WHEEL & DIFFERENTIAL AXLE

APPARATUS

Group no.05
Group Members:
1. Haseeb Ramzan (130501006)
2. M. Saad Hameed (130501022)
3. Zain Ul Hassan (130501023)
4. Saad Abubakar (130501024)
5. Sarmad Fayyaz (130501033)
6. Zain Ul Abadin (130501035)
7. Syed Mansoob Bukhari (130501039)
8. Malik Hamza Khalid (130501040)
9. Saeed Anwar Bhatty (130501042)
MODEL: ME-DY-4037
WHEEL AND DIFFERENTIAL AXLE Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MWA-EXP01/00

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................3
7.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................4
7.2 THEORY...................................................................................................................................4
7.3.1 Mechanical advantage........................................................................................................4
7.3.2 The effort-load graph-the law of machine..........................................................................4
7.3.3 The Mechanical advantage -Load curve.............................................................................4
7.3.4 Friction effort......................................................................................................................4
7.3.5 Velocity Ratio.....................................................................................................................5
7.3.6 Efficiency............................................................................................................................5
7.4 Experiment 01: MA, VR and efficiency of worm and worm wheel....................................6
7.4.1 Objective.......................................................................................................................6
7.4.2 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................6
Procedure.........................................................................................................................................6
Sources of error............................................................................................................................6
Precautions...................................................................................................................................6
7.4.3 Observations and Results..............................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
WORK DISTRIBUTION................................................................................................................9
WHEEL AND DIFFERENTIAL AXLE Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MWA-EXP01/00

ABSTRACT
This experiment involves the determination of efficiency, velocity ratio and mechanical
advantage of wheel and differential axle system. The results clearly show that this system has
greater efficiency, velocity ratio and mechanical advantage as compared to compound spur
gear system and worm and worm wheel system. This system has greater power and lift load in
lesser time.
WHEEL AND DIFFERENTIAL AXLE Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MWA-EXP01/00

7.1 INTRODUCTION
The model demonstrates the conditions of equilibrium on a differential pulley block. Three
pulleys of different diameter are fitted to a shaft mounted on ball bearings. The forces act, on the
one hand, directly on the peripheral of the largest pulley, on the other hand, via a roller on two
smaller pulleys. Easy to interchange weights permit the load to be varied such that equilibrium is
obtained. The model is intended for wall mounting.

7.2 THEORY
A machine is an assembly of rigid bodies designed for the purpose of converting energy or for
transmitting a force or torque thus doing work. An example of a simple machine found in the
mechanics laboratory is that of a worm or wheel.

7.3.1 Mechanical advantage

A machine is usually designed so that the load overcome is greater than the effort applied. The
ratio of load of effort is known as the mechanical advantage of the machine. Therefore,

Load
Mechanical Advantage= (7.1)
Effort

In an ideal machine there is no friction and the ratio load/ideal effort is then called the ideal
mechanical advantage. In practice the actual mechanical advantage is always less than the ideal
and is obtained by experiment.

7.3.2 The effort-load graph-the law of machine

If an experiment is carried out to determine the effort E required to lift a load W for a range of
values of the load then a straight line is usually obtained. Since the graph is a straight line, the
relation between E and W may be represented by the equation

E=aW +b (7.2)

where a and b are constants which are obtained from the graph.
This equation is known as the law of machine.

7.3.3 The Mechanical advantage -Load curve

A graph of mechanical advantage against load can be plotted from experimental values. From
such a graph the mechanical advantage at any load may be obtained. Usually the mechanical
advantage increases with load but there is no straight line relationship between these two
quantities.

7.3.4 Friction effort

The effort required at any particular load to overcome friction effort. The actual effort E required
at any load is made up of two parts:

a) The effort required to move the load if the machine was ideal.
b) The effort to overcome friction.
WHEEL AND DIFFERENTIAL AXLE Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MWA-EXP01/00
Usually the friction effort increases linearly with load, but the increase in friction effort is not as
great as the corresponding increase in load.

7.3.5 Velocity Ratio

To obtain a mechanical advantage greater than unity, the effort must move through a greater
distance than that through which the load moves. Since the distances moved by the load and
effort take place at the same time, the ratio of these distances is the same as the ratio of the
velocities. The velocity ratio of the machine is defined as:

Distance moved by effort

Velocity Ratio= (7.3)
Distance moved by load

The velocity ratio of a machine usually remains constant for all loads.
Using the principal of work it can be shown that for an ideal machine the velocity ratio is equal
to the ideal mechanical advantage. But note that for a real machine the velocity ratio is not the
same as the mechanical advantage since there is always some friction present and the actual
mechanical advantage is always less than the ideal.

7.3.6 Efficiency
The efficiency of a machine is defined as the ratio of the useful work done by the machine to the
actual work put in to the machine. It can be shown that:

Mechanical Advantage
Efficiency=η= (7.4)
Velocity Ratio

For a simple machine, efficiency usually increases with load until it reaches a limiting value.

Fig 7.1 Load and effort (Wheel and Differential axle)

WHEEL AND DIFFERENTIAL AXLE Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MWA-EXP01/00

7.4Experiment 01: MA, VR and efficiency of worm and worm wheel

7.4.1 Objective

7.4.2 Apparatus

Procedure
1. At the top of all adjust the apparatus accurately and set the system in balanced mode by
hanging dead loads.
2. Now, add any specific weight on the hanger that is attached to the pulleys, which are
supposed to carry the load.
3. Now, put the weights on the pulley carrying effort until it lifts the hanged loads and they
are set in the static mode.

Sources of error
 Moving weights can cause error in calculating the mechanical advantage.
 Improper setting of equilibrium condition for the apparatus.
 Non uniform winding of thread on the surface of wheel and axles.
 Carelessness while measuring the diameters of axles and the wheel.

Precautions
 Carefully set the apparatus in equilibrium position by applying the dead weights.
 Wind the thread properly on the wheel and axle.
 While applying the effort thread should not be moving.
 Load and effort should not be touching at any point on the apparatus.
 Properly set the pulley connecting the axles.

7.4.3 Observations and Results

 V.R. = 2D / (d1 – d2)
 D = Diameter of the effort wheel = 250mm
 d1 = Diameter of the large axle = 100mm
 d2 = Diameter of the small axle = 50mm
 M.A= W/P
 η = M.A / V.R

Sr. Load ‘W’ Effort ‘P’ Mechanical Velocity Ratio % Efficiency

# (N) (N) Advantage
WHEEL AND DIFFERENTIAL AXLE Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MWA-EXP01/00
1 19.6 6 3.2 10 32
29.4 8 3.6 10 36
2

8 Table 6.1 Calculation of MA, VR and Efficiency of wheel and differential axis axle.
WHEEL AND DIFFERENTIAL AXLE Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MWA-EXP01/00

CONCLUSION
Although through wheel and axle apparatus applications the heavy loads can be lifted by
applying less effort. But through differential method the load is divided in two strings of the
same thread by the certain adjustment of two pulleys, through which the load is hanged. In this
way by the application of very small effort we can lift heavy loads quite efficiently as compared
to other wheel and axle apparatus.

ME-202L ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

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WHEEL AND DIFFERENTIAL AXLE Lab Report No. IST-MECH-MWA-EXP01/00

WORK DISTRIBUTION

Syed Mansoob Bukhari = Objective, Apparatus.

Zain Ul Hassan = Procedure, Conclusion.
M. Saad Hameed = Compilation.
Sarmad Fayyaz = Abstract.

ME-202L ENGINEERING MECHANICS LAB

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