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Code Modulation - Pulse: Report Submitted As A Part of The Final Exam Requirement For
Code Modulation - Pulse: Report Submitted As A Part of The Final Exam Requirement For
Code Modulation - Pulse: Report Submitted As A Part of The Final Exam Requirement For
Pulse-code modulation
)Digital Communications(
Provided by
Supervision by
ABDULRAHMAN KHALID
2019-2020
Introduction:-
Pulse code modulation is a method that is used to convert an analog signal into a digital
signal so that a modified analog signal can be transmitted through the digital
communication network. PCM is in binary form, so there will be only two possible
states high and low (0 and 1). We can also get back our analog signal by demodulation.
The Pulse Code Modulation process is done in three steps Sampling, Quantization, and
Coding. There are two specific types of pulse code modulations such as differential
pulse code modulation (DPCM) and adaptive differential pulse code modulation
(ADPCM)
Fig (1)
R6
Av = −
R5
Besides the input gain control of the modulation circuit, the sampler, quantizer and
encoder are built in the IC, therefore, we just need a few components to implement the
PCM modulator. Master clock (MCLK) is the operation frequency of the system, which
is 2048 kHz square wave frequency. Figure (2) is the circuit diagram of 2048 kHz square
wave generator. From figure (4), we use 2048 kHz crystal oscillator to match with the
TTL inverter, which can produce the required signal. Sample clock (SCLK) is the
sample frequency, which supplies the required operation frequency of the internal
sampler. The sample frequency is 8 kHz, i.e. the sampler will sample the input audio
signal in every 0.125 Ms. The sampling frequency is obtained by using the counter to
divided the 2048 kHz square wave signal by 256.
From figure (2), FS0 and FS1 are the data format selection of PCM encoder as shown
in table (1). The data format selection of PCM encoder can encode the sample to 8-bit
μ-law format, 8-bit A-law format or 16-bit digital data format. Besides, the above-
mentioned format, the IC CW6694 also provides with encode and decode of the
continuous variable slop delta modulation (CVSD) format. The CVSD format can be
selected by pin FS0 and FS1. However, therefore, the FS1 will be grounded and FS0
will be in "high" level. At this moment, the output encode data format of PCM is 16-bit.
When FS0 is in "low" level, the output encode of PCM is 8-bit. Pin is the reset pin of
this IC.
From figure (2), the data output terminal of pin 26 of PCM modulator will connect to a
buffer U1: B, which is used for impedance matching. The reason is the output of PCM
modulator is bipolar junction transistor type not field effect transistor type, therefore, in
order to prevent the load effect, we need to connect a buffer at the output terminal for
impedance matching.
Fig (3) Circuit diagram of 2048 kHz Fig (4) Output data format
square wave generator of PCM modulation
Sampling frequency, Fs is the number of average samples per second also known as the
Sampling rate. According to the Nyquist Theorem sampling rate should be at least 2
times the upper cutoff frequency. Sampling frequency, Fs>=2*fmax to avoid Aliasing
Effect. If the sampling frequency is very higher than the Nyquist rate it becomes
Oversampling, theoretically a bandwidth-limited signal can be reconstructed if sampled
at above the Nyquist rate. If the sampling frequency is less than the Nyquist rate it will
become Undersampling. Basically two types of techniques are used for the sampling
process. Those are 1. Natural Sampling and 2. Flat- top Sampling.
Quantization:-
In quantization, an analog sample with an amplitude that converted into a digital sample
with an amplitude that takes one of a specifically defined set of quantization values.
Quantization is done by dividing the range of possible values of the analog samples into
some different levels and assigning the center value of each level to any sample in the
quantization interval. Quantization approximates the analog sample values with the
nearest quantization values. So almost all the quantized samples will differ from the
original samples by a small amount. That amount is called quantization error. The result
of this quantization error is we will hear a hissing noise when playing a random signal.
Converting analog samples into binary numbers that are 0 and 1. In most cases, we will
use uniform quantizers. Uniform quantization is applicable when the sample values are
in a finite range (Fmin, Fmax). The total data range is divided into 2n levels, let it be L
intervals. They will have an equal length Q. Q is known as Quantization interval or
quantization step size. In uniform quantization, there will be no quantization error.
The solution to this problem is using Non- uniform quantization. In this process, the
quantization interval is smaller near zero.
Encoder:-
The encoder encodes the quantized samples. Each quantized sample is encoded into
an 8-bit codeword by using A-law in the encoding process.
• Bit 1 is the most significant bit (MSB), it represents the polarity of the sample.
“1” represents positive polarity and “0” represents negative polarity.
• Bit 2, 3 and 4 will defines the location of the sample value. These three bits
together form a linear curve for low level negative or positive samples.
• Bit 5, 6, 7 and 8 are the least significant bits (LSB) it represents one of the
segments quantized value. Each segment is divided into 16 quantum levels.
PCM is two types of Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) and Adaptive
Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM). In DPCM only the difference between
a sample and the previous value is encoded. The difference will be much smaller than
the total sample value so we need some bits for getting the same accuracy as in ordinary
PCM. So that the required bit rate will also reduce.
Decoder: -
The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original signal.
This circuit acts as the demodulator.
Resource: -
1-https://www.elprocus.com/pulse-code-modulation-and-demodulation/
2https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_pu
lse_code_modulation.htm
3- https://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/blogs/archive-posts/95045126-what-is-pulse-
code-modulation-pcm
4- Electronics and Communications for Scientists and Engineers
Chapter (9)