Electrical Engineering and Electronics Lab.

Kirchhoff Voltage Law Assignment

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Submitted to : Sir Ameer Hamza

Submitted by : Muhammad Nasir
Registration no. : 2019-ME-156
Section : D

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE

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Table of Contents:
Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................................
3
Procedure: .................................................................................................................................................
3
Circuit Diagram: ......................................................................................................................................
3
Observations and Calculations: ........................................................................................................
4
Simulator Work: ......................................................................................................................................
4
Theory: .......................................................................................................................................................
5
A Single Circuit Element .............................................................................................................. 5
A Single Circuit Loop ..................................................................................................................... 6
Conclusion: ...............................................................................................................................................
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Experiment no. 2:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law verification
Apparatus:
Three Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Variable DC Power Supply

Procedure:
I was given three resistors, each of different resistance.
I connected all of them in series and added a voltage source to it.
I used 10 different values of given voltages along the three resistors that I connected in
series.
As the current is same across each resistor connected in series, I applied the Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law (KVL) to find out the value of current in the circuit.
After finding the current, I was able to find out the voltage across each resistor.
As voltage divides in the series combination of resistors then total voltage V is equal to

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉 2 + 𝑉 3

Circuit Diagram:

Observations and Calculations:

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Obs. V (Volts) V1 V2 V3 Observed Data V1 V2 V3 Calculated Data

V = V 1 + V2 + V3 V = V 1 + V2 + V3

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1 4 0.0005 0.0464 3.9529 3.98 0.0005 0.0474 3.9519 4

95 39 66 79626 24 96
2 8 0.0011 0.0900 7.9088 7.995 0.0011 0.0948 7.9039 8
52 32 16 59252 48 93
3 10 0.0014 0.1125 9.8860 10 0.0014 0.1185 9.8799 10
4 4 2 49065 6 91
4 12 0.0017 0.1422 11.855 11. 0.0017 0.1422 11.855 12
38878 72 99 38878 72 99
5 16 0.0023 0.1896 15.807 16 0.0023 0.1896 15.807 16
18505 96 99 18505 96 99
6 20 0.0028 0.2371 19.759 20 0.0028 0.2371 19.759 20
98131 2 98 98131 2 98
7 22 0.0031 0.2608 21.735 22 0.0031 0.2608 21.735 22
87944 32 98 87944 32 98
8 24 0.0034 0.2845 23.711 24 0.0034 0.2845 23.711 24
77757 44 98 77757 44 98
9 28 0.0040 0.3319 27.663 28 0.0040 0.3319 27.663 28
57383 68 97 57383 68 97
10 30 0.0043 0.3556 29.639 30 0.0043 0.3556 29.639 30
47196 8 97 47196 8 97

Simulator Work:

Theory:

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Gustav Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is the second of his fundamental laws we can use for
circuit analysis.
His voltage law states that “For a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the
voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.” This is because a
circuit loop is a closed conducting path so no energy is lost.
In other words, the algebraic sum of all the potential differences around the loop must
be equal to zero as:

∑𝑉=0

Note here that the term “algebraic sum” means to take into account the polarities and
signs of the sources and voltage drops around the loop.
This idea by Kirchhoff is commonly known as the Conservation of Energy, as moving
around a closed loop, or circuit, you will end up back to where you started in the circuit
and therefore back to the same initial potential with no loss of voltage around the loop.
Hence any voltage drops around the loop must be equal to any voltage sources met
along the way.
So, when applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to a specific circuit element, it is important
that we pay special attention to the algebraic signs, (+ and -) of the voltage drops
across elements and the emf’s of sources otherwise our calculations may be wrong.

A Single Circuit Element

Let’s first understand the voltage drop across a single element such as a resistor.

For this simple example we will assume that the current, I is in the same direction as the
flow of positive charge, that is conventional current flow. Here the flow of current
through the resistor is from point A to point B, that is from positive terminal to a negative
terminal. Thus, as we are travelling in the same direction as current flow, there will be a
fall in potential across the resistive element giving rise to a -IR voltage drop across it.

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A Single Circuit Loop

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the potential differences in any
loop must be equal to zero as: ΣV = 0. Since the two resistors, R1 and R2 are wired
together in a series connection, they are both part of the same loop so the same current
must flow through each resistor.
Thus, the voltage drops across resistor R1, I*R1 and the voltage drop across resistor,
R2, I*R2 giving by KVL

Conclusion:

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law gives us useful information about voltage across a given circuit.
By knowing the basic concepts it is very helpful in finding the current and other circuit
elements.

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