NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA

COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138

COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES.

23/01/2015

MR MUSARA

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1. Berko(1998)-communication is a conscious or unconscious ,intentional or unintentional

process in which feelings and ideas are expressed as verbal or Non-verbal messages.

2. is a process of which meaning is exchanged between individuals through a common

system of signs ,symbols and behaviour

3. is a dynamic transaction of simultaneously exchanged verbal and nonverbal messages

resulting in shared meaning between 2 or more people

Messages occur through formal and informal channels and upward, downward, horizontal

direction.

Nb-the quality of your life is the result of your communication by TONY ROBBINS

Types of communication

1. intre-personal communication

It is communication within ourselves, talking to our self of thinking to our self

-this type of communication is important in the formation of individual self-in-it.

-it can be positive or negative

2. Inter-personal communication

This is between 2 or more people who will be involved in a face to face transaction, this

communication accounts for most informal everyday conversations eg friendships, couples,

business partners, parent and child relationship.

3. Small group communication

NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

This level of communication is distinct because it occurs between 3 or more people who

perceive themselves as belonging to or being identified with a group.

4. Public communication

This is an informal constructed ,usually the event is planned in advance and there is one way

form of communication and it is formal in nature

It is a pronounced social as opposed an agenda.

Nb –it occurs within very formal people eg principal assembly.

5.Organizational communication

This is communication that occurs in organization settings eg hospitals, churches

,government churches ,military organization and academic institutions.

-therefore communication flows downloads, upwards and horizontally in a organization.

6.Mass communication

-it is the transmission of a message to a mass audience and it is the most formal and

expensive of all eg media

It is basically one way communication with limited feedback and there is no contact between

the sender and the receiver.

Mass communication events sometimes require the efforts of 100s people ,months of

preparation and millions of dollars ,the events of mass communication ,involve media eg

radio, tv, newspaper, books, films and ict (facebook, twitter and whatsapp.

The audience in mass communication is relatively large and sometime unanimous to the

source or vice versa eg newspaper,

7.Inter-cultural communication

-do away with attitude, tribe or gender

NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

30/01/2015

MR MUSARA

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Intercultural communication

-this is communication between people with different cultures

Rogers(1999) defines intercultural communication as the exchange of information between

people who are unlike culturally.

Eye contact

It is considered to be the most accurate predictor of a person’s true attitude and feelings

Gaffe (2000) says that eyes are windows of the soul

Sustained eye contact suggest trust and admiration

Brief eye contact signifies fear or stress

However prolonged eye contact can be in true intrusive and intimidating

Looking away also gives an impression of being shy or unsure and uncomfortable.

Adaptors

These are speech related gestures meaning that as you speak there ie gesture

Becko(1997) says these movements show boredom , internal feelings ,regulate a situation eg

biting figure nails ,rubbing your eyes ,taping fingers on the table

Emblems –these are non- verbal signals that have direct verbal shaking eg pointing to a

chair to invite a visitor.

Olfatics –it’s a non verbal communication .

it refers to body smells ,or scents and sometimes odors and the meaning that they convey

around us
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

These conclusions can be conscious or unconscious and this is what gives rise to people

wanting to relate with or avoid others on the bases of the smell related encounters that they

have with those other people.

The barriers of communication

1.language

2.attitude

3.poor network

4.wrong interpretation

5.perception

There are cultural barriers

They are psychological barriers

Perceptional

Linguistical

Noise in communication

It is any interference added to the message between the sender and the receiver that will make

the accurate or exact interpretation of the message difficult

Psychological barriers

Refer to the thought or feelings that compete for attention and interfere with communication

process .

Eg a student who attends a lesson with earphones listening to music

There is a divided attention between music and the lesson.

Cultural barriers

Cultural barriers refer mostly to verbal and to lesser extent non verbal
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

Misunderstanding can occur when both the sender and the receiver are ignorant of the

accepted rules of behaviour in the others culture

In japan wrapped gift is a bad one

In a situation where a Japanese or Zimbabwean are exchanging gifts the Japanese will feel

offended with a wrapped gift from a Zimbabwean.

Eg an interesting observation was noted in the Ghananian culture in both Zim and Ghana,it is

normal to wave goodbye when someone departures while Zimbabweans are particular which

hand is used to wave but the Ghananians do

In Ghana they believe that if you wave using left hand it means bad luck.

So a Ghananian will naturally wonder why you would wish them back luck whilst you spent

with them the whole day.

Perceptional barriers

Perception is the process of relating and organizing information gained through the senses in

such a way that it makes sense, it is a way of interpreting information or giving meaning to

the world around you.

Perception is selective and it sometimes a stimulus process (how you yourself see things)
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

06/02/2015

Mr Musara

Barriers in communication

Semantic barriers

Semantic is a general term, is the study of meanings of words and can be extended to the

meaning of symbols since will be discussing non-verbal communication therefore,semantic

barriers have something to do with what the sender of a message uses to communicate

meaning with the receiver.

Eg . jesus says suffer little children

To avoid such confusion it is important to unpack the information so that the meaning is not

indult

Eg .one can refer to a 40year old secretary as the girl in the office

A visitor in your place will expect to see a young graceful lady serving as a secretary. The

visitor will be surprised to see the old woman sitting behind the secretary desk.

If words are too different /too technical the receiver may not understand them, if the words

are simple a receiver might feel bored of feel insulted.

In either case the message falls short of its goal. Misusing a word will only impair meaning

but will reflect badly on the sender.

Eg quite often people confuse the continuous and continual, instead of saying the rain was

continual throughout the night instead they say the rain was continuous

eg complement and compliment ,consul and council, counsel

sick and seek ,whether and weather

syntactic barriers
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

syntax refers to word order in a sentence,if the word is changed the import/order of the

sentence also changes

eg can I see Beular and I can see Beular ,iam a driver and am I a driver

-in many cases there are various nationalities coming to visit or set up business in Zimbabwe

eg the Chinese

Bear in mind that there are trying hard to communicate. What might help us is to concentrate

on the content words the speaker is producing in order to arrive to the meaning.

Feedback

Is the response that the receiver will give to the sender. For communication to be successful

the sender should get a response that he/she intended to receive from the receiver.

This means that the message, that the sender transmitted was received as it was sent

Feedback is also used to assess the success or failure of the communication

If the sender does not get the intended response he/she makes adjustment to the message

before resubmitting or resending it.

Adjustment can be in the form of restating the ideas stressing key issues or repeating them in

order to enhance the chances of effective communication.

What we need to remember is that we are wasting our time when we ask the receiver has

understood.

If you ask do you understand the receiver will say yes because no one wants to be viewed as

dull or as a dunce.
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

20/02/2015

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

MR MUSARA

Reading

-is the process of recognizing written or printed words and understanding their meaning

Reading age

-this is the level of reading ability that someone has compared with an average child of a

particular age

Reading list

-list of books, articles, newspapers, magazine etc , relating to a particular academic or social

course

Intensive reading

-means you are reading for comprehension/understanding looking for more detailed

information

Extensive reading

-this is reading for leisure or enjoyment eg magazine ,internet etc

Skinning-it’s a process of speed reading that involves usual ,searching the sentences for a

page for clues to meaning

-the aim is to get an overall of a text and is done a much faster speed than normal reading eg

700 or more words per minute.

Summarizing

-writing a version(abbreviated) of a long passage, by taking the main points and giving out

less information ,this is done in one continuous paragraph ,the summaries usually shorter

than the original passage.

NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

paraphrasing

-this is writing a personal version of a given passage or paragraph

-this is done to demonstrate that you have understood the text

-the paraphrase may be longer than the original state

Scanning

-this is a fast reading technique meant to locate specific information eg looking up for word

in a dictionary

There is no need to read the whole dictionary or to understand the word except the ones you

are looking for

Synthesisizing

-this is putting together ideas from the various sources you have consulted on a given topic

-you may be putting together ideas that conquer or disagree

Sq3r

-it is short for survey, question read,

3Rs(review ,recite, record information read)

Question???????

You are employed as a communication embassy in Harare. You are not very familiar with the

Chinese language, you have been asked to host a high powered delegation, the embassy has

seconded an interpretation to help you get along.

Discuss the non-verbal communication codes or cues that you should be aware of when

hosting these people {25}

Due date 2 weeks

Define key terms

Look for scholars that support that

NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

Pros and cons

Universal emblems eg waving

Formal language -interpreter

Non –verbal communication that will use to communicate with the Chinese.

4pages.

Reading

Sceming to overview

This is a very fast way of reading not every word is read. The general purpose is to get an

overview=ew of the test.

You will go through the material quickly and in addition define the main idea. Try to identify

how the material is organised, get an idea of the tone and intension of the writer. Normally

you will scheme fot 3 purposes that is preview to survey and to review the test.

An overview is a short description of a subject or situation that gives main ideas without

explaining all the details.

Scheming to preview this is done to get some idea of the content of a passage or text for

example an article in the shortest possible time. When we preview we have to answer the

following questions

1) What is the following

2) Does the article contain useful information on the topic I am studying.

3) How difficult does it look in order to answer the questions you have to read the

heading over the tittle, the chapter headings, the sub headings, opening and cruising

paragraphs. This way you will have a general idea of what is contained in the article

and you can determine weather or not it is relevant to what you are reading about or

what you are about to read about.

SCHEMING TO SURVEY.
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

We do this in order to get a matter or picture or outline of the material you have to

study in depth. You will need to fit in the details into a given framework in order to

have a clear understanding of the material.

When scheming to survey use the following strategies

1) Study the heading or the tittle of the text.

2) Read the introduction. Usually writers of articles or books tell the reader were

they are going and how they are going to get there in the introduction.

3) Read the summary if it is there. This gives an overview of the main point.

4) Read the main herding’s and check if there are any further subheadings.

5) Pay attention to other techniques used by the writer to draw the reader’s attention

such as bold points writing illustration and diagrams.

SCHEMING TO REVIEW.

-this is done as a revision strategy. You will have to read the material you have

already gone through, quickly and concentrate on the main points and leave out

less important material.

What are the main points again

1) Do I remember them ( the main points)

Scheming to review is done shortly before an exam to revise work that less

previously done.

-you employing all the elements in under previewing and surveying, fix in the rest

of the test.

SCANNING.

IS something called search reading, it is the fastest reading technique and is used

to locate specific information within the text. Firstly, you need to have a clear idea
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

of the information required and then allow your eyes to glance quickly over a text

until the particular detail is found.

Scanning does not evolve understanding the whole text, the secret is to

concentrate on the detail you require and not let your attention wonder to some

interesting paragraph \items that may be relevant to the task.

1) Note the alphabetical clues.

2) Hold the image of the item you are looking for in your mind.

3) Use your finger to guide you if you wish.

4) Beware of the visuals in the material such as capital letters in the middle of

the sentence or numbers that stand out in a written text

Survey

Question

Read

Review

Resight

Record

What are the importance of notes.

Study reading.

Study reading requires that you interact with the text rather than just reading

the material without thinking.

In study reading you will obviously start by scheming the material for and

overall impression, then, taking a paragraph, section or chapter at a time.

Firstly we need to familiarise ourself with the SQRRRR.

SURVEY.
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

- Note how the chapter or section you want to read its into the total plan of

the book for example does it provide background, information to a sense

of later chapters.

- B) note the major divisions or main topics of the chapter in order to decide

on the amount of work you are going to be over e.g. the main ideas of the

whole chapter or just the first section.

READ THE HEARDINGS AND SUBHEADINGS.

- They tell you about the key words and ideas of the chapter and how it is

organised.

- Read sentences, phrases or words in bold face lettering or italics.

- Look at any visual aids e.g. charts, diagrams etc.

QUESTION

- Ask yourself what you already know e.g. the meaning of the chapter tittle,

WHAT INFORMATION YOU ALREADY KNOW.

- Is the information contained in the article sufficient to meet the needs of

the topic or arguments? What is the main points or arguments of thee

writer and how is it different from the main sources you have already been

used?.

- Ask the questions you would want answered as you proceed with your

reading.

- Bear in mind the questions you have asked and determine if they are being

addressed by what you are reading.

- There is need to re-read the passage if it is dense or challenging. Using a

pencil if a book is yours mark the text by underlining or writing notes in

NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

the margins to help you identify the main points or parts that answer the

questions you have asked about. Select key words or phrases in the

sentences and paragraphs e.g. the most important words, the ones that

convey the essential information

- You need to find the topic sentences on each paragraph. This is the

sentence that tells the reader what the paragraph is about. Make notes as

you read or shortly after you have finished, showing the relationship of the

different parts of the passage or article to each other.

- Identify linking words and connectors as these can sure the development

of ideas or introduce contradictory points examples of such linking words

can be firstly and secondly , to sum up goes hand in hand with to conclude.

These linking words give you the general direction of the passage.

RECALL AND RECEIT(WHAT SHOULD HAVE LEARNT)

- Put your passage away and try and remember as much of what u have read

as possible.

- Answer the question you have set for yourself to see how much you can

remember without looking at the text.

Review

- Note the chronological order of the events, to see if you get these right

when you are reciting

- In other words you are checking the corrections of what you were saying

at the recall or recite stage.

NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

- The number of correct or wrong responses will indicate whether you

understood the passage or not.

- Now revisit all areas where you got the information wrong and re-read for

better understanding.

- Establish a relationship between the facts you are dealing with so that they

easily form something logical to understand.

- You can even form your words to help you remember for example

ADIDAS

- RECORD WHAT YOU WISH TO REMEMBER AS THE main points of

the passage, what you deem to be the most important facts should be on

your finger tips. The writing of notes on any given text is evidence that

you have already read the text and have the notes fore vision purposes.

- This brings us to the next section which is notes taking.

NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

15 May 2015
Communication
Mr Musara
Academic Writing
Complex
- The language of academic writing is relatively more complex than spoken language.
- Academic writing has longer sentences and words in comparison to spoken words.
- Written presentations or texts are shorter than oral presentations because in oral
presentations you have the opportunity to give examples while in written
presentations you stick to the text on paper.
- Written language is grammatically more complex than spoken

Formality
- Academic writing is relatively very formal. In general, the written essay or paper
should avoid
a. Colloquial words and expressions such as sort, stuff
b. Abbreviated e.g. cant
c. Two word verbs e.g. put off
d. Subheadings
e. Numbering, bullet points
f. Don’t ask questions

Precision
- In academic writing to present facts and figures precisely. We need to be precise
when we use information, dates or figures. We do not use a lot of people when we say
fifty million.
- Being precise is the quality of being very exact and correct.

Objectivity
- As we write an essay we need to be objective.
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

- An objective is something you are trying hard to achieve based on facts rather than
feelings or beliefs
- In written language objectives are rather than personal
- It therefore has very few emotions. The main emphasis should be on the information
that you want to give and the arguments you want to make rather than you (self)

Explicit..Expressed in a way that is very clear and direct

- Academic writing is explicit about the text. The writer should make it clear to the
reader how the various parts of the text or essay are related. These connections can be
made explicit by the use of different signaling words eg
a. Your points should be organized

Accuracy
- Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately.
- Most subjects have words with specific meanings according to their context. In
academic writing you need to be accurate in your use of vocabulary
- Words often confused are:
1. All ready and already
2. Altogether and all together
3. Sight for seeing and cite, we have site (building site)
4. Advise- verb - and advice
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

22 May 2015
Communication Notes
Mr. Musara
Topic : Preparing Oral Communication

- Oral communication or presentation must be carefully planned. As to consider are :

analyzing the audience, determining the purpose, preparing the topic, organizing the
presentation, preparing the venue where you are going to present.

Analyzing the audience

- Start by gathering information about your audience so that your message is oriented
towards their needs. Eg your maths class might consist of students of different ages,
gender, cultures and experiences. Think about how their different profiles might affect
their understanding and enjoyment of your presentation, also think about the
knowledge your audience has of the subjects. Do they have some or no back ground
knowledge.
- Effective Oral communication is audience centered
- You can not address your speech to each person individually but you can identify
common feature among your listeners.
- The goal of audience analysis is to discover the needs of the listeners. Demographic
and psychological characteristics are relevant to your speech purpose and ideas so that
you can adopt your purposes and ideas to these factors.

Demographic Analysis
This is the study of observable characteristics in groups of people. And these are age, gender,
group membership, how educated they are,culture and ethnic background
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

Age
- Find out whether your listeners are primarily young, middle aged or older.
- Are your listeners you peers or are you much younger or older.
- Nursery school teachers know that they must adapt to their young listeners
- They adapt partly by simplifying their vocabulary and shortening their sentences.
- There is need to recognize what captures their attention.

Gender
- Is the audience predominantly male or female
- Do your listeners maintain traditional gender role
- Certain topics concern females and are inappropriate to males.

Questions that could guide you

- Do men and women differ in values. They consider being at the same level.
Traditionally men have been found to place greater importance of economical ,
theoretical and political values while women place importance on social, aesthetic,
(beauty).
- Will your topic perceived as more interesting by men or by women? Men and women
do not respond in the same way to topics such as rape, abortion, equal rights,

Education
- How much do your listeners already know about the subject? Does their experience
allow them to learn?
- Knowing the educational back ground of your audience can guide you on the
language to use (vocabulary)

Questions to ask
a. Will the interests and concerns of the audience differ on the basis of thei education
level?
b. Will different educational levels influence how critical the audience will on your
evidence and argument?
c. Will the different educational levels relate to what the audience know about your
topic?
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

29 May 2015
Communication Skills
Mr Musara
Cultural and ethnic background
- Nationality, race and the extents to which people identify to the particular culture or
sub culture are crucial factors in audience analysis
- Largely du to different training and experiences the interests, values and goals of
different cultural groups will also vary.
- Are members of your audience pre dominantly from a particular cultural group
- The concept of multi cultural society comes into play.

Group Membership
- Do your listeners belong to groups that represent special attitudes or identifiable
values.
- Are they part of a formal organization eg doctors, lawyers, soldiers, policemen,
teachers, dentists, lawyers, soldiers

Religion
- Religion permeates all topics and issues.
- Issues such as birth control, abortion, and divorce are closely connected to religion.
- Does your topic or purpose attack the religious beliefs of any segments of your
audience?

Psychological Analysis
- Social scientists and communication researchers have found it useful to divide people
into psychological groups on the basis of fundamental beliefs, attitudes and values.
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

Beliefs
- This is a claim thought by people holding it to accurately represent the state of affairs
in the real world
- A belief asserts something is true or false in the world.
- Beliefs arise from first hand experiences, from public opinion, from supporting
evidence from authorities or even from blind faith.
- Some beliefs are called facts and opinions.
- Demonstrated beliefs you hold strongly are called facts.
- Facts are held with certainty

Opinion
- This is a belief held with low to moderate degree or less than powerful compelling
evidence.
- Lecture, group, demo,
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

05 June 2015
Communication
Mr Musara
Attitude
- Attitudes are tendencies to respond positively or negatively to people, objects or
ideas. Attitudes are emotionally weighted, they express individual differences.
- Attitudes often influence our behavior. Therefore as a speaker you should consider
dominant attitudes of your listeners.
- Audiences may have attitude towards you because of your attitude.

Values
- These are the basic concepts organizing ones orientation of life.
- They provide a standard for judging the worth of thoughts and actions.
- These are habitual ways of looking at the world or responding to problems.
- Values include broad categories into which many specific attitudes are grouped
mentally.

Determining the purpose

- Consider the result you want from your message. Your purpose might be to persuade
the audience to follow a certain line of thinking.
- The result that you want from your message ensures that your message has clear
focus and hence should not wonder off the point.
- The main purpose of the teacher
i. Is to give information
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

ii. To request information

iii. To persuade
iv. To promote good will

Preparing the topic

- This involves researching and gathering the information needed for the presentation.
- Select your resources appropriately.
- Brainstorm the ideas
- This allows the teacher to jot down points relating to the topic to be taught/ presented.
Consult relevant textbooks, journals, newspapers and the internet so that you have
evidence to justify your claims/ teachings
- Record your source of information and keep in mind questions students might want
answered.

Organizing the presentation

- After you have gathered all the information, you need to structure it to ensure that the
ideas are logically presented
- The introduction is vital. This is when you attract your audience’s attention
- Your introduction should give your audience a reason for listening
- There are 2 types of speaking languages.
a. Emotive language – used to express feelings, attitudes and emotions of the
speaker. It is language that employs emotional connotative words. It can therefore
be used both positively and negatively in an organization such as a school or any
other learning institute. It can be used in a classroom to praise students or good
performance in a class
b.
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

12 June 2015
Communication
Mr Musara
Delivering oral communication
Vocalics
- Aim to speak naturally but orderly at the same time.
- Pay attention to your pitch and volume, pay attention to your tone. Most audiences
dislike a speaker who has a low tone, pitch and volume. Your tone will help create an
open and friendly climate.

Eye Contact
- It helps the establishing a relationship with the audience.

Gestures
- These gestures convey your beliefs and involvement with your topic. Use natural
gestures and avoid destructing mannerisms.

Posture
- A good posture conveys confidence
a. Stand tall
b. Face your audience
c. Allow closer contact with your audience
NAME: MAKUMIRE RONICA
COLLEGE NUMBER: PA /2015/138
COMMUNICATION SKILLS NOTES

Answering questions
- Feedback results in a two way flow of information so you need to set time for
questions.
- Questions may focus on clarification, elaboration or reputation
- NB: Be relaxed when you are answering a question and be natural during question
time.

Reflecting or evaluating the presentation

- Reflect on your performance as a teacher after the presentation.
- This will help you improve your speaking skills.

Symptoms of present reties

- These are symptoms of some one who is panicking to present.
a. Rise in temperature
b. Dry mouth
c. Tight throat.
d. Rapid heart beat.
e. Butterflies in tummy – nervous
f. Sweating palms
g. Knocking knees
h. Cold feet
i. Blank mind