动物训练及行为术语表中英双语版

Animal Training and BehavioralTerms Glossary

May 2008 

Original from IMATA 2004   

  英文版原稿来自 “国际海洋动物训练员协会” 2004

  中文版资料收集:    吴乃江   

资料整理: 吴乃江, 严永焜

     香港海洋公园       

Ocean Park Hong Kong

A
Absolute threshold 
 The lowest level of stimulus that can still be perceived and to which a subject
responds at least 50% of the time.
绝对阀限
 感觉阀限的一种。 有机体感觉器官接受某种刺激时刚能引起反应或刚能停止其反应的刺激
强度。操作定义是。有 50%的次数被试者能够感觉到，另 50%的次数被试感觉不到的刺激
强度。

Abulia
 The inability of an animal to act on a stimulus to perform a behavior because
the number of performances required for reinforcement is too high.
意志丧失，意志力丧失
 意志活动出现障碍。 表现为对任何活动都缺乏明确的动机，没有任何要求，行为被动极端
懒散、孤僻、退缩，… 。

Accidental reinforcement
 Reinforcement of unintended behavior, causing an increase in an undesired
response.
意外奖励
 机体于作出非刻意行为上之奖励.因此增加一非预期之反应.

Acclimation
 Adaptation or adjustment to a single environmental condition such as
temperature, turbidity, and humidity.
习服
 （服水土）生理现象。 机体对某种特殊环境条件产生的适应。

Acclimatization
 Adaptation or adjustment to several environmental conditions at the same
time.
驯化
 将动物培育在特定的环境中，使其发生可逆转适应的过程。被驯化的生物由于适应，能改
变对环境因素的耐受性。

Acquired  – see Learned

习得
 已获得的学习，个体通过练习或经验而导致行为有较持久改变的过程或结果。

Active avoidance   - See Avoidance learning.

主动回避 
 动物学习和记忆时建立的一种条件性回避行为。

Adaptation 
 In experimental psychology, a change in the responsiveness of a sensory
receptor or a sense organ which is temporary in nature. - In evolution, any
structural or behavioral change that has survival value.
适应
 在心理学中，指个体在生活环境中，在随环境的限制或变化而改变、调节自身的同时，又
反作用于环境的一种交互互动的动态过程

Adjustable stimulus
 A stimulus that an animal may change as a result of its own behavior.
可调整的刺激
 一个可改变动物自然行为结果的刺激

Adventitious reinforcement 
 Reinforcement delivered independently of any response on the part of the
subject that causes an increase in an undesired response.
偶然(外来)的强化
 偶然的强化 – 在一事件中,独立地对事件中的某一部份任何反应作出强化，将会导致不需
要的行为增加。

Adverse
 Tending to discourage, retard or make more difficult. Moving or working in
an opposite or contrary direction.
作对
 相反之行为.
Aggression
 An extremely general term used for a wide variety of acts that involve
attack, hostility, etc. Typically, it is used for such acts as can be assumed to
be motivated by any of the following: (a) fear or frustration, (b) a desire to
produce fear or frustration in others, or (c) a tendency to push forward one’s
own ideas or interests.  
攻击性, 侵略性
 个体试图伤害其他个体或精神的心理或行为。 可能表现为一种心理情绪状态或性格特质，
如愤怒、激动、敌意等；也可以表现为攻击行为。
 动物的攻击性 – 具有重要的生物功能和物种的特异性。几乎所有的动物都有，而且越是
高级的动物其类型越多。
1. 失控症状的攻击。 由脑部局部神经元的异常活动触发的攻击性行为。
2. 工具性攻击 作为获得奖赏手段的攻击行为，…。 许多动物都有特殊的攻击武器，如鹿、
羚、羊、黄牛等的犄角，大多攻击对方身体上被保护的部位，…。

•      There are many different types of aggression, each one it independent
on the others. Some of these types of aggression include:
 
Maternal aggression
 When a mother attacks or threatens any perceived threat to her offspring.
Good examples include walking between a female bear and her offspring or
attempting to handle a baby dolphin with the mother in proximity. This type
of aggression occurs only during the rearing period of the young.
母性攻击：
 其他动物对一雌性动物的幼仔作出威胁性姿态或靠近它们时，该雌性动物作出的任何类似
攻击的反应。 属于保护子代的行为。

Frustration-induced aggression
 In almost all species studied, aggression is a natural response to
frustration. 
挫败性攻击：
 习性学术语。 由挫折引起的攻击行为。

Defensive aggression
 This type of aggression occurs when an animal is threatened or attacked. As
soon as the threat or attack ceases, so does the aggression.
防御性攻击
 此攻击会在动物受吓或受袭时发生. 当该等威吓或攻击停止, 攻击牲便会停止 -OP

Pain-induced aggression. 
 This type of aggression is caused by physical pain.
因某痛苦诱导的攻击性行为
 惧怕、挫折或疼痛引起的攻击。  这实质是防御性行为，可以发生在种间，也可以发生在
种内。
Predatory aggression. 
 This should not really be called aggression. It is usually part of foraging
behavior of carnivores or omnivores. It is probably the cause of most great
white shark attacks on humans; the swimmer is confused with a normal prey
item, the sea lion.
猎食性攻击
 大多发生在捕食动物物种之间，其生物功能是争夺食物。许多习性学家认为这不是一种真
正的攻击，而是一种出于本性的搜集食物反应。

Territorial aggression. 
 This type of aggression is found in animals that hold and defend a territory.
It is usually only directed towards members of the same species that enter
that animal’s territory. This aggression is more often found in males. This
aggression stops when the intruder leaves the territory.
领土性攻击
 种内同性间攻击。 如争取异性和占领或保卫领地等的行为。 这类行为与生殖有关。
 种内异性间攻击 主要是与性行为有关的攻击，如雄性攻击拒绝接受它的雌性，雌性攻击
强迫它的雄性。

Dominance aggression. 
 This is almost always between males. It is aggression aimed at maintaining
or advancing in status. 
支配性攻击
 多发生在雄牲中, 主要用来保持其领导的优势.

Learned aggression. 
 It is aggression which occurs because it is reinforced. Learned aggression is
characterized by an increase in the probability of aggression over time. There
are two major types of learned aggression, aggression learned because it
results in rewards (approach induced aggression) and aggression learned
because it results in avoidance or escape from aversive stimuli. Each will be
described.
习得性的攻击
 个体在后天通过直接或间接经验中所习得的攻击行为. 
 攻击的发生是因为动物此行为得到强化. 它的特点是随着时间而增加攻击发生之机会. 习
得牲的攻击主要有以下两种
Approach induced aggression.
  This type of aggression occurs when an animal learns that aggression
results in positive reinforcement.
逼近导致的攻击
 此等攻击的发生是当动物学习到攻击会引致奖励. 
 由攻击的结果所诱发的攻击行为
Aversion-induced aggression
厌恶性攻击  
 动物由痛觉引起的进攻。 可能指向可触及范围的旁观者或无生命的物体。 在习性学习中与
转移目标行为意义相似。

Avoidance induced aggression.

 This aggression occurs when an animal learns that an aggressive response
will enable it to escape or avoid aversive stimuli. If the aggression serves to
remove the frustration then it will be reinforced and the probability of the
same situation causing aggression will increase.
躲避导致的攻击
 此等攻击的发生是当动物学会攻击能逃避厌恶刺激. 若果攻击能去除挫折, 这攻击便会得
到强化, 而同一情况而令动物引起攻击牲的机会率也会增加.  
 被动攻击 – Passive Aggression = 反应性攻击 – Reactive Aggression 
 由一定的情境线索引起的攻击行为。 如由受捆绑或阻拦而激怒引起的攻击行为，因惧怕而
引发的攻击行为，为维护自身身份或防御对手而采取的攻击行为等。

Re-directed aggression
 This is a type of aggression first analyzed by ethologists. When an animal is
attacked or threatened by another animal of higher status, that animal may
attack or threaten another animal of lower status presumably because it is
not a good idea to aggress against an animal of higher status. The animal
that is ultimately attacked is simply a scapegoat and usually did nothing to
provoke aggression.
转向攻击 Displaced aggression
 又称 “移置性攻击”。 心理应对的一种方式。 有机体在愤怒或遭遇挫折时攻击无关的有
机体的现象。

Amplitude
 The degree of displacement of a sound wave. The psychological term for
amplitude is loudness.
振幅
 音波输入的程度。

Anti-social behavior
 An undesirable response that is beyond the usual parameters of a specific
culture.
反社会行为　
 违反社会公认的行为规范，损害社会和公众共同利益的行为。
 习得的行为规范与社会规范相反，或对不正当行为惩罚的时机把握不当，会引起反社会行
为。

Anxiety
 A state of apprehension caused by a real or perceived aversive and/or pre-
aversive stimuli.
焦虑 
 有机体预料会有某种不良后果或模糊性威胁将出现时产生的一种不愉快的情绪。

Approach-approach conflict
 - A conflict resulting from being drawn toward two equally desirable but
mutually incompatible goals.
双趋冲突
 心理冲突的一种。 个体必须对同时出现的两个具有同等吸引力的目标进行选择时产生的难
以取舍的心理冲突。

Approach-avoidance conflict
 A situation in which an organism wants something but is afraid of obtaining
it. There is conflict between two incompatible response tendencies of desire
and fear.
趋避冲突
 心理(动机)冲突的一种。个体对同一目标既想接近又想逃避的两种相互矛盾的动机而引起
的心理冲突。

Approximation
 One of many progressive steps from simple to more complex behavior, all
leading to a finished desired behavior by gradually raising the requirement for
reinforcement.
逐次逼近法 
 用于行为塑造和代币制管理中的一个操作条件作用原则。 即将欲塑造的靶反应分解排列成
一个难度递增的子反应系列，使之逐渐接近要学习的靶反应；对每一个逼近靶反应的子反
应均予强化，以鼓励个体做出进一步的子反应，并最终学会靶反应。

Assimilation
 The tendency to apply old ideas and responses to new objects or problems.
同化
 接纳、吸收、合并为自身的一部分的过程。主体将外界刺激或新经验有效地整合于已有认知
结构或行为模式的过程。…但作用有限，只能丰富个体的知识，不能导致质变和发展。

Association 
 An aspect of learning in which two or more stimuli events or ideas become
connected through being presented at the same time.
联想 
 由一事物想到另一(或多个)事物的心理过程。联想在各种心理活动中具有重要作用。… 可
分为简单联想(包括接近联想、相似联想和对比联想等)和复杂联想(又称关系联想或意义联
想，包括因果关系联想、隶属关系联想、部分与整体关系联想、作用与效应关系联想等)。

Attitude
 The evaluative and affective aspect of an organism’s responses and
perceptions toward a given object or situation.
态度
 个体基于过去经验对其周围的(一切事物)人、事、物持有的比较持久而一致的心理准备状态
或人格倾向。

Autonomic conditioning
 A theory of the 1960s, now mostly disproved, that instrumental conditioning
works directly autonomic responses such as heart rate and blood pressure. It
is now accepted that these changes occur because of classical conditioning.
This field is now known as bio-feedback.
生物回馈 
 Bio-feedback = 自律条件作用
 行为治疗技术。 个体借助正常的感觉通路或专门电子设备了解自身生理功能信息，学习改
变自内脏反应的方法和技术。 其原理是操作条件作用原理。

Aversion
 A dislike or avoidance of something.
厌恶
 嫌恶或回避某事。

Aversive conditioning
 A technique in which a painful or discomforting stimulus is paired with
another stimulus in order to extinguish the undesirable response to that
stimulus.
厌恶性条件作用
 经典条件作用的一种。 学习对厌恶性刺激作出条件反应的过程。 如狗受电击后学会逃离电
击地点。 主要包含两类学习：逃脱学习与防患学习。

Aversive stimulus
 A stimulus whose termination increases the frequency of a performance, or
whose addition decreases the frequency of a performance it follows.
厌恶刺激
 减少一个行为的未来可能的刺激，该刺激在行为出现时实施。也称惩罚物。

Avoidance -avoidance conflict

 A conflict resulting form being repelled by two undesirable goals when there
are strong pressures to choose one or the other.
双避冲突 
 心理冲突的一种。个体必须对同时出现的两个具有同样强度的负面目标进行选择时产生的
心理冲突。会陷入左右为难，进退维谷的境地。这种冲突出现两种可能。 第一种是犹豫不决
或优柔寡断。 … “钟摆式”的动机冲突，使个体产生焦虑。 第二种可能是逃避或拒绝选择。


Avoidance
 Performance of a behavior which postpones or averts the presentation of an
aversive event or stimulus.
躲避 (回避)
 动物抗御有害环境的一种形式。 躲开、远离实际或潜在危险和不利刺激的行为。 一切动物
物种都有本能或习得的这种反应。

Avoidance conditioning
 A type of conditioning in which the subject must learn to make some
response to avoid a noxious or aversive stimulus.
回避条件作用
 操作条件作用的训练类型。 个体通过学习采取某种反应行为，避开即将到来的打击过程或
厌恶性刺激。

Avoidance learning 
 Learning that occurs when the subject responds in order to avoid an
unpleasant stimulus. The process of learning to emit a behavior in order to
prevent an aversive event.
躲避学习 
 解释动物躲避学习的理论。……刺激是按程序给出的，如果逃避反应在条件刺激间隔时间
内作出，那么这次试验中就可以终止条件刺激并阻止非条件刺激出现。这个一个先期发生
的反应就称为躲避。

B
Baiting
 A training technique in which the deliberate movement or placement of food
is used to maneuver an animal to a desired location.
饵
 以移动或固定位置之食物引导机体至一指定位置的训练技巧.

Baseline
 The frequency that behavior is performed prior to initiating or changing
behavior modification program - The rate of performance used to evaluate the
effect of the program.
基线
 基础值或初值。 指没有产生新的变化之前的生理水平。

Behavior
 A generic term covering acts, activities, responses, reactions, movements,
processes, operations, etc., in short, any measurable response of an
organism.
行为 
 有机体在各种内外部刺激影响下产生的活动。

Behavior modification
 The differential reinforcement of successive approximations leading to a
target behavior pattern.
行为改变，行为矫正 
 行为疗法 心理治疗方法。 根据条件作用理论和社会学习理论改变个体不良行为的治疗方
法和技术。

Behavioral chain
 A group of behaviors in a specific order, defined as a unit to the animal.
行为链
 一种包含两个或更多行为成分的复杂行为，它们按照顺序一起发生。每一个行为成分有一
个区分刺激和反应。行为链有时也称为刺激 – 反应链。

Behavioral control
 Exerting influence by altering the environmental contingencies to achieve a
definite end.
行为控制
 施展影响力来改变个体与周围环境相互作用, 以达致既定的目标.
 为了达到目标(改变行为), 可透过改变环境的各种可能性以施加影响.

Behavioral drift
 A change or stray from a normal standard of response. The result of drift
over a period of time is deviation.
偏差行为
 异于常理之反应，日积月累之下便会成为偏差.

Behavioral enrichment
 Stimuli and methods used as tools to increase interest and enhance the
environment.
行为优化
 以不同的刺激和方法作为工具，来美化环境及加增动物对环境之兴趣．有效之运用有助减
少一些刻板行为．

Behaviorism
 A school of thought that psychologists should concentrate on the study of
overt behavior rather than of mental life or consciousness.
行动主义, 行为学派
 20 世纪初起源于美国的一个心理学流派, 是心理学史上一个主要学派, 研究行为的心理学.


Bond
 A relationship that one animal maintains with another towards which certain
behavior is exclusively of preferentially directed.
连结
 动物与某一特定的行为保持着一种关系

Bridge
 A signal that is conditioned to be reinforcing because it is paired with an
established reinforcer - The bridge is used to indicate the instant at which an
animal successfully completes a desired approximation or behavior, or at
anytime in which the desired topography is being emitted. 
信号
 将一种信号与一级强化物结合(条件化)，使此信号具有奖励性, 此信号亦演化为当动物达
成某种动作一刻时的肯定.

Chain
 Two or more behaviors that occur in a fixed order. The stimuli linking the
behaviors together serve as both conditioned reinforcers and discriminative
stimuli.
行为连锁
 运用操作性条件反射的原理形成某一复杂行为的方法。

Chain of behaviors
 Two or more behaviors that occur in a fixed order. The termination of the
first behavior is the signal to start the second behavior. 
连锁行为
 连锁学习，指在已建立的两个或以上的刺激和反应联结的基础上，形成一系列的彼此连续
的刺激 – 反应联结序列的过程。

Chaining 
 The process of learning a sequence of behaviors that proceeds semi-
automatically in a determinate order.
连锁作用 
 操作条件作用理论概念。 多重刺激与反应之间的关系经学习而成为一个行为联结的过程。


Classical conditioning
 A type of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an
unconditioned stimulus to elicit a reflex response or respondent behavior -
Also referred to as Pavlovian Conditioning.
经典条件作用
 S 型条件作用、刺激型条件作用。与 “操作条件作用”相对。 中性刺激多次结合有效刺激
而使有机体形成的条件反应。即由应答行为形成的条件作用。

Conditioned aversive stimulus

 An event that is initially neutral which acquires aversive properties by virtue
of being paired with other aversive events or a signal that no reinforcement
will be forthcoming. - This is exactly like the bridge, but it happens with
aversive events. If a bell is paired with shock, then that bell will become
aversive. Because of classical conditioning, an event that is initially neutral
will acquire aversive properties because it is paired with other aversive
events.
厌恶性条件刺激 --- see Aversive stimulus 
 对有机体而言, 可将任何一对象与厌恶性刺激相结合, 其后此对象可成为此有机体的厌恶
性条件刺激

Conditioned reinforcer 
 A stimulus that becomes a reinforcer because it is paired with another
reinforcer, usually a primary reinforcer - Also referred to as a secondary
reinforcer.
条件强化物 
 以前中性的刺激与已经形成的强化物几次同时出现，结果本身成为强化物。

conditioned response (CR)

 A new or modified response that is elicited only by a given stimulus after
conditioning has occurred. 
条件反应
 在反应性条件反射中，条件刺激物引起 CR。条件刺激物通过与非条件刺激物或另一个条件
刺激反复同时出现，获得引起 CR 的力量。

conditioned stimulus (CS)

 A stimulus that has the property of producing a response through pairing or
association.
条件刺激，制约刺激
 在巴甫洛夫的经典条件作用(Classical conditioning)实验程序是：首先给动物呈现条件
刺激，即原来与反应无关的刺激物(如灯光或声音)，随后很快出现无条件刺激(如喂食或电
击。在条件刺激和无条件刺激（如灯光和喂食）配对反复呈现多次后，动物一见灯光就分
泌唾液，这是对灯光的条件反应（或制约反应）(Conditioned response, CR) 即条件反
射形成。 其中的灯光即是条件刺激 -- CS。

Conditioning
 A change in the frequency and form of a behavior due to the influences of
the environment. It can be brought about by the application of reinforcers or
punishers.
条件作用 
 一个无关事件贸一个有生物意义的刺激多次同时或先后出现，使动物对无关事件产生积极
反应的现象。

Continuous reinforcement
 A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the selected
behavior is reinforced.
连续强化 
 强化程序的一种， 与 “间断强化”相对。 有机体的每次正确反应均得到强化的训练方式。
经这种强化的行为更易形成条件作用，亦更易消退。即对有机体的每一次操作都给予强化。

Control group
 An experimental group which is not exposed to the independent variable
under investigation. The behavior of the control group is used as a baseline
against which to evaluate the effects of experimental conditions. 
控制组
 亦称 “对照组”。不受实验处理的被试组。 是一种控制无关变量效果的平衡法。 在心理学
实验中，与实验组除了实验变量外，其他条件都相同。

Counter conditioning 
 Process where normal defense reactions elicited by an aversive stimulus are
modified by association with a positive reinforcer.
对抗性条件反射
 其理论基础在于认为恐惧是由经典条件反射造成的，引起恐惧的刺激被看作条件刺激，它
曾与引起害怕的无条件刺激结合过．条件刺激引起的恐惧是一种条件恐惧，因此可以通过
多次地只呈现条件刺激而不呈现无条件刺激来消除这种条件恐惧。具体方法是把引起恐惧
的刺激或情境与一些不会引起恐惧的刺激或情境多次结合起来。如系统脱敏疗法即把引起
恐惧的刺激从弱到强分别与肌肉放松结合在一起以逐步消除恐惧症状。

Cue
 A stimulus perceptible to the animal that signals the availability of
reinforcement if the subject performs a specific behavior. Cues do not elicit
behaviors; they inform the animal that if the behavior is immediately emitted,
reinforcement is available – Also referred to as a  discriminative stimulus (SD)
or signal.
信号， 线索
 任何有助于个体在具体任务情境中作出适当反应的条件或刺激。 可以是外部刺激，也可以
是内部刺激。 指决定有机体在任一特定时间和情境中应作出何种反应的刺激。 一个线索就
是一个辨别刺激，刺激的线索特性是在先前的学习中获得的。

D
Delay of reinforcement
 The interval between the performance of a behavior and the delivery of
reinforcement.
强化的延迟 
 行为的展示(结果)和强化(奖励)的递送之间的时间差距。

Delta  – See Stimulus Delta

Deprivation
 Reducing the availability of, or access to, a primary reinforcer or a strongly
conditioned secondary reinforcer.
剥夺
 对有机体发育必需条件的取消。 对有机体的行为和心理发展有重要影响。
Desensitization
 The process of using time or experience to change an animal’s perception of
a stimulus from a value, either reinforcing or punishing, to neutral or no
value. If reinforcement is not used, this is referred to as passive
desensitization (or habituation) while active desensitization utilizes primary
reinforcement and is also referred to as counter conditioning.
脱敏 
 利用时间或经验, 使动物对某刺激的反应减弱至无, 其间会利用奖励(正强化)或惩罚. 若果
这过程期间没有利用奖励(正强化), 这便是被动脱敏(或习惯化); 而主动脱敏则会运用基本
的奖励(正强化).
 Habituation – passive desensitization –习惯化 
 最原始的学习形式之一, 指一个新异刺激物反复呈现后反应减少或减弱的现象。

Differential reinforcement 
 The selective reinforcement of one aspect of a behavior pattern to the
exclusion of other aspects. 
差别强化
 分化性强化。 操作条件反射实验强化方式之一。 指根据强化原理，在个体多种反应倾向中
选择一种目标反应予以强化，使该反应与强化物建立联系，提高其发生概率的实验程序。 


Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

 The delivery of a reinforcer after a response that is incompatible or competes
with the target response that is to be suppressed. The effect is to increase the
frequency of the incompatible response and to decrease the frequency of the
undesired target response.
对不兼容的行为的差别强化 (DRI) 
 在这一程序中身体上不兼容的行为受到强化，以替代问题行为。 
 为了减少那不想发生的目标反应(如打斗), 所以当动物做出与目标反应并不兼容的行为(躺
下)时便给予奖励. 这样便可减少不想发生的行为的出现次数.

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) 

 A procedure in which a reinforcer follows any performance an organism emits
except a particular one. The DRO schedule specifies the performance that is
to be non-reinforced rather than the one that is increased in frequency. The
result is a decrease in the frequency of the particular performance that is
specified.
对其他行为的差别强化 (DRO)
 在一段时间后问题行为没有出现给予强化物的程序。DRO 是强化问题行为的不出现。
 为了减少某指定行为(多为问题行为)出现的次数, 当动物做了那指定行为以外的任何动作,
便予以奖励.
 
Differentiation
 A type of social interaction in which individuals by virtue of forming affective
bonds with certain individuals necessarily and simultaneously separate and
segregate themselves from some others.
分化 
 指只对某种特定的刺激作出某种反应，而对其他类似的刺激不予以反应。  在条件作用中，
通过两种特定刺激交替试验的对比，从而克服一个阳性的条件刺激(CS＋　　)对一个阴性
的试验刺激(CS－　　)最初的泛化过程。 巴甫洛夫反复论证了分化过程。 使有机体能够对
刺激情境的细微特点作出精确的协调反应。

Discipline
 Strict control to enforce obedience as the result of such training; treatment
that corrects or punishes.
惩诫
 一种正式的管理技术，是指管理者凭借权利,利用惩罚手段,旨在纠正、控制或影响下属的
与组织要求相悖的行为。

Discrimination
 The ability to perceive differences between two or more stimuli - In training
it refers to a procedure of differential reinforcement which results when the
subject is reinforced for responding only when a specific stimulus is
presented.
辨别
 指在条件作用中，克服以条件刺激为中心的周围宽阔的刺激带也能唤起反应的现象。 即仅
对受强化的刺激作出反应，对未受强化的刺激不予反应。 

Discriminative stimulus (SD　　) 

 A conditioned signal or cue that is initially paired with, then has the property
of eliciting, a specific behavior through a reinforcement schedule.
辨别刺激 
 分辨刺激。 操作条件作用理论基本概念。 辨别操作能加强个体反应的刺激。是一种线索或
信号，表明若作出某种特定的反应，将得到奖尝。
 透过强化计划, 使一个(条件化的)线索或信号能引发一特定的动作
 区分刺激 (SD　　) ---- 当某一行为被强化时出现的刺激。

Displaced aggression (displacement) 

 Aggression that is redirected towards someone or something other than the
original target seemingly because it is an easier or more available  target.
转向攻击
  又称 “移置性攻击”。心理应对的一种方式。有机体在愤怒或遭遇挫折时攻击无关的(有
机体)人或物的现象。

Dominance
 Refers to a relationship in which any thing is in a position of control over
another - A tendency to exert control over the behavior of other members of
a group of conspecifics.
支配地位
 动物社会等级制中的高等级地位。 表现为其他个体对它无一例外地屈从和退让。
 一组动物内包含着不同阶级的社会结构.

Dominant behavior 
 A response that exercises controlling power, authority, or influence.
支配行为
 即行使控制权，主导或影响力之反应结果
Drive
 An incitement to action that has its origin in an internal physiological state
(e.g., hunger) or that has been learned (e.g., the drive to obtain approval). 
驱力 
 内驱力。有机体因内在生理状态失衡而导致对外部刺激敏感，并作出反应的倾向。 用以解
释机体行为的动力。

E
Elicit
 To automatically bring about a response. Respondent or reflexive behaviors
are elicited by unconditioned stimuli.
引发行为 
 Elicited behaviour  = 应答行为 Respondent behaviour 
 S 型行为。斯金纳区分出的两类反应之一。 与“操作行为”相对。 机体由已知刺激引起的
反应。即行为与先于它出现的刺激之间存在一种直接的联结。

Emit 
 The act of causing an operant behavior by the presentation of a conditioned
stimulus.
发出,散发 
 在行动中, 由一个条件刺激所引起的一个操作性行为。

Emotion
 Refers to a number of mental states that are often accompanied by
physiological changes.
情绪 
 广义包括情感,或看作情感的同义语, 是人(有机体)对客观事物是否符合其需要的态度的体
验。 狭义指短暂而强烈的具有情境性的感情反应。

Escape or escape behavior 

 The actual behavior which terminates an aversive stimulus.
逃避行为
(escape behavior)
 引起厌恶刺激停止的行为，厌悲刺激的停止消极强化了行为

Escape learning 
 A conditioning technique in which the subject learns to escape or terminate
an unpleasant stimulus.
逃避学习
 实际受到有害刺激的惩罚作用后, 学习逃离这种刺激。
 当厌恶刺激出现后，个体学会作出某种反应以逃脱厌恶刺激或逃离困境。是一种由实际的
厌恶刺激控制的学习，即在受到实际的厌恶刺激的惩罚之后，学会逃离该刺激。

Experimental psychology
 The study of different components of the behavior of animals under
laboratory conditions in which variables can be manipulated to determine
their effect on other variables.
实验心理学
 在控制条件下进行研究工作的心理学。

Extinction 
 A procedure where the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is
discontinued. The result is a gradual disappearance of the learned behavior.
 消失
 以前强化的行为不再有强化结果跟随的过程，行为在将来会下降。 (操作性) (Extinction
(Operant))
 一个条件刺激 (CS) 不再与非条件刺激 (US) 相伴，CS 逐渐停止引起条件反应 (CR)。
(反应性) (Respondent) 
     
Extinction burst 
 An increase in responses or performances that is brought about by the
withdrawal of reinforcement. Extinction bursts occur just prior to the
extinction of the behavior.
消失爆发 
 当一个行为不再被强化，该行为在下降之前暂时增加频率，持续时间、或强度的现象。奇怪
的行为或情感反应在消失爆发时也可能出现。

Fading
 - A procedure for gradually changing a stimulus controlling an organism’s
performance to another stimulus. - The gradual removal of reinforcement, as
in the progressive thinning of a reinforcement schedule. 
渐消 
 当行为在 SD　　出现时行为持续出现促进逐渐消除。

Fear 
 - An emotional reaction to perceived or real threat from a specific stimulus.
恐惧
 --- 当某种刺激引起自主神经系统唤起，个体做出行为逃避刺激的情景。
Fixed-interval schedule 
 - A reinforcement schedule that rewards an animal when it makes a correct
response after a predetermined constant time interval since the previous
reinforced response.
固定间隔时间表 (FI) 
 一种强化时间表，在这种时间表中，在一段时间过去后第一个反应出现时给予强化物。 每
次间隔是一样的。

Fixed-ratio Schedule 
 - A schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced after a
predetermined constant number of non-reinforced correct responses. In a
fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, a fixed number of performances
(counted from the preceding reinforcement) are required for reinforcement. 
Thus on a FR50 schedule, the 50th performance after the preceding
reinforcement produces the next reinforcement. The term ratio refers to the
ration of performances required for each reinforcement. 
固定比率时间表 (FR) 
 一种强化时间表，在这种时间表中，必须出现一定的反应才给予强化物。 需要的反应数量
不变。

Free contact 
 A training situation in which the animal and the trainer have equal access to
the work area. The animal is not restrained, muzzled, or confined in any
way.
开放性接触
 一种训练情形。 在训练场地内,动物和训练者之间拥有相同空间。 动物活动不受到限制,包
括口鼻,或任何被限制方式。

Frustration 
 - Emotional behavior prompted by an environmental or personal obstacle
that prevents an organism from obtaining a desired goal.
挫折
 动物在与根据以往经验预测的后果不一致的情况下的驱力状态。 
 个体动机、愿望、需要和行为受到内外因素阻碍的情境和相应的情感状态。

Generalization
 - The tendency to respond to similar stimuli as if it were the original
stimulus.
泛化
 指条件反射建立初期，不仅原条件刺激本身，且与其相类似的一系列刺激也能引起条件反
射的现象。
 其作用随着与原来条件刺激差异的增大而递减。
 在前提刺激存在的情况下行为出现的过程，在某些方面类似于差别刺激存在时行为受到强
化。 泛化也被定义为目标行为在训练之后出现在非训练情景。

Generalized reinforce
  - A type of conditioned reinforcer whose influence does not depend upon a
single kind of deprivation.
泛化的条件强化物
  (Generalized conditioned reinforcer) 一个条件强化物与各种强化物相伴。 钱和表扬
对许多人来说是一个泛化的条件强化物。

H
Habit 
 - A recurrent pattern of behavior acquired through experience and made
more or less permanent by various reinforcing events.
习惯 
 个体在一定情境下自动化地执行或完成某些动作或某种固定活动模式的需要和倾向。… 习
惯是刺激与反应之间的固定联结,…

Habituation
 - The lessening or disappearance of a response with repeated presentations
of the stimulus. - Also referred to as passive desensitization.

习惯化 
 Habituation – passive desensitization –习惯化. 
 最原始的学习形式之一, 指一个新异刺激物反复呈现后反应减少或减弱的现象。

Hands-off Training  - See Protected Contact

  见保护性接触

Husbandry 
 - Long-term physiological and psychological management ensuring the
viability of a species.
护理
 长期之心理及生理跟进以确保机体健康

I
Immediacy of reinforcement 
 - To reinforce directly following a desired response in order to avoid the
inadvertent reinforcement of some other behavior, pairing the reinforcing
event as closely as possible with the target behavior. 
直接强化, 实时强化.
 为避免奖励一些目标行为以外的行为，所以在目标行为出现后，随即奖励，以求达到奖励
和目标行为出现的时间更加贴近．
Imprinting
 - The process by which a young animal forms a lasting attachment to, and
preference for, some object, usually a parent.
铭印, 印刻现象  
 动物在发展初期所形成的对本种属成员的依恋反应, 这一现象通常表现为对母体的尾随行
为以及性成熟后对同种异性成员的求爱行为。

Incentive 
 - An external inducement which motivates an animal to act or respond in a
certain way.
诱因
 因外界引诱或刺激而促使机体去作出特定的行为或反应

Incompatible behavior
  - A behavior that interferes with, or cannot be performed at the same time
as another behavior.
非兼容行为
 此行为会干扰或不能跟另一行为同时并存.

Incremental learning - See Method of Approximations

Instinct
 - Unconditioned, automatic behaviors and responses which are the result of
an innate predisposition for a species to respond to a stimulus in a specific
way.
本能
 有机体在进化过程中形成并通过遗传固定下来的、不学而能的行为和内动倾向。 本能行为
是通过一系列非条件反射表现出来的刻板的外显行为方式，在同一类族动物中表现各异，
如老鼠打洞、燕子筑巢、候鸟迁徙、雏鸭印刻，以及动物的单居、双居、群居等生活习性。

Instrumental conditioning - See Operant Conditioning.

Intelligence
 - The ability to adapt to new circumstances, learn new pieces of information,
deal with complex or abstract materials, or solve intellectual problems. 
智力
 又称智慧、智慧，表彻人(有机体)的聪明程度的概念

Intermittent reinforcement 
 - A schedule of reinforcement in which a response is not reinforced every
time it is performed. Only some occurrences of this response are reinforced.
间断强化  -- 部份强化
 强化程序的一种。 有机体作出的正确反应中只有部分得到强化的训练方式。 ……间断强化
条件下，形成条件作用需要的时间要比连续强化多得多; 学习一旦形成也较难消退。
L
Latency
 The delay between the presentation of a stimulus and the response of the
organism. 
时差
 机体于接受信号与其作出反应之间的时间差距.
Latent learning
 - Learning that takes place casually and does not manifest in overt behavior
at that time, but may become evident at a later stage.
潜伏学习 
 指在没有强化的条件下进行下进行的未曾表现在外的学习。

Law of effect 
 - The concept that an organism will tend to repeat and learn behavior that
has a satisfying or reinforcing outcome while behaviors that cause pain or
discomfort will tend to be decreased in their probability of occurrence.
效果律
 学习规律的一种。…通过反应结果的后效作用来达到控制反应概率的规律
 是指当个体反应后得到满足的效果时, 刺激-反应间的联结就得到加强; 相反, 当个体得到
惩罚的效果时,刺激-反应间的联结将会减弱……

Learned helplessness 
 - A condition created by exposure to inescapable aversive events which can
retard or prevent learning in subsequent situations in which escape or
avoidance is possible.
习得性失助
 又称无力感。 经由学习过程而获得的、类似于临床上抑郁症常有的一种情绪或心状态。 失
助者对自已所面临的问题或处境感到无所作为，被动顺从，听之任之，情绪经常低落、抑
郁。

Learning 
 - A change in behavior due to experience that allows the organism to adapt
to situations for which its innate behavior is inadequate.
学习 
 个体通过练习或经验而导致行为有较持久改变的过程或结果。

Learning plateau 
 A period in which progress in learning appears to have stopped and
improvement is at a standstill.  The plateau may be followed by a new period
of progress.
学习停滞
 机体于学习早期可能出现停滞不前之时问.此后会出现进展，
Least reinforcing scenario (LRS)
 - A specific extinction technique based on differential reinforcement of other
behavior (DRO). The trainer pauses 2 to 3 seconds following an incorrect
response at the same point where reinforcement would have been applied
following a correct response. The trainer’s response also functions as a
stimulus for the animal to behave calmly and attentively. 
最少强化的刺激
 人对于机体作出错误反应时暂停 2 一 3 秒，再奖励接着之正确反应，此做法亦能作为稳定
机体及使其更为专注.

Magnitude of reinforcement 
 - The size, strength, or duration of a reward following a behavior.
强化程度
 强化(奖励)之大小，强度或长短.

Method of approximations 
 A method used to shape an organism’s behavior whereby successive steps
toward a desired behavior are selectively reinforced.
渐进式方法
 有机体行为塑造的一种方法，其间会对接近目标每个成功步骤选择性地给予强化(奖励).

Mimicry 
 - The act, practice, or art of copying the manner, expression, or behavior
patterns of another.
拟态
 动物在外表或行为等方面与另一生物或非生物明显相似的现象。

Modeling - See Observational Learning.

 示范法 = 模仿法
 利用示范原理学习新行为消除不良行为的行为技术。

Motivation
 - The internal variables influencing behavior - A general description of the
fact that an organism’s acts may be partly determined in direction and
strength by its own internal state.
动机 
 激发和维持有机体的行动,并使该行动朝向一定目标的心理倾向或内部驱力。 
 具有三方面功能: 
• 激发功能, 激发个体产生某种行为; 
• 指向功能, 使个体的行为指向一定的目标;
• 维持和调节功能, 使个体的行为维持一定的时间,并调节行为的强度和方向。 
Motive
 - A drive, force or tension state within the organism that compels it to act.
动机
 机体内之驱使，力量或拉力使其作出行为

N
Negative 
 Removal of, or decrease in, the intensity of a stimulus.
负面
 移除或减弱刺激之程度
Negative discriminative stimulus - See stimulus delta
 In operant conditioning, the stimulus to which responses are non-reinforced
or negatively reinforced.

Negative punishment
 - A punishment procedure in which a response is followed by the removal of,
or a decrease in the intensity of, a previously given positive reinforcer
resulting in the decrease in frequency of that response.
负面惩罚
 惩罚的过程:将刺激的程度减低，甚至取消致使该刺激所引发之反应的频率减低.

Negative reinforcer 
 A stimulus which, when removed following a response, increases or
maintains the frequency of that response.
负强化物 
 条件作用理论基本概念。 跟随在一个反应之后被排除的、能够增强该反应出现率的厌恶刺
激。

Neutral stimulus or cue

 - Any stimulus that has no effect on the target behavior before conditioning.
中性刺激
 在未条件化之前, 任何对有机体的行为都没有影响的刺激

O
Observational learning
 - A type of learning in which the behavior of another organism is observed
and imitated.
观察的学习
 通过观察他人的行为和行为后果而获得新行为的过程。

Operant
 - A behavior which affects something. Operating or producing an effect or
effects on the environment.
操作性
 行为由某事情所引起。 行为由事情产生的结果或环境的结果所诱发。

Operant behavior 
 - Emitted behavior that is controlled by its consequences.
操作性行为 
 则是指那种没有可觉察到的刺激的由有机体本身发出的自发的行为反应。(见应答性行为)

Operant conditioning
 - A science of behavior in which the frequency of occurrence of behavior is
modified by the consequences of the behavior. Operant conditioning concerns
the relationship between the behavior of organisms and their environment.
操作条件作用
 亦称“R 型条件作用”、“反应型条件作用”、“工具性条件作用”。学习方式的一种。与
“经典条件作用”相对。在一定情境中，个体的某种反应强度的变化受其反应结果控制的
条件反应。即由个体的操作行为而形成的条件作用。

P
Paradigm 
 - A pattern, example, or model.
范式
 一译“范型”，意为“模型”，指语言的派生方法中，对相似的字母组合习惯沿用相同的
变形方法。美国科学哲学家库恩运用这一术语描述科学研究的基本特征。指科学家共同遵守
的世界观和方法论信念的总和。

Partial reinforcement maintenance - See Intermittent Reinforcement.

Passive desensitization  - See Habituation

习惯化
 个体在一定情境下因反复练习而自动化地执行某种固定的活动模式的过程。
 有机体对与生命无关的重复性刺激的反应逐渐下降甚至消退过程。.

Performance 
 - Measures of observed behavior - Behavior can be measured in terms of
frequency, intensity, duration and topography.
绩效 
 对可观行为测量- 行为是可测量其发生的频率,强度, 时间及变化的位置.

Positive 
 - To add to the environment.
正面
 将某对象加入到环境中。
Positive punishment
 - A punishment procedure in which a response is followed by the
presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, an aversive stimulus
resulting in the decrease of frequency of that response. 
正惩罚 
 一种惩罚程序。 在这种程序中，根据行为，给予厌恶刺激或事件，行为未来的可能性下降。


Positive reinforcement 
 - A reinforcement procedure in which a reinforcer is presented following the
performance of a correct response, which increases the probability that the
response will reoccur in the future. 
正强化
 是个体行为的结果导致了积极刺激增加，从而使该行为增强。
 通过增加某种刺激(如奖励)使机体行为或反应速度、概率、强度增加的过程。

Positive transfer 
 - The facilitation of the learning of responses in new situations as a result of
past learning - A process in which learning is made easier by something
learned previously.
正迁移 
 迁移的一种。 一种学习对另一种学习产生积极的促进作用，或两种经验间的相互促进。

Premack Principle 
 - The principle that high-probability behavior reinforces low-probability
behavior.
普雷马克原理(Premack's principle)  
 1965 年美国心理学家 D.普雷马克提出的行为强化原理。他认为，自发性行为中有些发生
频率高，有些发生频率低，高频率行为可用来强化低频率行为。

Primary drive 
 - An organic drive, such as thirst; also called an unlearned drive.
原始驱力
 能够激发行为的先天性内在刺激

Primary reinforcer 
 - An unconditioned reinforcer. Anything of intrinsic value to an organism.
初级强化物 = 一级强化物
 条件作用理论基本概念。 同有机体生存相关的刺激物。如食物、水等。 … 这类刺激不经学
习即可直接使个体满足。

Primary reinforcement
 - A reinforcing event that does not depend on learning to achieve its
reinforcing properties.
原级强化 = 一级强化
 指在学习过程中, 最初采用的强化物对个体后来学习新反应所产生的强化作用。

Prompt
- An antecedent event that helps initiate a response. Instructions, gestures,
physical guidance, and modeling cues serve as prompts.
促进
 促进用于增加个体在正确的时间做出正确行为的可能性。促进可以是训练者的行为(反应促
进)或者辅助的环境刺激(刺激促进)。

Protected contact 
 - A training situation in which the trainer is protected from the possibility of
injury by the animal. In this type of training, contact is made with only
portions of the animal’s body at a time. 
保护性接触
 训练的一种方式。为避免训练人员受到动物的伤害, 两者之间设立了一些屏障。训练员与动
物之间只可作部份的接触。

Punisher 
 - Any consequence of a response that decreases the frequency of that
response.
惩罚物
 一个刺激或事件，当某种行为的发生持续出现时给予，使行为在未来出现的可能性降低。

Punishment
 - The procedure of providing consequence for a response that reduces the
frequency of that response.
惩罚 
 行为之后的结果，它导致这一行为在未来出现的可能性降低的过程。
 通过提供适当的刺激以减少后继不良反应的行为治疗技术。在一种行为发生后随即出现厌
恶事件，导致该行为出现率下降的训练程序，斯金纳区分出两种类型:(1)在行为之后施加
厌恶刺激;(2)在行为之后取消正强化物。

R
Recall 
 - The process of sending or retrieving an animal from one point of station to
another through the use of a conditioned stimulus (recall training) - A
measure of retention whereby the individual is able to extract from memory a
specific piece of information (memory recall).
召回
 利用条件刺激来指示或召回动物从一指定地方到另外一个地方的过程

Recognition
  - The perception, realization or knowledge of something based upon
previous exposure or experience with it.
再认 
 对以前感知思考或体验过的事物再度呈现在面前时的辨认或确认。 过去经验或识记过的事
物再次呈现在面前时仍能确认和辨认出来的过程。

Redirected activity
 - An activity that is guided or regulated toward an alternative stimulus other
than the stimulus that originally initiated the activity - Also referred to as
redirection.
转移目标行为 (redirected behavior)
 动物转移目标的动作。即指向对目前处境无关的刺激的活动。

Reflex 
 - An automatic involuntary response or reaction to a stimulus based upon
inherited characteristics of the nervous system.
反射
 机体对内在或外在刺激有规律的反应。可分为先天性反射和后天习得性反射两种，通常称
为非条件反射和条件反射。

Refusal 
 - A lack of response, or a declination to accept instruction or direction.
拒绝
 对指令没反应，或反应偏离原意或方向。

Regression
  - A return to an earlier mental or behavioral level or to an earlier stage of
learning.
回归
 在心理学方面，凡是在较成熟的行为形成后，又表现出原始的行为形式的现像。

Reinforcement 
 - The procedure of providing consequence for a response that increases the
frequency of that response.
强化 
 行为之后的结果，它导致这一行为在将来增加的可能性的过程。

Reinforcement contingency
  - The relationship between the reinforcement and the exact properties of the
performance which it follows.
强化偶联 (contingency of reinforcement)
 斯金纳操作条件作用理论术语。他称某一行为与发生在行为之后的强化之间的关联为偶联，
并以此说明操作行为的建立过程。

Reinforcement schedules 
 - The rule denoting how many or which responses will be reinforced.
强化程序 - schedule of reinforcement
 在运用部份强化来形成操作性条件反射时的强化时问与比率的安排。

Reinforcer 
 - Any consequence of a response that increases the frequency of that
response.
强化物
 当与行为的发生相联时增加行为未来的可能性的刺激或事件。增加反应发生的可能性或频
度的任何刺激物。

Remote training
  - A training situation in which an attempt is made to remove the human
element from the picture. No relationship or trust between the animal and the
trainer should be developed during this type of training.
遥控
 训练的一种方式。在训练现场无训练人员。因此，动物与训练人员之间不存在关联及信任。


Repression
  - The failure of an operant behavior caused by previous aversive
consequences. - A defense mechanism in which an individual suffering
anxiety over his/her motives seems to banish the thoughts, pushing them
into the unconscious.
压抑 
 将具有威胁性的思想、情感、记忆和冲动排斥到潜意识之中、使之避开意识的过程。 压抑是
一种最重要的防御机制，也是一种普通的精神过程。

Respondent behavior
  - A type of behavior that is elicited by involuntary or automatic reflexes that
are not under the control of the organism.
应答性行为 
 是指有机体的行为反应是由一个特殊的可以觉察到的刺激所引起的行为。

Response
  - An identifiable unit of behavior (can be muscular or glandular).
反应 
 有机体对作用其上的某种刺激产生的任何内隐或外显的活动。

Reward 
 - A satisfaction-yielding stimulus or stimulus object that is obtained upon the
successful performance of a task.
奖赏
 亦称正强化物 指在反应后出现的能够增强那反应的事物。
S
Satiation
 - When a reinforcer loses its effectiveness as a result of being overused. 
果腹状态(satiation)  饱和
 动物的一种动机状态。通常与摄食的境况有关。当食源充足、摄食不受干扰时，动物最终会
停止摄食，即处于果腹状态。

Schedule of reinforcement 
 - The planned type, amount and frequency of the reinforcement that will be
given when a task is completed. There are generally considered to be three
basic schedules: continuous, fixed, and variable. 
强化程序
 在运用部份强化来形成操作性条件反射时的强化时问与比率的安排。

SD　　 - See Discriminative Stimulus.

Secondary reinforcer 
 - A reinforcer that has acquired reinforcing value through learning by being
paired with events that are already reinforcing. (See conditioned reinforcer.)
次级强化物 = 二级强化物
 条件作用理论基本概念。经学习能够强化有机体反应的刺激物。其在生物学意义上，最初是
中性的，后与初级强化物结合，获得强化的性质。

Selective reinforcement - See differential reinforcement.

Semi –protected contact 

 - A training situation in which the trainer is partially protected or isolated
from the animal. This partial isolation does not provide total protection to the
animal or trainer. 
半保护性接触
 训练的一种方式。 训练人员与动物之间部分受到保护及隔离。两者之间不能提供完全的保
护。

Sensitization 
 - The intensifying of an organism’s response to stimuli that did not originally
produce such strong reactions.
敏感化
 因强烈刺激的重复而引起有机体反应量增加的现象。 与 “习惯化”相对。影响的关键因素
是刺激的强度。 微弱刺激的重复出现易导致习惯化，强烈刺激的重复出现易导致敏感化。
但若先呈现很弱的刺激，然后逐渐增加其强度，随着这种训练的进行，习惯化则形成。

Shaping 
 - The entire process of selectively reinforcing responses that approximate the
desired response to an increasingly greater degree. A method of modifying
behavior. 
塑造 
 对目标行为的渐近给予强化。 用以建立行为的新的方面。
 操作条件作用理论术语。根据操作条件作用原理，以一系列连续渐进的方式建立个体新行
为的过程。

Socialization
 - The process whereby an organism acquires and conducts itself in patterns
of behavior accepted by its society. 
社会化 
 个体获得知识、语言、社会行为规则、价值观、交往技能等，从而能使个体与社会融为一体，
并能以社会允许的方式自如地行动，从一个生物的个体转变为合格的社会成员。
 在比较心理学中，指新生动物个体由于群内社会因素的影响，发展出为种群其他成员可接
受的规范行为的过程。

Spontaneous recovery 
 - The tendency of a conditioned response that has undergone extinction to
occur again after a rest period.  
自然恢复 自发恢复
 在条件反射消退后的一段时间里，仅呈现条件刺激，仍能引起条件反应现象。
 巴甫洛夫在其经典条件作用实验中首次发现，表明消退过程中条件反射并没有完全消失。
但自发恢复是不完全的，即反应强度达不到消退前的水平，且若有几次不伴随无条件刺激
则自发恢复的反射会迅速消退。

Station (noun) 
 - An assigned position for an animal, designated by a trainer. 
指定位置
 训练人员为动物所指定的地方。

Station (verb)
  - An animal’s action to remain at an assigned position, usually in a fixed
posture, for a period of time designated by a trainer. 
定位, 保持稳定, 定姿
 动物于训练员的指示下, 到指定的位置保持一稳定姿势, 并维持一段时间。

Stereotypic behavior 
 - An undesirable repetitive behavior that is enacted by an organism,
generally as a result of anxiety and/or lack of stimulation.
刻板行为
 个体持续地单调而重复地做一个动作, 尽管这个动作并没有什么指向性和意义。

Stimulus 
 - An external or internal object or event which elicits a behavioral response
from an organism.
刺激 
 作用于有机体，能引起有机体生理或行为反应的外部或内部的影响或生理变化。 与 “反
应”相对。

Stimulus control 
 - The probability of a behavior being performed in the presence of one
stimulus which is not evident in the presence of another.
刺激控制 
 操作条件作用理论术语。 行为受环境刺激条件控制的程度，即特定的辨别刺激的出现或排
除控制着特殊反应模式或速度的出现。当个体学会对两个以上的刺激中的每个刺激作出分
化反应时，他就辨别了两个以上的刺激，即处于刺激控制之下。
 行为治疗技术。 在心理治疗过程中通过系统地操纵环境中发挥控制作用的刺激物(即 “控
制刺激”或 “辨别刺激”)来矫正适应不良行为。… … 若该行为是不良行为，需要矫正，
一个便捷的方法便是取消这些控制刺激。该方法比较适用于经由操作条件作用习得的行为。


Stimulus delta 
 - Signal that indicates an incorrect behavior or response was performed and
that the animal should return to the trainer for further instructions - Signals
that a previous behavior response will not be reinforced.

呼停指令
 一个向动物表示其行为或反应不对, 须返回训练员身边并等待进一步的指示. 一个信号以
表示之前的行为是不会被奖励.

Stimulus generalization 
 - Transfer of a trained response to situations or conditions other than those
on which training has taken place in response to a stimulus that resembles
the training stimulus.  
刺激泛化 
 又称 “刺激类化”。条件反射学术说术语。 与 “刺激辨别”相对。有机体获得对某一特
定条件刺激的固定性条件反应后，与该条件刺激类似的其他刺激，不需经过另外的条件反
射学习过程也能引起类似反应的现象。 刺激泛化有助于有机体充分利用条件反应适应类似
的环境。

Successive approximation
  - One of many progressive training steps from simple to more complex
behavior, all leading to a finished desired behavior. 
逐次逼近法  渐进性接近法，连续渐进法
 用于行为塑造和代币制管理中的一个操作条件作用原则。 即将欲塑造的靶反应分解排列成
一个难度递增的子反应系列，使之逐渐接近要学习的靶反应；对每一个逼近靶反应的子反
应均予强化，以鼓励个体做出进一步的子反应，并最终学会靶反应。

Superstitious behavior
 - Behavior that is unintentionally and unknowingly reinforced by a trainer. 
迷信行为 
 个体被置于随机的、无必然联系的强化条件下所形成的行为。 巧合强化的结果。

Systematic desensitization
  - A procedure by which an animal is allowed to gradually become
comfortable with an unusual or frightening stimulus.
系统脱敏 敏感递减
 行为疗法技术。 其原理是对抗性条件作用或交互抑制原则，即在同一刺激情境下出现两
种反应时，一种反应的加强会抑制另一反应，使之减弱或消退。
 亦称“缓慢暴露”、“敏感递减”。行为疗法技术。美国心理学家沃尔普首创。其原理是对
抗性条件作用或交互抑制原则，即在同一刺激情境下出现两种反应时，一种反应的加强会
抑制另一种反应，使之减弱或消退。

T
Tactile reinforcement
  - Any reward perceptible by touch. 
接触强化
 任何可察觉的触摸强化行为

Target (noun) 
 - A prop that pinpoints a specific location for an animal to orient to or touch.
目标棒  (名词)
 于训练期间, 指示动物去接触一特定地点之道具.

Target (verb)
 - The process of stimulating an animal to touch a particular object.
目标 (动词)
 刺激动物去接触一特定对象的过程

Time out  
 - A non-reinforcement training strategy whereby a training session is
temporarily paused and attention is removed from the animal for a period of
time.
暂停法
 反应代价法的一种。在个体表现出某种不良行为时暂时取消对他的正强化，以减少其不良
行为的做法。

Topography 
 - The form of a response.
形态
 反应的形态
Transfer of training
  - The application of past learning to new learning situations.
迁移
 亦称“学习迁移”、“训练迁移”。一种学习或训练影响另一种学习或训练的现象。

Trial and error

 - A form of learning in which one response after another is tried and rejected
as unsuitable, until at last a successful response is made. 
尝试错误学习 
 一种学习的方式。学习是一种渐进的尝试与错误和偶然成功的过程。
 解决问题的一种形式。桑代克 19 世纪末通过大量的动物实验认为，动物都是经过尝试错
误来解决问题的。

U
Unconditioned reflex
 - A response that is emitted on exposure to a stimulus without previous
conditioning.
非条件反射 （无条件反射）
 引起有机体产生非条件反射的刺激。
 从性质上看，它是某类有机体全体成员具有的，对某些非条件刺激产生的比较稳定的天生
反应。 如手碰着火会立刻往回缩、饥饿时看到食物会分泌唾液等。

Unconditioned reinforcer  - See primary reinforcer

无条件强化物
 一种自然具体强化的刺激，这样的刺激可以加强行为，有生存价值。 这样的无条件强化物
不需要以前的条件反射来做为强化物。 食物、水、逃避极端刺激、性接触就是例子。

Unconditioned response (UR)

  - An involuntary, unlearned reaction to a stimulus.
无条件反应  
 由无条件刺激 ( US ) 引起的反应

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

  - A stimulus that elicits an involuntary, unlearned behavior (UR).
无条件刺激 
 自然地引起由无条件反应( UR )刺激，因为 UR 有生存价值。 US 不需要以前的条件反射
来引起 UR。

V
Variable-interval schedule 
 - A reinforcement schedule where an animal is reinforced for the first
emission of the target behavior after the end of a randomly determined time
interval.  It results in a very steady rate of behavior.
可变间隔时间表 ( VI )   
 一种强化时间表，在这种时间表中，强化物是在一段时间间隔后对发生的第一个响应提供
的。 间隔的长度在一个平均值周围变化。

Variable-ratio schedule
  - A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is presented after a
random number of correct responses.
可变比率时间表 ( VR )
  一种强化时间表，在这种时间表中，要有一定数量的反应后才能给予强化。    所需反
应数量在一个平均值周围变化。

索引 Index
A 
Absolute threshold        绝对阀限        
Abulia          意志丧失，意志力丧失
Accidental reinforcement      意外奖励
Acclimation         习服
Acclimatization        驯化
Acquired          习得
Active avoidance        主动回避
Adaptation         适应
Adjustable stimulus        可调整的刺激
Adventitious reinforcement      偶然(外来)的强化
Adverse          作对
Aggression         攻击性, 侵略性
Maternal aggression      母性攻击
Frustration-induced aggression    挫败性攻击
Defensive aggression      防御性攻击         
Pain-induced aggression.      因某痛苦诱导的攻击性行为
 Predatory aggression.       猎食性攻击
Territorial aggression      领土性攻击
Dominance aggression.       支配性攻击       
Learned aggression       习得性的攻击       
 Approach induced aggression     逼近导致的攻击     
Avoidance induced aggression.     躲避导致的攻击      
Re-directed aggression.      转向攻击 
Amplitude         振幅
Anti-social behavior       反社会行为　       
Anxiety          焦虑 
Approach-approach conflict      双趋冲突
Approach-avoidance conflict      趋避冲突
Approximation        逐次逼近法
Assimilation         同化
Association         联想 
Attitude          态度
Autonomic conditioning       生物回馈 Bio-feedback = 自律条件作用
Aversion          厌恶 - 嫌恶或回避某事。
Aversive conditioning       厌恶性条件作用
Aversive stimulus        厌恶刺激
Avoidance -avoidance conflict     双避冲突 
Avoidance         躲避 (回避)
Avoidance conditioning       回避条件作用
Avoidance learning        躲避学习

B  
Baiting          饵
Baseline          基线         
Behavior          行为 
Behavior modification       行为改变，行为矫正  
Behavioral chain        行为链         
Behavioral control        行为控制        
Behavioral drift        偏差行为        
Behavioral enrichment       行为优化         
Behaviorism         行动主义, 行为学派
Bond          连结
Bridge          信号

C  
Chain          行为连锁
Chain of behaviors        连锁行为, 连锁学习
Chaining          连锁作用 
Classical conditioning       经典条件作用
Conditioned aversive stimulus     厌 恶 性 条 件 刺 激 --- see Aversive
stimulus 
Conditioned reinforcer       条件强化物        
conditioned response (CR)      条件反应        
conditioned stimulus (CS)      条件刺激，制约刺激
Conditioning         条件作用 
Continuous reinforcement      连续强化 
Control group         控制组
Counter conditioning       对抗性条件反射       
Cue           信号， 线索  

D  
Delay of reinforcement       强化的延迟 
Delta          See Stimulus Delta
Deprivation         剥夺
Desensitization         脱敏 
Differential reinforcement       差别强化
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)
对不兼容的行为的差别强化 (DRI)    
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) 
对其他行为的差别强化 (DRO)    
Differentiation         分化 
Discipline         惩诫         
Discrimination         辨别
Discriminative stimulus (SD)      辨别刺激 区分刺激 (SD　　)     
Displaced aggression (displacement)     转 向 攻 击 Displaced
aggression 
Dominance         支配地位
Dominant behavior        支配行为
Drive          驱力 内驱力

E  
Elicit          引发行为 
Emit           发出,散发
Emotion           情绪         
Escape or escape behavior      逃避行为 
Escape learning        逃避学习         
Experimental psychology      实验心理学       
Extinction         消失              
Extinction burst         消失爆发        

F 
Fading           渐消         
Fear           恐惧
Fixed-interval schedule       固定间隔时间表 (FI)       
Fixed-ratio Schedule       固定比率时间表 (FR)      
Free contact         开放性接触
Frustration          挫折

G 
Generalization         泛化 – P. 324       
Generalized reinforcer       泛化的条件强化物      

H 
Habit          习惯 
Habituation         习惯化        
Hands-off Training        See Protected Contact
Husbandry         护理
I 
Immediacy of reinforcement      直接强化, 实时强化.      
Imprinting         铭印 印刻现象       
Incentive          诱因         
Incompatible behavior       非兼容行为       
Incremental learning        See Method of Approximations
Instinct          本能
Instrumental conditioning       See Operant Conditioning.     
Intelligence          智力        
Intermittent reinforcement      间断强化  部份强化

L 
Latency          时差
Latent learning        潜伏学习         
Law of effect         效果律         
Learned helplessness        习得性失助        
Learning          学习 
Learning plateau        学习停滞 
Least reinforcing scenario (LRS)     最少强化的刺激

M 
Magnitude of reinforcement      强化(奖励)程度
Method of approximations      渐进式方法 
Mimicry          拟态
Modeling - See Observational Learning.   示范法 = 模仿法
Motivation         动机 
Motive          动机

N 
Negative          负面
Negative discriminative stimulus     (See stimulus delta.)
Negative punishment       负面惩罚
Negative reinforcer        负强化物
Neutral stimulus or cue       中性刺激

O 
Observational learning       观察的学习         
Operant          操作性
Operant behavior         操作性行为 
Operant conditioning       操作条件作用

P 
Paradigm          范式
Partial reinforcement maintenance     See Intermittent
Reinforcement.
Passive desensitization - See Habituation   习惯化
Performance          绩效 
Positive           正面
Positive punishment       正惩罚 
Positive reinforcement        正强化
Positive transfer        正迁移 
Premack Principle        普雷马克原理
Primary drive         原始驱力
Primary reinforcer        初级强化物 = 一级强化物
Primary reinforcement       原级强化 = 一级强化
Prompt          促进
Protected contact        保护性接触
Punisher          惩罚物
Punishment         惩罚

R 
Recall          召回
Recognition         再认          
Redirected activity        转移目标行为
Reflex          反射
Refusal          拒绝
Regression         回归
Reinforcement         强化          
Reinforcement contingency      强化偶联
Reinforcement schedules      强化程序
Reinforcer         强化物         
Remote training        遥控
Repression         压抑          
Respondent behavior       应答性行为        
Response          反应
Reward          奖赏

S 
Satiation          果腹状态 饱和
Schedule of reinforcement      强化程序
SD　　            See Discriminative Stimulus.
Secondary reinforcer       次级强化物 = 二级强化物
Selective reinforcement       See differential reinforcement. 
Semi –protected contact       半保护性接触
Sensitization         敏感化 
Shaping          塑造         
Socialization         社会化
Spontaneous recovery       自然恢复 自发恢复
Station (noun)         指定位置
Station (verb)         定位, 保持稳定, 定姿
Stereotypic behavior       刻板行为        
Stimulus          刺激
Stimulus control        刺激控制
Stimulus delta         呼停指令
Stimulus generalization        刺激泛化
Successive approximation      逐次逼近法 渐进性接近法 连续渐进法(see
Shaping) 
Superstitious behavior       迷信行为
Systematic desensitization      系统脱敏 敏感递减

T 
Tactile reinforcement       接触强化
Target (noun)         目标棒
Target (verb)         目标
Time out          暂停法
Transfer of training        迁移
Trial and error         试错误学习       

U 
Unconditioned reflex       非条件反射
Unconditioned reinforcer       See primary reinforcer 无条件强化物  
Unconditioned response (UR)      由 无 条 件 刺 激 ( US ) 引 起 的 反 应

Unconditioned stimulus (US)      无条件刺激         

V 
Variable-interval schedule      可变间隔时间表 ( VI )      
Variable-ratio schedule       可变比率时间表 ( VR )     

参考数据
1. 心理学大辞典     林祟德, 杨治良, 黄希庭  上海教育出版社
2. 心理学      郑肇桢      商务印书馆
3. 行为矫正原理与方法 Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures
(Third Edition)
[美] Raymond G. Miltenberger 着， 石林等译    中国轻工业出版社
4. 行为主义心理学    张厚粲 (世纪心理学丛书 5)  浙江教育出版社
5. 心理学导论  (第三版) Psychology An Introduction Third Edition 
[美] 尼奇.海斯，苏.奥雷尔 着 爱丁等译    电子工业出版社 
6. 心理咨询百科全书    车文博 主编     晓园出版社
7. 行为主义心理学     张厚粲      浙江教育出版社
8. 行为改变技术 (修订版)  张世慧      五南图书出版股份有限公司
 9. 简明心理学辞典     主编 黄希庭     安征人民出版社
10. 医学心理学      主编 姜干金 第 4 版    人民卫生出版社
11. 生理心理学      管林初 心理学大辞典   上海教育出版社
12. 海洋公园海洋哺乳动物部 训练员英文直译术语表
13. 认知疗法: 基础与应用   (美) Judith S. Beck (译)翟书涛 中国轻工业
出版社
14. 教育心理学     皮连生 (第三版)    上海教育出版社
15. 教育心理学     莫雷      广东高等教育出版社
16. 比较心理学     任仁眉      上海教育出版社 

*: IMATA 国 际 海 洋 动 物 训 练 员 协 会  International Marine Animal Trainers

Association