Grade 11 FINALS

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Consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of
Solar System
the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids; and the
interplanetary medium.
The Earth is considered to be the center of the solar system. The moon, the
Geocentric Model planets, the sun, and the stars all rotate around the Earth (which stays still),
with uniform circular motion.
A cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central
Heliocentric Model point of the solar system or of the universe while the Earth and other bodies
revolve around it.
Eudoxus designed his model of the universe as a series of cosmic spheres
Eudoxus containing the stars, the sun, and the moon all built around the earth at its
center.
Explained that the spherical earth is the center of the universe, and all other
Aristotle heavenly bodies are attached to concentric spheres which rotate around the
earth.
He figured out how to measure the relative distances between moon, earth and
Aristarchus
sun.
Galileo’s Astronomical Galileo’s used of telescope led him to the discovery of the ff.: four moons of
Discoveries Jupiter, phases of Venus, changes in the apparent sizes of Venus and Mars etc.
Brahe’s Innovation and
His model depicts that the objects such as moon and the sun rotate around the
the Kepler’s Law of
earth. The other planets rotate around the sun.
Planetary Motion
The universe began as a very hot, small, and dense super force (the mix of the
The Big Bang Theory four fundamental forces), with no stars, atoms, form, or structure (called a
"singularity").
A moment in time used as a reference point for some time-varying astronomical
Epochs quantity, such as the celestial coordinates or elliptical orbital elements of a
celestial body, because these are subject to perturbations and vary with time.
Began two or three minutes to 300,000 years after the Big Bang, with a process
Radiation Era known as nucleosynthesis. This was when helium nuclei (in fact all the helium
nuclei in the universe) were formed out of protons.
Flank No matter existed in this time but energy and super force was already existing.
Grand Unified Unification of strong nuclear, weak and electromagnetic.
Inflationary Rapid expansion of the universe.
Electroweak Electromagnetic and weak finally spilt out.
All of the universe ingredients were present. However, the universe was still too
Quark
hot and dense.
Hadron The universe cooldown and the quarks bind to form protons and neutrons.
Lepton
The protons and neutrons fused to form nuclei and Helium was produced.
Nuclear
The period in the evolution of the universe, beginning roughly 105 years after
the big bang, when the universe had cooled to the point at which electrons and
Matter Era protons were able to form neutral hydrogen atoms, and continuing to the
present time, during which matter, in the form of atoms, is dominant over
radiation.
Atomic Recombination period wherein hydrogen was produced.
Galactic Production of other elements cued the formation of galaxy at this period.
Stellar Latest and current stage of universe development.
Momentum A term used to describe the quantity of motion of an object.
Law of conservation of It states that the total linear momentum (p) of an isolated system is constant.
linear momentum
There are no outside forces causing changes in the linear momenta of the
Isolated system
object in the system.
𝒑 = 𝑚𝒗 ;
where p = momentum
Momentum (p) equation
m = mass
v = velocity

Law of conservation of 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 = 𝑝′1 + 𝑝′2 or

momentum equation 𝑚1𝒗𝟏 + 𝑚2𝒗𝟐 = 𝑚1𝒗𝟏′ + 𝑚2𝒗𝟐′

Every object continues at rest or in a uniform motion in a straight line unless a

Law of Inertia
Inertia
Law of Acceleration
Law of Interaction
force acts on it to change its state.
The tendency of an object to persist in its state of rest or uniform motion in a
straight line.
An object is accelerated whenever a net external force act on it. The force equals
the object’s mass times its acceleration.
For very action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Quantities Symbol Unit(s)

Momentum p kg(m/s)

Mass m kg

Velocity v m/s

Force F N or kg(m/s^2)

Time t s

Quantity Equation

Impulse-momentum Ft=∆p

Change in momentum ∆p=p’- p

Conservation of Momentum Sample Problem

A marble of mass m1 = 0.04 kg moving with a velocity v1= 2.0 m/s strikes a second marble, initially at rest,
of mass m2= 0.04 kg. As a result of the collision, the first marble comes to rest and the second one moves
in the opposite direction. What is the velocity of the second marble?

Given:
m1 = 0.04 kg v1= 2.0 m/s v’1= 0 m/s m2= 0.04 kg v2= 0 m/s v’2= ?

Solution:
𝑝1 + 𝑝2 = 𝑝′1 + 𝑝′2
𝑚1𝒗𝟏 + 𝑚2𝒗𝟐 = 𝑚1𝒗′𝟏 + 𝑚2𝒗′𝟐
(0.04 kg)(2.0 m/s)+(0.04kg)(0) = (0.04 kg)(0)+(0.04kg) 𝒗𝟐′
0.08 kg(m/s) + 0 = 0 + 0.04 kg (𝒗𝟐′)
𝒗′𝟐 = 2 m/s