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Problem 2.1

Starting from Eq. (2.22), show that for a parallelflow heat exchanger, Eq. (2.26a) becomes

Th2 − Tc2   1 1 
= exp  −  +  UA 
Th1 − Tc1   Ch Cc  

SOLUTION:

The heat transferred across the area dA is:

δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA (1)
The heat transfer rate can also be written as the change in enthalpy of each fluid (with the
correct sign) between the area A and A+dA:
* for the hot fluid (dT h <0)
δQ = -m
 hc p,hdTh (2)
* for the cold fluid (dT c >0)
δQ = m
 cc p,cdTc (3)
The notion of heat capacity can be introduced as:
 p
C = mc (4)
This parameter represents the rate of heat transferred by a fluid when its temperature varies
with one degree.
The equation (2) and (3) give:
δQ = -C hdTh = CcdTc (5)
Equations (1) and (5) give:
dTh U
=− dA (6)
Th − Tc Ch
dTc U
=− dA (7)
Th − Tc Cc
Subtracting equation (7) from (6):
d(Th − Tc )  1 1 
= -  UdA (8)
Th − Tc  Cc C h 
Considering the overall heat transfer coefficient U=constant, equation (8) can be integrated:
 1 1 
ln( Th − Tc ) =  -  UA + lnB (9)
 Cc Ch 

 1 1  
Th − Tc = Bexp  -  UA 
 C c C h   (10)
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The constant of integration, K is obtained from the boundary condition at the inlet:
at A=0, Th − Tc = Th1 − Tc2 (11)
K= Th1 − Tc2 (12)
Introducing equation (12) in (10) we have:
Th − Tc  1 1  
= exp  -  UA  (13)
Th1 − Tc2  C c C h  
At the outlet the heat transfer area is A t =A and T h -T c =T h2 -T c2 and:
 1 1 
Th2 − Tc 2 − +  UA
C C  (14)
=e  h c
Th1 − Tc1
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Problem 2.2

Show that for a parallel flow heat exchanger the variation of the hot fluid temperature along the heat
exchanger is given by

  1
− +
1 
 UA

Th − Th1 -C c   Ch C c  
= 1- e 
Th1 − Tc1 C h + C c  
 

Obtain a similar expression for the variation of the cold fluid temperature along the heat exchanger.
Also show that for A → ∞ , the temperature will be equal to mixing-cup temperature of the fluids
which is given by

C h Th1 + C c Tc1
T∞ =
Ch + Cc

SOLUTION:

The heat transferred across the area dA is:

δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA (1)
The heat transfer rate can also be written as the change in enthalpy of each fluid (with the
correct sign) between the area A and A+dA:
* for the hot fluid (dT h <0)
δQ = -m
 hc p,hdTh (2)
* for the cold fluid (dT c >0)
δQ = m
 cc p,cdTc (3)
The notion of heat capacity can be introduced as:
 p
C = mc (4)
Equation (2) and (3) give:
δQ = -C hdTh = CcdTc (5)
Equations (1) and (5) give:
dTh U
=− dA (6)
Th − Tc Ch
dTc U
=− dA (7)
Th − Tc Cc
Subtracting equation (7) from (6):
d(Th − Tc )  1 1 
= -  UdA (8)
Th − Tc  Cc C h 
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Considering the overall heat transfer coefficient U=constant, equation (8) can be integrated:
 1 1 
ln( Th − Tc ) =  -  UA + lnB (9)
 Cc Ch 

 1 1  
Th − Tc = Bexp  -  UA  (10)
 C c C h  
The constant of integration, K is obtained from the boundary condition at the inlet:
at A=0, Th − Tc = Th1 − Tc2 (11)
K= Th1 − Tc2 (12)
Introducing equation (12) in (10) we have:
Th − Tc  1 1  
= exp  -  UA  (13)
Th1 − Tc2  C c C h  
From equation (10) it can be observed that the temperature difference T h -T c is an exponential
function of surface area A, and T h -T c →0 when A→0. The variation of the hot fluid temperature
and that of the cold fluid temperature can be obtained separately. By multiplying equations (6)
and (13):
dTh U  1 1  
=− exp  -  UA dA (14)
Th1 − Tc2 Ch  C c C h  
Integrating:
  1 1  
exp −  +  UA 
Th
=−
U   Ch Cc   +B (15)
Th1 − Tc1 Ch Ch + Cc
− U
Ch Cc
Th Cc  1 1  
= exp  -  UA  + B (16)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h  C c C h  
The constant of integration, B is obtained from the boundary condition:
at A=0, T h =T h1 , and
Th1 Cc
B= − (17)
Th1 − Tc2 Cc − C h
From (16) and (17) we have:
Th − Th1 −C c    1 1   
= 1 − exp − +  UA   (18)
Th1 − Tc1 C h + C c    C h C c   
From equations (7) and (13) following the same procedure we obtain:

Tc − Tc1   1
− +  UA 
1 
Ch  
= 1 − e
 C h Cc 
 (19)
Th1 − Tc1 C h + C c  
Equation (10) shows that for A→∞, T h =T c =T ∞.
The value of T ∞ can be calculated, for example, from equation (19):
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Cc
T∞ = Tc1 + (Th1 − Tc1 ) (20)
Ch + Cc
C h Th1 + C c Tc1
T∞ = (21)
Ch + Cc
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Problem 2.3

Show that the variation of the hot and cold fluid temperature along a counterflow heat exchanger is
given by

Th − Th1 Cc   1 1   
= exp −  UA  − 1
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h   Cc C h   

and

Tc − Tc2 Ch   1 1   
= exp −  UA  − 1
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h   Cc C h   

SOLUTION:

dTh U
=− dA (1)
Th − Tc Ch
dTc U
=− dA (2)
Th − Tc Cc
Subtracting equation (2) from (1):
d(Th − Tc )  1 1 
= -  UdA (3)
Th − Tc  Cc C h 
Integrating for constant values of U, C c and C h we have
 1 1 
ln( Th − Tc ) =  -  UA + lnB
 Cc Ch 

 1 1  
Th − Tc = Bexp  -  UA  (4)
 C c C h  
where B the constant of integration results from the boundary condition:
at A=0, Th − Tc = Th1 − Tc2
B= Th1 − Tc2 (5)
Introducing equation (5) in (4):
Th − Tc  1 1  
= exp  -  UA  (6)
Th1 − Tc2  C c C h  
Examining the evolution of T h and T c separately by multiplying equations (1) and (6), (2)
and (6) respectively, we have:
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dTh U  1 1  
=− exp  -  UA dA (7.1)
Th1 − Tc2 Ch  C c C h  

dTc U  1 1  
=− exp  -  UA dA (7.2)
Th1 − Tc2 Cc  C c C h  
Integrating:
 1 1  
exp  -  UA 
Th U  C c C h  
=− +B
Th1 − Tc2 Ch  1 1 
 - U
 Cc Ch 

Th Cc  1 1  
= exp  -  UA  + B (8.1)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h  C c C h  

 1 1  
exp  -  UA 
Tc U  C c C h  
=− + B'
Th1 − Tc2 Cc  1 1 
 - U
 Cc Ch 

Tc Ch  1 1  
= exp  -  UA  + B' (8.2)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h  C c C h  

For A=0, T h =T h1 , T c = T c2 and:

Th1 Cc
= +B
Th1 − Tc2 Cc − C h
Th1 Cc
B= − (9.1)
Th1 − Tc2 Cc − C h
Tc2 Ch
= + B'
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h
Tc2 Ch
B= − (9.2)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h

Substituting (9.1) in (8.1), (9.2) in (8.2), respectively:

Th − Th1 Cc   1 1   
= exp  -  UA  − 1 (10.1)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h   C c C h   

Tc − Tc2 Ch   1 1   
= exp  -  UA  − 1 (10.2)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h   C c C h   
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Problem 2.4

d 2 Th d 2 Tc
From problem 2.3, show that for the case Ch<Cc, > 0 and > 0 , and therefore temperature
dA 2 dA 2
d 2 Th d 2 Tc
curves are convex and for the case Ch>Cc, 2
< 0 , and < 0 , therefore, the temperature curves
dA dA 2
are concave (see Figure 2.6).

SOLUTION:

The hot fluid has a smaller heat capacity than the cold fluid, that is why it is the one who “commands
the transfer”

Differentiating equation (10.1) in problem 2.3:

dTh = d( Th − Tc )

dTh  1   1 1  
= (Th1 − Tc2 ) -  Uexp  -  UA 
dA  Ch   C c C h  

d 2 Th  1  1 1  2  1 1  
= (Th1 − Tc2 ) -  -  U exp  -  UA 
dA 2
 Ch  Cc Ch   C c C h  

d 2 Th (Th1 − Tc2 )( C c - C h )  1 1  
= U 2 exp  -  UA  > 0 (1)
 C c C h  
2 2
dA CcCh
Similarly, from equation (10.2):
dTc  1   1 1  
= (Th1 − Tc2 ) -  Uexp  -  UA 
dA  Cc   C c C h  

d 2 Tc (Th1 − Tc2 )( C c - C h )  1 1  
= U 2 exp  -  UA  > 0 (2)
 C c C h  
2 2
dA Cc Ch
Since, the second derivatives with respect to area of both T h and T c are positive as seen in
equations (1) and (2), both the temperature curves are convex.
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Problem 2.5

Show that when the heat capacities of hot and cold fluids are equal (Cc=Ch=C), the variation of the hot
and cold fluid temperature along a counter flow heat exchanger are linear with the surface area as:

Tc − Tc2 Th − Th1 UA
= =−
Th1 − Tc2 Th1 − Tc2 C

SOLUTION:

When the two fluids have the same heat capacity, from equation (6) in problem 2.3:

δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA = − C h dTh (1)
In equation (10.2) in problem 2.3 when Cc→Ch we have:

Tc − Tc2 Ch  CCh −CCc UA   UA  UA

= lim e c h − 1 = lim − C h  = − (2)
Th1 − Tc2 Cc − Ch    CcCh  Cc
 
Similarly, from equation (10.1) in problem 2.3:
d( Th − Tc ) U
=− dA , When C c →C h (3)
Th − Tc Cc
But C c =C h =C and from (2) and (3):
ln( Th − Tc ) = −
UA
+ lnD (4)
Ch
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Problem 2.6

Assume that in a condenser, there will be no-subcooling and condensate leaves the condenser at
saturation temperature, Th. Show that variation of the coolant temperature along the condenser is
given by

Tc − Tc1  UA 
= 1 − exp − 
Th − Tc1  Cc 

SOLUTION:

The heat transferred along a surface element dA is:

δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA = − C h dTh (1)
Because Th = constant in a condenser, we can write:

dTh = d( Th − Tc ) (2)
Using equations (1) and (2):
d( Th − Tc ) U
=− dA , (3)
Th − Tc Cc
Integrating:
ln( Th − Tc ) = −
UA
+ lnD
Ch

 U 
Th − Tc = Bexp − A (4)
 Cc 
The constant of integration, B can be calculated with the boundary condition:
T c =T c1 , for A=0.
T h -T c1 =B (5)
The temperature distribution for the cold fluid can be obtained by introducing (5) in (4) as:
 UA 
Th − Tc = ( Th − Tc1 ) exp − 
 Cc 
Tc − Tc1  UA 
= 1 − exp − 
Th − Tc1  Cc 
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Problem 2.7

In a boiler (evaporator), the temperature of hot gases decreases from Th1 to Th2, while boiling occurs at
a constant temperature Tc. Obtain an expression, as in Problem 2.6, for the variation of hot fluid
temperature with the surface area.

SOLUTION:

The rate of heat transfer δQ across the heat transfer area dA can be expressed as:

δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA = − C h dTh (1)
In an evaporator Tc = constant and

dTh = d( Th − Tc ) (2)
From equations (1) and (2):
d(Th − Tc ) U
=− dA (3)
Th − Tc Ch

ln( Th − Tc ) = −
UA
+ lnD
Ch

 UA 
Th − Tc = Dexp −  (4)
 Ch 
The boundary condition at A=0 gives the value of the constant D:
at A=0 T h = T h1
T h1 - T c = D (5)
Introducing (5) in (4):
 U 
Th − Tc = ( Th1 − Tc ) exp − A (6)
 Ch 
Rearranging:
Th − Tc  U 
1- = 1 − exp − A
Th1 − Tc  Ch 

Th − Th1   U 
= − 1 − exp − A  (7)
Th1 − Tc   C h  
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Problem 2.8

Show that Eq. (2.46) is also applicable for Ch>Cc, that is C*=Cc/Ch.

SOLUTION:

From Eq. (2.26b)

  1 1 
Th 2 − Tc1 = (Th1 − Tc 2 ) exp UA  −   (1)
  Cc Ch  

For the case Ch > Cc , Cc = Cmin , Ch = Cmax ,

 UA  Cc  
Th 2 − Tc1 = (Th1 − Tc 2 ) exp  1 −   (2)
 Cmin  Ch  
=
(Th1 − Tc 2 ) exp[ NTU (1 − C * )]
From heat balance equation
Cc (Tc 2 − Tc1 )= Ch (Th1 − Th 2 ) (3)
or
C * (Tc 2 − Tc1 ) = (Th1 − Th 2 ) (4)
The heat exchanger efficiency
Q Cmin (Tc 2 − Tc1 ) Tc 2 − Tc1
=ε = =
Qmax Cmin (Th1 − Tc1 ) Th1 − Tc1

(Tc 2 − Tc1 )(1 − C * )

=
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 − C * )

Tc 2 − Tc1 − C * (Tc 2 − Tc1 )

= (5)
Th1 − Tc1 − C * (Th1 − Tc1 )
Tc 2 − Tc1 − Th1 + Th 2
=
Th 2 − Tc1 − C (Th1 − Tc 2 ) − Th 2 + Th1 − C *Tc 2 + C *Tc1
*

Th 2 − Tc1 − (Th1 − Tc 2 )
=
Th 2 − Tc1 − C * (Th1 − Tc 2 )
or
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Th1 − Tc 2
1−
Th 2 − Tc1
ε= (6)
T −T
1 − C * h1 c 2
Th 2 − Tc1

1 − exp[− NTU (1 − C * )]
=
1 − C * exp[− NTU (1 − C * )]

This proves that for Ch > Cc , Eq. (2.46) can also be derived from Eq. (2.16b).
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Problem 2.9

Obtain the expression for exchanger heat transfer effectiveness, ε, for parallel flow given by Eq.
(2.47).

SOLUTION:

From Eq. (2.26c)

  1 1 
Th 2 − Tc 2 = (Th1 − Tc1 ) exp  −UA  +  (1)
  Cc Ch 

Assume Ch > Cc , Cc = Cmin , Ch = Cmax ,

 UA  Cc  
Th 2 − Tc 2 = (Th1 − Tc1 ) exp  − 1 +   (2)
 Cmin  Ch  

=
(Th1 − Tc1 ) exp[− NTU (1 + C * )]
From heat balance equation
Cc (Tc 2 − Tc1 )= Ch (Th1 − Th 2 ) (3)
or
C * (Tc 2 − Tc1 ) = (Th1 − Th 2 ) (4)
The heat exchanger efficiency
Q Cmin (Tc 2 − Tc1 ) Tc 2 − Tc1
=ε = =
Qmax Cmin (Th1 − Tc1 ) Th1 − Tc1

(Tc 2 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )

=
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )

 T −T 
(Tc 2 − Tc1 ) 1 + h1 h 2 
=  Tc 2 − Tc1  (5)
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )
Tc 2 − Tc1 + Th1 − Th 2
=
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )
(Th1 − Tc1 ) − (Th 2 − Tc 2 )
=
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )
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1 − exp[− NTU (1 + C * )]
=
1 + C*
This proves that for Ch > Cc , Eq. (2.47) can be derived from Eq. (2.16c). For case Ch < Cc ,
similar result can also be obtained.