ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

According to Oxford dictionary we can define Artificial Intelligence as

the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks
normally requiring human intelligence.
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly
two types of main categorization which are based on capabilities and
based on functionally of AI. Following is flow diagram which explain
the types of AI.

 Weak AI or Narrow AI :
It is focused on one narrow task, the phenomenon that machines
which are not too intelligent to do their own work can be built in
such a way that they seem smart.
FOR EXAMPLE –
Characters in a computer game that act believably within the
context of their game character, but are unable to do anything
beyond that.
 General AI
Is the intelligence of a machine that can understand or learn any
intellectual task that a human being can.
FOR EXAMPLE-
Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general
AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.

 Strong AI
Is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than
human with cognitive properties.
FOR EXAMPLE –
An AI program taught itself to play 49 classic Atari games. When
the program was instructed to obtain the highest score it could in
the game Breakout, it was able to outperform humans in just 2.5
hours.

1.Reactive machines
This is one of the basic forms of AI. It doesn’t have past memory
and cannot use past information to information for the future
actions. They can only perform a narrowed range of pre-defined
tasks.
FOR EXAMPLE-
Is the famous IBM Chess program that beat the world champion,
Garry Kasparov.
2. Limited Memory AI
Can make informed and improved decisions by studying the past data
from its memory. Such an AI has a short-lived or a temporary memory
that can be used to store past experiences and hence evaluate future
actions.
FOR EXAMPLE
Self-driving cars are Limited Memory AI, that uses the data collected in
the recent past to make immediate decisions. For example, self-driving
cars use sensors to identify civilians crossing the road, steep roads,
traffic signals and so on to make better driving decisions. This helps to
prevent any future accidents.
 3. Theory of mind AI
The Theory Of Mind AI is a more advanced type of Artificial
Intelligence. This category of machines is speculated to play a major
role in psychology. This type of AI will focus mainly on emotional
intelligence so that human believes and thoughts can be better
comprehended.
FOR EXAMPLE –
The Theory of Mind AI has not yet been fully developed but rigorous
research is happening in this area.
4.Self Awareness
An AI that has it’s own conscious, super intelligent, self-awareness and
sentient
 FOR EXAMPLE - This kind of bot also doesn’t exist and if achieved it
will be one of the milestones in the field of AI.
USES
Typical problems to which AI methods are applied
 Optical character recognition
 Handwriting recognition
 Speech recognition
 face recognition
 Artificial creativity
 Computer vision, virtual reality, image processing, Pixel-art scaling algorithms, and Image
scaling
 Photo and video manipulation
 Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)
 Game theory and strategic planning
 Game artificial intelligence and computer game bot
 Natural language processing, translation and chatterbots
 Nonlinear control and robotics

Other fields in which AI methods are implemented

 Artificial life
 Automated reasoning
 Automation
 Bio-inspired computing
 Concept mining
 Data mining
 Knowledge representation
 Semantic Web

 Email spam (Filtering)
 Robotics
a. Behavior-based robotics
b. Cognitive
c. Cybernetics

d. Developmental robotics (Epigenetic)
Evolutionary robotics
e.
 Hybrid intelligent system

 Intelligent agent
 Intelligent control

Ethics
Pros and Cons
Here are the advantages of AI:

Less Room for Errors

As decisions taken by a machine are based on previous records of data and the set of
algorithms, the chances of errors reduce. This is an achievement, as solving complex
problems that require difficult calculation, can be done without any scope of error.

Have you heard of digital assistants? Advanced business organizations use digital
assistants to interact with users, something that helps save them time. This helps
businesses fulfil user demands without keeping them waiting. They are programmed to
give the best possible assistance to a user.
Right Decision Making

The complete absence of emotions from a machine makes it more efficient as they are
able to take the right decisions in a short span of time. The best example of this is its
usage in healthcare. The integration of AI tools in the healthcare sector has improved
the efficiency of treatments by minimizing the risk of false diagnosis.

Implementing AI in Risky Situations

Certain situations where human safety is vulnerable, machines that are fitted with
predefined algorithms can be used. Nowadays, scientists are making use of complex
machines to study the ocean floor where human survival becomes difficult.

This is one of the biggest limitations that AI helps to overcome.

Can Work Continuously

Unlike humans, machine does not get tired, even if it has to work for consecutive hours.
This is a major benefit over the humans, who need rest time to time to be efficient.
However, in the case of machines, their efficiency is not affected by any external factor
and it does not get in the way of continuous work.

Here are the disadvantages of AI:

Expensive to Implement
When combining the cost of installation, maintenance and repair, AI is an expensive proposition.
Those of who have huge funds can implement it. However, businesses and industries that do
not have funds will find it difficult to implement AI technology into their processes or strategies.

Dependency on Machines
With the dependency of humans on machines increasing, we’re headed into a time where it
becomes difficult for humans to work without the assistance of a machine. We’ve seen it in the
past and there’s no doubt we’ll continue seeing it in the future, our dependency on machines will
only increase. As a result, mental and thinking abilities of humans will actually decrease over
time.

Displace Low Skilled Jobs

This is the primary concern for technocrats so far. It is quite possible that AI will displace many
low skilled jobs. As machines can work 24*7 with no break, industries prefer investing in
machines as compared to humans. As we are moving towards the automated world, where
almost every task will be done by the machines, there is a possibility of large-scale
unemployment. A real-time example of this is the concept of driverless cars. If the concept of
driverless cars kicks in, millions of drivers will be left unemployed in the future.

Restricted Work
AI machines are programmed to do certain tasks based on what they are trained and
programmed to do. Relying on machines to adapt to new environments, be creative and think
out of the box will be a big mistake. This is not possible because their thinking zone is restricted
to only the algorithms that they have been trained for.

CONCLUSION
Artificial intelligence is a revolutionary change in modern science .We as the user of modern science and
technology should embrace it in open arms .