Kashmir Issue: Deep Analysis Of This Issue And

Viable Measures To Resolve The Issue.

Ans. Outline:

 Introduction.
 Historical background of the issue.
 Why are both countries so obsessed with this issue?
 What are its impacts over the South Asian region?
 Steps taken by both the sides for resolving the issue.
 Despite several such steps why both sides have failed to resolve this issue even after 70
years?
 Pragmatic and viable solutions of the dispute.

A. Introduction:

Kashmir issue has become one of those conflicts that the comity of nations has failed to
resolve even in the span of 70 years of the emergence of conflict. this is a tripartite
dispute sailing in between India, Pakistan and China with all three occupying 45%, 35%,
and 20 % of the disputed territory respectively. the gravity of this issue can be gauged
from the fact that three full fledge wars have been fought in between India and Pakistan
over this territory apart from minor encounters, thus signaling that the problem is not so
easy to be resolved. the question that mainly arises in mind is that why is this territory
so much important to all these state. it is its geo-strategic location, emotional
attachment, ideological interests, and water depots that compel these nations not to give
up on it. This conflict has not only derailed the relations between India and Pakistan but
has affected the peace and stability of the whole region. And is further bent on
endangering the world peace as two nuclear states are juxtaposition to each other. Owing
to that several instances have been recorded in the history when not only India and
Pakistan but UNSC also tried to resolve the matter, but all in vain. As a result Kashmir
conflict still stands unresolved. Thus serious efforts are needed not only from both the
sides but from the world as a whole to resolve this issue as soon as possible.
"once understood the challenge for now is to move on ,the history on
Kashmir cannot be re-written ;an analysis ,however, of all the relevant
aspects of the struggle makes it easier to understand the depth of
disappointment and at times, hatred which has caused all sides."
B. Why Are Both The Countries So Obsessed With This
Conflict?

1. Water depots of the region.

Kashmir is one of those territories of South Asia that is home to Himalayan glaciers and
Indus basin.  the glaciers and fresh water they provide to the region and to India.
The glacial waters that flow through Kashmir provide water and electricity to a billion
people in India. Pakistan also relies heavily on glacial waters flowing from the region to
prop up its agricultural sector. As these glaciers fill up the Nubra river which ultimately
adds water in the Indus, that is an ultimate source of water for Pakistan.

With a growing population and increased need for electricity, India has looked to the
region to develop more hydro facilities. Pakistan fears that India may divert water
necessary for irrigation, and use water as a weapon against Pakistan. In 1960, India and
Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty, brokered by the World Bank. The agreement
gave India control over the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej rivers, and Pakistan control over the
Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum. Because all the rivers flowed through India, India was given
special provisions for hydroelectric development.

Sounding further alarm bells, research indicates that global warming is causing record
melting of Kashmir’s glaciers, which provide fresh water to its rivers. Himalayan glaciers
have lost an estimated 174 giga tons of water; the rapid melt has been responsible for
severe flooding in both Pakistan and India. With rapidly receding glacial water, India
and Pakistan will face prolonged electricity shortages, stunting economic growth, and
dry summer river beds will impact the agriculture sector.

Kashmir is geo-strategically located and serves as main source of water and power
generation for both Pakistan and India. The control of the region creates a zero sum
game in which the control of the rivers and glacial water could pose an existential threat
to the other.

Pakistan’s first Foreign Minister Zafarullah Khan: "If Kashmir should accede to
India, Pakistan might as well, from both economic and strategic points of
view, become a feudatory of India or cease of exist as an independent
sovereign state."

2. Geo-strategic location of Kashmir.

the major silk route, which is considered a giant trade route passes through kashmir and
connects Pakistan, India and China to CARs, middle east and Europe. thus making
Kashmir all the more important for economic prosperity of these three states. Secondly
Karakoram highway, which also passes through Kashmir is highly important for
Pakistan and China, not only because it connects the but owing to their CPEC adventure
as well. Thus Kashmir serves as a transit route for these nations and can play a critical
role in the economic development of these nations. in addition to trade advantage,
Kashmir also provides an strategic advantage to the nation who will control the precious
siachen glaciers. they provide an adequate position to each party to attack other one.
although these huge mountains act as a natural barrier, but if controlled, can provide an
strategic opportunity to Pakistan and China to threaten India's security. both can create
a powerful military force against India .same is the case with India, it also finds these
glaciers highly important for its territorial security. Because this glacier prevents direct
linkage between Pakistan Army & China's People Liberation Army, which are both are
rival armies of Indian Army. It also give India a foothold in the region and
reconnaissance of the Karakoram highway which links Pak & China. thus all these geo-
strategic constraints make this matter all the more complicated to be resolved.

3. Ideological and religious reasons.

ideologically India has always portrayed itself as a secular state. division of sub-continent
was a one great blow to that instance of Indian national congress. thus after dealing with
one shock India was not ready to face another blow. it was and it still bent on to show the
world that despite nearly 1000 different communities existing in India ,it is secular
enough to assimilate a Muslim majority territory into its union. moreover it wants to
create a good image against the nations of the world that India is the most secular and
adaptive state of the subcontinent. and for that India would not give up on Kashmir, as it
will negate its ideology.

Original importance of Kashmir for Pakistan lies in the two-nation theory upon which
All India Muslim League based its demand for a separate Muslim homeland. The theory
mentions that the Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations who cannot live
together and that the Muslims of the subcontinent cannot lead their lives in full
accordance with their beliefs under Hindu domination. Indian control over Kashmir was
problematic because it was the sole Muslim majority region that was not given to
Pakistan. In contrast, the Hindu majority state of Junagadh, whose Muslim ruler
preferred to join Pakistan, was incorporated by India in 1948 at the time of
independence. It became a useful issue for Pakistani rules to gain political support
because it raises ‘deep passions and emotions’ that touch the heart of Pakistani identity.
For the majority of Pakistanis, Kashmir is so central to their national identity that
without it, partition of India and liberation of Pakistan still remains ‘fundamentally
incomplete’

4. India's fear of losing its identity and union's

disintegration.
The second feature of this external orientation of India’s identity was the fear, though
over time these anxieties have been dissipated through continuous hard struggle and
actions of Indian leadership that the loss of Kashmir would set a precedent for other
regions in Indian Union to break apart. It is an accepted reality that Indian society is
largely segmented. India’s population is over a billion and it is divided into various types
of innumerable languages and dialects, 6 major religions, some 6400 castes and sub-
 castes, and 52 major tribes. Sixty-five percent of communities are either bilingual or
trilingual. Identities go beyond seemingly separate Hindu or Muslim religious types.
There are more than 1000 communities under the influence of the religious leaders in
dual religious systems . In this situation creating a unified identity of India is difficult,
also because the inter-group violence occurs often. In India, state building through the
democracy has often been marred by regular and serious distortions in the form of
violence in the name of religion, caste, and tribe as well as economic exploitation and
economic or political neglect . This has forced India to have a strong grip as well as built
a strong occupation over Kashmir. Successive Indian governments and various Indian
writers put forward another symbolic reason for Indian determination to occupy Jammu
and Kashmir is that its secession might set a dangerous example for other states of
Indian Union who are disillusioned with India

5. Maintaining status quo.

Another important dimension to this conflict is India's efforts of maintaining its status
quo. India is bent on expanding its hegemonic designs and showing the world that it is
one of the emerging powers of the world. it has already acquired the status of world's
biggest democracy, which it seeks to preserve. losing on Kashmir will be an strategic loss
for India as it will be a blot over its regional power image and a source of humiliation.
contrary to that Pakistan does not want to accept the reality of India emerging as a
regional power and thus Kashmir issue is a greater opportunity for Pakistan to secure its
interests. it is like to kill two birds with one stone for Pakistan. as with Kashmir on
Pakistan's side, on one hand it will secure its strategic and economic interests and on the
other hand it will humiliate and derail India's efforts of exerting its influence over the
entire region. it is also the matter of insecurities from Pakistan's side and egos from both
the sides. and this all is entrenched in their controversial path, significant for insecurity
syndrome, distrust, chaos and disagreements.

"The basic goal of Pakistan is balkanizing India."

-states col. Jawed Hassan, in his book India- A study in profile.

C. Impacts of this conflict over Kashmir itself, Indo-Pak

relations .
 Effects Over Kashmir:
Kashmir valley has suffered enormous damages over the period of time. it has not only paid the
cost of this menace economically but with the lives of 1000s of its people. according to UN
agencies report-89000 Kashmiris have been killed by far in this conflict, with 1000s becoming
handicapped. apart from that almost 10000 have been forced into disappearance.Moreover,
according to amnesty international, "tortures, custodial deaths, disappearances,
rapes, molestations, are the norm of the day in the Indian-held Kashmir. "
apart from that almost 600000 to 700000 Indian troops have been deployed for almost 13
Million Kashmiris in IHK, which means almost 18 officers for 1 local. this has further created
psychological impacts over the locals, as they continuously live their lives under the threat that
at anytime anything can happen to them. after the tragic death of a freedom fighter Burhan
Wani in a clash with the Indian army,  no less than 85 civilians have been killed, and over
13,000 injured, with the police and the paramilitary using pellet guns, tear gas shells, rubber
bullets, as well as assault rifles. Apart from the deaths, the pellet injuries have been most
frightful, with many of the injured either losing or in danger of losing their sight as weapons
seem to have been aimed at their faces. In July alone, at the SHMS Hospital in Srinagar only,
there had been 137 eye surgeries performed, and 182 patients received." A recent report on
Human Rights violations states that that between 1989 to June 30, 2010 the
number of Kashmiris killed at the hands of Indian security forces stands at 93,274.
Additionally, there have been 6,969 custodial killings, over 107,351 children have
been orphaned, 22,728 women widowed and 9,920 women gang raped. "

The economic landscape of J&K doesn’t fare too well either as highlighted in an economic survey
by the J&K government in 2014-15. Unemployment in the Jammu & Kashmir state is at 4.9 per
cent compared to the all-India figure of 2.9 per cent. The report also noted that work
opportunities have not kept pace with the increasing population. The problem of unemployment
gains more importance because of higher incidence of unemployment among the educated
section of youth of the state. The share of industry in GSDP is around 20-25 per cent and the
growth of the industry has decelerated by about 4 per cent from 2007-08 to 2014-15. The state
also faces challenges when it comes to physical infrastructure as well as power supply.

 Effects Over Indo-Pak relations:

since independence Indo-Pak relations have been kind of topsy turvy. three full fledge wars and
numerous clashes are the result of this unresolved matter. whenever both the sides decided to
improve the bilateral relations, the issue of Kashmir became the cause of a deadlock and talks
could not get along. As evidenced in 2014-15, when Indian authorities claimed that all matters
will be discussed except Kashmir issue and thus negotiations were stopped. Thus this problem is
that one stroke that destroys the whole scenario of peace building between both countries. just
leave the past and look at the recent happenings of the last year. the recent wave of insurgency
in the IHK, after the death of a Kashmiri freedom fighter Burhan Wani, has lead to an storm of
accusations from India against Pakistan's alleged involvement in Kashmir, which has ultimately
hampered relations between both the countries. Last nail in the coffin was uri attack, which
further infuriated India. After that we witnessed a series of verbal encounters from both the
sides, and an over ambitious claim of surgical strikes in Pakistan by India,which further
estranged Pakistan. so far there have been almost over 300 violations of Loc.In 2016 alone,
Indian forces have committed 178 ceasefire violation at the LoC and the Working Boundary ,
said a statement from the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR).As a result of the violations, 19
civilians have been killed and 80 have been injured. As a result 2003 ceasefire agreement stands
resolved and both the states are standing on the brink of a nuclear conflict. just one wrong
incident and whole state of affairs between both the states have changed. Apart from all this
Pakistan foreign adviser faced humongous humiliation at the hands of Indian PM Narendra
Modi and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani in the heart of Asia conference. thus Indo-Pak
relations are at its lowest ebb in the current set up. and the main reason behind this is growing
Kashmir insurgency.
D. Historical Steps Taken To Resolve The Kashmir Conflict.

Bilateral Efforts:

 First Phase Of Talks.

first high level talks were started in 1947, held between Quaid-e-Azam and Lord Mountbatten ,at
Lahore. Jinnah presented a 3 point formula to work things out. the formula stated; the
departure of all foreign forces including Indian forces and tribesmen, taking over the
administration of the state, and arranging a plebiscite under the joint control of the two
governor generals. but Mountbatten didn't accept it by saying that no proposal will be accepted
without India's consent. and thus the negotiations died out because India out rightly rejected the
plan. the next few years saw some movements from both the sides like Chaudhry M. Ali's visit to
India in 1947, followed by Liaquat ali khan's participation in joint defense council's meeting and
his negotiations with his Delhi's counterpart over the Kashmir. history reveals that both the
sides kept on moving towards resolution of issue, but may be not whole heartedly. because
alone in 1962, 6 rounds of talks were held between both the countries, and Ayub Khan even went
to the extent of accepting a solution other than plebiscite but all in vain. it was a pattern
observed by historians, that both the sides used to meet, discuss, debate and reach a deadlock as
not one side was ready to compromise.

 Second Phase Of Talks.

second journey was marked by 1972s Simla Agreement, a peace treaty signed between two sides
to negate the aftermaths of 1971 war. in this agreement both sides agreed to the withdrawal of
troops and exchange of PoWs. apart from that date and timings regarding dialogue over
Kashmir issue was decided. in between 1972-94, the two sides met 45 times to discuss various
issues including Kashmir, but all the time Kashmir was sent on the back bench and talks
revolved around other issues like trade, CBMs, people to people contact etc. Finally 1994 was
marked as the year in which after so much delay talks were held on Kashmir exclusively. foreign
secretaries of both the states met in Islamabad to converse over the affair, but failed and ended
up blaming each other. Indian counterpart , Mr. J.N.Dixit blamed Pakistan for this failure and
showed his government's willingness to re-review the issue. Pakistan's former secretary , Mr.
Shaharyar Khan ,who was leading the Pakistan side stated on the other hand that : "There was
neither any progress on Kashmir nor the Indian side appeared to be equipped with
any proposals . Obviously it meant that India was not really interested in making
any progress. They were only keen to appear to the world that India is not only
always ready for bilateral talks but frequently takes initiatives to resume such
talks."
  Third Phase Of Talks.
the next phase of talks started in 2001 when Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpyee invited Pakistan's
President General Pervaiz Musharraf at Agra to hold discussions on various pending issues
including Kashmir. Vajpayee's moves like inaugural of bus service, resumption of rail and air
networks, and appointment of commissioners from both the sides showed Vajpayee's
willingness for rapprochement . Moreover joint statement by both gentlemen was a great step
towards normalizations of ties. but BJP cabinet members were not happy with these moves and
thus tried to spoil their efforts. further India's upcoming general elections lead to the postponing
of the negotiations till 2004.In 2004,newly elected PM of India Manmohan Singh showed his
willingness over this issue and both the sides agreed to reduce the number of troops. seeing
these developments, Kashmiri freedom fighters came under pressure and asked for a dialogue.
but all these efforts were spoiled by the blame game from both the sides that Pakistan was
responsible for border infiltration and militant trainings in Kashmir. In return Pakistan blamed
India for interfering in Baluchistan and supporting the militants out there like BLA.Finally talks
were resumed in 2006. Musharraf took the opportunity very seriously and presented his four
point formula to resolve Kashmir conflict. the formula included; soft borders, demilitarization,
self-governance, joint-mechanism of governance. His logical approach invited praise from the
international community and media but failed to get approved by the Indian side. as India was
bent on the emotional rhetoric that "Kashmir is the integral part of Indian Union.'' thus
there is no denying the fact that efforts were not being made, but no progress was seen between
2001-7. Pervaiz Cheema, in his work, ''Musharraf's recipe for Kashmir'' stated that, '' The 4
stage formula by general included recognition of Kashmir dispute as the main
impediment on the road to Indo-Pak peaceful relationship, initiation of a dialogue,
elimination of whatever is unacceptable to India, Pakistan and the people of
Kashmir, and efforts to secure a win-win situation.''

since the mumbai attack on and off steps have been taken by both the countries like high level
meetings of both the PMs , commissioners ,foreign advisers and secretaries but issue of mumbai
attack and stiff stance of India over Kashmir made it hard to reach an agreement. as it is evident
from the words of one of the high level officials that :a'' we are ready to talk to Pakistan on
every issue but Kashmir''.

UNs Efforts In Resolving The Issue.

After the first Kashmir war in 1947 between India and Pakistan in 1948 India sought cease fire,
taking the issue to the UN Security Council, which passed resolution 47 on 21 April 1948,
imposing an immediate cease-fire along the line of actual control of territory by both parties and
calling on them to withdraw their troops. It also ruled that “the final disposition of the State of
Jammu and Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will of the people expressed through
the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite conducted under the auspices of the
United Nations.” The cease fire was enacted in December 1948, with both governments agreeing
to hold the plebiscite in areas under their control. Ever since, India has been rejecting all
resolutions of the Security Council and the proposals of the UN arbitrators for demilitarization
of the region—all of which were accepted by Pakistan.
E. What Are The Major Reasons Of These Failed Attempts?

I. Historical Distrust And Animosity Against Each Other.

Indo-Pak's past is riddled with the animosities of three different eras.

 pre-partition era- rule of Mughal empire, snatching of Indian's religious freedom,
religious persecution, spread of Islam, forced conversions of Hindus built a deep hatred
amongst the Hindus against Muslims.
 partition era- bloody conflicts, mass genocides, Congress league rivalry ,Indians urge for
saving the union and Muslims desire for division further enraged them.
 post-partition era-insecurity syndrome, biased curriculum, biased history, blame games
etc have all lead to a severe distrust and hatred for each other.

II. Different Security Perceptions.

South Asia has an asymmetric power structure. India is far superior in terms of its size,
population, resources and military strength compared to its neighbors. thus by default India, on
account of this asymmetry envisages a place of dominance in the South Asia. This created an
insecurity syndrome amongst Pakistanis and they took decision in the post-partition era
accordingly. Pakistan is bent on undoing the hegemonic designs of India diplomatically,
militarily and politically just to preserve its territorial integrity and sovereignty . But India
mistook this Pakistan's security derive as her desire to attain parity. whereas what Pakistan has
always been trying to do is defend its territorial integrity, right of every sovereign nation. rising
defense budgets, arms race, nuclear competition, and fight over Kashmir are all the result of this
insecurity disorder.

III. Periodic Domestic Developments.

''The first condition of a good foreign policy is a good domestic policy.'' According to
former British PM William Gladstone

Role of rightist elements is highly crucial in settling of a domestic policy of a nation. in both
India and Pakistan's case such elements have hampered the normalization of peace process and
resolution of this conflict. history is full of such mishaps like 2001 Indian parliament attack,
samjhota express attack, Mumbai attack etc. elements like Akali Dal, Shiv Sena and Hindu
Mahasabha from India's side and Jaish-e-Mohammad and Lashkar-e-Taiba from Pakistan's side
are responsible for spoiling both the sides efforts and destroying their bilateral relations. until
and unless these extremist elements are removed for domestic arena, no positive policies will be
able to see success in the future.

IV. Non-Involvement Of Kashmiris.

it is evident from all past efforts that mainly kashmiris have been kept out of the negotiation
process. Indo-Pak has mainly seen this conflict as their own. whereas this conflict is more of
kashmiris than of both the nations. it is vital to incorporate their views and propositions in the
resolution formula, otherwise it would not be welcomed by them and infact would lead to more
chaos and confusion. further this issue would be more prolonged, which is the last thing that
anyone would want.

F. Possible Solutions Of This Conflict.

''Without a settlement of the sub-conflict, which focuses and magnifies all the
historical, religious and political hatreds between the two conflicting countries,
the perilous stalemate will continue indefinitely, expose to dangerous rise of
war at any time .''[Margolis, E. S. (2001). War at the Top of the World.New York:
Routledge.]

a) Soft Borders.
 Kashmir should have the same borders but free movement   across the region be allowed for
people on both side of LoC. this was the very first suggestion of Musharraf in his four point
formula and it appears to be the best possible step that both sides can take over Kashmir.
this will enable people from both sides of Loc to meet and greet, and will also re-unite
families who were separated due to this division. it will not only ease out chaos in the area
but will also create a favorable environment for furthering the peace process, and finding
other more solutions to resolve this issue.

b) Self-governance.
self-governance appears to be the step in the right direction. for decades this region has been
under the control of unwanted authorities, who paved no heed to the plights of the people of
these regions. thus it should be the very first thing to do, to give those people right to govern
themselves. this will not only ease out there pain, but will improve governance and lead to
development of this region. also relations with its neighboring countries will improve once
stability is attained in this area. Musharraf told Geo TV on Oct 23, 2006 that: “There was a
fair amount of agreement that we need to give maximum (power) to the people
of Kashmir so that they have a feeling of governing themselves; i.e. self-rule,
short of independence''. 
 c) Demilitarization.
Region should be demilitarized i-e  phased wised withdrawal  of troops from the region. as
mentioned previously, almost 600,000-700,000 Indian troops are currently deployed in the
IHK for just 13 million population. Thus 1 officer for every 18 people. people of this valley
have been living under this fear and persecution for year. main reason of their revolt is their
anguish for troops. they believe that these are not to secure them but to maltreat them.
according to human rights agencies, in June 2010 alone, 33 people were killed including four
children, 572 people were tortured and injured and 8 women were molested, 117,345 people
were arrested and 105,861 houses or structures in the use of the communities were razed or
destroyed. thus demilitarization is something that these people are vying for. it will ease out
the sufferings of millions of people who have faced so much injustice for decades. and it
appears to be the only just thing to do in the current scenario.

d) Joint-mechanism.
owing to the obsession of both the sides over Kashmir issue, and owing to geo-strategic
importance of the territory ,it would not be viable to leave this newly released state alone.
so a joint-mechanism is necessary to oversee this whole peace building initiative and
enable to further improve the situation of the valley. apart from that it would satisfy the
egos of both the nations as well. Musharraf told Geo TV on Oct 23, 2006 : ''The joint
mechanism was to oversee that self-governance and also discussing
whatever we have not devolved to the people of both sides''.

Basically these are the moves needed from both the sides to break this stalemate. Currently
there is a deadlock situation, no more and no less. And it is not a new phenomenon, entire world
has been facing this situation for so many decades. so if one really wants to bring a real change
in this awkward scenario, and break the ice, then only these moves can lead us to our ultimate
solution i:e Kashmir's right of self determination as per UN resolution 47, which demands a
plebiscite in this region. these moves will prepare people and the stakeholders from all three
sides to devise further methods of improving the situation and will ultimately build a ground for
plebiscite. if instead of going for measures like these all three sides stood stiff on their individual
concerns, this issue would never get resolved in a peace full manner, and may further lead to
chaos and instability in the region and particularly between India and Pakistan. apart from all
this an instance of war also could not be ignored altogether ,since already we have fought three
full fledge wars over Kashmir in the past.

G. How Will This All Be Achieved?

 The first thing in the right direction will be to highlight the human rights violation by
UNMOGIP. Internationalizing this issue will put pressure on Indian side and will
convince them to come to the negotiation table.
 Secondly, UN be asked to intervene and convince India to respect the 2003 ceasefire
agreement and end its violation by continuously indulging in cross Loc firings, which
has lead to number of deaths, not only of soldiers but civilians from both the sides.
 Thirdly, USA be taken into confidence. As it is the only country that exerts a major
influence over India . Improving ties with US can have this added benefit of easing
out tensions with India.
 Recently we are having a good time with our Russian counterpart Mr. Putin. Pakistan
can utilize this opportunity for resolve Kashmir issue. Tashkent declaration was also
the result of Russian diplomacy. Same way Russia can also play a major rule in
forcing India to change its stance over Kashmir.
 China is also another major player in this respect, as it holds claim to aksai chin, a
disputed area of Kashmir between India and China. China is one of the leading trade
partners of India and an economic power of the world. Through UNSC and through
negotiations, china is in the position of coaxing India to change its position on
Kashmir.
 Lastly, SAARC is the most suitable platform to force both the sides to come to terms.
This podium, if utilized fruitfully can enable all the states to find out ways to
implement the aforementioned workable solutions of the decade long conflict.
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Q. Kashmir has not only affected the people of the valley and the relations between
Pakistan and India but also hampered the development in South Asia. The world
scenario of conflicting policies and unrest calls on both the countries more than ever
to resolve the dispute amicably for stability and prosperity in the region. Based on
previous experiences what do you suggest would be the pragmatic solution of the
dispute and? How to achieve it?

Ans. Outline.

o Introduction.
o Brief history of the conflict.
o Its impacts over the region.
o Historical perspective of past failed attempts.
o Amicable and practical solutions and a roadmap to achieve those solutions.
o conclusion.