PROTEKSI RADIASI

dari RADIOGRAFI

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 Radiography is an important tool in
nondestructive evaluation. The method offers
a number of advantages over other NDE
methods, but one of its disadvantages is the
health risk associated with the radiation.
 Health effects can occur due to either long-
term low level exposure or short-term high
level exposure.

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Objectives of radiation protection

 The objectives of radiation protection are to

minimize the health effects due to radiation.
 Based on the characteristics of the biological
effects, aims of radiation protection are to:
1. avoid the deterministic effects; and
2. lower the probability of stochastic effects to an
acceptable level.

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Principles for radiation protection
1. Justification of a practice
2. Optimisation of protection
3. Individual dose limits

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Dose limits
 In the 1990 Recommendations of the International
Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP
Publication No. 60), the recommended dose limits for
exposure associated with practice are as follows:
Dose limits(1)

Application Persons employed in radiation work Public

Whole body 20 mSv per year, averaged over defined periods of 1 mSv per year(3)
effective dose 5 years.
Not exceed 50 mSv in any single year(2)

Annual equivalent dose in

the lens of the 150 mSv 15 mSv

eye15 mSv

the skin(4) 500 mSv 50 mSv

the hands and feet 500 mSv -

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 Perka BAPETEN No. 4 tahun 2013 tentang
Proteksi dan Keselamatan Radiasi dalam
Pemanfaatan Tenaga Nuklir

a. Dosis Efektif rata-rata sebesar 20 mSv

(duapuluh milisievert) per tahun dalam
periode 5 (lima) tahun, sehingga dosis yang
terakumulasi dalam 5 (lima) tahun tidak boleh
melebihi 100 mSv (seratus milisievert);
b. Dosis Efektif sebesar 50 mSv (limapuluh
milisievert) dalam 1 (satu) tahun tertentu;

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Nilai Batas Dosis untuk anggota masyarakat

 Dosis Efektif sebesar 1 mSv (satu milisievert)

pertahun;
 Dosis Ekivalen untuk lensa mata sebesar 15
mSv (seratus limapuluh milisievert) pertahun;
dan
 Dosis Ekivalen untuk kulit sebesar 50 mSv
(limapuluh milisievert) pertahun.

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 Untuk mencegah diterimanya dosis yang
berlebihan, maka tiap pekerja harus
menggunakan personnel monitoring device
berupa pocket dosimeter atau film badge.
Sedangkan untuk area kerja radiografi, harus
dicek paparannya sebelum, selama, dan
sesudah proses radiografi menggunakan
surveymeter.

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What are the basic measures in
radiation protection?

 Shortening the time of exposure,

 increasing distance from a radiation source
and
 shielding are the basic countermeasures (or
protective measures) to reduce doses from
external exposure.

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Time

 The radiation dose is directly proportional to

the time spent in the radiation. Therefore, a
person should not stay near a source of
radiation any longer than necessary.

Dose = Dose Rate x Time

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Distance
 Increasing distance from the source of radiation
will reduce the amount of radiation received. As
radiation travels from the source, it spreads out
becoming less intense. This is analogous to
standing near a fire. The closer a person stands
to the fire, the more intense the heat feels from
the fire.
 Inverse Square Law:
I1/ I2 = D22/ D12

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 To make a radiographic
exposure, a crank-out
mechanism and a guide
tube are attached to
opposite ends of the
exposure device.

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Shielding

 The third way to reduce exposure to radiation

is to place something between the
radiographer and the source of radiation.
 In general, the denser the material the more
shielding it will provide.

It = I0e-t

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Camera

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shielding

bunker

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 Pengukuran paparan kamera gamma
dengan sumber 60Co pada jarak 5 cm dari
permukaan adalah 50 mR/jam. Jika jarak
dengan shielding (bunker) 10 cm, berapa
tebal shielding beton agar paparan di luar
shielding 0,25 mrem/jam? HVL beton
untuk 60Co adalah 60,5 mm.

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Sistem Keselamatan Kamera Radiografi
(Peraturan Bapeten):
Pengukuran laju paparan permukaan kamera
dlm keadaan baik (tdk terdeteksi adanya
kebocoran), jika:
 Pada jarak 5 cm dari permukaan:
paparan maksimal : 50 mrem/jam
paparan rata-rata : 20 mrem/jam
 Pada jarak 1 meter dari permukaan:
paparan maksimal : 10 mrem/jam
paparan rata-rata : 2 mrem/jam

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 Apron

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Approximate HVL for Various Materials when
Radiation is from a Gamma Source

Half-Value Layer, mm (inch)

Source Concrete Steel Lead Tungsten Uranium
Iridium-192 44.5 (1.75) 12.7 (0.5) 4.8 (0.19) 3.3 (0.13) 2.8 (0.11)
Cobalt-60 60.5 (2.38) 21.6 (0.85) 12.5 (0.49) 7.9 (0.31) 6.9 (0.27)

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Approximate Half-Value Layer for Various
Materials when Radiation is from an X-ray Source
Half-Value Layer, mm (inch)

Peak Voltage (kVp) Lead Concrete

50 0.06 (0.002) 4.32 (0.170)

100 0.27 (0.010) 15.10 (0.595)
150 0.30 (0.012) 22.32 (0.879)
200 0.52 (0.021) 25.0 (0.984)
250 0.88 (0.035) 28.0 (1.102)
300 1.47 (0.055) 31.21 (1.229)
400 2.5 (0.098) 33.0 (1.299)
1000 7.9 (0.311) 44.45 (1.75)

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Alat Ukur Paparan Radiasi

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Survey Instruments
 Survey instruments/Surveymeter locate contamination
or detect radioactive material.
 Radioactive material detected in the attached probe
causes electronic pulses that move the meter needle
and make an audio response. The meters read out in
counts per minute (cpm) and can be calibrated to
report mR/hr.
 There is a large selection of survey instruments
available, designed for the detection of a specific type of
radiation. One of the most common survey meters,
shown here, can be used with various probes,
depending on your needs and radionuclide.

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Surveymeter

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GM surveymeter

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Personal Dosimeter

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Pocket
dosimeter

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Quartz fibre dosimeter
Direct reading, pocket
dosimeter.
Energy range:
16 keV to 6 MeV
Measuring range:
0 to 2 mSV
Temperature range:
-20 to + 50ºC

Dosimeter charger
Essential for
recharging/rezeroing quartz
fibre dosimeters.

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Film badge

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 The risks can be minimized when the
radiation is handled and managed properly.
The law requires that individuals receive
training in the safe handling and use of
radioactive materials and radiation producing
devices.

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 Health concerns associated with exposure to radioactive
materials or radiation.
 Precautions or procedures to minimize exposure to radiation.
 Purposes and functions of protective devices employed.
 The permit conditions and the applicable portions of the
Radiation Safety Manual.
 Worker’s responsibility to promptly report any condition that
may lead to or cause a violation of the regulations or cause an
unnecessary exposure.
 Actions to take in the event of an emergency.
 Radiation exposure reports that workers have a right to
receive.

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