Indonesian War of

Independence: 1945-1950

MerdekaM UN 20 2 0

JCC
Joint Crisis Council
STUDY GU ID E
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Welcoming Letter from the Secretary General

II. Directors’ Remarks
III. Committee Background
IV. Overview of the Conflict
1. Brief History of the Conflict
2. Causes
V. Pre-November 1945 Timeline
VI. Current Condition of the Conflict
A. Dutch East Indies
1. Map
B. Republic of Indonesia
1. Political
2. Economical
3. Education
4. Military
C. Kingdom of the Netherlands
1. Political
2. Economical
3. Education
4. Military
VII.Key Terms
VIII.Key Questions
A. Indonesian Cabinet
B. Dutch Cabinet
IX. Bibliography
I. Welcoming Letter from the Secretary General
Greetings Delegates,

With this letter I’d like to extend my gratitude in having the interest to join us in the grand
celebration of the inaugural Merdeka Model United Nations 2020. Starting from the sole drive
to empower youth endeavors and to commemorate the Independence of Indonesia in ,
MerdekaMUN was born. A conference that was once a mere idea, and to see it finally come to
life is such an amazing opportunity for the Secretariat & Team to witness. Having five different
committees, ranging from the UNHRC, OPEC, DISEC, UNSC, and our namesake committee, the
JCC, delegates will be assigned with their respective council’s issue to be addressed among
themselves, providing them a platform to hone their skills in public speaking and the art of
negotiation.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, an in-person conference is not possible yet that
shouldn’t be a reason to prevent us from progressing as an open-minded international citizen.
This Pandemic has brought people together in ways that we couldn’t ever imagine, and we hope
MerdekaMUN could further show that by interconnecting delegates from different regions. We
strive in bringing you the best possible MUN conference from the very comfort of your home,
while still experiencing the blazing sense of debating. Be involve in engaging discussions,
deliver substantial speeches, and defend your country at all times when the need arises.
MerdekaMUN is a conference for all, giving the inclusive opportunity for delegates to improve
themselves. Thus, please do enjoy our conference as much as we loved organizing it as we wish
you the best of luck in your own respective committee, delegates.

Representing the MerdekaMUN Board of Secretariat,

Yours Sincerely,

Arsya Aryana Anugraha

Secretary General
MerdekaMUN 2020
II. Directors’ Remarks
Kevin Zavier Mahendra - Director of JCC Indonesian Cabinet
Distinguished Delegates,
It is my greatest pleasure to welcome you to the Merdeka MUN 2020. My Name is
Kevin Zavier Mahendra, and I am honored to be your director for the Indonesian Cabinet in the
Joint Crisis Committee of the Indonesian War of Independence. I was introduced to MUN during
my freshman year of high school and have participated in 11 MUNs, creating new friends, and
winning awards along the way. I believe that delegates can discuss the crisis thoroughly and
bring substantive directives. I look forward to an exciting crisis, and I wish you all the best of
luck! If you have any further inquiries, feel free to contact me at kevin.z.mahendra@gmail.com. I
will be more than happy to answer your questions.

Sebastian Bango Samparan - Director of JCC Dutch Cabinet

Hello Delegates,
My name is Sebastian Bango Samparan, and it is an honor to welcome you to the
Merdeka MUN’s Joint Crisis Council, and will be serving you as the Director for Dutch cabinet. I
was introduced to crisis councils in my second year of high school, and ever since have enjoyed
them more than normal councils. Along the way, my experiences with crisis committees include
HSMUN 2017, SKYMUN 2019, and JOINMUN 2019, in which in all of them I found the more
dynamic nature of these committees more appealing than that of normal councils. I also have
had the honor of becoming the director of HSMUN 2018 HCC, and from these experiences I
found that meeting new people, and seeing how to deal with the latest upcoming crisis is the
funnest experience you can have in MUNs. That is why I am looking forward to the council
ahead, and I hope the best for you all. If you have any further inquiries, please feel free to
contact me at sbango77@gmail.com.
Muhammad Bey Ali - Co-Director of JCC Indonesian Cabinet
Respected Delegates,
I am delighted to welcome you to the MerdekaMUN 2020. My name is Muhammad Bey
Ali and I will be taking the honor to be your Co-Director in the Indonesian Cabinet for This
year’s Joint Crisis Council, covering the topic of the Indonesian War of Independence. In this
topic, it is notable that each character’s personal relations with other characters will play a
great role in determining what goes on in this council, thus it is advised for one to play their
cards right. Speaking of relations, I, as one of the Co-Directors of the Joint Crisis Council, am
looking forward to seeing you delegates make new friends and learn from them by the end of
this 2-day conference. As a delegate, I was introduced to MUN by 8th grade. In my 3 years of
MUNs, I have now participated in 10 MUNs where I made new friends, learned from them, and
won awards, as well as chaired 1 MUN. With that, I welcome you to the Crisis Council, and I
wish you all the best of luck!

Davi Rafa Radhitya Pandi - Co-Director of JCC Dutch Cabinet

Greetings Delegates,
It is an honor and privilege to welcome you to MerdekaMUN 2020. My name is Davi
Rafa Radhitya Pandi and I will serve as the Co-Director for the Dutch Cabinet in this Joint Crisis
Council discussing the topic of the Indonesian War of Independence. A little bit about myself, I
started MUN last year in 2019 and has since fallen in love with it. Particularly Crisis Committees,
where I have found myself addicted to its fast-pace, unpredictable nature. This topic covers an
extremely important part of the Decolonization of Asia and Indonesia and delegates will take
part in recreating history as we know it. How that will go, is in your hands. With that I wish
everyone good luck and I can’t wait to see you all!
III. Committee Background
A Crisis Council is different from the councils of the General Assembly and a
conventional Model U.N. They are more dynamic and, in some ways, less formal. Joint Crisis
Council MERDEKA MUN 2020 will incorporate regular Model U.N. procedures. However,
there will be several changes that are further explained in the JCC Rules of Procedure. The Crisis
Council does not have any limitations in its mandate, therefore allowing delegates to perform
operations and implement them, as well as create new laws to a higher degree of freedom.
Delegates will be able to send directives; personal actions that they can communicate via an
online platform to progress the debate further.

However, unlike a Crisis Committee, the JCC has one topic divided into two distinct
committee chambers. In this JCC, the two committees are the Republic of Indonesia and The
Kingdom of the Netherlands. These cabinets will work against or with each other to meet their
objective. Further information on directives will be provided in the JCC Rules of Procedure.

The Crisis will be set in November 1945; delegates will represent historical figures during
the conflicts that occurred in the Indonesian War of Independence to debate upon the fate and
future of the Dutch East Indies archipelago. Delegates will be able to interact with one another
by exchanging views on the current situation through moderated caucuses and consultations of
whole or plain discrete actions to increase their prominence. It is recommended for delegates
that they make decisions that can alter the course of history, as the flow of the council does not
necessarily have to follow the events of the Indonesian War of Independence. Members of the
conference are to discuss the current pressing issues and a compromise that can be agreed
upon, to guide the war into a victory for your cabinet.
IV. Overview of the Conflict
1. Brief History of the Conflict
One of the main incentives of this act by the Kingdom of the Netherlands was in
regaining their control over the Republic of Indonesia as it was one of their main colonies before
it was taken over by Japan. The Kingdom of the Netherlands has had a large scale presence
within the East Indies since politically and economically through the Vereenigde Oost-Indische
Compagnie, peaking after the fall of the Mataram Kingdom. The company then went through
management and corruption issues, and accompanied by the fierce competition with the British
led towards its bankruptcy at the end of the 18th century.

During their occupation, many policies enacted towards the indigenous people have
shaped the development of Indonesia. One of the most influential one was the implementation of
ethical politics. This was due to a movement of Humanism in Europe, which led towards the
development of several fields including agriculture, infrastructure and education. As living
conditions improved, an enlightenment started within the population of Indonesia, leading
towards a national awakening. As the amount of educated people increased, organized groups
that seek towards a free country began to appear throughout the country. Many of these were
still moving independently and are based in their local ethnic groups. However, during 28
October 1928 an indonesian youth congress where these groups gathered together, and
created a unitary pledge known today as “Sumpah Pemuda”.

As time went on Indonesia managed to declare independence on 17 of August 1945

after the unconditional surrender of the Japanese to the allied forces. As a new and budding
nation, Indonesia is still not recognized by most of the international community. This lack of
legitimacy has prompted the return of The Kingdom of Netherlands to reinstate their power over
the East Indies. In the end of October, due to a skirmish between the Republican Forces and the
Colonial Powers, Brigadier A. W. S. Mallaby was killed in combat. In response to this act of
aggression, British Forces retaliated starting the Battle of Surabaya. This conflict last for 3 weeks
and 3 days from 27 October to 20 November 1945. Casualties were heavy for the
Indonesian’s, losing not just men but also important supplies and weapons in the process. This
however incited the spirit of for true independence and managed to gain attention from the
international community on the state of the republic.
 As tension between the two countries kept rising, several conferences between the two
parties were brokered out to each other in order to stop conflict, and make a clear definition of
territory for the newly created republic. The first of these agreements is the Linggadjati
Agreement, in which it aims to make Java, Madura, and Sumatra as the de facto authority over
those regions, and Both parties agreed of the formation of the United States of Indonesia by the
1st of January 1949, as a semi-autonomous federal with the monarch of the Netherlands as the
head. In all this agreement did not favourably for both sides, and due to this both sides did not
agree towards any version of this agreement, and accused both sides of violating the
agreement. In order to make amends from the Linggadjati Agreement, the UN stepped in and
arranged the Renville Agreement. This agreement aims to create a ceasefire between the two
parties, and thus the Van Mook Line was recognized. This line however still saw many
Republican forces behind Dutch lines, and there were still issues regarding the recognition of
territory. This ceasefire however did not last long as the general offensive led by the Dutch due
to their frustration of negotiation with the Republic. As further aggression continued, to reduce
tensions directly the UN pressured that they will stop post war aid towards the Dutch. A
conference was then held in order to address issues before the passing over of sovereignty
called the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement. The last conference that took place was the Dutch–
Indonesian Round Table Conference, in which it is ratified that sovereignty be passed over
towards the United States of Indonesia, thus making them a recognized state by the
International community.

2. Causes
The Indonesian National Revolution started as an act by the Kingdom of the Netherlands
in order to regain their colonial administration over the Dutch East Indies. This is due them being
overtaken by the Japanese Army in a span of 3 months, and the Kingdom of the Netherlands
finally capitulated their rule over the Dutch East Indies on the 8th of March 1942. At the end of
World War II, Japan unconditionally surrendered after the bombings of the Hiroshima and
Nagasaki by the United States. At the eve of this surrender, Terauchi Hisaichi promised the
transfer of independence over to Sukarno and Hatta. They were then pressured to declare
independence immediately, and this provoked a kidnapping by Indonesia’s Youth leaders,
forwarding the date to the 17th of August 1945.
 With the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Indonesia, Allied forces were tasked in
restoring public order and the civilian government in Java. The Dutch took this opportunity to
reinstate colonial rule over the region, and claim sovereignty over Indonesia. British allied forces
at this time were reluctant in engaging with the Republic forces, planning their movements in
order to avoid skirmishes. This however was unable to reduce the tensions between the allied
forces and the republicans, as they still face heavy resistance in several regions of Indonesia.
Several skirmishes between the two sides continued on, and later a ceasefire was planned in
order to stop conflict between the two sides. The agreement then came through a negotiation
between Republican forces and allied forces led by Brigadier Mallaby. This did not end well
however as when Mallaby was traveling in Surabaya promoting the ceasefire, he was killed on
30th of october 1945. The British then reacted to this act of aggression by retaliation, and this
became the start of the battle of Surabaya.

V. Pre-November 1945 Timeline

The events happening during the dates listed below are permanent as it is based on the real
history of the Indonesian War of Independence.

28 May 1945: The Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence’s

(BPUPKI) first meeting

1 June 1945: Sukarno gave the Investigative Committee for Preparatory Work for

Independence (BPUPKI) the first iteration of the Pancasila and omitted the phrase 'Indonesia.'


16 July 1945: Completion of a proposed constitution for the Republic. The Pancasila, the five

nationalist principles devised by Sukarno, were then set out in the 1945 Constitution as the
embodiment of the fundamental principles of an independent Indonesian state. A minimal
division of executive, legislative , and judicial powers is provided for.

29 August 1945: In Jakarta, the Republican government was formed and the constitution was

adopted. Establishing the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP).

August - September 1945: The euphoria for revolution spread throughout the country, while

local Japanese commanders and their troops frequently left urban areas to avoid conflict.
Indonesian youths were discreetly allowed by many to acquire weapons. Republican youth in
major Javan cities take over infrastructure facilities and mass pro-Republic protests are held.

15 August 1945: Japan surrenders to Allied powers.

17 August 1945: "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta.

30 October 1945: Brigadier A. W. S. Mallaby was killed under confusing circumstances.

In November 1945 (after the death of Brigadier A.W.S Mallaby), a crisis conference
was created in both the Indonesian and Dutch bloc. Their discussion and directive will decide the
future and fate of Indonesia.

The events happening after the dates listed above have not happened yet during the
conference, hence delegates are free to change what happened.

VI. Current Condition of the Conflict

Delegates are encouraged to make use of the Current Conditions to increase their character’s
rank and prestige during the conference.

A. Dutch East Indies

1. Map
During October 1945, the territory of the Dutch East Indies was distributed among

different nations. These nations include the British, the Dutch, the Japanese and the newly
formed Indonesian. It is worth noting that the Japanese have minimal involvement within this
crisis and it is expected that their territory would dwindle. The map below portrays the current
ownership of the Dutch East Indies territories.
 B. Republic of Indonesia
1. Political
By 1945, Indonesia declared independence as a republic country running with "Pancasila
democracy" as its government system. Pancasila democracy seeks to strike a balance between
the interests of the citizen and those of society. It aims to avoid, whether by economic or
political means, the poor's oppression by the powerful. As of the time being, Pancasila
democracy's implementation leads to government turbulence due to differing political,
ideological, and socio-economic views. Additionally, essential figureheads scattered around
Indonesia are fighting to gain political power and establish their ideology within the Indonesia
constitution.1

2. Economical
As Indonesia just recently declared independence, its economy is far from ideal. The
nation was required to recover from Japanese exploitation and the 1930s economic depression.
Additionally, Indonesia's sheer size, diversity, and the lack of acceptable monetary policy cause
increasing financial instability. In its current state, a prolonged armed conflict would be harmful
to the Indonesian economy's well-being and Indonesia's survivability as a nation.

1To minimize confusion and early internal conflict within the council, for the sake of this crisis, we are using the First
Syahrir Cabinet even if it is not yet formed at the start of the crisis.
 3. Education
Education has become one of the Indonesian highest priorities after its independence.
Unfortunately, this was not the case before its independence. This lack of focus is evident in the
1940s. The Indonesian illiteracy rate was 95%, and Indonesia only has four universities, all of
which are in the Javanese island. These four include a medical school, a medical-law school, a
technical school, and an agricultural school.

Additionally, the number of primary school students is only 2 million, with the number of
secondary school students being only 25,500. By 1945, Indonesia only had a hundred
physicians, less than a hundred engineers, and only ten agricultural experts. It is worth noting
that the population estimate was 70.4 million, with 48.4 million of them from Java.

Before the Japanese involvement, the Dutch elementary curriculum included (limited)
general education and handicraft skills. Meanwhile, their secondary vocational education
curriculum includes native medical instructions, basic agricultural instruction, civil servant
training, native law, teacher training, and basic technical instruction. Unfortunately, this
education was not for everyone. It is restricted to specific privileged individuals, and even this is
only prominent in Java as the outer islands are given less care. However, as Japan replaced the
Dutch occupation, they overhauled the education system to support the Japanese war effort.
The education system was changed to resemble more militaristic training with Japanese culture
indoctrination. The system has also become less stratified. However, the quality of education
declined significantly over the years, and the primary school students decreased by 30%, and
the number of secondary school students plunged by almost 90%.

4. Military
Currently, Indonesian military prowess generally involved the sheer number of militias
and citizens that supported the cause. However, considerable numbers of these militias and
citizens are beyond the Indonesian government control. Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR), or
People's Security Army, the professional army in Indonesia, is far from efficient. They do not
have a standardized uniform and tend to use Japanese spoils, including grenades, firearms, and
vehicles. Meanwhile, militias and citizens tend to be armed with bamboo spears and a few
Japanese rifles. It is also worth noting that Indonesia has a policing force with Badan Kepolisian
Negara (BKN) or National Police Agency under R.S. Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo's leadership.
 To understand the capabilities and responsibilities of the TKR, it's history is essential. To
do that, we will start with 1943, when Japan helped establish PETA (Defenders of the
Homeland) and Heiho (Military Assistant) that provided Japanese military training for
Indonesian youth. The initial objective of these establishments is to support the Japanese
Empire's goal. However, the Japanese empire dismissed PETA and Heiho with their collapse.
Additionally, they are required to return all military equipment. These former PETA members
and Heiho would be gathered after the Indonesian Independence to form Badan Keamanan
Rakyat (BKR) or People's Security Agency, the predecessor of TKR. This agency's success has
varying success as they can create a decent structure based on the Japanese territory
occupation. Additionally, they established numerous military divisions, including navy, land, and
air. However, their objectives are relatively minimal to the greater extent of the conflict, and
many of its followers do not agree with this structure and form their personal military agency.

Due to the lack of function and professionalism from the BKR, the Indonesian government
finally established TKR to solve this issue. The TKR functions to deal with the recent crisis of the
reemergence of allied troops in Indonesia. Additionally, TKR has a far improved organization
structure with the highest headquarters, general headquarters (with administration, finance,
weapons, transportation, health, and more), commandment, and all the previously established
BRK military divisions (land, navy, and air). In the early days, this army's leadership was left
vacant due to the mysterious disappearance of Soeprijadi. The leadership was then decided
using referendum on 12 November 1945 (the first TKR meeting), and the candidates included
Oerip Soemohardjo and Soedirman. Due to popular votes, Soedirman was given the position
and responsibility to lead the army.2

2To minimize confusion and early internal conflict within the council, for the sake of this crisis, Sudirman has already
become the supreme leader of TKR.
 C. Kingdom of the Netherlands
1. Political
The Political landscape of the Dutch Empire, Pre-WW2 and after remained relatively the
same. Specifically the major parties involved in the affairs of the state. The majority political
party was the Katholieke Volkspartig (KVP) also known as the Catholic’s People’s Party, a
conservative christian party which was led by Prime Minister Louis Beel.3

The Beel Cabinet also consisted of the Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) otherwise known as the
Labour Party which was the second largest party in terms of the number of seats it held in the
Dutch Parliament and the Beel Cabinet.

Many aims of the Beel Cabinet was to oversee the reconstruction of the economy of the
Dutch Empire after World War II with help from the United States from their Marshall Program,
in addition to the implementation of new social reforms and amendments to the constitution.
Another major concern that they faced was off course, the state of their colony, the Dutch East
Indies, now thrown into war. Despite differing viewpoints of Dutch Politics, many politicians
unilaterally did not recognise the new fledgling nation of Indonesia, with there being a call to
action to restore the Empire back to its pre-war state. Not to mention, worrying fears from
economists that the country would experience a huge decline in the economy should the colony
break away, therefore it was urgent to maintain the archipelago to secure economic growth and
international standing.

3In order to simplify things, this timeline will have the Beel Cabinet during the start even though the cabinet wasn’t
formed until 1946.
 2. Economical
After the end of World War II, the Kingdom of the Netherlands saw large scale
economic downturn due to Nazi occupation. This left the country with only around 40% of their
capital stock in reserves, and the country was only running at 27% of pre war levels. To make
matters worse, the transportation system within the country only has 40% operational with a
total of 15 billion guilders in damages. With the government having just returned from exile in
London, several reconstruction plans were drafted during their stay there that includes rations
and daily supplies throughout the country. Rapid industrialization and reconstruction also
became one of the focuses that was set by the government. This was done through the usage of
grants, tax breaks, and national business strategies. Dutch colonies also did not make it out of
World War II unscathed. With the invasion of Japan in 1942, the Colonial Government was
exiled to Australia. Japanese influence on the colony has shifted towards those that fuel war
efforts. Republican movements at the time also halted further exploitation of natural resources.

3. Education
The Dutch school system in the Dutch East Indies was heavily limited to only those of
Dutch children, and the Indoesian Upper class. While second tier schooling was based on
ethnicities such as those of Indnesians, Arabs, and of chinese descent. The curriculum that was
used in these schools were taught in dutch and used the dutch curriculum. Colonial education
also included those of ordinary Indonesians, which were educated using Malay in the Roman
alphabet, and acted as schools that gave entry towards those who are academically able to
enter Dutch-Language schools. As education became more available in the colony, other schools
were also founded such as those that were opened by graduates of dutch schools using their
education model, Christian missionaries, Theosophical Societies, and Indonesiann Cultural
Associations.

4. Military
Due to just recovering from World War II, the Dutch Military was relatively weak
compared to the rest of the world however was stronger than the Indonesians. They mostly used
conscripts to fight in the war, heavily relying on British and American funding to help with the
war effort. Their military operations included Major Combat and Counterinsurgency operations,
with their efforts to control the industrial heartland of the colonies, major towns and cities were
usually under the control of the Empire. They also held technical superiority over the Nationalist
Forces, with better weaponry, equipment, firepower and aircraft equipment, mostly coming from
the western donors. They mainly focused on set objectives of conquering a large area,
dispersing enemy troops and then have “police actions” policing guerilla troops and conquered
villages and territory.

VII.Key Terms
Relevant Indonesian Political Parties
PARAS : People’s Socialist Party
PARSI : Indonesian Socialist Party
ISDV : Indies Social Democratic Association
BBI : Indonesian Labour Front
GERINDO : Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia
PNI : Indonesian National Party
Masyumi Party : Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations

Indonesian Organizations

PETA : Defenders of the Homeland

BKR : People’s Security Agency
TKR : People’s Security Army
BKN : National Police Agency

Relevant Dutch Political Parties

KVP : Catholic People’s Party

PvdA : Labour Party

Dutch Organizations

KNIL : Royal Dutch Indian Army

VIII.Key Questions
A. Indonesian Cabinet
1. How can you ensure the survivability of the Republic of Indonesia?
2. What will be the main ideology (or ideologies) of the Republic of Indonesia?
3. How will you manage political upheaval while implementing Pancasila democracy?
4. How do you handle the involvement of foreign nation that has or will invade Indonesia?
5. How will you manage with the death of Brigadier A.W.S Mallaby in the Battle of Surabaya?

B. Dutch Cabinet
1. How can the Netherlands maintain sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies?
2. What will be done in response towards the republican uprising?
3. How will resources be managed for war reparations and colonization efforts?
4. How will you manage relationships with the allied countries in order to gain support in
reclaiming the Dutch East Indies?
5. How will you manage with the death of Brigadier A.W.S Mallaby in the Battle of Surabaya?
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