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Transient Conduction: Finite-Difference Equations and Solutions
Transient Conduction: Finite-Difference Equations and Solutions
Transient Conduction: Finite-Difference Equations and Solutions
Finite-Difference Equations
and
Solutions
Chapter 5
Section 5.10
Finite-Difference Method
• Procedure:
─ Represent the physical system by a nodal network, with an m, n notation used
to designate the location of discrete points in the network, and discretize the
problem in time by designating a time increment ∆t and expressing the time
as t = p∆t, where p assumes integer values, (p = 0, 1, 2,…).
where, according to convention, all heat flow is assumed to be into the region.
( )
Tmp,+n1 = Fo Tmp+1, n + Tmp−1, n + Tmp, n +1 + Tmp, n −1 + (1 − 4 Fo ) Tmp, n (5.76)
αΔt
Fo = → finite-difference form of Fourier number
( Δx ) 2
Marching Solution
• Transient temperature distribution is determined by a marching solution,
beginning with known initial conditions.
p t T1 T2 T3……………….. TN
Known
0 0 T1,i T2,i T3,i………………. TN,i
1 ∆t -- -- -- …………… --
2 2∆t -- -- -- …………… --
3 3∆t -- -- -- …………… --
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Steady-state -- -- -- -- ……………. --
Problem: Finite-Difference Equation
KNOWN: Thin rod of diameter D, initially in equilibrium with its surroundings, Tsur,
suddenly passes a current I; rod is in vacuum enclosure and has prescribed electrical
resistivity, ρe, and other thermophysical properties.
FIND: Transient, finite-difference equation for node m.
SCHEMATIC:
Problem: Finite-Difference Equation
p p p p 4
( )
Tm-1 − Tm Tm+1 − Tm ⎡ p 4 ⎤ p+1 p
4 2 ρe Δx Tm − Tm
kA c + kA c − επ DΔxσ ⎢ Tm − Tsur ⎥ + I = ρ cA c Δx .
Δx Δx ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ A c Δ t
p+1
Dividing each term by ρcAc Δx/Δt and solving for Tm ,
p+1
Tm =
k
⋅
ρ c Δx 2 (Δt p
Tm-1 p
+ Tm+1 ) ⎡
− ⎢2 ⋅
k
⋅
Δt
⎣ ρ c Δx 2 ⎦
⎤ p
− 1⎥ Tm
Ac ρ c ⎣⎢(
⎢ Tm ) − Tsur ⎥ +
ε Pσ Δt ⎡ p 4 4 ⎤ I2 ρ e Δt
− ⋅ ⋅ .
⎦⎥ Ac2 ρ c
Problem: Finite-Difference Equation
2
or, with Fo = α Δt/Δx ,
( ) ( ) ⎤ I2 ρe Δx 2
2 ⎡ p 4
p+1 p p p ε PσΔx 4
Tm = Fo Tm-1 + Tm+1 + (1 − 2 Fo ) Tm − ⋅ Fo ⎢ Tm − Tsur ⎥ + ⋅ Fo.
kA c 2
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ kAc
p
Basing the stability criterion on the coefficient of the Tm term, it would follow that
Fo ≤ ½.
( )
p 4
However, stability is also affected by the nonlinear term, Tm , and smaller values of Fo may be
needed to insure aitsstable solution.
existence.
Problem: Cold Plate
Features:
• Cold plate is at a uniform temperature,
Ti=15°C, when a uniform heat flux
of q′′o = 10 5 W/m 2 is applied to its base
due to activation of chips.
• During the transient process, heat
transfer into the cold plate ( q in ) increases
its thermal energy while providing for
heat transfer by convection to the
water ( qconv ). Steady state is reached
when q conv = q in .
Problem: Cold Plate (cont.)
ANALYSIS:
Nodes 1 and 5:
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt ⎞ p+1 2αΔt p+1 2αΔt p+1
⎜1 + + ⎟ T1 − T2 − T6 = T1p
⎜ Δx 2 Δy 2 ⎟⎠ Δx 2 Δy 2
⎝
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt ⎞ p+1 2αΔt p+1 2αΔt p+1
⎜1 + + ⎟ T5 − T4 − T10 = T5p
⎜ Δx 2 Δy 2 ⎟⎠ Δx 2 Δy 2
⎝
Nodes 2, 3, 4:
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt ⎞ p+1 αΔt p+1 αΔt p+1 2αΔt p+1 p
⎜1 + + ⎟ Tm,n − Tm-1,n − Tm+1,n − Tm,n-1 = Tm,n
⎜ Δx 2 Δy 2 ⎟⎠ Δx 2 Δx 2 Δy 2
⎝
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt 2hαΔt ⎞ p+1 αΔt p+1 αΔt p+1 2αΔt p+1 2hαΔt p
⎜⎜ 1 + + + ⎟⎟ T15 − T14 − T16 − T20 = T∞ +T15
2
⎝ Δx Δy 2 kΔy ⎠ Δx 2 Δx 2 Δy 2 kΔy
Node 11:
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt 2hαΔt ⎞ p+1 αΔt p+1 Δt p+1 αΔt p+1 2hαΔt p
⎜⎜ 1 + 2 + 2 + ⎟⎟ T11 − 2 T8 − 2α 2 T12 − 2 T16 = T∞ +T11
⎝ Δx Δy kΔx ⎠ Δy Δx Δy kΔx
( ) ( )
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt ⎞ p+1 αΔt p+1 p+1 αΔt p+1 p+1 p
⎜1 + + ⎟ Tm,n − Tm,n+1 + Tm,n-1 − Tm-1,n + Tm+1,n = Tm,n
⎜ Δx 2 Δy 2 ⎟⎠ Δy 2 Δx 2
⎝
( )
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt ⎞ p+1 αΔt p+1 p+1 2αΔt p+1 p
⎜1 + + ⎟ Tm,n − Tm,n+1 + Tm,n-1 − Tm-1,n = Tm,n
⎜ Δx 2 Δy 2 ⎟⎠ Δy 2 Δx 2
⎝
Node 19:
( )
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt ⎞ p+1 αΔt p+1 p+1 2αΔt p+1 p
⎜1 + + ⎟ T19 − T14 + T24 − T20 = T19
⎜ Δx 2 Δy 2 ⎟⎠ Δy 2 Δx 2
⎝
( )
⎛ 2αΔt 2αΔt ⎞ p+1 2αΔt p+1 αΔt p+1 p+1 2q′′ αΔt p+1
⎜1 + + ⎟ Tm,n − Tm,n+1 − Tm-1,n + Tm+1,n = o +Tm,n
⎜ Δx 2 2
Δy ⎠⎟ Δy 2 Δx 2 k Δ y
⎝
′
q conv = h [( Δx/2 ) ( T6 − T∞ ) + Δx ( T7 − T∞ ) + ( Δx + Δy ) ( T8 − T∞ ) / 2 + Δy ( T11 − T∞ ) + ( Δx
+Δy ) ( T16 − T∞ ) / 2 + Δx ( T15 − T∞ ) + ( Δx/2 )( T14 − T∞ ) = q out.
′