Compilation Report in

Science

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 State of matter

1) Solid
-Has a definite shape and volume. The
intermolecular force of attractions for solid matter
is strong.

2) Liquid
- Has a volume but has no shape. The
intermolecular force of attraction is weaker than
the solid matter.

3) Gas
- Has no shape and no volume.
 MATTER
- matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.

Properties of matter
 1) Extensive Property
-Is a characteristic that depends on the amount of a
material.

2) Intensive Property
-Is a characteristic that does not depend on the
amount of material but which describes it.

3)Physical Property
-Can be measured without the changing of the
chemical identity of the substance.

4) Chemical Property
-How a material changes into another or different
substance.
 Classification of Matter

*Heterogeneous mixture
-A heterogeneous mixture is made of different
substances that remain physically separate.

*Homogeneous mixture
-Heterogeneous mixtures always have more than
one phase (regions with uniform composition and
properties).

*Elements
-An Element on the other hand, is composed of only
one kind of atom, like aluminum (Al), sulfur (S),
 helium (He), or Carbon (C). No Chemical reaction
can separate it further.

*Compound
-A compound of composed of two or more elements
chemically bonded together.

Change of phase of matter

Separation Techniques
*Manual handpicking

-This is done if you have components in a mixture

that are big enough to be separated by hand.

*Filtration
-This is best used when you have a solid component
that dissolves in a liquid component and another
solid component which does not mix with the
liquid part.
*Evaporation
-If you want to separate the components, you can
apply heat to the system.

*Use of magnets
-Magnets attract certain samples of metals. This
magnetic property of metals can be used to separate
them from other materials which do not have such
property.
*Decantation
-Decantation is a technique in which you pour off
the liquid part of a mixture to separate it from the
solid parts.

*Centrifugation
-Solid parts may be made to settle at the bottom of a
mixture with a liquid portion. This can be done by
placing the mixture in a test tube and putting it
inside a centrifuge. This will be turned round and
round (the speed of which depends on revolutions
per minute) until the device stops. Once stopped,
the solid part is deposited at the bottom. You can
pour off the liquid part then.
 Colloids and Suspensions

Colloid
-are mixtures in which the sizes of the particles fall
between those of suspensions and solutions.
Usually, colloids are observed as having one phase,
so they can be classified as homogeneous.

Suspensions
- Is a heterogeneous mixture, with the solid
particles easily identifiable from the liquid part.
Most antibiotic preparations for children are in
suspension form.
 Solutions: Types and Examples

Solution
-Is a type of mixture that is homogeneous.

A solution consists of a solute and a solvent.

Solute
- Is the component that is dissolved in a substance
that is called the solvent.

Solvent
-is the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form
a solution.

A solution may also be classified as

unsaturated,saturated and supersaturated.

Unsaturated
-As the temperature of the solvent increases,
solubility increases, additionally, pressure and the
nature of the solute and solvent affect solubility.

Saturated
- The term saturated solution is use in chemistry to
define a solution in which no more solvent can be
dissolved.
Supersaturated
-The solute is the solid,liquid, or gas that is being
dissolved and the solvent is the liquid or gas into
which a solute is dissolved.

Factors affecting Solubility

*Temperature
- An increase in temperature results to more solute
dissolving in a solvent.

*Nature of solute and solvent

- “Like dissolves like.” This means that a solute will
dissolve only in a solvent that is similar in nature.

*Pressure
- Many gases will dissolve in a liquid only at high
pressure. The popular soft drink has carbon
dioxide, a gas, injected into the cola mixture at high
pressure.

*Mechanical action
-Swirling,stirring and shaking are just some actions
you can use to hasten the dissolution process.

Acid and Bases

Acid
-An acid is a solution that has an excess of H+ions.
It comes from the Latin word Acidus that means
“Sharp” or “sour”

Base
-A base is a solution that has an excess of OH-ions.
-Another word for base is Alkali.
-Bases are substances that can accept hydrogen
ions.
Properties of a Base
*Feel Slippery
* Taste Bitter
*Corrosive
*Can conduct electricity
*Do not react with metals
*Turns red litmus paper blue.

Properties of an acid
*Tastes sour
*Conduct electricity
*Corrosive, which means they break down certain
substances.
*Turns blue litmus paper red.
Metal and Nonmetals
Metal is a solid material that is typically hard, shiny,
malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical
and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver,
copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass
and steel).

*Metals are good conductors of electricity.

*Metals have a high melting point. They are also
very DENSE.
*Metals are solid (except mercury)
*Metals have metallic luster.
Non-metal is an element or substance that is not a
metal.
*They are not able to conduct electricity or heat
very well.
*They are very brittle in their solid form.
*They are not malleable or ductile
*They have high ionization energies.
-Heterogeneous mixture

-Homogeneous mixture

EXAMPLES
This table is an example of solid.

This water is an example of liquid.

This Balloon is an example of Gas.