The Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Mosul University /College of Engineering

Z-transform & inverse Z-transform

Report submitted as a part of the final exam requirement for

)Advanced Engineering Mathematics(

For the 3rd stage /Electronic and Communication in

Electrical Engineering

Provided by

YAZEN FIRAS FADHEL

Supervision by

Dr.Riyadh Zaki

2019-2020
Introduction: -
The Z transform is a generalization of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform. It is used
because the DTFT does not converge/exist for many important signals, and yet does for
the z-transform. It is also used because it is notationally cleaner than the DTFT. In
contrast to the DTFT, instead of using complex exponentials of the form eiωn, with
purely imaginary parameters, the Z transform uses the more general, zn, where z is
complex. The Z-transform thus allows one to bring in the power of complex variable
theory into Digital Signal Processing.
z-transform It is a transformation that maps Discrete -time (DT) signal x[n] into a
function of the complex variable z ,namely:

The domain of X (z) or Region of Convergence (ROC) is the set of all z in the complex
plane such that the series converges absolutely, i.e.

• Both X(z) and ROC is needed to specify an z-transform

• ROC depends on │z│; if z  ROC then │z│; if zeif ROC for any angle
• Within ROC , X(z) is an analytic function of the complex variable z , X(z) is a
smooth function and derivative exists

Example Find the z-transform of:

Let n=-m, n=2m, n=2m+1 in the first, second and third sums respectively

Fig (1)

1111
X (z) has poles at z= (3, , , , ) the pole at z=3 corresponds to the only anti-casual pole
3322
and the other four are casual poles in the ROC of 1/2 <│z│< 3.
Inverse z-transform: Let X(z) with an ROC X ℜ be the z-transform a discrete-time
signal x[n] then the inverse transform is defined by:

Where C is any closed counter-clockwise contour around z=0 within  X

This integral is evaluated in calculus using the residue theorem. However, this is not
be necessary in many cases through power-series expansion. In particular when X(Z)
is a rational function.
 Example Find the inverse z-transform of:

Power series expansion in powers of z -1:

Not that:

Which is simply:

Example Find the inverse z-transform of:

Since the numerator and the denominator have the same power N=3 , we write X(Z) as
the sum of a constant and a remainder form:

The bracketed term has a partial fraction expansion:

Verification MATLAB: -
% using residue function, we locate poles p(i), zeros z(i)
% and multiplicative factor k of an X(z) function

% plot unit-step response

Results: r= -2.0000 , 1.2500 , 2.2500 p= 0.5000 , 0.5000 , 0.2500 k=1

 and this is my code with matlab program

❖ Z transform is used in many applications of mathematics and signal processing.

The lists of applications of z transform are: -
▪ Uses to analysis of digital filters.
▪ Used to simulate the continuous systems.
▪ Analyze the linear discrete system.
▪ Used to finding frequency response.
▪ Analysis of discrete signal.
▪ Helps in system design and analysis and also checks the systems stability.
▪ For automatic controls in telecommunication.
▪ Enhance the electrical and mechanical energy to provide dynamic nature of the
system.
❖ If we see the main applications of z transform than we find that it is analysis
tool that analyze the whole discrete time signals and systems and their related
issues. If we talk the application areas of
❖ This transform wherever it is used, they are: -
▪ Digital signal processing.
▪ Population science.
▪ Control theory.
▪ Digital signal processing
Conclusion: -
The z-transform proves a useful, more general form of the Discrete Time Fourier
Transform. It applies equally well to describing systems as well as signals using the
eigenfunction method, and proves extremely useful in digital filter design.
Resource: -
1. http://abut.sdsu.edu/TE302/Chap5.pdf
2. https://www.comm.utoronto.ca/~dkundur/course_info/discrete-time-
systems/notes/Kundur_DTS_Chap3.pdf
3. https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-real-life-applications-of-Z-transforms

4. http://www.eas.uccs.edu/~mwickert/ece2610/lecture_notes/ece2610_chap7.pdf
5. https://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/ZXform/FwdZXform/FwdZXform.html
6. http://pilot.cnxproject.org/content/collection/col10064/latest/module/m34858/lat
est