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EXPERIMENT 4 : STOICHIOMETRY AND THEORETICAL YEILD

COURSE CODE : AS2291A

NAME : NUR FAIZATUL ATIQAH BINTI SHAMSUDIN
STUDENT ID : 2018435816
PARTNER NAME : NUR SYAHMINA BINTI NOOR AZMAN SHAH (2018248786)
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 15 OCTOBER 2018
LECTURER’S NAME : DR AMALINA MOHD TAJUDDIN
OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this experiment is to identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and to
determine the percentage yeild.

INTRODUCTION

The stoichiometry is a process of measuring the quantitatve propotions or mass ratio in

the chemical reactions which is related to one another. Stoichiometry used to calculate
masses , moles and percents within a chemical reaction. When the reactant react and
produce and form the products. When the reaction occurs between to substance, the
reactant that is completely consumed is called as limiting reactant while the another
reactant which is unreacted called as excess reactant.

the substance produced called as yeild and the amount calculated called theoretical
yeild and the experimental amount called actual yeild. Limiting factirs act as limiting
factors for the theoretical yeild for the products. The actual yeild often expressed in
percentage and called as percentage yeild. Usually, the actual yeild usually less
because of the incomplete reaction. After the experiment, the product is isolated and
amount of th product being measured and the actual yeild also compared to the
theoretical yeield to determine the percentage yeild.

Actual yield (gram)

PERCENTAGE YIELD = ×100 %
Theoretical yield (gram)
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

0.5 M CaCl2 Buret or

1.5 M Na2CO3 Erlenmeyer / Conical Suction Filtration set :
Flask * Unfolded filter paper
Watch glass * Buchner funnel
Oven * Adapter
Analytic balance * Vaccum filter flask
Gravity filter set : * Rubber tube
 Filter paper
 funnel

PROCEDURE

1. 0.5 M CaCl2 and 1.5 M Na2CO3 dispensed into a clean conical flask from a buret.
The volume of the solution needed is as below
Reaction 0.5 M CaCl2 1.5 M Na2CO3
1 20 mL 10 mL
2 20 mL 5 mL

2. The precipitate will formed in the conical flask.the flask swirled and left for 5
minutes to allow the precipitated formed completely.
3. By using a Buchner funnel, the product is filtered.
4. A piece of filter paper add into the funnel. The solution from the conical flask add
into the centre of the funnel slowly.
5. Distilled water is used to wash the side of the conical flask and the solution
added into the filter paper.
 6. The filter paper is carefully removed and placed it on a pre-weighed glass watch.
The filter paper placed in the oven for half an hour.
7. The product (CaCO3) scraped from the filter paper onto the watch glass. Placed
the watch glass in the oven again for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, mass of the
product being weighed .
8. The product were reheated and the product I reweighed to completely dryed the
product.
9. The amount of CaCO3 was compared to the expected amount of the product.

DATA

Reactions
1 2
st
Mass of the product, g (1 34.9563 36.8862
heat)
Mass of the product, g 34.848 36.8850
(after reheating)
Mass of the product, g 34.9478 36.8854
( after reheating)
Mass of the product,g 0.7947 0.5554
Mass of filter paper, g 0.7026 0.7025
Mass of watch glass, g 34.1531 36.330

QUESTIONS

1. For each of the two reactions :

(i) Write the balanced chemical reaction.
 (ii) Determine the limiting reactions
(iii) Determine the theoretical yield
(iv) Determine the percentage yield of the product

Answer :

Reaction 1

(i) CaC l 2(aq) + N a2 CO3 (aq) → N a Cl( aq) +C a CO 3(s)

( 0.5 ) (20 )
(ii) Mol of CaCl2 = =0.01 mol
1000

(1. 5)(10)
Mol of Na2CO3 = =0.0 15 mol
1000

Since mol CaCl2 greatter than Na2CO3 so that Na2CO3 is liiting reactant.

(iii) Theorical yield = (mol)(mass)

= (0.01 mol)(23+23+12+16+16+16)
= 1.06 g
Actual yield
(iv) Percentage yield : ×100
Theorical yield

0.7026 g
Percentage yield= × 100=66 %
1.06 g

Reaction 2

(i) CaC l 2(aq) + N a2 CO3 (aq) → CaN a2 (aq )+C l 2 CO3 (aq)
( 0.5 ) (20)
(ii) Mol of CaC l 2= =0.01mol
1000
(1.5)(5)
Mol of N a2 CO 3= =0.0075 mol
1000
Since the moles of Na2CO3 is smaller than CaCl2, so that Na2CO3 is limiting
reactant.
(iii) Theorical yield = (mol)(mass)
 = (0.075mol)(23+23+12+16+16+16)

= 7.95g

Actual yield
(v) Percentage yield : ×100
Theorical yield

0.7025 g
= ×100=8 %
7.95 g

2. Was the yield you obtained satisfactory? Jutify your answer.

Answer: The percentage yield that been obrtain is satisfactory. This is because
the actual yield is smaller than the theorical yield. Other than that, the percentage
yield calculated is also less than 100%.
DISCUSSION

Limiting reactant used to determine the amount of product can be made. The
amount of product formed limited by this because the reaction cannot continue after the
limiting reactant completely react with the other reactant (also known as excess
reactant). Some of the excess reactant will leftover after limiting reactant is completely
used up.

Theoretical yield is the amount of product can be used. However, chemist didn’t
obtain the theoretical yield because the loss of product during the experiment may
happened in the lab. So, that the percentage yield is used to determine the actual yield
of a product.

From the experiment, the limiting reactant for reaction 1 and 2 is Na 2CO3. This is
because the moles of Na2CO3 is smaller than CaCl2. Since the moles of Na2CO3 is
smaller, the reaction cannot continue after all of it used up. So, the excess reactant of
this reaction is CaCl2.
CONCLUSION

 The limiting reactant is used to determine the product formed from the reaction.
 Theoretical yield is the amount of product can be used.
 Percentage yield used to calculate the actual yield during the experiment.
 The limiting reactant in this experiment is Na 2CO3.

REFERENCES

 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-
stoichiome/limiting-reagent-stoichiometry/a/limiting-reagents-and-percent-yield
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_reagent
DATASHEET
DURING EXPERIMENT