0f yfrw _ nfaqmuf
a&;tzGJ@uom usifhoHk;ydkicf Gifh&Sdonf?
(c) pDrcH ef@crJG t _ m%m? ? Edik if aH wmfjird 0f yfr_ wnfaqmuf
a&;tzGJ@u usifhoHk;ydik fcGi&fh o Sd nf? odk@&mwGif ,if;tm%mudk tpdk;&tzGJ@
ESifhwuG jynfe,f/ wdkif;/ +rdKŒe,fpk/ +rdKŒe,f/ &yfuGufaus;&Gmtkypf k jidr0f yf
ydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@tqifhqifhtm; cGJa0ay;vsuf pDrHcef@caGJ &;
udpP&yfrsm;udk pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrj_ zifh wm0efay; aqmif&Gufapvsuf&Sd
onf? ,if;odk@ aqmif&Gufapjcif;rSm zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh ay:ayguf
vmrnft h pd;k &vufxufwiG f 0efxrf;rsm;onf Xmeqdik f&mvkyif ef;rsm;udk
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifhuif;&Si;f pGm aqmif&GuEf dkifap&ef avhusifhaqmif&u G f
ay;aejcif;jzpfonf?
(*) w&m;pD&ifrt _ m%m? ?Edik if aH wmf+ird 0f yfrw
_ nf aqmuf
a&;tzG@J u usio fh k;H ydik cf iG h&f o
dS nf? odk@&mwGif zG@J pnf;yHktjccHOya' ay:ayguf
vmonft h csdew f iG f tavhtusi&hf ap&ef omref&mZ0wfrE_ iS hf w&m;
rr_ponfrsm;udk w&m;±Hk;tqifhqifhzGJ@pnf;jyD; ppfaq;pD&ifapvsuf&Sd
onf?
(20)xdk@a=umifh ,ae@tajctaewGif jynfolrsm;u a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufvu dk af om ud, k fpm;vS,rf sm;onf tem*wf'Dru dk a&pD Edik if H
awmf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=u&ef wm0ef&do S nfhyk*K~d vfrsm; jzpf
onf?
(21)Edkiif aH wmftm%m&,la&;twGuf ,m,Dz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccH Oy
a'a&;qGJI tpdk;&zGpJh nf;jcif;udk rnfonhfenf;ESirfh # vufcHEidk frnf r[kwf
onfhtjyif xdkokhad qmif&Gufygu Oya'ESihftnD xda&mufpGm ta&;,l
rnfjzpfa=umif;ESihf jynfo@l qENEiS t hf nD cdik rf maomzG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
opft& ay:aygufvmrnfh tpdk;&w&yfrzGJ@pnf;rD =um;umvwGif EdkifiH
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uGJa&;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;[lonfh ta&;(3) yg;?
(c) EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ a=unmcsuftrSwf
(1§88)wGif yg&aSd om w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh e,fajrat;csrf;om,m
a&;/ vrf;yef;qufo, G rf v
_ jkH cHKacsmarG@apa&;/ jynforl sm;. pm;0wfaea&;
acsmifvnfapa&;ESihf ygwpD 'kH rD u k d a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&;
ponfh vkyfief;wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfteuf ygwpD k'H Drku d a&pDtaxGaxG a&G;
aumufyJu G sif;ya&;wm0efrSty jzpfaom vkyfief;wm0ef}uD; (3) &yfESifh
(*) jrefrmEdik if t
H wGif;&Sd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tm;vH;k . zG@H +zKd ;wdk;wuf
a&;twGufaqmif&u G f&ef vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk tav;*±kjyK umuG,f
apmifha&SmufoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmvdkufonf?
trde@f t&
(yHk) cifneG @f
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Edik if aH wmfjidr0f yfrw
_ nfaqmufa&;tzG@J
1990 jynfhESpf/ Zlvdkif 28 &ufae@wGif ,m,DOuUX OD;=unfarmif

OD;pD;usif;yonfh “*E<Dcef;rtpnf;ta0;}uD;” udk usi;f ycJhonf? ta&G;
cs,cf t H zG@J csKyf v$waf wmfuk,
d fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;eD;yg; tygt0if tzG@J csKyf
tzG0Jh ifaygi;f (500) ausmw f ufa&muf=uonfh *E<cD ef;rtpnf;ta0;}u;D
udk jynfov l xl wk pfaomif;cef@u vlxt k if;tm;jzifh 0dik ;f &Hapmifh =unfhae
cJh=ujyD; jynfwGif;jynfyae&maygif;pHkrS tav;xm; ar#mfvifhcJh=uonf?
od@k aomf xGuaf y:vmcJo h nfh *E<Dcef;rqHk;jzwfcsuo f nf trsm;ar#mf
vifh awmifhwcJhonfhtwdkif;r[kwfbJ aemufxyf&ufaygif; 60 twGif;
(pufwifbmv aemufqHk;xm;jyD;) v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;/ taxGaxG
o[Zmwjzpfa&;/ tmCmwuif;pifa&;rlrsm;ESihf acsmarG@pmG tm%m
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trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrS Zlvdkiv f 29 &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefcJh
aom *E<cD ef;ra=unmpmwrf;tjynft h pHkrmS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf?
1? trsKd;om;'Drku d a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS jynfol@v$waf wmfu, dk fpm;vS,f
rsm;jzpf=uukef aom u|Ekfyfwk@d onf jrefrmouU&mZf 1352 ckESpf/ 0gacgif
vqef; (7) &ufEiS hf (8) &uf (1990jynfEh pS /f Zlvikd f 28 &ufEiS hf 29 &uf)
ae@rsm;wGif &efukef+rdKŒ/ ausmufwHwm;+rdKŒe,f&Sd *E<dcef;raqmifY pka0;
a&muf&Sd=u+yD; wdki;f &if;om;jynfolw&yfvHk;. tusKd;iSm EdkifiHawmfa&;
&mtjzmjzmESifh jynfol@v$wfawmfac:qdkzGJ@pnf;a&;udpPt00wdk@ukd aqG;
aEG;nd‡E_dif;wdkifyif=ujyD; oumv wnDwnGwfwnf;qHk;jzwfum T
‘*E<cD ef;ra=unmpmwrf;’ukd xkwjf yefa=unmvdkuf=uayonf?
2? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ESpfaygif;(30) twGif; yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf
1990 jynfEh pS f arv 27 &ufae@Y usi;f ycJah om ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pD taxG
axGa&G;aumufyJ}G uD;wGif jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,pf m;vS,af e&m (485)
ae&mtwGuf usi;f ycJ&h mY trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfonf trsm;jynf
olvlxk}uD;. wcJeufaom axmufcHr_wjdkh zifh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,af e&m (392) ae&mwGif tEdki&f &Scd ahJ yonf? od@k &mwGif trsK;d om;
'Dru
dk a&pDzGJ@csKyfonf urBmh'Dru dk a&pDEdkifiHrsm;. usihfxHk;rsm;twdkif; zGJ@
pnf;&rnfh tpdk;&w&yfudk cdkifrmpGmzGJ@pnf;edkifavmufonfh xuf0uf
ausmf jynfol@v$wfawmfu, dk fpm;vS,ftiftm;xuf ausmfvGe±f krH #ru
v$waf wmfuk, d fpm;vS,t f a&wGu. f &mcdik fEe_ ;f (80) ausmt f xd vHk;vH;k
vsm;vsm;tEdik f&&Scd Jhojzifh jynfo@l v$waf wmftm; OD;aqmifEidk faom t
aetxm; tcdkiftrm&&Sdxm;jyD; jzpfayonf?
3? ,cktcg ygwpD 'kH Dru kd a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; atmifjrif
pGm usi;f yjy;D cJjh y;D jzpfavonf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}GJ u;D jyD;v#if jynfo@l
v$waf wmfudk ra&S;raESmif;umvY tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;&rnfrmS "rRwm
yifjzpfavonf? jynfolvlxkuvnf; Ttwdkif; ar#mfvifhae=uay
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a&G;aumufyw JG iG f vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm;trsm;pktEdik &f &Sx
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pD;yGm;ESihf a&&Snt f em*wfumvtusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk tajccHxm;I/ wrsK;d
om;vHk; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;pdwf"gwfjzifh yGif;vif;aom/ ±dk;om;aom/
apwemtjynfyh gaom ESpOf D;ESpfzufnEd‡ id_ ;f aqG;aEG;aqmif&u G rf r_ sm; jyKvyk f
oGm;&ef EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@o@dk trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pD
tzGJ@csKyfA[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzG@J rS tqdjk yKcsufudkvnf; Edik fiHawmfjidrf
0yfrw _ nfaqmufa&;tzG@J u wpHw k &m ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&Scd Jah y?
4? &[ef;&Sijf ynfolrsm;/ v,form;rsm;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;/ ausmif;
om;vli,frsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom wdik f;&if;om;jynfol vl
xk}uD;onf Edik if Hawmf'rD ku d a&pDtcGit fh a&;rsm; uef@owfcHxm;r_a=umifh
vuf&SdrsufarSmufjyKae&aom pm;0wfaea&;=uyfwnf;r_/ pdk;&drfxdwf
vef@ae&r_EiS fh aomuAsmyg'ab;rS uif;vGwaf &;wd@k twGuf 'Dru kd a&pD
tkycf sKyfa&;pepfukd tjrefqH;k ul;ajymif;a&muf&&dS ef qENjyif;jyvsuf &Sad e
ayonf?
5? 'Drku d a&pDpepfuku d sifhoHk;onfh ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/
wdki;f Edkiif w
H dkif;wGif jynfo@l vw $ fawmfudk tjrifhqk;H aom r¾kKd if}uD;w&yf
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qGJxm;&SdjyD;jzpfa=umif;od&Sd&I u|Ekfyfwdk@u }udKqdkayonf?
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tESpfom&rsm;t&vnf;aumif;/ Edkifi HwumusifhxHk;usifhenf;rsm;ESifh
avsmn f pD mG vnf;aumif;/ 1990 jynfhEpS f/ pufwifbmvtwGif; jynfo@l
v$waf wmfukd ac:,lz@GJ pnf;ay;&ef trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyfu jynfo@l
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&m a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? OD;atmifa&$udk 1918 ckESp/f arv
19 &ufae@wiG f tzOD;zd;k uGe;f / trda':ode;f wifw@dk rS zGm;jrifco Jh nf? 1940
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wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpf/ azazmf
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jzpfygonf?
(c) a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk vdkufemrnf§ rvdkufemrnf?
(*) a=unmcsu(f 1§90)udk rvdu k ef mygu Oya't& ta&;,l
cH&rnfudk od&ySd gonf?
(C) a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk rvdu k ef mygu ygwDtzG@J tpnf;
rsm; zsufodr;f cH&rnfukd od&Sdygonf?
2? ,if;ar;jref;csufrsm;udk usifhxHk;yk'fr (160) t& ac:,lar;jref;
Edik fciG &hf o
dS nfjzpfI ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;rS ‚if;wd@k wm0efay;tyfvu kd o f nfh
udk,fpm;vS,fyk*dK~ vfrsm;udk ac:,lar;jref;onf[k qdkif&mu qdkygonf?
Ttcsuu f kd oufqidk f&mygwu D vufrSwaf &;xd;k &rnfph m&Guw f iG f twd
tvif; a&;om;azmfjywm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;vufrw S fa&;xdk;&rnfh
pm&Guw f iG f oufqidk f&mtzG@J tpnf;ygwD. A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzG@J 0if
rsm;. trnfpm&if;udkvnf; yl;wGJxm;ygonf?
3? jypfrq _ kid f&musixfh ;Hk Oya'yk'fr (160) rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfyg
onf?
Police Officer Power of Require Attendance of Witnesses
Any police officer making an investigation under this chapter, by order
in writing, require the attendance before himself of any person being within
the limit of his own or any adjoining station who, from the information given
m
or other wise, appear to be acquainted with the circumstances of the case, and
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such person shall attend as so required.

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oufaorsm;a&muf&daS p&ef &Jt&m&Sdu qifq h Edk ikd o
f nfhtm%m
Ttrdef@t& pHpk rf;axmufvSrf;jcif;jyKaom rnfonfh&Jt&m&Sdrqdk/
ay;xm;aomowif;t&jzpfap/ tjcm;enf;t&jzpfap/ tr_tjzpftysuf
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk odu|rf;yHkay:aom rdr. d pcef;e,fajrtwGif; (odk@
r[kw)f qufpyfaeaom &Jpcef;ajrtwGif;&Sd rnfol@udkrqdk rdrda&SŒodk@
a&muf&Sdap&ef trdef@pmjzifh qifhqdkEdkifonf?
4? xdk@tjyif EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@u xkwf
jyefcsufrSefor#w@dk onf (Martial Law) t& xkwfjyefjcif;jzpfa=umif;/
Edik if aH wmfjird 0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyf
csKyfr_tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_tm%moHk;&yfukd oHk;pGJaeonfjzpfa=umif;/
odk@jzpfI ‚if;wdk@xkwfjyefonfh a=unmcsufrsm;udk trsm;uvdkuf em&ef
jzpfa=umif; oufqkid f&mu ajym=um;ygonf?
5? tu,fI a=unmcsuf (1§90) udk rvdkufemygu -
(u) vufrSwfa&;xdk;&rnfph mwGif yl;wGJxm;onfhyk*~dKvfrsm;
tm; yk'rf (160) t& ta&;,ltjypfay;Edik fonf?
(c) xdk@tjyif txufygtyd'k fcGJ (C) t& oufqdkif&mygwDudk
vnf; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&Edkifygonf?
6? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfonf rdrdtzGŒJ csKyfwGif yg0ifaqmif
&Guaf e=uolrsm;tm; yk*Kd~ vft& ta&;,ltjypfay;cH&jcif;xuf 1988
ck =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ 'Drdkua&pDawmif;cHr_rsm;t& wnfaqmufcJhjyD;
jynfow l k@d ,H=k unfuk;d pm;onfth zG@J csKyf ysufjyKef;oGm;rnft h jzpfudk vH;k 0
(vHk;0) vufrcHEkid fay?
7? rdrdwdk@tzG@J csKyfudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhonfhae@rSpI ,ae@xuf
wdik af tmif }uD;pGmaomt=uyftwnf;/ tvSnt hf ajymif;rsm; t=um;rS
yif &yfwnfrr_ ysufjym;atmif w&m;Oya't& ±ke;f uefvy_ f&mS ;cJ&h yg
onf? yxrtm;jzifh Edkiif aH &;tzG@J tpnf;w&yftjzpf v_yf&mS ;edik f&ef rSwyf kH
m
wifco Jh nf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh (e²o) udk ,lcJhonf? wwd,tm;jzifh a&G;

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aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKif ta&G;cHcJhonf?

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136 oef;0if;vIi
d f
8? tu,fI tzG@J csKyftm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif;cH&ygu jynfow l k@d uk,
d w
f idk f
ay;tyfxm;onfh 'Dru dk a&pDa&;wm0efrsm;udk rxrf;aqmifEdkifawmhbJ
rdrdwdk@tzGJ@csKyf. vkyfief;udpt P 00udv k nf; rnfo@dk r# qufvufaqmif
&GufEidk fawmhrnfr[kwaf y? Todk@tm;jzifh tzGJ@csKyt f aejzifh w&m;0ifEkid f
a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;rnfom jzpfayonf?
9? tzG@J csKyfonf qufvufI &Sifoeftouf0ifaerSomv#if EdkifiH
a&;t& qufvufI pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;Edik fcGifh&do S nfjzpfayonf? odk@jzpfI
tzGJ@csKyf &Sio f efaejcif;u tusKd;&Sdrnfudk tav;teufxm;ygonf?
10? wu,fhyuwdjzpf&yfudk "rR"Xd mefusus qifjcifoHk;oyfcJh=uyg
onf? urBmhordkif;wGif rnfonhfEdkifiHrS t=uyftwnf; tcuftcJrsm;
&Sdaeygu 'Dru dk a&pDukd vG,v f ifhwuljzifh &&SdEdkifcho J nfhom"uudk rawG@
&S&d yg?
11? tu,fI tzG@J csKyf ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;v#if tzG@J csKyfukd ud, k pf m;jyKjyD;
0ifa&mufta&G;cHcJh=uonfh jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
vnf; w&m;0if&yfwnfcGifh&awmhrnfr[kwf[k ,lqygonf?
12? tzGJ@csKyfonf trsK;d om;w&yfvHk;u vdv k m;awmifw h ae=u
aom 'Dru dk a&pDa&;ukd pnf;urf;enf;vrf;wus jidr;f csr;f aomenf;vrf;
rsm;jzifh &&Sda&;twGuf }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmif=urnf[al om oEMdXmefjzifyh if
trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf[lI trnfay; v_yf&Sm;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
13? rnfodk@aom tcuftcJt=uyftwnf;rsm; &Sdaeapumrl 'Drdk
ua&pDa&;udk OD;xdyfyefqifvsuf tajctaeESifhtcsdeftcgt& ,Hk=unf
csuEf iS fh trSefw&m;udk odjrifjcif;[laomrl/ rSeu f efpGm =uHpnfawG;qjcif;
ESihf vH@k v/ 0d&, d / owdpku d x
f wk fonfrh w l @dk EiS ,
hf OS fI v_y&f Sm;pnf;±H;k =urnf
om jzpfayonf?
14? Tudpu P kd +rdKŒe,frsm;ESifh tajccHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;wd@k o@dk }udKwif
csjy&ef &nf&G,fygaomfvnf; tcsdet f uef@towf&rSd _ESifh yk'rf 160 t&
m
aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; r&SdcJhyg?
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15? xd@k a=umifh txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhta=umif;rsm;udk aocsm

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pGm avhvmaqG;aEG;=ujy;D TtzG@J csKyf A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J u tzG@J csKyf. &yfwnf
Edik af &;ESihf a&&SnftusKd;twGuf (9 ² 11 ² 90) ae@ A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J tpnf;
ta0; (7§90) wGif t"du tav;xm;I qH;k jzwfcsucf srSwfcJhayonf?
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJ@
trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGJ@csKyf
1990 jynfhESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (12) &uf?
od@k uvdk a&G;aumufyw JG iG f ta&G;cH&aom v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f

rsm;tm; jynfwGif;Yaexdik f&yfwnfv_yf&mS ;r_r&Sdatmif ppfaxmufvSrf;
a&;tzG@J u enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh qef@usifwu kd fcu
kd f rw&m;zrf;qD;I axmifcsaer_
a=umifh NLD ygwD0iftcsKdŒESifh a&G;cs,fcHv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
awmwGif;odk@a&muf&Sdum 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 14 &ufae@wGif u
&ifjynfe,f&Sd KNU XmecsKyf rme,fyavma'oY trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD
tzGJ@ csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (NLD – LA) pwifzGJ@pnf; ay:aygufvmcJh
onf?
yxrqHk;pwifzGJ@pnf;vdkuo f nfh A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDOuUXrSm
a'gufwmpde0f if;jzpfonf? ‚if;onf tmZmenfO;D b0if;.om; jzpfaom
a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf tpfu0dk rf;uGaJ wmfpyfonf? twGi;f a&;
rSL;rSm OD;0if;cufjzpfjyD; A[dpk nf;±H;k a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;tjzpf rEœav;wdik ;f
rS OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;odef;OD;/ OD;jrifhatmifwdk@jzpfonf?
trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf.tvHawmfudk jrifhjrifhrm;rm; quf
vufvi$ hfxl&ef/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfuk d tjyD;wkdif wdkufzsufz,f&Sm;&ef/
ppfreS faom/ cdkifjrJaomjynfwGifjidrf;csrf;a&;udk wnfaxmif&ef[lonfh
OD;wnfcsufrsm;jzifh pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 16
&ufae@wGif yJcl;wdkif; OD;atmifapmOD;/ OD;&efatmif/ OD;oef;xGÉf/ {&m0wD
m
wdkif; t*Fyl+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (2) rS woD;yk*~v v$wfawmfudk,f

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pm;vS,fa'gufwmpef;atmifwdk@jzifh xyfrHxdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;cJo h nf?

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138 oef;0if;vIi
d f
r=umrDrmS yif tdE, dN -jrefrme,fpyfa&muf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD t
zGJ@csKyf v$wfawmfu, dk fpm;vS,af 'gufwmwifah qG/ rEœav;wdkif;rS OD;jrndK
wdk@OD;aqmifonfh ‘trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf’ (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)
taemufbufa'o±Hk;cGu J dk zGiv
hf pS Ef idk fco
Jh nf? xd@k aemuf 1991 ckEpS f/ 'DZif
bm 23 &ufae@wGif tzGJ@csKyf ucsifjynfe,f pnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDOuUX
OD;wifatmif/ jynfe,fpnf;±H;k a&;aumfrwDtzG@J 0if OD;&efaemifjrifh/ v$wf
awmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uonfh OD;ausmfarmif/ OD;=umjr/ OD;a&mpD/
OD;rzef;qif/ OD;tifeef;*rfESifh +rdKŒe,fpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD0if (3) OD; tyg
t0if pkpak ygif; 10 OD;onf KIA a'o yga*smifok@d a&muf&dv S mcJhjy;D aemuf
trsK;d om;'Drku d a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) ajrmufykid f;a'o ±Hk;cGJ
udkvnf; zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf?
1992 ckESpf/ arvtwGif;Y NLD – LA (ajrmufydkif;) tzGJ@rS OD;wif
atmifEiS hf v$waf wmfuk, d pf m;vS,f OD;tifeef;*rfw@kd rme,fyavm&Sd NLD
– LA A[dk±Hk;ukd a&muf&SdvmjyD;aemuf 1992 ckESpf/ arv 18&ufae@wGif
trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf(vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) A[dkpnf;±H;k a&; aumfr

wDudk xyfrHjyifqifwdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;onf? NLD-LA . A[kdpnf;±Hk;a&; aumfr
wDtvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm -
(1) a'gufwmpde0f if; - OuUX
(2) OD;0if;cuf - 'kOuUX
(3) OD;wifatmif - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;armifarmifat; - tzG@J 0if
(5) OD;odef;OD; - tzG@J 0if
(6) a'gufwmpef;atmif - tzG@J 0if
(7) OD;0if;udk (ppfudkif;wdik f;) - tzG@J 0if
(8) OD;jrifhatmif - tzG@J 0if
(9) OD;atmifapmOD; - tzG@J 0if
m
(10)OD;oef;xGÉf - tzG@J 0if

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(11) OD;&efatmif - tzG@J 0if

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wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
1995 ckESpfwGif ppfwyf. xdk;ppfqifwu dk fcdkufr_rsm;a=umifh rme,f
yavmusqHk;oGm;jyD;aemufydkif;wGif NLD-LA XmecsKyfonf xdkif;Edkiif Ht
wGif;odk@ajymif;a&$ŒcJo h nf? xd@k aemuf trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwf
ajrmufe,fajr) onf rsm;r=umrDrmS yif NLD-LA *syefXmecG/J awmifu&dk ;D
,m;XmecGJ/ tar&duefXmecGJ/ =opa=w;vsXmecGJ/ rav;&Sm;XmecGJ/ aemf
a0;XmecG/J jAdwdefXmecGJrsm;udk zGifhvSpfEidk fcJhonf? 1996 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 7
&ufae@wGif trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@csKyf vGwfajrmufe,fajr (vli,f)
tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;Edik cf jhJ yD; 1998 Zefe0g&vD wGif vli,f txl;tpnf;ta0;
udkac:,lI A[dv k li,fvkyfief;tzG@J udk jyifqifwdk;csJŒzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJhonf?
trsK;d om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) . A[dkOuUX
t jzpf a'gufwmpdef0if;/ OD;0if;cuf/ OD;wifatmifw@dk u toD;oD;wm0ef
,lcJhovdk twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudkvnf; OD;oef;xGÉf/ OD;at;oef;/ OD;jrifh
od%f;/ a':pef;pef;ESifh OD;jrifhp;dk wdk@u ,lcJhonf?
NLD-LA . aemufq;kH nDvmcHukd 2009 pufwifbm 15 rS 17 t
xd usif;yjyKvkyfI vuf&dOS uUXwm0efudk OD;Adkvfaomif;/ 'kOuUXtjzpf

a'guw f mat;ausmEf iS hf twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;jrifhp;kd wdk@u wm0ef,x l m;
onf? NLD – LA udk A[dkaumfrwD0if (15) OD;/ t&efA[dkaumfrwD0if
(2) OD; pkpkaygif; (17) OD;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf?
NLD-LA ay:aygufjy;D r=umrDrSmyif tmZmenfacgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpf
ol OD;b0if;. om; a'guw f mpdef0if;OD;aqmifaom ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrm

Edkiif H trsKd;om;nGef@aygif;tpd;k &’ (National Coalition Government Union
of Burma- NCGUB) ac:pif+ydKiftpkd;& ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
NCGUB udk e,fpyfa'oodk@ xGuf ajy;wdrf;a&Smif vmaom a&G;
aumufcH jynfo@l v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒESifh KNU XmecsKyf rm

e,fyavma'owGif 1990 jynfEh Sp/f 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@Y pwifz@JG pnf;cJh
m
onf? tzGJ@udktrsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDygwDrS a'gufwmpdef0if;/ trsKd;om;

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'Drkd ua&pDtzG@J csKyfrS OD;bdkvSwifh/ OD;oef;ºuG,f/ OD;jrifhatmif/ OD;0if;udk/

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140 oef;0if;vIi
d f
OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;odef;OD;/ OD;vSaz/ woD;yk*~vv$wfawmfudk,fpm;
vS,f OD;yDwmvif;yif/ a'guw f mpef;atmifwdk@jzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
NCGUB onf tpdk;&tzGJ@jzpfonfhtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efudk
a'guw f mpde0f if;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf OD;yDwmvif;yif/ OD;0if;ud/k OD;bdkvw S if/h

OD;ode;f OD;/ OD;vSaz/ OD;oef;ºuG,f / OD;jrifah tmif/ OD;armifarmifat;/ a'guf
wmpef;atmifwdk@u wm0ef,lcJh=uonf?
NCGUB udk
(1) ppftm%m&Siftkyfpk etztpdk;& tjrefqHk;csKyfjidrf;a&;/
(2) 1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJrS a&G;aumufcHjynfol@v$wfawmf
udk,pf m;vS,rf sm;/ r'rctzG@J csKyfrS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ 'Drku d a&pDtiftm;
pkrsm;yg0ifaom trsK;d om;nDvmcHw&yfac:,la&;
(3) ppfreS af om'Drdk ua&pDtpd;k &w&yfay:xGe;f a&;
wm0ef}uD; (3) &yfudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf
onf[k qdkonf?
1992 ck/ Zlvidk fv 31 &ufae@ NLD-LA, DAB ac: r'rc tzGJ@csKyf/
NDF ac: trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pkwdk@ESifhtwl yl;wGJI rme,fy
avmXmecsKyfwGif ‘rme,fyavmpmcsKyf’ udk csKyfq&kd mY NCGUB onf
ta&;ygonfhtzG@J }uD;tjzpf yg0ifvufrSwaf &;xdk;cJhonf? rme,fyavm
pmcsKyfonf ‘zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;’
twGuf oabmwlco Jh nfhpmcsKyfjzpfonf? wenf;qdk&aomf wdkif;&if;
om;vlrsK;d tm;vHk; trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESifh ud, k yf kid fjyÏmef;cGi&fh do
S nfh 'Drkd
ua&pDEiS hf tajccHvl@tcGit fh a&;tjynft h 0&So
d nfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmif
pkudk wnfaqmufoGm;rnfh oabmwlpmcsKyfyifjzpfonf?
rme,fyavmpmcsyk cf syk q f tkd jyD;Y jrefrmjynf'rD u kd &ufwpftzG@J csKyf
(DAB)/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (NDF)/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)/ trsKd;om;nGeafh ygif;tpdk;& (NCGUB) tzG@J t
m
pnf; (4) ckudk tquftpyfrdrd v_yf&Sm;Edkifap&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpk

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jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;aumfpD (NCUB) ukd 1992 pufwifbmv 22 &uf

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kd a&pDrc
ae@wiG f pwifz@GJ pnf;cJo
h nf? ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;}u;D ay:ayguaf p&mYvnf;
NCGUB onf t"du r¾dKif}uD;tjzpf yg0ifv_yf&m S ;cJhonf? NCGUB ay:
aygufvmjyD;aemuf trsKd;om;nGef@aygif;tpdk;&. tmabmftjzpf ‘'Drdk
u&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH’ (DVB) udk 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@rS p
wifI toHv$ifhcho J nf?
xdpk OftwGi;f 1991 ckEpS /f atmufwkb d mv 14 &ufae@wGif tjynf
jynfqkid f&m vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG@}uD;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
“vltcGit fh a&;qmcga&mhAq f ”k udk ay;tyfcs;D jri‡ haf =umif; a=unmcJhav
onf?
om;BuD;jrifhqef;atmif rdcifuk,
d pf m; qmcga&mhAq
f k vufcH,al epOf
tqdkyg tjynfjynfqidk f&mvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG@rS csD;jr‡ifhcJhaom
qkukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfuk, d fpm; om;}uD; jrifhqef;atmif (tvuf
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'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@Y atmfpvdk+rdKŒawmfwGif usif;ycJhaom 1991
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a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS t hf wl tar&duefq;D edwf v$waf wmftrwf
wufuae'D (Ted Kennedy)/ atmufv$wfawmftrwf*|ef;vl;0pf (John
Lewis) ESifh bkef;awmf}uD; uavm'Dbvuf (Claude Black) wdk@udkvnf;
,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf tdyfrufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfolrsm;qk

(Realizing the Dream) udkcsD;jr‡ifhcJhonf?
,kMH unfcsufow
H refqk
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 2009 ckEpS f
twGuf ,H=k unfcsuo f w H ref (Ambassador of Conscience) qkukd ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifh
vdu k af =umif;/ 2009 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f 27 &ufae@wGif Edik if w H um vGwfjird ;f
csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@ (AI) u xkwfjyefa=unmcJhonf?
vlwOD;wa,muf. xl;c|efonfhacgif;aqmift&nftaoG;eSihf t
cGifhta&;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&mwGif urBmay:&Sd vltrsm;. pdwf
"gwu f kd wufºuGaponfhpGrf;aqmifcsurf sm;a=umifh tqdkygqu k kd ay;tyf
jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf?
,if;qkudk tdkif,mvefEdkiif H'rfbvif+rdKŒwGif AI tzGJ@u ay;tyfcsD;
jr‡ijhf cif;jzpfjy;D 2008 ckEpS uf tdik , f mvefEikd if &H dS U 2 aw;*DwtzG@J uvkd nf;
ay;tyfcsD;jr‡ifhchzJ l;onf?
qkay;yGJtcrf;tem;Y AI tzG@J . taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; Irene Khan
u “&Snfvsm;cufcJwhv J l@tcGit fh a&;wdkufyaGJ wGrSm jrefrmEdik fiu
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ppftpd;k &udk ta&;,l&ef Edb k ,fq&k iS rf sm;

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a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ,Hk=unfcsufoHwrefqkay;tyfjyD; r
=umrDrSmyif 2009 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 11 &ufae@wGif Ak'<bmom bkef;
awmf}uD; 'vkdif;vm;rmESifh c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD ; 'ufprGefwlwl;/
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OD;u ukvor*~vjkH cHKa&;aumifpo D @kd jrefrmppftpk;d &. ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sm;/
vlom;tjzpfudk qef@usifonf&h mZ0wfr_rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;jyD; jyif;jyif;
xefxefta&;,l&eftwGuf tdwfzGifhay;pmwapmif ay;ydk@cJhonf?
Edkb,fqk&Sif *sKd;'D0DvsHu a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: rw&m;cs
rSwx f m;aomjypf'%frsm;onf jrefrmjynforl sm;. w&m;r#wa&;/ vHjk cHK
a&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDudk rxDrJhjrif jyKvdu k fwmyJjzpfa=umif;/ ppftpd;k &. &uf
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jzpfawmha=umif;/ jrefrmjynforl sm;tay: usL;vGeaf eonf&h mZ0wfrr_ sm;
udk udik fw, G &f ef vHkjcKH a&;aumifpYD wm0ef&adS =umif;/ udik w f ,G &f rnfth csed f
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xdek nf;wlpmG a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; pD&ifcsufcscJhonfh w&m;
ol}uD; 2 OD;ESihf w&m;vdak &SŒaewd@k tm; 2009 ckEpS f/ =o*kwf 14 &ufae@wiG f
Oa&myor*~u ta&;,l/ '%fcwfvdkufonfhtwGuf ppftm%m&Sif
bufawmfom; (Black List) 0ifomG ;ayonf? ‚if;wd@k rmS &efuek af jrmufykid ;f
c±dik fw&m;±H;k . ±Hk;xdkifw&m;ol}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom OD;aomif;nGef@/ OD;nD
nDpdk;/ c±dkifOya't&m&Sd OD;jrifh}udKifwdk@jzpf=uonf?
w&mol}uD;ESpfOD;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unftjyif rpkpkaEG;udk
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odk@r[kwf qGJcs) OD;jrifh}udKifonf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ,Hk=unfcsuf

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194 oef;0if;vIi
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Freedom from fear

pmtkyrf suEf mS zk;H
a=umifh 'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk tif;pdefaxmifw&m;±Hk;twGif;
w&m;pD&if&mwGif tpd;k &bufrS vdu k fygaqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf? w&m;
a&;0efxrf;3 OD; tygt0if vuf&w Sd m0efxrf;aqmifaeonfh ppftpdk;&
xdyfyidk f;ESihf Xmeqdik f&mtqifah cgif;aqmifrsm;/ ‚if;wdk@. tdrfaxmifbuf
rsm;/ om;orD;rsm;/ ‚if;wd@k EiS efh D;pyfonfv h yk fief;&Sirf sm;onf Oa&myor*~
u ppftpd;k &tay: csrw S fxm;onfh wm;qD;r_rsm;t& Oa&my (27) Edik if H
odk@ 0ifa&mufcGifh&rnfr[kwfay? xdkpm&if;wGif w&m;a&;XmerS 15 OD;
yg0ifjyD; xdyq f Hk;yk*K~d vfrSm w&m;ol}uD;csKyfOD;atmifwdk;jzpfonf?
'%fcwfydwfq@dk cH&ol 500 ausmfpm&if;. xdyfq;Hk yk*K~d vfrsm;wGif ppf
tm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/ ‚if;.ZeD;a': }udKif}udKif/ om;orD;/
ajr;wdk@.trnfrsm;udk awG@&onf?
ÙÙÙ
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tcef; (8)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ pmayvuf&mrsm;
vlxak cgi;f aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf pma&;0goemygol w
OD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf ola&;cJhonfh pmayvuf&mrsm;&Sdygonf? ol.
pmayvuf&mrsm;udk zwf&y_ gu olr. pmaya&;om;[efEiS hf tawG;t
ac:rsm;udk od&&dS rnft
h jyif pmayA[kow
k vdu
k pf m;=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;
jynfov l x
l t
k wGufvnf; tusKd;&Sdayonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf
jrefrm/ t*FvdyfESpfbmompvHk;wGif ta&;a&m tajymyg u|rf;usif Edkif
eif;onf? pma&;pmzwfvnf; tawmf0goem}u;D yH&k ygonf? pmzwf0go
em}uD;±Hkomru pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; 0,f,lpkaqmif;wwf
onf[k =um;od&ygonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf.EdkifiHa&;pmayrsm;onf &ooabm ouf
0ifaom pmayvuf&mrsm;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; ol@pmayrsm;u
mo
Letters from Burma

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pmtkyrf suEf mS zk;H

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196 oef;0if;vIi
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pmzwfolrsm;. ESvHk;tdrfudk qGJ,lodrf;ydkufEdkifonf[k qdkEdkifayonf?
,if;rSm bmompum;ydkiEf kid fr_a=umifhjzpfonf? tcsKŒd yk*dK~ vrf sm;onf jref
rmpum;ajym&mY t*Fvyd pf um;rsm; n‡yo f ;Hk E_e;f avh&do
S nf? a':atmif
qef;pk=unfonf t*Fvdyfpum;udk u|r;f usifpGmajymwwfaomfvnf;
jrefrmvdkajymaomtcg rnfonfhtcgrS t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&maESm oHk;
avhr&Sdacs?
xd@k jyif ol. tjcm;t&nftcsi;f wckrmS ±d;k om;jcif;yifjzpfonf? a':
atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol rodonft h a=umif;t&mwckudk rnfonhf
tcgrS odovdk/ wwfovdk jzD;jzef;avhr&Sdacs? rodbl;[kyif yGifhyGihv f if;
vif;ajymavh&o dS nf[k qdkonf? ol@tm; ar;jref;cJh onft h a=umif;t&m
ESiyhf wfoufI tvGwrf &ygu usr rSww f rf;rSwf&mjyef=unfjh yD;rS ajzyg&
ap[k ±dk;om;pGm 0efcaH vh&o Sd nf? ajymonft h wdki;f vnf; tcsut f vuf
rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvmjyD;rS jyefvnfajz=um;onf? olonf ajym
onfhtwdkif;vkyjf yD; vkyfonfhtwdkif;vnf; ajymavh&Sdoljzpfonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. Edik if aH &;pmayrsm;onf ol.,H=k unfcsu/f
cH,lcsuf/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;. vkdvm;csufeSifh acwfpepf. yHk&dyfrsm;udk
xif[yfaeayonf? Edik if aH &;t,ltqESijhf zpfap/ tawG;tjrif t,ltq
ESihf ywfoufonfjzpfap ol.avhvmtm;xkwrf _ rnfonhf twdik ;f twm
&Sdonfudk ol.ta&;tom;udk avhvmygu awG@jrif&ayrnf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&; om;cJo h nfph mayrsm;teuf Freedom from
Fear (a=umuf&GH Œr_rS vGwfuif;a&;) 1993 ckESp fu La Haule Books
pmtkyfwku d rf S yxrt}udrf xkwfa0I yif*Gif;pmtkyfwdkuu f 'kwd, t

}udrf xkwfa0jzef@csdcJhonf? tqdkygpmtkyfY 1984 ckESpfrS 1993 ckESpf
twGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;cJhaompmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxG
rde@f cGe;f rsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;&m tydik ;f (u) Y usrzcif/ usr wdki;f jynf
ESifh jynfol/ jrefrmESifh tdENd,ynmwwfrsm;ta=umif;/ jrefrmjynf.
m
pmayESifh trsKd;om;a&;ta=umif;/ tydkif; (c) Y 'Drdkua&pD &SmyHak wmf/

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a=umuf&GHŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;/ ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`g,ftppftrSef/ a&$wd*Hk

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apwDawmftaemufzufrkcf vlxpk nf;a0;yGrJ ed @f ceG ;f &nfreS ;f csurf sm;/ awmf
vSeaf &;. tv,fA[dw k iG /f vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@o@dk ay;pm;ESpfapmif/ 'Drdk
ua&pDESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾/ ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@odk@
tdwfzGifhay;pm/ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwaf &;/ jynfolvlxku vGwf
ajrmufa&;udv k cdk sio f nf/ a&G;aumufyt JG wGuf oabmwlncD su/f 1991
jird ;f csr;f a&;Edkb,fqk/ Edb k ,fq&k iS u
f , dk pf m;ajymaomrde@f cGef;/ ppfreS af om
vHkjcHK&mod@k / awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;/ tydkif; (*) Y a':oef;at;a&;om;aom
‘pk’ ESifh rdwq f ufjcif;/ tef;ygpwmeufpvmwm (Ann Pasternak Silverstein)
. ArmjynfrpS /k *sK;d ZufqAD m;pwde;f (Josef Silverstein) . atmifqef;pk=unf
od@k r[kwf =urRmqd;k =uHKawG@aeaom jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wOD;/ atmifqef;pk
=unfESifh jrefrmhv@l tcGit fh a&;udk jidr;f csr;f pGm wdkuyf J0G ifaeol/ trsK;d om;
&if=um;apha&; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf?
tqdkygpmtkyfudk jidrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqk&Sifrsm;jzpf=uaom Am;u
vAf[mAJvEf iS fh bkef;awmf}uD; 'ufprGefww l ;l wd@k u trSmpm a&;ay;xm;
onf? pmtkyfrSm 10 csKd;qdk'f&SdI pmrsufESm 374 &Sdonf? a&mif;aps;rSm
pwmvifaygif 9 '\r 99 (tar&duefa':vm 14 '\r 95) owf
rSwfxm;onf? a'gufwmatmifcif (vef'ef).
‘a=umuf&GHŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;’ jrefrmjyefpmtkyfwGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfu atmufygtwdik f; trSmpma&;ay;xm;onf?
“pma&;jcif;/ rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;jcif;/ pum;ajymjcif;paom vky&f yfrsm;
. t"du &nf&G,cf suw f ckum; vltcsif;csi;f em;vnfr_ wd;k yGm;ap&efjzpf
onf[k usr,lqygonf?jrefrmhvlr_a&;/ EdkifiaH &;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;
wdu hk dk urBmuydkrkI d od&deS m;vnfap&ef &nf&G,I f Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;
rsm;udk a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
Edik if HwEdik if uH dk trSefwu,ftusK;d jyKEdkifrnfph ;D yGm;a&;/ Edik if Ha&;/ vkyf
ief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfEidk f&ef jynfoljynfom;taygif;wGif yGifh
m
vif;jywfom;pGm oHk;oyfa0zefyidk fciG hEf iS hf todtjrif/ tawG;tac:rsm;udk

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vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;zvS,yf dkifcGifhrsm;&Sd&rnf[kvnf; usr,Hk=unfyg

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198 oef;0if;vIi
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onf? 1988-89 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f usrajym=um;cJah om rde@f ceG ;f rsm;ESifh
owif; pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ sm;.OD;wnfcsufonf 'Dru kd a&pDoabmw&m;rsm;
ESifh 'Drdkua&pDepfudkwnfaqmufvdkolwdk@. tawG;tac:/ tjrifwdk@udk
trsm;jynfol a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifa&;yifjzpfygonf?
aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/
owif ;pm&Si f; vif ;yGJrsm;ud k pk
aygi;f I pmtkyfxkwfa0vkdujf cif;
jzifh jrefrmhEkid fiHa&;ESifh 'Dru
dk a&pD
a&;rsm;udk em;vnfoHk;oyfvdkol
rsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpf
Edkirf nf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?”
,if ; aemuf Letters from
Burma (jrefrmjynfrS ay;pmrsm;)
[k acgi;f pOfwyfxm;onfh pmtkyf

onf 1995 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmvrS
1996 ckESpf 'DZifbmvtxd *syef
EdkifiHxw k f Mainichi owif;pmY azmfjycJo h nfh aqmif;yg; 52 yk'u f kd pkpnf;
xm;onfph mtkyjf zpfonf? tqdkygpmtkyfudk 1995 ckESpw f Gif pwifxw k f
a0cJhjy;D 1996 ckESpftwGuf ‘*syefowif;pmtoif;. pmayqk (Japanese
Newspaper Association’s Award) udk &&SdcJhonf? ,if;pmtkyfY Fergal Keane
(O. B. E) u rdwq f uftrSmpma&;om;ay;xm;jyD;/ jrefrmyef;csaD usmf

[def;xufu cJjzifh o±kyfazmfyHkrsm; a&;qGJay;cJhonf? pmtkyfwefzk;d rSm
pwmvifaygif 8²99 (tar&duef 16 a':vm) jzpfonf?
pmtkyfY jrefrmjynf. vlr_b0rsm;/ yGJvrf;obifESifhqufpyfae
aom "avhxk;H wrf;rsm;/ trsKd;om;'Drdu k a&pDtzGJ@csKyf jzwfoef;cJ&h onfh
tajctae/ pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmifh,Sufc&H r_/ aetdrf
m
tus,fcsKyf/ ppftpd;k &.Oya'rJv h yk f&yfrsm;/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;

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ponfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xnhfoGif;a&;om;xm;avonf? odk@

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aomf ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm rnfo@l urkd S tjypfz@kd a&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwf
bJ taumif;jrifpw d x
f m;jzifh a0zefaxmufjyxm;onfukd awG&ayonf?
om"utm;jzifh “tusOf;axmifxJY aoqHk;cJh&onfh EdkifiHa&; t
usOf;om;rsm;ta=umif; a&;om;&mYyif ol@a=umifh rnforl nf0g aoqH;k
&onf[k pGyfpGJa&;om;xm;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ tusOf;axmifxJY aoqHk;
cJh&onfh tusOf;om;ta&twGufudk twdtus &&Sdz@dk &ef rvG,u f lyg?
odk@aomf tqdkygta&twGufonf renf;vSovdk tcsed fESifhtr# wdk;
aeygonf? vGwv f yfrt_ wGuf ay;qyf&onft h zd;k tconf enf;yg;onf
[k b,faomtcgrS r&Scd ahJ cs? jrefrmjynfY txl;yif jrifrh m;vSayonf” [k
a&;om;xm;avonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tjcm;xif&mS ;aompmtkyrf mS The Random
House Group Limited rS 1997 ckEp S fu xkwfaom The Voice of Hope (ar#mf
vifhcsuftoH) pmtkyfjzpfjyD; tar&duefpma&;q&m tvefuvD;rifhpf
(Alan Clement) ESifh awG@qa Hk jymqdkcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onfh pm
tkyfjzpfonf? tcef; (13)yg0ifI pmrsufESm 336 &Sdonf? tqdkyg
pmtkyu f dk jrefrmjyefqdkxm;jcif; r&Sdao;acs?
xd@k jyif urBmph me,fZif;toD;oD;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aqmif;
yg;rsm;udkvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm awG@&&Sd ayonf? ,if;wdk@teuf tar&d
uefjynfaxmifprk S xkwaf 0aom Parade owif;pHkr*~Zif;Y a':atmifqef;
pk=unf. “vGwv f yfru_ ykd J usrwd@k vckd siw
f ,f” (All We want is our Freedom)
aqmif;yg;onf xif&Sm;ayonf? tqdyk gaqmif;yg;Y jrefrmjynforl sm;
rnfr#txd vGwfvyfr_udk vdkvm;=uonfudk a&;om;xm;avonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfta=umif;udk jynfyEdik if rH sm;rS pma&;q&m
rsm; bmomaygif;pHkjzifh a&;om;cJh=uonfhpmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; renf;vS
ay? tqdkygpmtkyrf sm;teuf 1998 ckEpS u f ‘bmb&mApfwm’ (Barbara
Victor) a&;om;cJhonfh The Lady (*k%foa&&SdtrsKd;orD;}uD;) pmtkyE f Sifh
m
2007 ckEpS u f xkwaf 0aom *syfpwif0ifw,f Justin Wintle . Perfect

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Hostage : A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi ("g;pm;cHtppf) pmtkyfESpftkyfonf

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200 oef;0if;vIi
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xif&Sm;ayonf?
IF
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you.

If you can trust yourself when oll men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;

mo
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,

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Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies.

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Or being heard, don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor walk too wise:
If you can dream- and make dreams your master;
If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;

If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken

Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build’em up with worn-our tools;

If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one trun of pitch-and-toss,
And loose, and start again at your beginnings

And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and never and sinew
To serre your turn long ofter they are gone,

And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the will which says to them: "Hold on !"
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

Or walk with Kings-nor lose the common touch,
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much;

If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,

And-which is more-you’ll be a Man, my son!
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Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpo D nf 2010 jynfh
ESp/f rwfv 8 &ufae@wiG f jynfaxmifpak &G;aumufyaJG umfr&SifOya'/
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSwyf w kH ifjcif; Oya'/ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfa&G;aumufyJG Oy
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(trsK;d om;v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya'ESihf wdik ;f a'o}uD;v$waf wmf)
odrhk [kwf jynfe,fvw $ af wmfa&G;aumufyJG Oya'wd@k wiG f xdek nf;wljzpfyg
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TonfrmS a&G;aumufyu JG kd vGwvf yfjyD;w&m;r#wr_r&Sad tmif/ tm%m
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(6) jynfo@l vw $ af wmfa&G;aumufyOJG ya'. yk'rf -91 (u) wGif
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awmfz@JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'yk'rf 446 wGif “wnfqJOya'rsm;onf jynf
axmifpv k w$ af wmfu y,fzsujf cif;/ jyifqifjcif;rjyKao;rD TzG@J pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'ESihf rqef@usio f r# twnfjzpfonf” [k twdtvif; jy
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aygufvmonfh jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfu jynfol@ v$wfawmf a&G;
aumufyOJG ya' (Oya'trSwf 4§89) wk@d ukd y,fzsujf cif;r[kwb f J Oya'
jyKolu Oya'udck sK;d azmufjyD; y,fzsujf cif;onf vH;k 0w&m;enf;vrf;
rusyg? 1990 jynfEh pS f ygwpD Hk 'Dru kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufy&JG v'ftm;
vGwv f yfIw&m;r#waom a&G;aumufy[ JG k owif;xkwjf yefI jrefrm
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awmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESih f zGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpOD uUXtay: 2010 jynfh
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tar&duefjynfaxmifpk 'kw, d vufaxmuf Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; *sK;d Zuf
,Ge;f ESihf olraetdrYf t&ifq;kH oD;jcm;awG@qakH qG;aEG;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf
*sK;d Zuf,eG ;f onf NLD A[dak umfrwD0ifrsm;/ CRPP ac: jynfo@l vw $ af wmf
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tcsed jf ynft h xl;ud, k pf m;vS,w f OD;xm;&Szd @kd jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDacgi;f aqmif
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txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f rpPwmADa*s;erfb;D ,m;u vHjk cHKa&;aumifpD aqG;aEG;
yGYJ vHjk cHKa&;aumifpu D fkd tpD&ifccH ahJ =umif; ajym=um;cJo h nf? xd@k tjyif
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,ae@ ZGev f 19 &uf we*FaEGae@onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf.
(66) ESpfajrmufarG;ae@jzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1988
ckEpS rf pS I jrefrmhEikd if aH &;avmuod@k ajcpkeyf pf0ifa&mufum jrefrmEdik if H
wGif ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &tm; jzKwfcsI 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;twGuf vl
xk}uD;ESit hf wl OD;aqmifwu kd yf 0JG ifaeonfrmS (23) ESpw f ikd cf jhJ yDjzpfonf?
od@k aomf 23 ESpu f mvtwGi;f ppftpd;k &. aetdrt f us,cf sKyf t}urd }f udrf
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,ckEpS f a':atmifqef;pk=unfarG;ae@yYJG jynfe,fEiS w hf ikd ;f toD;oD;rS
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aus;r_jyyGrJ sm;/ aps;a&mif;yGaJ wmfEiS hf *Dw+ydKiyf rJG sm;/ ajzazsmyf rJG sm;udv k nf;
pnfum;odu k +f rdKufpmG usif;ycJ=h uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 66
ESpjf ynfah rG;ae@yo JG @kd trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)
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atmifqef;pk=unf. (66) ESpjf ynfah rG;ae@tcgor,wGif a':atmifqef;
pk=unf use;f rm&$iv f ef;ygapa=umif;ESihf pdwcf sr;f omud, k rf muse;f pGmjzifh
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&Sad om u|Eyf k w f @kd .acgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aqmif&u G cf suf
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rdrwd @kd twGuf twk,l pHerlemxm;p&mvnf; jzpfayonf?
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l . k ar#mvf ifch surf sm;/ ra&muf&adS o;
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twl rdrw d @kd trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) taejzifh
ud,k pf rG ;f &Sod r#/ Om%fprG ;f &So d avmuf tpGr;f uke0f ef;&H}uKd ;yrf; aqmif&u G f
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15 }udraf jrmuf jrefrmEdik if H trsK;d orD;rsm;ae@EiS hf a':atmifqef;

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onf” [lI azmfjyxm;ayonf?
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wyfrawmfzcif}uD;ESihf vGwv f yfa&;Adou k mAdvk cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf
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rsm; trSww f &&Sad pjcif;iSm ESppf Of Zlvikd v
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jyif jrefrmEdik if o H @kd vma&mufvnfywfaom tpd;k &{nfo h nfawmfrsm;udk
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ydwyf ifcho J nf? Adkvcf sKyaf tmifqef;jywdu k u f kv d nf; tmZmenfae@ w&uf
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jzpfouJo h @kd ‚if;.orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; vlxt k m;
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64 ESpaf jrmuf tmZmenfaeY tcrf;tem;wGif a':atmifqef;pkMunf

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acgi;f aqmif}uD; Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; &nfp;l I oHCmawmfrsm;tm;
tm±Hq k rG ;f qufuyfvLS 'ge;f jyD; ae@v,f 11 em&DwiG f NLD tzG@J csKyf±;kH Y
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pnf;rsm;tm; e,fjcm;apmifw h yftoGiaf jymif;vJa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;
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jrefrmEdik if o H nf tjcm;tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;xuf edru hf saeayonf? xd@k jyif
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1994 ckEpS ?f pufwifbm 1 &ufaeYu a':atmifqef;pkMunf

Adv
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Zlvikd vf 28 &ufae@wiG t f pd;k &opf (jynfaxmifpo k rRwjrefrmEdik if aH wmf)
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pk=unfonf trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. orD;yDyD
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;twGuf wdik ;f jynfEiS hf jynfol
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oef;0if;v_id f
31 - 7 - 2011
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,Hk=unfcsufjzpfygw,f?
Ù 'Dru kd a&pDtpk;d &wckwufvmwJt h cgus&if usrwd@k yifvv kH kd nD
vmcH}uD;udk xyfjy;D awmhac:&r,fv@kd usrwd@k ,=kH unfygw,f? 'Dvkd yifvkH
uJo h @kd aom nDvmcH}uD;xyfac: jyD;awmh usrwd@k jynfaxmifpo k pfukd
b,fy/kH b,fenf;eJ@xal xmifr,fqw kd m usrwd@k wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkawG
tm;vH;k eJ@ aqG;aEG;jyD;awmh usrwd@k qH;k jzwf&rSmjzpfygw,f?
Ù yifvn kH vD mcHrsK;d qdw k m jynfov l xl u k wifajr‡mufwhJ tpd;k &rsK;d
urSom ac:,lyikd cf iG &hf ydS gw,f? 'Dnv D mcHuaejyD;awmh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H
jynfaxmifpo k pfazmfxw k af &;twGuf aqG;aEG;&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvu kd pd P
rsm;[m trsm;jynfov l x l u k aejyD;awmh/ vGwv f yfjyD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;
aumufyrJG sm;rSwqifh wifajrm‡ ufvu kd w f thJ pd;k &rsm;uom vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf dS
w,fv@kd usrwd@k ,=kH unfygw,f? trsm;jynfou l rwifajr‡mufxm;wJh
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u 'Dvn kd v D mcHrsK;d udk bmrSxx d ad &mufa&muf vkyEf ikd rf mS
r[kwyf gb;l ?
Ù ppfreS w f 'hJ rD u
kd a&pDqw kd m ud, k jhf ynfov l x l u k kd vGwv f yfre_ @J vHjk cKH
r_ay;Edik w f phJ epfjzpfygw,f?
Ù 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m uk, d &f ifqikd af e&wJjh y\em/ ud, k &f ifqikd af e&
wJh udprP sK;d awGukd ud, k w f ikd u f ikd w f , G af jz&Si;f Edik w f hJ tcGit hf a&;awG jzpfyg
w,f?
m o
Ù wdik ;f jynfut kd yk cf sKyw f ahJ cgi;f aqmifrsm;[m jynfov l xl k axmufcH

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r_ tiftm;eJ@yJ tkycf sKyfwm jzpf&r,f? vufeuftiftm;eJ@ tkycf sKyfwm

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'Dru
kd a&pDrc
rjzpf&bl;?
Ù wud, k af umif;r=uH=uyge?hJ trsm;twGuv f yk =f uyg? trsm;t
usK;d aqmifwv hJ rl sm;[m vlomaooGm;r,f? b,fawmhrS emrnfrao
bl;?
Ù usrwd@k tck'rD u kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_xJ yg0ifvmwm[m tm%mvdk
csiv f @kd yg0ifvm=uwmr[kwb f ;l ? wm0efux kd rf;aqmifcsiv f @kd yg0ifvm
=uwmyg?
Ù rw&m;wJu h pd u P v
kd kyzf @kd a=umuf&r,f? rrSew f u hJ pd u P kd vkyzf @kd
a=umuf&r,f? avmurSm a=umufz@kd qw kd m 'DEpS cf yk &J w
dS ,f?
Ù w&m;r#wwJhOya'awGukd usiho f ;kH rSom vlom;awG[m wu,fh
udk ,Ofaus;wJv h uQ%m ay:vmrSmyg?
Ùvdyjf ymoef@&if tm%mrJo h rl mS vnf; pGr;f tm;&Sw d ,f?
Ù Edik fiaH &;t&/ vlra_ &;t& tajymif;tvJwckuv kd ckd si&f if nD
nGw=f uzd@k vw kd ,f?
Ù ra=umufatmifqdkwm udk,fhrmS cH,lcsufwck&Sd&r,f? udk,f
a=umufwphJ w d x f uf ydjk yD;jyif;xefwphJ w d w f ckuakd rG;&r,f? ud, k af =umuf
wJph wd x f uf ydjk y;D awmh vkycf siw f phJ w d uf rsm;&r,f? 'Dvpkd w d "f gwaf wGarG;rS
&rSmyJ?
Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd ygww D cktaeeJ@&yfwnfz@kd wnf
aqmufcw hJ mr[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dru kd a&pD&atmif v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf ,hf
tzG@J wcktaeeJ@ wnfaxmifcw hJ myg? jrefrmEdik if rH mS jynfoal wG[m 'Drkd
ua&pDukd vdv k m;aeoa&GŒ/ tm%mydik af wGu w&m;0ifw,fyaJ jymajym/
w&m;r0ifbl;bJajymajym trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfuawmh quf
vuf&adS eOD;rSmyJ?
Ù usrwd@k trsK;d orD;awG[m t&nftcsi;f &Sw d ,fv@kd usr,H=k unf
ygw,f? b0rSm ±ke;f uefEikd w f h J t&nftcsi;f qdw k m enf;wJt h &nftcsi;f
m o
r[kw?f 'Dvkd b0rSm ±ke;f uefEikd w f t hJ &nf;tcsi;f &Sv d @kd vnf; pGe@f peG @f pm;pm;
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eJ@ jynfyudo k mG ;jyD;awmh b0opfxal xmifz@kd }udK;pm;=uwmyg? 'Dv}kd udK;

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248 oef;0if;vIid f
pm;wJah e&mrSm wcsed v f ;kH a&&Snt f usK;d twGuu f kd pGe@f pm;apcsiyf gw,f?
a&&Sn&f nfreS ;f csuu f kd rsuaf jcrjywf&adS pcsiyf gw,f? a&&Sn&f nfreS ;f csuf
qdw k muawmh usrwd@k Eikd if u H jkd yefvmjyD;awmh usrwd@k Eikd if t H usK;d twGuf
wifr[kwb f eJ J@ urBmjh ynforl sm;tusK;d twGuyf g xrf;aqmifEikd fr,fh
trsK;d orD;rsm;jzpfatmif vkyzf @kd yjJ zpfygw,f?
Ù azazajymcJw h phJ um;wcGe;f &Syd gw,f? ol@vyd jf ym&JŒcH±k ;kH a&SŒrSm ol
rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfjy;D awmh tppfc&H w J ,fw?hJ usr&JŒ vdyjf ymcH±k ;kH a&SŒrSmvnf;
aewdik ;f rwfwyf&yfjyD;awmh usrwd@k jynfoal wGvJ 'Dvykd J ud, k &hf ŒJ vdyjf ym
cH±k ;kH a&SŒrSm aewdik ;f rwfwyf&yfygw,f? rm;rm;rwfrwf tppfc=H unf=h uyg?
tJ'v D kd tppfc=H unfw h t hJ cgh ud, k [f m vkyo f ifv h yk x f u kd w
f mawGukd vkyf
aeovm;qdkwJt h ajzu ay:vmygvdrfhr,f? tJ'Dvdk ay:vmvkd@&Sd&if
usrwd@k &ŒJ tiftm;awGu t&rf;wefz;kd wufvmrSm? tiftm;qdw k m rSef
rSeu f efuefo;kH rS wu,fu h t kd zd;k wefwm? rSerf eS u f efuefo;kH wJt h iftm;&JŒ
tmedoifukd b,forl +S zdKvd@k r&bl;?
Ù trsK;d om;&if=um;apha&;qdw k m r&Srd jzpf wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ aumif;usK;d
twGuf vdt k yfwuhJ pd yP ?J
Ù tajymif;tvJvckd si&f if tajymif;tvJ&atmifv@kd vky&f rSmyJ?
Ù 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf q JG w kd m yHok ¿meftrsK;d rsK;d &Syd gw,f? qENjyrS 'Drkd
ua&pDwu kd yf rJG [kwyf gb;l ? usrwd@k [m ud, k v f yk o f ifv h yk x f u kd wf u hJ pd u
P kd
wd;k wd;k wdww f wd f vlrodatmifvyk jf cif;[mvnf; wku d yf 0JG ifjcif;yHpk w H rsK;d
ygy?J
Ù rqvpepfq;kd a=umifrh @kd v@kd usrwd@k wikd ;f jynf[m trsm;}uD;qkwf
,kwo f mG ;&wm? 'gayr,fh ²²² bmjzpfv@kd rqvpepfq;kd [m usrwd@k wdik ;f
jynfrmS 'Davmuf=um=umwnfwchH ikd jf rJomG ;ovJqw kd m usrwd@k jyefjyD;
awmh ar;&ygr,f? usrwd@k Eikd if o H /l Edik if o
H m;rsm;[m &yf=unfah evd@k om
'Drqvpepf[m 'Davmuftxd wnfwchH ikd fjrJomG ;wm?
m o
Ù wyfrawmfxrJ mS tm;vH;k qd;k wm r[kwb f ;l ? qd;k wJv h al wG&o dS vdk

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aumif;wJv h al wGvnf;&Sw d ,f? wu,fqv dk k@d &d&S if 'Dvkd wyfrawmf emrnf

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'Dru
kd a&pDrc
ysuaf pwmu ud, k &fh ŒJ tm%mwnfwchH ikd jf raJ &;twGuv f yk af ewJh vlenf;
pkvw l pka=umifo h mjzpfygw,f?
Ù jrefrmjynfrmS 'Dru dk a&pD&atmif vky&f r,fv@kd usrwd@k q;kH jzwf&
wm[m u|eb f 0rSm vHjk cHKat;csr;f pGm rv_yrf ,Suaf exdik rf ,ft h pm; t
ajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&if; zdEydS w
f thJ Eœ&m,fukd &ifqikd &f
r,fv@kd ,H=k unfv@kd ygy?J
Ù vuf&dStajctaeudk vufcHwmyJaumif;w,fvk@d ,H=k unfae
ao;wJh vlawG&adS eao;wm tH=h op&mygy?J ajymif;vJzd@k vw kd mawGukd
ajymif;ypfEikd &f r,fqw kd hJ pGr;f tm;udk usrwd@k ,=kH unfygw,f?
Ù ppftm%m&Sipf epfuae 'Drkdua&pDukd toGiaf jymif;wm[m
vG,rf ,fv@kd r,lqygb;l ? 'Dru kd a&pDtpdk;&wufvmvd@k jy\emawGtm;
vH;k jyD;oGm;r,fv@kd vnf; r,lqygb;l ? cdik rf mwJh 'Dru kd a&pDv@l abmifukd
wnfaqmuf&mrSm usrwd@k oufwrf;ukeq f ;kH oGm;wmawmif rsK;d quf
opfawG[m qufvuf}udK;yrf;ae&tH;k rSmyg?•
Ù vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG rfh ay;wJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm &Sd
ae=uayr,fh usrwd@k &,l&r,ft h &mudk qH;k jzwfEikd yf gw,f?
Ù jynfov l x l ek @J wyfrawmf=um;rSmvnf; pdw0f rf;uGaJ tmif vkyf
aew,f? 'Dvdk pdw0f rf;uGaJ tmifvyk af ewm[m jynfov l xl u k vkyaf e
wmr[kwb f ;l ? usrwd@k Edik if aH &;vkyaf ewJh vlawGuvnf; vkyaf ewm
r[kwb f ;l ? wyfrawmfukd ud, k u f sK;d twGuf oH;k csiw f v hJ rl sm;u vkyaf e
wmyJjzpfw,f? tJ'aD wmh 'Dvpdk epfrsK;d udk usrwd@k tm;vH;k uaejyD;awmh
twdu k tf cHvyk &f r,f?
Ù 'Dacwfvil ,fawG[m aemifwacwf&ŒJ acgi;f aqmifjzpf&r,f/
acgi;f aqmifjzpfr,fv h al wG[m t&nftcsi;f &Szd @kd / vl}uD;eJ@vil ,f tjyef
tvSef av;pm;zd@k vw kd ,f? vli,fawGu acwfreD nf;ynmawG ydjk yD;awmh
em;vnfu|r;f usirf ,f/ tJ'v D kd u|r;f usirf e_ @J v}l uD;awG&ŒJ tawG@t}uHK
m o
awG qufpyfjyD;awmh aumif;rGefatmif aqmif&u G o f mG ;zdk@ wdu k w

f eG ;f yg
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w,f?
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250 oef;0if;vIid f
Ù vli,frsm;&JŒb0udk om,mygap? vli,frsm;&JŒb0 om,mrS
usrwd@k &ŒJ wdik ;f jynf[m wd;k wufEikd rf mS yg? vli,frsm;&JŒb0 om,matmif
zefw;D ray;Edik &f if aemifacwftqufquf usrwd@k vrl sK;d rsm; om,mr_
&Edik rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ?
Ù vl}uD;awG/ vlvwfyikd ;f awGu jrefrmEdik if rH mS vli,frsm; aemifrsK;d
qufukd ysK;d axmifz@kd vw kd ,f? tJ'v D kd ysK;d axmifr,ft h vkyu f tpd;k &a&m/
Edik if aH &;ygwaD &m/ jynfov l x l tk m;vH;k rSmvnf; wm0ef&w dS ,f? ysK;d axmif
r,hyf *k Kd~ vf[m oabmxm;}uD;&r,f/ &Jabmf&b J ufpw d ef @J ysK;d axmif&
r,f?
Ù etztaeeJ@ trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;udk t&ifrvkyb f J
2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd vkyrf ,fq&kd if 'D 2010 a&G;aumufy[ JG m r#wr_
vnf; &Srd mS r[kwb f ;l ? w&m;vnf;0ifrmS r[kwb f ;l vd@k urBm@uv k or*~
taeeJ@ a=unmcsux f w k jf yD; ajymoifw h ,f?
Ù rJay;zd@k tcGit hf a&;&So d vdk rJray;zd@k vnf; tcGit hf a&;&Sw d hJ Oya'
jyÏmef;csu&f w dS ,f? vlxt k aeeJ@ rJray;wmuvnf; Oya't& tcGihf
ta&;yJ?
ÙÙÙ
m o
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w
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
tcef; (13)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf 'dik ,
f m&D
1942/ pufwifbmv 6 Ù ae@v,f 2 em&DwiG f *syefacwfaq;±Hk
}uD; (,ckEikd if aH wmfumuG,af &;wuUookd )f ta&SŒbuf tpGeq
f ;kH cef;r
aqmifwiG f olejyKq&mr rcif=unfEiS hf ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf Adv k f
csKyfAv
kd af wZwd@k vufxyfr*FvmyGjJ yKvkyof nf?
pufwifbmv 7 Ù nae 5 em&Dtcsed w f iG f &efuek +f rdKŒ Nippon

Military Club (rifwrkd pf&iS [ f wkd ,f) Y ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf Adv k f
csKyfAv
kd fawZESihf ZeD;a':cif=unfw@kd r*Fvmxrif; wnfcif;{nfch aH u|;
arG;onf?
1943/ ZGef 13 Ù Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . om;OD;
atmifqef;OD;udk zGm;jrifonf?
1944 ar 10 Ù Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . 'kw, d
om; atmifqef;vif;udk zGm;jrifonf?
m o
.c
1945 ZGef 19 Ù Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf a':cif=unfw@kd . wwd,

ic
ss
ajrmuforD; atmifqef;pk=unfukd eHeuf 3; 35 em&DwiG f zGm;jrifonf?

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252 oef;0if;vIid f
1946 pufwifbm 22 Ù Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESih f a':cif=unfw@kd
.pwkwo Î rD;udk zGm;jrifonf? (zGm;jrifjyD; 5 &uft=umwGif uG,v f eG f
onf?)
1947 Zlvkdif 19 Ù eHeuf 10 em&D 35 rdepfY &efuek +f rdKŒ&Sd twGi;f
0efrsm;±H;k (,ck0ef}uD;rsm;±H;k ) Y tpnf;ta0;usi;f yaepOf *VKefO;D apm.
vufyg;apvlowform;wd@k . vky=f uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh zcifAkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;usq;kH cJ&h onf? vky=f uHc&H pOfu atmifqef;pk=unfonf
2 ESpof rD;t&G,o f m &Sad o;onf?
Adv
k cf sKyf vkyMf ucH &H onfh twGi;f 0efrsm;½k;H
1949 Ù &efuek +f rdKŒpde@f z&efppfueG Af ifah usmif;wGif a':atmifqef;pk
=unf pwifynmoif=um;onf?
1953 Zefe0g&Dv 16 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tpfuv kd wf
atmifqef;vif;onf trSw2f 5/ wm0gved ;f vrf; (,ckAv kd cf sKyfatmif
qef;jywduk vf rf;) &Sad etdrYf a&epfaoqH;k onf?
arv Ù trSwf 25 / wm0gved ;f vrf;aetdrrf S A[ef;+rdKŒe,f trSwf
54/ wuUov kd &f yd o
f mvrf;aetdro f @kd a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd ro d m;pk
mo
.c
ajymif;a&$Œonf?
ic
ss
1957 rS 1960 Ù &efuek +f rdKŒ t*Fvyd rf ufo'pf uGeAf ifah usmif;

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es
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w
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
trSwf 54 wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;? a':atmifqef;pkMunfaetdrf

(txu - 1 '*H)k wGif a': atmifqef;pk=unf qufvufynmoif=um;
cJo
h nf?
1960 Ù rdcifjzpfoal ':cif=unf tdE, dN Edik if q
H ikd &f m jrefrmEdik if H oH
trwf}u;D tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&I rdcifEiS t hf wl tdE, dN Edik if H e,l;a'vD+rdKŒ
od@k vdu k yf gaexdik cf o hJ nf?
1960 rS 1961 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfa,±lEiS hf ar&DueG Af ifh
ausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary) ESihf av'D&, S &f &D rfaumvdyf (Lady
Sheri Ram College) wd@k Y qufvufynmoif=um;onf?
1962 rS 1963 Ù a'vDwuUov kd Yf Edik if aH &;odyb H̀ mom&yfukd

avhvmqnf;yl;cJo h nf?
1964 rS 1967 Ù atmufpzd@k wuUov kd f [l@paf umvdyYf '\eaA
'/ Edik if aH &;odyEH` iS hf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJjh yD; 0dZm… *k%f
xl;bG@J ukd &&Scd o hJ nf?
1968 Ù vef'efwuUov kd t
f a&SŒwdik ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;Xm
m o
e/ Edik if aH &;odyH`XmeY okawoevufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif

.c
ic
ss
onf?
la
ec
es
m
ur
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w
w
w
254 oef;0if;vIid f
1969 rS 1971 Ù e,l;a,muf ukvor*~taxGaxG twGi;f a&;
rSL;csKyf±;kH / tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf b¾ma&;qdik &f mudp&P yfrsm;t=uHay;aumfrwD
(Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions United
Nations Secretariat, New York) wGif vufaxmuftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm

0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf?
1971 Ed0k ifbm 31 Ù ajrmufyikd ;f Ak'<bmomr[m,e. vlra_ &;ESihf
,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mordik ;f a=umif; okawoDa'guw f mrdu
k uf ,ft&J pf (Dr.
Michael Viallancourt Aris) ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd xdr;f jrm;vuf
xyfonf?
1972 rS 1973 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf blwefEikd if H Edik if jH cm;

a&;0ef}uD;±H;k ESihf ukvor*~rsm;qdik &f m t=uHay;t&m&St d jzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmifco hJ nf?
1973 {jyD 12 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf a'guw f mrdu
k u
f ,f
tJ&pfw@kd . om;}u;D jrifq h ef;atmif ac: tvufZef'g; (Ale»ander John
Christopher Aris) udk zGm;jrifco
hJ nf?
mo
.c
1975 rS 1977 Ù atmufpzd@k wuUokdvf abmh'vD,ef pm=unfh

ic
ss
wdu
k f (Bodleian Library) Y jrefrmpmESihf ay/ yk&yd'k f uwfwavmuf jyKpkol
la
ec
es
m
ur
.b
w
w
w
'Dru
kd a&pDrc
ynm&Sit f jzpf aqmif&u G o f nf?
1977 pufwifbm 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf rdu k uf ,ft&J pf
wd@k . om;i,f xdef vif;ac: uifrf (Dannian Kim Arundel Aris) udk zGm;jrif
onf?
1995 rS 1986 Ù *syefEikd if /H wdu k sKw
d uUov kd f ta&SŒawmiftm&S
qdik &f mavhvma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Sit f jzpf oGm;a&muf okaw
oejyKcJo h nf?
1987 Ù tdE, dN Edik if /H qif;rvm;+rdK@&dS txl;avhvma&; tdE, dN
odyXH̀ mewGif okawoDtjzpfvyk u f ikd o
f nf?
Ù vef'efwuUov kd tf a&SŒwdik ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&
*lb@JG twGuf “1920-1945 twGi;f xkwaf 0cJah om pme,fZif;rsm;onf
jrefrmhvw G v
f yfa&;udk taxmuftultjyKcJyh ”kH trnf&dS bG@J veG pf mwrf;
udk wifoiG ;f onf?
1988 Ù vef'efwuUov kd uf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yg&*l
bG@J ,&l eftwGuf xdu k w f efot l jzpf owfrw S o f nf?
1988 rwf Ù rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfemruse;f jzpfra_ =umifh rdcif}uD;
tm; jyKpkapmihaf &Smuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmEdkiif o H d@k
a&muf&Sv d monf?
=o*kwfv 8 Ù jrefrmEdik if H w0Sr;f vH;k Y 88 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmf
yH}k uD; ay:aygucf o hJ nf?
=o*kwf 26 Ù a&$wD*HkapwDawmftaemufbufrkcfwGif a':atmif
qef;pk=unfonf rqvtpd;k &. jynfov l x l tk m; t=urf;zuf+zdKcGaJ er_
udk qef@usicf ahJ om rde@f ceG ;f udk vlaygi;f wpfoed ;f ausmw f ufa&mufonfh
vlxt k pnf;ta0;yGYJ yxrqH;k t}udrf rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;cJo h nf?
1988 pufwifbmv 14 Ù OD;atmif}u;D / a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf
ol&OD;wifO;D wd@k . jynfow l &yfv;kH od@k yef=um;csupf mwapmif xkwjf yef
m o
a=unmonf?
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pufwifbm 18 Ù &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;udk ppfwyfrS vuf

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256 oef;0if;vIid f
eufjzifh t=urf;zuf+zdKcGi;f ypfvu kd jf yD;aemuf ppfwyfrS tm%modr;f ydu k f
um e0w ac: Edkiif aH wmfjidr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;cJh
onf?
pufwifbm 27 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyu f kd a':atmifqef;pk
=unf/ OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifO;D / OD;0if;wifwkd@jzifh pwifz@JG pnf;cJo h nf?
pwifz@JG pnf;pOfu trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) . A[dt k vkyt f r_
aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;rSm -
(1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUX
(2) ol&OD;wifO;D - 'kOuUX
(3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
(4) OD;=unf[ef - twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if
(5) OD;cspcf ikd f - twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if
(6) OD;0if;wif - twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J 0if
(7) a': jrifjh rifch if - vlxv k w
l ef;pm;XmerSL;
(8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;XmerSL;
(9) OD;atmifviG f - jyef=um;a&;XmerSL;
(10) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±H;k a&;XmerSL;
(11) OD;=unfarmif - okawoeXmerSL;
(12) OD;ba&$ - tkycf sKyfa&;XmerSL;
wd@k jzpfonf?
pufwifbm 30 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Sio f @kd w&m;0ifrw S yf wkH ifco hJ nf? tzG@J csKyfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;wm0efukd ,lco hJ nf?
atmufwb dk m 3 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfukd a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Siu f a=unmcsut f rSwf (3) jzifh Edik if aH &;ygwt D jzpf twnfjyK
a=unmonf?
m o
'DZifbm 10 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf OuUXtjzpf 'kw, d

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OuUXOD;wifO;D tm; a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufvu kd af =umif;ESihf OD;atmif}uD;ESihf

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twl tjcm; A[dOk ;D pD;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom(1) OD;=unf[ef (2) OD;ba&$
(3) OD;eef;EG,f (4) OD;ausmjf rifah v; (5) OD;cifarmifarmif (6) OD;omxdk
(7) OD;ode;f Edik f (8) OD;rif;'if (9) OD;cifnKd (10) OD;bd;k atmif (11) OD;
armifarmif (12) OD;aZmf0if;OD;wd@k uvnf; tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf Ekwf
xGujf yD;jzpfa=umif; a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio f @kd ta=umif;=um;cJo h nf?
'DZifbm 13 Ù tzG@J csKyfrS OD;atmif}uD;tygt0if yk*Kd~ vf (12) OD;udk
xkwyf ,fvu kd af =umif; aumfr&Sio f @kd ta=umif;=um;pm ay;yd@k onf?
'DZifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfrcd if r[moD&o d "k rR a':cif
=unfonf &efuek +f rdKŒY uG,v f eG o
f nf? uG,v f eG cf sed Yf om;atmifqef;OD;
ESihf orD;jzpfol a': atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd use&f pfco hJ nf?
1989 azazmf0g&D 9 Ù trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dt k vkyt f r_
aqmiftzG@J ukd jyifqifz@JG pnf;I a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio f @kd ay;yd@k onf?
,if;wd@k rmS -
(1) OD;wifO;D - OuUX
(3) OD;0if;wif - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(4) OD;cspcf ikd f - twGi;f a&;rSL;
(6) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±H;k a&;rSL;
(7) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;rSL;
(8) OD;atmifviG f - jyef=um;a&;rSL;
(9) a': jrifhjrifch if - vlxv k w l ef;pm;XmerSL;
wd@k jzpfonf?
Zlvikd f 20 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; e0w tpd;k &u Edik if aH wmf
tm; aESmif, h u S zf suqf ;D vdo
k rl sm;. ab;tEœ&m,frS umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
onfOh ya'yk'rf 10 (c) t& aetdrw f iG w
f m;qD;rde@f xw k jf yefI wm;qD;
m o
vduk o f nf?
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'DZifbm 22 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrt f us,cf sKyjf zifh

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258 oef;0if;vIid f
xde;f odr;f cHaepOftwGi;f ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyw JG iG f yg
0if,OS +f ydKifrnf[k a=unmonf? od@k aomf wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnw G f
a&;ygwt D m; ud, k pf m;jyKI &efuek w f ikd ;f A[ef;+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf
(1) wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf ,SO+f ydKif&ef tqdjk yKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;
vbef*a&mifrS uef@uGuv f m$ wifoGi;f cJ&h m &efuek w f kdif;a&G;cs,f wif
ajr‡mufyu JG si;f ya&;aumfr&Sirf S vufcpH pfaq;I a&G;aumufyOJG ya'yk'rf
10 (i) jzifh jipd eG ;f onf[q k u kd m trnfpm&if; wifoiG ;f v$mudk y,fcschJ
ojzifh 0ifa&muf,OS +f ydKifciG hf r&cJah cs?
1990 rwfv 27 Ù ygwpD t kH axGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG kd usi;f ycJ&h m/
trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfonf rJqENe,f 447 e,fY 0ifa&muf ,SOf
+ydKifc&hJ m 392 e,fY tEdik &f &Scd o hJ nf? tzG@J csKyfonf wEdik if v H ;kH wGif rJ
qENe,f 485 ae&mY 392 ae&mtEdik &f &Sad oma=umifh 82 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f
ausmf tEdik &f &Scd o hJ nf?
Zlvikd v f 27 Ù e0w ppftpd;k &onf twGi;f a&;rSL; Adv k cf sKyfcifneG @f
vufrw S jf zifh trde@f trSwf 1§90 udk xkwjf yefI 1990 jynfEh pS /f Zlvikd v f
28-29 wGif tzG@J csKyAf [dOk ;D pD;tzG@J rS }u;D rSL;jyKvyk rf nfh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;
vS,rf sm; yxrt}udrf ndE‡ id_ ;f tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk [ef@wm;uef@owf
vdu k o f nf?
Zlvkid f 28/ 29 Ù ,m,DOuUXOD;=unfarmifO;D pD;onfh *ENcD ef;r t
pnf;ta0;}uD;udk jyKvkycf o hJ nf?
1991 'D Z if b m 10 Ù
1991 ckEpS t f wGuf jidr;f csr;f a&;
Ed kb ,f qk ud k a':atmif qef; pk
=unftm; ay;tyfcs;D jri‡ chf &hJ m jird ;f
csr;f a&;Ekb d ,fqu k kd rdcifu,kd pf m;
om;}uD;jzpfol jrifq h ef;atmifu
m o
.c
aemfa0;Edik if /H atmfpvd+k rKd ŒY wuf

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a&mufq, k cl o hJ nf? Nird ;f csr;f a&;Edb

k ,fqw k qH yd f
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kd a&pDrc
1995 Zlvkdiv f 10 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrt f us,f

csKyftjzpf wm;qD;xm;onft h rdet f m; e0wtpk;d &rS jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f
ay;cJo h nf?
Ù e,l;a,muftajcpdu k f ‘rpf’ (Ms) r*~Zif;rS 1995 ckEpS t f wGuf
trsK;d orD; xl;c|eq f ak &G;cs,&f mY a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifco hJ nf?
1999 rwfv 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfcifyeG ;f jzpfol rku d u
f ,f
tJ&pf vef'ef +rdKŒY uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf?
2000 rwf 18 Ù tdik , f mvefEikd if H 'AŠvif+rKd ŒwGif a':atmifqef;pk
=unftm; 'AŠvif+rdK@awmf vGwv f yfa&;qkukd *k%jf yKcs;D jr‡ichf o hJ nf?
=o*kwf 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kw, d OuUXol&OD;wifO;D
&efuek w f ikd ;f pnf;±H;k a&;aumfrwDOuUXocifp;kd jrif/h &efuek w f ikd ;f pnf;±H;k a&;
tzG@J 0ifa'guw f mrsK;d atmif/ tzG@J csKyfvil ,f 16 OD; (,mOfarmif;ESpOf ;D
tygt0if) wd@k EiS t hf wl &efuek w f zufurf; 'v+rdKŒrSwqifh &efuek w f idk ;f
uGr;f jcHuek ;f ESihf aumhrLS ;+rdK@rsm;od@k pnf;±H;k a&;udprP sm;aqmif&u G &f ef &ef
uke+f rdKŒyef;qd;k wef;qdyu f rf;rSwqifh c&D;xGu&f ef pDpOfc&hJ m yef;qd;k wef;
qdyu f rf;wGif 1 em&DccJG ef@ tm%mydik rf sm;rS ydwq f @kd xm;cJjh y;D wzufurf;od@k
ul;cGi&hf cJo
h nf? 'v+rdKŒod@k a&muf&o dS nft
h cg }udKwifapmifq h ikd ;f aeonfh
tzG@J csKyfum;ESppf ;D jzifh uGr;f jcHuek ;f od@k c&D;xGuv f mpOf 'v+rdKŒrS 3 rdik cf ef@
ta&muf usepf pfom;&yfuu G w f iG f tm%mydkirf sm;rS a&SŒc&D;rqufEikd &f ef m o
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260 oef;0if;vIid f
twif;t"rR ydwq f @kd wm;jrpfxm;cJo h jzifh pufwifbmv (1) &uf ae@n
11; 15 em&Dtcsed w f iG f &JwyfzJ@G ESihf ppfaxmufvSr;f a&;tiftm; 300 ausmf
u a':atmifqef;pk=unftzG@J tm; 0ifa&mufp;D eif;jy;D twif;t=uyfzrf;
qD;csKyfaESmifac:aqmifjyD; &efuek +f rdKŒaetdro f @kd jyefy@kd co hJ nf?
pufwifbm 1 rS 14 xd Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 'kw, d
t}udrf aetdrt f us,cf sKyf zrf;qD;cJjh yefonf?
2000 pufwifbm 21 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kw, d OuUX
OD;wifO;D ESit hf wl tzG@J 0ifrsm;vdu k yf gI tzG@J csKyf v_y&f mS ;r_r&SEd ikd &f ef ydwyf if
wm;qD;r_rsm;/ tzG@J csKyf±;kH rsm;ydwo f rd ;f jcif;/ qdik ;f bkwrf sm;csapjcif;rsm;udk
pHpk rf;avhvm&ef yxrc&D;pOftjzpf naerD;&xm;jzifh rEœav;+rKd Œok@d oGm;
a&muf&efpDpOfch&J m rD;&xm;vufrw S fuek af eonf[k ta=umif;jyI vuf
rSwaf &mif;csray;bJ aemufwae@ eHeufapmapm 2000 jynfEh pS f pufwif
bm 22 &ufae@wiG f &efuek b f wl m}uD;rS t"rR aetdrfo@kd jyefy@kd jy;D wwd,
t}udrf aetdrt f us,cf sKyf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cJo h nf?
2001 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *smreDtajcpdu k f Edik if w H um
Edik if aH &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_rsm; vGwv f yfpmG aygi;f pnf;a&;qdik &f m qkay;a&;
tzG@J }uD;u Collegue United Nations qkcs;D jr‡io hf nf?
2002 ar 6 Ù ukvor*~. v#KŒd 0Su, f =kH unfrn _ E‡d id_ ;f csut f &
a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; etztpk;d &u aetdrt f us,cf sKyfrS jyefvnf
v$wfay;cJhonf?
ar 23 Ù Adv k rf SL;atmifO;D aqmifonfh 0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm;}uD;rsm;u
a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ocifoed ;f azaetdrw f iG f *k%jf yKyGu J si;f yonf?
ar 25 Ù tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k d S bmhoaf umvdy. f 142 }urd f
ajrmuf bG@J EiS ;f obiftcrf;tem;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *k%x f ;l
aqmifyg&*lb@JG cs;D jr‡io hf nf?
2003 ar 30 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESit hf wl
m o
ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f / 'Dy,J if;+rdKŒe,f pnf;±H;k a&;c&D;pOftwGi;f olr. ,mOfwef;

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tm; ppftpk;d &. a'guw f ikd tf zG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom =uHŒzG@H EiS phf rG ;f tm;
la
ec
&Sirf sm;u 'Dy, J if;+rdKŒe,f us&D mG teD; t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd cf =hJ uonf?

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kd a&pDrc
olrtm; axmufco H nft h zG@J 0ifrsm; 282 OD; aoqH;k I &maygi;f rsm;pGm
xdcu kd 'f %f&m&&Scd o hJ nf?
ar 31 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf etzvufyg;aprsm;. acsmif;
ajrmif; wdu k cf u
kd rf c_ cH &hJ mrS toufraovGwaf jrmufcjhJ yD;aemuf a&OD;+rdKŒ
t0if*w d t f a&mufY tm%mydik rf sm;. zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf?
ZGef 2 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; trSwf (6) wifu h m;wyf&if;
{nh&f yd o f mwGif zrf;qD;xm;&mrS tif;pdeaf xmifo@kd y@kd I xde;f odr;f cJo h nf?
ZGef 24 Ù tif;pdeaf xmifrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; &JreG w f yf
pcef;&Sd &Jacgi&f yd o f mod@k ajymif;a&$Œxde;f odr;f cJo h nf?
pufwifbm 16 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aq;±Hw k ufcpJG w d uf k
o&eftwGuf &JreG f&yd fomrS &efuek +f rdKŒtm&Sawmf0ifaq;±Ho k d@k wify@kd chJ
onf?
2003 pufwifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tm&Sawmf
0ifaq;±Hrk S aetdro f @kd jyefy@kd I pwkwt Î }udrf aetdrt f us,cf sKyf xde;f odr;f
cJo
h nf?
2004 {jyD 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; awmfu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if rH S
2004 ckEpS t f wGuf *Gr*f sL;vl@tcGit hf a&;qk cs;D jr‡io hf nf?
Edk0ifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; Edik if aH wmftm; aESmihf
,Suzf sufqD;vdkolrsm;. ab;tEœ&m,fru S muG,fapmifha&Smufonfh
Oya'yk'rf 10 (c) jzifh jypf'%fwESpf xyfrw H ;kd cJo
h nf?
2005 Ed0k ifbm 27 Ù etz ppftpd;k &u a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tm; aemufxyfjypf'%f (6) v xyfrw H ;kd cJo
h nf?
2006 rwf 1 Ù qG'D ifEikd if pH awmh[rk ;f +rdKŒwGif jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDacgi;f
aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 2005 ckEpS t f wGuf tdak vmhyef;qk
cs;D jr‡ichf o hJ nf?
arv 20 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ukvor*~eikd if aH &;XmerS
m o
vufaxmuftaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tDb&m[if*rfbm&Du awG@qckH hJ

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onf?
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262 oef;0if;vIid f
arv 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; etztpk;d &u tus,f
csKyfoufwrf;wESpf xyfrw H ;kd cJo
h nf?
Ed0k ifbm 11 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ukvvufaxmuf t
axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; *rfbm&Du oGm;a&mufawG@qckH o hJ nf?
2007 Zefe0g&D 1 Ù ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf bef
uDreG ;f onf jrefrmEdik if &H dS ppfacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tm; c|i;f csurf &Sd jyefvnf v$waf y;&ef awmif;qdck o hJ nf?
Zefe0g&D 18 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol. Edb k ,fqak =u;aiG
rsm;udk tcGeaf y;aqmifjcif;r&Sb d J jynfywGit f oH;k jyKcJoh nf[k ppftpd;k &
ydik f jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmY pGypf aJG &;om;onf?
atmufwb kd m 2 Ù pufwifbma&$0ga&mif oHCmhawmfveS af &;}u;D
tjyD; ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf. t=uHay;yk*Kd~ vf rpPwm
*rfbm&Donf a': atmifqef;pk=unftm; xyfraH wG@qckH o hJ nf?
atmufwdb k m 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aetdrt f us,cf sKyf
(12) ESpjf ynft h jzpf urBm+h rdKŒ}uD; 12 +rdKŒwGif w+ydKifeufwnf; qENjyyGJ
usi;f ycJ=h uonf?
atmufwkb d m 25 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf pum;ajymqdEk ikd &f ef
=um;cH qufo, G af &;0ef}uD;twGuf tvkyo f rm;0ef}uD; OD;atmif=unf
udk etztpdk;&u cef@tyfcJjh yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;twkta,mifrsm;
zefw;D jyocJo h nf?
Ed0k ifbm 8 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf (3) ESpt f wGi;f yxrqH;k t
}udrf ol. ygwAD [dt k vkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J rsm;ESihf awG@qckH iG &hf cJo
h nf?
2009 ar 6 Ù tar&duefEikd if o H m; *|e0f vD s,
H ufawmonf a':
atmifqef;pk=unf. aetdrjf cH0if;twGi;f od@k etzppftpd;k &tm%mydik f
rsm;. pDpOfay;r_jzifh wdww f qdwf 0ifa&mufco hJ nf?
ar 18 Ù ppftpd;k &u a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrf tus,cf sKyf
m o
azmufzsurf y_ 'k rf (22) jzifh tif;pdet f xl;w&m;±H;k Y w&m;pGq J okd nf?

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=o*kw f 11 Ù a':atmifqef;pk= unftm; aetdrftus,fcsKyf

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kd a&pDrc
azmufzsurf y_ 'k rf 22 jzifh tvky=f urf;ESihf axmif'%f 3 ESpf csrw S cf ohJ nf?
trde@f csrw S jf y;D rdepfyikd ;f twGi;f rSmyif etzppfacgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;}uD;
oef;a&$. trde@f pmjzifh xdck srw S xf m;onfjh ypf'%fukd xuf0ufav#mch s
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Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s

International Awards, Honors & Appointments
(1990-2010)
1. Honorary Fellow St. Hugh’s College (Oxford, UK) 1990
2. Thorolf Rafto Human Rights (Norway) 1990
3. Sakharov Freedom of Thought (European Parliamnet) 1991
4. Noble Peace Oslo, Norway 1991
5. Honorary Member International EN (Norwegian Center) 1991
6. Humanities Human Rights Award (USA) 1991
7. Honorary Member International PEN (Candian Center) 1991
8. Marisa Bellisario Price Italy 1992
9. Annual Award of the International Human Rights Law Group
(USA) 1992
10. Honorary President Students’ Union London School of Economics
and Political Science (UK) 1992
11. Honorary Member International PEN (English Center) 1992
12. Honorary Life Member University of London Union (UK) 1992
13. Honorary Professional Fellowship Law and Society Trust (Sri
m
Lanka) 1992
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14. Honorary Doctorate in Political Science Thammasat University

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(Thailand) 1992
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15. International Simon Bolivar prize UNESCO 1992
16. Prix Litteraire des Droits de I’Homme Nouveaux Droits de
I’Homme, France 1992
17. Honorary Member World Commissi on on Cul ture and
Development (UNESCO) 1992
18. Member Academie Universelle des Cultures (Paris) 1993
19. Rose Prize arbejderbevaegelsens International Forum/
Internati onal Forum of the Danish Labour Movement,
Copehagen 1993
20. Victor Jara International Human Rights Center for Human Rights
and Constitutional Law, Los Angeles, USA 1993
21. Member of the Advisory Board Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center
for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University 1993
22. Honorary Doctorate of Law University of Toronto (Canada) 1993
23. The Freedom of the City Commune of Giugliano, Italy 1993
24. Bremen Solidarity City of Bremen, Germany 1993
25. Premio Mujer Progresista (Federacion Mujeres Progresistas /
Spanish Federation of Progressive Women, Madrid) 1993
26. Honorary Doctorate Philosophy & Letters, Free University of
Brussels 1994
27. Honorary Adviser Forum of Democratic Leaders in the Asia-
Pacific 1994
28. The Freedom of the City Aversa, Italy 1995
29. Liberal International Prize for Freedom Britain’s Liberal
Democracy Party, UK 1995
30. Honorary Doctorate of Laws Queen’s University, Canada 1995
31. Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (for
1993) India 1995
32. Gandhi Award Simon Fraser University, Canada 1995
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33. Honorary Doctorate of Civil Law University of Oxford 1995

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34. IRC Freedom Award International Rescue Committee 1995

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35. Companion of the Order of Australia 1996

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36. Liberal International Prize (UK) 1996
37. Asia Human Rights of Law (Japan) 1996
38. W. Averell Harrimen Democracy Award National Democratic
Institute U.S.A 1996
39. Rajiv Shmirti Parashka [ Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Award] India
1996
40. Empty Chair Award Women of the Year Lunch, London, UK
1996
41. Honorary Doctorate of Law Charles University in Prague, Czech
Republic 1997
42. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Sydney University of Technology,
Australia 1997
43. Honorary Doctorate of Letters California Chapman University,
U.S.A 1997
44. Honorary Doctorate of Law Natal University, South Africa 1997
45. Honorary Doctorate of Law America University, Washington
D.C, U.S.A 1997
46. Distinguished Alumni Award Central University/ Delhi University
1997
47. Honorary Citizenship of Rome (Italy) (May 23, 1997)
48. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Glasgow University (UK) 1997
49. Pearl S. Buck Woman’s Award Pearl S. Buck Foundation (USA)
1997
50. International Award St. Angela’s Peace and Justice Group,
Waterford (Eire) 1997
51. Profiles in Courage Award Kennedy Society of Denmark 1997
52. Honorary Doctorate Cambridge University (June 1998) 1998
53. Freedom of the City (Oxford, UK) 1998
54. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Wales, Cardiff 1998
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55. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Bristol (UK) 1998

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56. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Melbourne (Australia)

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1998
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57. Honorary degree Universite’ catholique de Louvain, Belgium –
December 1998
58. Honorary Degree University of Bath (UK) – December 1998
59. Honorary Degree Bucknell University – May 1999
60. Freedom Award International Republican Institute, USA
(October 1999) 1999
61. The Freedom of the City of Dublin Award Ireland (November
1999)
62. 2000 CAW Nelson Mandela Human Rights Award Canada
(December 2000) 2000
63. Presidential Medal of Freedom Award U.S.A (December 2000)
2000
64. Collage United Nations Prize 2001 Germany (June 2001) 2001
65. International Social Welfare Prize University of Southern
California School of Social Work (December 8) 2001
66. AI Neuharth Free Spirit Award U.S Foundation, Washington,
USA 2003
67. MTV Humanitarian Award, “Free Your Mind” MTV Europe,
EDINBURGH,UK 2003
68. The 2004 TIME 100, The most influential people in the world
today TIME Magazine 2004
69. Kwangju Human Rights Award May 18 Memory Foundation
from South Korea 2004
70. TIME’s Asia’s Hero 2004 TIME MAGAZINE 2004
71. The Honorary Citizen of Paris France 10/ 12/ 2004
72. Honorary Doctorate in Politics, Philosophy and Economics
Rangsit University, Thailand 13/ 12/ 2004
73. Outstanding Women in Buddhism United Nations Gender and
Religious Department 8/ 03/ 2005
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74. Honorary Degree in Political Science Thammasat University,

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Thailand 19/ 06/ 2005

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75. Freedom of the City Award The City Council of Edinburgh,

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Scotland 16/ 06/ 2005
76. Freedom of Galway City Galway city, Ireland June 2005
77. UNISON Honorary Membership UNISON, Britain’s largest trade
union, June 2005
78. Olof Palme Prize Sweden, February 2006
79. Freedom Award Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, USA
March 2006
80. New Statesmen Magazine Hero New Statesmen Magazine, May
2006
81. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Deshprem Award,
India 2007, March 2007
82. An honorary doctorate (LLD) honoris causa Award from
University of Cape Town, South Africa, December 2007
83. Freedom of Glasgow (the freedom of Scotland’s largest city)
2007
84. Rome for Peace and Humanitarian Action 2007
85. Special Award for Lifetime Achievement in Politics 2007
86. “Abogados de Atocha” international prize from Spain, 22 January
2008
87. Congressional Gold Medal, United States of America, 24 April,
2008
88. Honorary Canadian Citizenship, May 6, 2008
89. The Freedom of the City, June 10, 2008
90. Catalonia International Prize 2008, MOTHERS OF COURAGE
(shard with Dr. Cynthia Maung), November, 2008
91. Honorary Member of the Club of Madrid, November 20, 2008
92. Honorary Council Member, December 20, 2008
93. Trumpet of Conscience Award, January 19, 2009
94. Freedom of the City of Glasgow, March 4, 2009
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95. Mahatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and

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Reconciliation – MAGI Award, May 22, 2009

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96. Democracy and Peace Award of Japanese Diet Member’s League

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Japanese Diet Members’ League in support of Democracy in
Myanmar, Tokyo, Japan (2009, June 19)
97. The Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) at Derry’s Millennium Forum,
the University of Ulster in Derry, Ireland, UK on Tuesday, July
7, 2009. (2009, June 24)
98. The Ambassador of Conscience Award the recipient of Amnesty
International’s highest honorary (Irish band U2 is publicly
announcing Aung San Suu Kyi’s award Monday night at a
Dublin concert.) (2009, July 27)
99. Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Award for Democracy instituted. The
Pakistan People’s Party, Islamabad, Pakistan. (2010, June 21)
100. Honorary Individual Membership. Council of Asian Liberals
and Democrats (CALD) (2010, June 29)
101. Queen of Myanmar’s Democracy and Human Rights. Manav
Ekta Parishad, India (2010, November 25)
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=unfw h u kd rf LS ;tjzpf t}udr}f udraf qmif&u G cf o hJ nf?
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DemocracyMother ThanWinHlaing

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Than Win Hlaing

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