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Vectors and The Geometry of Space
Vectors and The Geometry of Space
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 3
−1
(− 3, 2)
−2 2
v
−3
v
1
−4
−5
x
−6 (0, − 6) −3 −2 −1
10. (b) v 3 2, 6 6 1, 12 12. (b) v 5 0, 1 4 5, 3
(a) and (c). y
(a) and (c). y
12 (1, 12)
10 (− 5, 3) 4
8 v
v (3, 6) 2
6
4
x
2 −6 −4 −2 2
x (− 5, −1) −2
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−4 (0, − 4)
−6 (2, −6)
14. (b) v 3 7, 1 1 10, 0 16. (b) v 0.84 0.12, 1.25 0.60 0.72, 0.65
(a) and (c). y (a) and (c). y
(0.12, 0.60)
3 1.25 (0.84, 1.25)
2 1.00
1
(−10, 0) v 0.75
x (0.72, 0.65)
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 0.50
(−3, −1) (7, −1) 0.25 v
−2
x
−3
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
(−1, 5)
(− 4, 20) 20
v
4v
1
x
(− 1, 5) −4 −3 −2 −1 − 1v 3 4
2
v −2
−12 −8 −4 4 8 12
x
−3 ( 12, − 25 (
—CONTINUED—
474
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane 475
18. —CONTINUED—
(c) 0v 0, 0 (d) 6v 6, 30
y y
6 (− 1, 5)
v
(− 1, 5) x
−15 −10 −5 5 10 15
−10 −6v
v −15
−20
0v
−25
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−30 (6, − 30)
u + 2v
u
2v
2u
u
x x
w
1 v
x
1 2 3
u
−1
−3w
5u u2 7
Q 7, 7
−6 v
−8
−10
−12
38. u 52 152 250 510 40. u 6.22 3.42 50 52
v
u
u
5, 15
510
1
,
3
10 10
unit vector v
u
u
6.2, 3.4
52
1.24 0.68
,
2 2
unit vector
476 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
uu 1 uu 1
v 1 v 1
(e) 3, 3 (e) 5, 5
v 32 v 52
vv 1 vv 1
uv 1 uv 1
(f) 3, 2 (f) 7, 1
u v 13 u v 52
u 1
50. 0, 3 52. v 5
cos 120i sin 120j
u 3
5 53
i
3
u
u
0, 3 2 2
j
v 0, 3
v u v u 3 23 i 33 2 j
80. F1 F2 500 cos 30i 500 sin 30j 200 cos45 i 200 sin45 j
2503 1002 i 250 1002 j
F1 F2 2503 1002 250 1002
584.6 lb
2 2
250 1002
tan ⇒
10.7
2503 1002
R arctan 2003 35 2
200 315 2
0.6908
39.6
478 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
86. u 7 1, 5 2 6, 3
1
u 2, 1
3
P1 1, 2 2, 1 3, 3
P2 1, 2 22, 1 5, 4
24
20
y
88. 1 arctan
0.8761 or 50.2
θ2
arctan
10
24 A B
2
1.9656 or 112.6
v u
x
C θ1
u ucos 1 i sin 1 j
v vcos 2 i sin 2 j
Vertical components: u sin 1 v sin 2 5000
Horizontal components: u cos 1 v cos 2 0
Solving this system, you obtain
u
2169.4 and v
3611.2.
90. To lift the weight vertically, the sum of the vertical components of u and v must 20°
30°
be 100 and the sum of the horizontal components must be 0.
u u cos 60i sin 60j v
u
92. u 400iplane
v 50cos 135i sin 135j 252i 252j wind
u v 400 252i 252j 364.64i 35.36j
35.36
tan ⇒ 5.54
364.64
Direction North of East: N 84.46 E
Speed: 336.35 mph
96. Let u and v be the vectors that determine the parallelogram, as indicated in the figure.
The two diagonals are u v and v u. Therefore, r xu v, s yv u. But,
urs
xu v yv u x yu x yv.
1
Therefore, x y 1 and x y 0. Solving we have x y 2 .
u
r
z
2. z 4.
8 8
(3, −2, 5)
(4, 0, 5)
x y x y
( 32 , 4, −2( (0, 4, − 5)
12. The x-coordinate is 0. 14. The point is 2 units in front of the xz-plane.
16. The point is on the plane z 3. 18. The point is behind the yz-plane.
480 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
20. The point is in front of the plane x 4. 22. The point x, y, z is 4 units above the xy-plane, and above
either quadrant II or IV.
24. The point could be above the xy-plane, and thus above quadrants I or III,
or below the xy-plane, and thus below quadrants II or IV.
26. d 2 22 5 32 2 22 28. d 4 22 5 22 6 32
16 64 16 96 46 4 49 9 62
30. A5, 3, 4, B7, 1, 3, C3, 5, 3 32. A5, 0, 0, B0, 2, 0, C0, 0, 3
AB 4 4 1 3 AB 25 4 0 29
AC 4 4 1 3 AC 25 0 9 34
BC 16 16 0 42 BC 0 4 9 13
Since AB AC , the triangle is isosceles. Neither
42. x2 y2 z2 9x 2y 10z 19 0
x 2
9x
81
4
y2 2y 1 z2 10z 25 19
81
4
1 25
x 29
2
109
y 12 z 52
4
Center:
29, 1, 5
109
Radius:
2
x 2 x
1
4 33 1
y2 8y 16 z2 2z 1 16 1
4 4
x 21 y 4
2
2
z 12 9
Center:
12, 4, 1
Radius: 3
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space 481
46. x2 y2 z2 < 4x 6y 8z 13
x2 4x 4 y2 6y 9 z2 8z 16 < 4 9 16 13
x 22 y 32 z 42 < 16
Interior of sphere of radius 4 centered at 2, 3, 4.
8 4 〈 0, 0, 4 〉
〈4, − 5, 2〉
x y x y
52. 1 4, 7 5, 3 2 5, 12, 5 54. 2 1, 4 2, 2 4 1, 6, 6
5, 12, 5 25 144 25 194 1, 6, 6 1 36 36 73
Unit vector:
5, 12, 5
194
5
,
12
,
5
194 194 194
Unit vector: 173, 673, 673
56. (b) v 4 2 i 3 1 j 7 2k z
(− 4, 3, 7)
(− 6, 4, 9)
6i 4j 9k 6, 4, 9
12
x y
(2, −1, − 2)
Q 1, 3, 3
8
4 8
〈4, − 4, 2〉
〈− 2, 2, −1〉
x y x y
2 8
〈5, −5, 〈 5
〈1, −1, 12 〈 2
x y x y
482 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
1
64. z 5u 3v 2 w 5, 10, 15 6, 6, 3 2, 0, 2 3, 4, 20
68. (b) and (d) are parallel since i 43 j 32 k 2 12 i 23 j 34 k and 34 i j 98 k 32 12 i 23 j 34 k.
70. z 7, 8, 3 72. P4, 2, 7, Q2, 0, 3, R7, 3, 9
(b) is parallel since zz 14, 16, 6.
\
PQ 6, 2, 4
\
PR 3, 1, 2
3, 1, 2 12 6, 2, 4
→ →
Therefore, PQ and PR are parallel.
The points are collinear.
74. P0, 0, 0, Q1, 3, 2, R2, 6, 4 76. A1, 1, 3, B9, 1, 2, C11, 2, 9, D3, 4, 4
\ \
Since PQ and PR are not parallel, the points are not AD 2, 3, 7
collinear. \
BC 2, 3, 7
\ \ \ \
92. v 3
u
u
3
1
,
1
,
3 3 3
1
3
,
3
,
3 3 3
3
94. v 5
u
u
5
2
,
3
,
1
14 14 14
7 70 , 31470 , 1470
52
96. v 5cos 45i sin 45k i k or 98. v 5, 6, 3
2
52
2
3v 103, 4, 2
v 5cos 135i sin 135k i k 1, 2, 5 103, 4, 2 133, 6, 3
2
z
8
5 2
(i + k)
2
x y
104. A sphere of radius 4 centered at x1, y1, z1. 106. As in Exercise 105(c), x a will be a vertical
asymptote. Hence, lim T .
v x x2, y y1, z z1 r0 →a
108. 550 c75i 50j 100k 110. Let A lie on the y-axis and the wall on the x-axis. Then
302,500 18,125c 2 A 0, 10, 0, B 8, 0, 6, C 10, 0, 6 and
c 2 16.689655 → →
AB 8, 10, 6 , AC 10, 10, 6 .
c
4.085 → →
AB 102, AC 259
F
4.08575i 50j 100k
→ →
306i 204j 409k AB AC
Thus, F1 420 → , F2 650 →
AB AC
F F1 F2
237.6, 297.0, 178.2
423.1, 423.1, 253.9
185.5, 720.1, 432.1
F
860.0 lb
2. u 4, 10 , v 2, 3 4. u i, v i
(a) u v 42 103 22 (a) u v 1
(b) u u 44 1010 116 (b) u u 1
(c) u2 116 (c) u2 1
(d) u vv 222, 3 44, 66 (d) u v v i
(e) u 2v 2u v 222 44 (e) u 2v 2u v 2
484 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
uv
10. cos 12. u 3, 1 , v 2, 1
u v
uv 5 1
5 cos
u v 4025 cos 5003 u v 105 2
6
4
6 i sin
6 j
3 1
14. u cos i j 16. u 3i 2j k, v 2i 3j
2 2
uv 32 23 0
3 3 cos 0
2 2
v cos i sin j i j u v u v
4 4 2 2
uv
cos 2
u v
22 21
22 42 1
3
2
3
arccos 1 3 105
2
4
arccos
3 1421
10.9
22. u 3 i 2j, v 2i 4j
1
24. u 2i 3j k, v 2i j k
u
1
6 v ⇒ parallel u
cv ⇒ not parallel
u v 0 ⇒ orthogonal
300
36. F1: C1
13.0931 38. v1 s, s, s z
F1
v1 s3
100
F2: C2
6.3246
F2 v2 s, s, 0 v1
(s, s, s)
F F1 F2 v2 s2 y
v2
13.093120, 10, 5 6.32465, 15, 0 s2 6
cos (s, s, 0)
230.239, 36.062, 65.4655 s3 3 x
6
F
242.067 lb arccos
35.26
3
230.239
cos
⇒
162.02
F
36.062
cos
⇒
98.57
F
65.4655
cos
⇒
74.31
F
40. F1 C10, 10, 10. F1 200 C1 102 ⇒ C1 102 42. w2 u w1 9, 7 3, 9 6, 2
and F1 0, 1002, 1002
F2 C2 4, 6, 10
F2 C34, 6, 10
F 0, 0, w
F F1 F2 F3 0
4C2 4C3 0 ⇒ C2 C3
252
1002 6C2 6C3 0 ⇒ C2 C3 N
3
54. See figure 10.29, page 739. 56. Yes, uv v v vu u u
2 2
v u
u vv2 v uu2
1 1
v u
u v
projvOA 20
V 2, 3, 6
V 74 000 ⇒ w
\ \
W PQ
and u v are orthogonal.
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space 487
2k, 2k, 2k
2k, 2k, 2k
76. (a) z
(d) r1 k, k, 0
(0, k, k)
2k, 2k, 2k
2k, 2k, 2k
k \
(k, 0, k)
r2 0, 0, 0
k2
y 4 1
k
k
cos
2
k 3
x (k, k, 0)
2
3
(b) Length of each edge:
k2 k2 02 k2
109.5
k2 1
(c) cos
k2 k2 2
At 0, 0: 1, 0 is tangent to y1 and 0, 1 is tangent to y2. The angle 2
between these vectors is 90.
y2
At 1, 1: 15 1, 2 is tangent to y1 and 310 1, 13 110 3, 1 1
(1, 1)
is tangent to y2. To find the angle between these vectors,
x
1 1 1
cos 3 2 ⇒ 45. (0, 0) 1 2
5 10 2
80. u v u v cos
u v
u v cos
u v
cos
≤ u v since
cos
≤ 1.
82. Let w1 projv u, as indicated in the figure. Because w1 is a scalar multiple of v, you can write
u w1 w2 cv w2.
w2 u
Taking the dot product of both sides with v produces
u v cv w2 v cv v w2 v θ v
cv2, since w2 and v are orthogonol. w1
uv uv
Thus, u v cv2 ⇒ c and w1 projv u cv v.
v2 v2
i j k
2. i j 1 0 0 k
0 1 0
z
i j k
4. k j 0 0 1 i
0 1 0
z
i j k
6. k i 0 0 1 j
1 0 0
z
1 1 1
k k −i k
j j j
1 1 1
i 1 1 i 1
x y x y x y
−1 −1 −1
488 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
i
8. (a) u v 3
2
(b) v u u v 15, 16, 9
j k
0 5 15, 16, 9
3 2
i j k
10. (a) u v 3 2 2 8, 5, 17
1 5 1
(b) v u u v 8, 5, 17
(c) v v 0 (c) v v 0
6 42j 0, 42, 0
0
0 ⇒ uu v 0 ⇒ uu v
v u v 02 10 01 v u v 70 042 00
0 ⇒ vu v 0 ⇒ vu v
16. u v
i j k
1 6 0 6i j 13k
2 1 1
u u v 16 61 0 ⇒ u u v
v u v 26 11 113 0 ⇒ v u v
18. z 20. z
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
v v
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
3 u 3 u
4 4 4
4 y 6 y
6
x x
2
22. u 8, 6, 4 24. u k
3
v 10, 12, 2
1
v i 6k
u v 60, 24, 156 2
u v
1
u v 3622
60, 24, 156
1
u v 0, , 0
3
u v
i j
2 1
1 2
A u v 0, 0, 3 3
k
0 0, 0, 3
0
32. A2, 3, 1, B6, 5, 1, C3, 6, 4, D7, 2, 2
\ \ \ \
AB and AC are adjacent sides and
i j k
\ \
34. A2, 3, 4, B0, 1, 2, C1, 2, 0 36. A1, 2, 0, B2, 1, 0, C0, 0, 0
\ \ \ \
1
i
AB AC 2
3
\
1\
A AB AC 44 11
\
j k
4 2 6i 2j 2k
5 4
1
\
i j
AB AC 3 1
1 2
A AB AC
5
\
\
\
k
0 5k
0
2 2 2 2
PQ 0.16 k
PQ
F
60°
i j k 0.16 ft
\
PQ F 0 0 0.16 1603 i
y
0 10003 1000
PQ F 1603 ft lb
\
40. (a) B is 15 5
12 4 to the left of A, and one foot upwards:
\
(d) If T AB F,
AB 5
\
4 j k dT 5
2510 cos 8 sin 0 ⇒ tan
F 200cos j sin k d 4
⇒ 51.34.
i j k
\
12 8 23
−300
\
AB F 25 10
1
42. u v w 2
0
1
1
0
1
0 1
1
2
44. u v w 1
0
0
1
2
0
1 0
2
46. u v w
1
0
4
V u v w 72
3
6
1
6 72
0 4
1
u v w 1
0
V u v w 3
1
0
1
0
2 3
1
52. Form the vectors for two sides of the triangle, and compute their cross product:
x2 x1, y2 y1, z 2 z1 x3 x1, y3 y1, z3 z1
56. u u1, u2, u3, v v1, v2, v3, w w1, w2, w3
u u1i u2 j u3 k
v w v2w3 v3w2i v1w3 v3w1j v1w2 v2w1 k
u1 u2 u3
u v w u1v2w3 v3w2 u2v1w3 v3w1 u3v1w2 v2w1 v1 v2 v3
w1 w2 w3
58. u u1, u2, u3, v v1, v2, v3, c is a scalar.
i j
c u v cu1 cu2
v1 v2
k
cu3
v3
cu2v3 cu3v2i cu1v3 cu3v1j cu1v2 cu2v1k
cu2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k cu v
u1 u2
60. u v w v1 v2
u3
v3
w1 w2 w3
w1 w2 w3
u v w w u v u1 u2 u3
v1 v2 v3
w1u 2v3 v2 u 3 w2u 1v3 v1u 3 w3u 1v2 v1u 2
u 1v2w3 w2v3 u 2v1w3 w1v3 u 3v1w2 w1v2
u v w
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 491
62. If u and v are scalar multiples of each other, u cv for some scalar c.
u v cv v c v v c 0 0
If u v 0, then u v sin 0. Assume u 0, v 0. Thus, sin 0, 0, and u and v are parallel. Therefore,
u cv for some scalar c.
i j
v w a2 b2
k
c2 b2c3 b3c2i a2c3 a3c2j a2b3 a3b2k
a3 b3 c3
i j k
u v w a1 b1 c1
b2c3 b3c2 a3c2 a2c3 a2b3 a3b2
u v w b1a2b3 a3b2 c1a3c2 a2c3i a1a2b3 a3b2 c1b2c3 b3c2 j
a1a3c2 a2c3 b1b2c3 b3c2k
a2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 a3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2 i
b2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 b3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2 j
c2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 c3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2k
a1a3 b1b3 c1c3a2, b2, c2 a1a2 b1b2 c1c2a3, b3, c3
u wv u vw
2. x 2 3t, y 2, z 1 t
(a) z (b) When t 0 we have P 2, 2, 1. When t 2 we have
Q 4, 2, 1.
\
PQ 6, 0, 2
The components of the vector and the coefficients of t are
\
5
Direction vector: v 2, , 1
2
Direction vector: v 0, 6, 3
Direction numbers: 0, 2, 1
Direction numbers: 4, 5, 2
(a) Parametric: x 3, y 2t, z 2 t
(a) Parametric: x 4t, y 5t, z 2t y
(b) Symmetric: z 2, x 3
x y z 2
(b) Symmetric:
4 5 2
492 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
16. Points: 2, 0, 3, 4, 2, 2 18. L1: v 4, 2, 3 8, 5, 9 on line
Direction vector: v 2i 2j k L 2: v 2, 1, 5
Direction numbers: 2, 2, 1
L 3: v 8, 4, 6 8, 5, 9 on line
Parametric: x 2 2t, y 2t, z 3 t
L 4: v 2, 1, 1.5
x2 y z3
Symmetric:
2 2 1 L1 and L 2 are identical.
cos u v 4
4
2966
u v 4621 966 483
24. x 2t 1 x 5s 12 x = 2t − 1 x = − 5s − 12
y = − 4t + 10
y 4t 10 y 3s 11 z=t
z y = 3s + 11
z = − 2s − 4
3
zt z 2s 4 2 −3
−2
z30
i j k
\ \
(b) PQ PR 2 0 1 2, 3, 4
3 2 3
The components of the cross product are proportional
(for this choice of P, Q, and R, they are the same) to
the coefficients of the variables in the equation. The
cross product is parallel to the normal vector.
34. Let u be vector from 2, 3, 2 to 3, 4, 2: 1, 1, 4. 36. 1, 2, 3, Normal vector: v i, 1x 1 0, x 1
Let v be vector from 2, 3, 2 to 1, 1, 0: 1, 4, 2.
Normal vector: u v
i
1
j
1
1 4
k
4 18, 6, 3
2
36, 2, 1
6x 2 2 y 3 1z 2 0
6x 2y z 8
38. The plane passes through the three points 0, 0, 0, 40. The direction of the line is u 2i j k. Choose any
0, 1, 0 3, 0, 1. point on the line, 0, 4, 0, for example, and let v be the
vector from 0, 4, 0 to the given point 2, 2, 1:
The vector from 0, 0, 0 to 0, 1, 0: u j
The vector from 0, 0, 0 to 3, 0, 1: v 3 i k v 2i 2j k
Normal vector: u v
x 3 z 0
i
0
3 j
1
0
k
0 i 3 k
1
x 2 2z 1 0
i j
Normal vector: u v 2 1
2 2 k
1 i 2k
1
x 2z 0
42. Let v be the vector from 3, 2, 1 to 3, 1, 5: 44. Let u k and let v be the vector from 4, 2, 1 to
v j 6k 3, 5, 7: v 7i 3j 6k
Let n be the normal to the given plane: n 6i 7j 2k Since u and v both lie in the plane P, the normal vector to
Since v and n both lie in the plane P, the normal vector to P is:
P is: i j k
i j k uv 0 0 1 3i 7j 3i 7j
v n 0 1 6 40i 36j 6k 7 3 6
6 7 2 3x 4 7y 2 0
220i 18j 3k 3x 7y 26
20x 3 18y 2 3z 1 0
20x 18y 3z 27
494 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
46. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 3, 1, 4, n2 9, 3, 12. Since n2 3n1, the planes are parallel, but not equal
48. The normal vectors to the planes are 50. The normal vectors to the planes are
n1 3i 2j k, n2 i 4j 2k, n1 2, 0, 1, n2 4, 1, 8,
cos
n1 n2 3 8 2 1
. cos
n1 n2 0.
n1 n2 1421 6 n1 n2
16 65.9 .
4 4
3
−4 1
2
3 2 3 y
1 y
x
3 4 3 y
x x
8
2 3
1
2
1
2 1
3 2 1
x y
1
Generated by Mathematica x
2
y
5
x 5 y Generated by Mathematica
66. If c 0, z 0 is xy-plane. 68. The normals to the planes are n1 6, 3, 1.
and n2 1, 1, 5.
1
If c 0, cy z 0 ⇒ y z is a plane parallel to
c The direction vector for the line is
x-axis and passing through the points 0, 0, 0 and i j k
0, 1, c. n1 n2 6 3 1 16, 31, 3.
1 1 5
Now find a point of intersection of the planes.
6x 3y z 5 ⇒ 6x 3y z 5
x y 5z 5 ⇒ 6x 6y 30z 30
3y 31z 35
Let y 9, z 2 ⇒ x 4 ⇒ 4, 9, 2.
x 4 16t, y 9 31t, z 2 3t
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 495
70. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and 72. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and
substituting into the equation of the plane we have: substituting into the equation of the plane we have:
x 1 4t, y 2t, z 3 6t x 4 2t, y 1 3t, z 2 5t
54 2t 31 3t 17, t 0
1
21 4t 32t 5, t Substituting t 0 into the parametric equations for the
2
line we have the point of intersection 4, 1, 2. The
Substituting t 12 into the parametric equations for the line does not lie in the plane.
line we have the point of intersection 1, 1, 0. The
line does not lie in the plane.
PQ n 8 8 PQ n 1
\ \
1 6
D D
n 81 9 n 6 6 6
78. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 4, 4, 9 and 80. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 2, 0, 4 and
n2 4, 4, 9. Since n1 n2, the planes are parallel. n2 2, 0, 4. Since n1 n2, the planes are parallel.
Choose a point in each plane. Choose a point in each plane.
P 5,0, 3 is a point in 4x 4y 9z 7. P 2, 0, 0 is a point in 2x 4z 4. Q 5, 0, 0
is a point in 2x 4z 10.
Q 0, 0, 2 is a point in 4x 4y 9z 18.
PQ n1
\
\
6 35
PQ 5, 0, 1
\
PQ 3, 0, 0, D
n1 20 5
PQ n1
\
11 11113
D
n1 113 113
82. u 2, 1, 2 is the direction vector for the line. 84. The equation of the plane containing Px1, y1, z1 and
having normal vector n a, b, c is
P 0, 3, 2 is a point on the line let t 0.
\ ax x1 by y1 cz z1 0.
PQ 1, 1, 2
You need n and P to find the equation.
i j k
\
PQ u 1 1 2 0, 2, 1
2 1 2
\
PQ u 5 5
D
u 9 3
86. x a: plane parallel to yz-plane containing a, 0, 0 88. (a) t v represents a line parallel to v.
y b: plane parallel to xz-plane containing 0, b, 0 (b) u t v represents a line through the terminal point of
u parallel to v.
z c: plane parallel to xy-plane containing 0, 0, c
(c) su t v represent the plane containing u and v.
496 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
90. On one side we have the points 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, and 1, 1, 8.
n1
i
6
j
0
1 1
k
0 48j 6k
8
On the adjacent side we have the points 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, and 1, 1, 8.
z
(− 1, − 1, 8)
i j k
n2 0 6 0 48i 6k 6
1 1 8 4
cos
n1 n2 36
1
(0, 0, 0) 4
(0, 6, 0)
n1 n2 2340 65 6 6 y
(6, 0, 0)
x
1
arccos 89.1
65
8. x 4 z 10. x2 z 2 25
Plane parallel to the 4 The y-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical
yz-coordinate plane surface with rulings parallel to the y-axis. The generating
curve is a circle.
z
4 2
4 y 6
x
4
8
x
8
y
3 1
5 2 3 y
x 4
x 5 y
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space 497
18. y2 z2 4
(a) From 10, 0, 0: (b) From 0, 10, 0: (c) From 10, 10, 10:
z z z
y
y
3 3
y
x
x2 y2 z2 y2
20. 1 z
22. z 2 x 2 1 z
16 25 25 5
4 5
yz-trace: y2 z2 25 circle x2 y2
z ± 10 : 1 ellipse
9 36
28 5
4 24
20
5
x
5 y
10 y
x 10
1
2 1 y
3 2
4
9x2 6x 9 y2 4y 4 9z2 6z 9 81 4 81
9x 32 y 22 9z 32 4
1
2 2 3
x 32 y 22 z 32 x 4 5 y
1
49 4 49
Hyperboloid of one sheet with center 3, 2, 3.
4
8 −4 −4
−3 −3
−8
4
−2
4
1 8 4 4
2 1 −4 x y
x
x 2 y 3 y
−8
498 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
x
38. z 40. 9x 2 4y 2 8z 2 72 42. z 4 x2
8 x2 y2
z
z± 98 x 2
1 2
2
y 9
y 4 x2
x 0, y 0, z 0
4 z
z
2
20 5
2 10
2
x 4 4 y
10
10 20
x 20 y
x 4 3 4 y
44. z 4 x2 y2 z
46. x2 z 2 ry
2 and z ry 3y; therefore,
y 2z 3
x2 z 2 9y 2.
z0
−3
3 y
3
x
1
48. y2 z2 rx
2 and z rx 4 x2 ; therefore, 50. x2 y 2 rz
2 and y rz ez; therefore,
2
1 x2 y 2 e2z.
y 2 z 2 4 x2, x 2 4y 2 4z 2 4.
4
52. x 2 z 2 cos2 y 54. The trace of a surface is the inter- 56. About x-axis: y2 z2 r x
2
section of the surface with a plane.
Equation of generating curve: About y-axis: x2 z2 r y
2
You find a trace by setting one
x cos y or z cos y
variable equal to a constant, such About z-axis: x2 y2 r z
2
as x 0 or z 2.
58. V 2
0
y sin y dy 60. z
x2 y 2
2
4
2 sin y y cos y 0
2 2 (a) When y 4 we have z
x2
2
4, 4
1
2
z 4 x2.
z
Focus: 0, 4, 92
1.0
(b) When x 2 we have
y2
0.5 z2 , 4z 2 y 2.
4
y Focus: 2, 0, 3
π π
2
100
10
20 100 y
200
x
(c) For y constant, the traces parallel to the xz-plane are (d) The traces parallel to the yz-plane (x constant) are
concave downward. That is, for fixed y (public concave upward. That is, for fixed x (worker’s
assistance), the rate of increase of z (Medicare) is compensation), the rate of increase of z (Medicare)
decreasing with respect to x (worker’s compensation). is increasing with respect to y (public assistance).
66. Equating twice the first equation with the second equation,
2x2 6y2 4z2 4y 8 2x2 6y2 4z2 3x 2
4y 8 3x 2
3x 4y 6, a plane
3
y 4 sin 4 y sin 1
2 y 6 sin 4
32 2
z 2 z1
z2
0, 4, 2, rectangular 0, 1, 1, rectangular
32, 32, 2
8. 22, 22, 4, rectangular 10. 23, 2, 6, rectangular 12. 3, 2, 1, rectangular
r 22 2 22 2 4 r 12 4 4 r 32 22 13
arctan1
4 arctan 1
5 arctan 23 arctan 23
3 6
z4 z 1
z1
4, 4 , 4, cylindrical 13, arctan 23, 1, cylindrical
4, , 1 , cylindrical
6
z
18. z 2 20. r 22. r 2 cos
2
Same r 2 2r cos
z
x2 y2 x2 y2 2x
z 2
3 z2 x2 y 2 2x 0
x2 y 2 0
4 x 12 y 2 1
z
z
4
1 2
2
3 3 y
x
−2
−2 −2
2
2 y
x 2 y
3
1
3,
4
, arccos
1
3
, spherical
3 2 1 2
x 3 4
5 6 y
6, , 2 , spherical
38. (a) Programs will vary.
36.
(b) , , 5, 1, 0.5
x 6 sin cos 6 x, y, z 1.295, 2.017, 4.388
2
y 6 sin sin 0
2
z 6 cos 0
2
6, 0, 0, rectangular
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 501
3 48. 2 sec
44. 46.
4 2 cos 2
z
y cos z2
tan x2 y2 z2
x z
z
y 0
1 x2 y2 z2 3
x
z0
xy0
z
xy-plane
z 1
2
3 3 3 y
3
x
2
−3 −3
−3
3 y
x 3 y
3
−3 x −2
−3
50. 4 csc sec 52. 3, 4 , 0, cylindrical 54. 2, 23, 2, cylindrical
4
32 02 3 22 22 22
sin cos
2
sin cos 4
3
x4 4
z
arccos
0
arccos 12 34
9 2
2 3
6
22, , , spherical
3, 4 , 2 , spherical
4
3 4
4 y
6
6
x
56. 4, 3 , 4, cylindrical 58. 4, 2 , 3, cylindrical 60. 4, 18 , 2 , spherical
42 42 42 42 32 5
r 4 sin 4
2
3 2
1 3 18
arccos arccos
2 4 5
z 4 cos 0
2
42, , , spherical 3
5, , arccos , spherical
4, 18 , 0, cylindrical
3 4 2 5
502 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
62. 18, 3 , 3 , spherical 64. 5, 56, , spherical 66. 7, 4 , 34, spherical
r 5 sin 0 3 72
r sin 18 sin 9 r 7 sin
3 4 2
5
6 4
3
z 5 cos 5 3 72
z 7 cos
z cos 18 cos 93 4 2
3
0, 56, 5, cylindrical 7 2 2, 4 , 7 2 2, cylindrical
9, , 93 , cylindrical
3
5
Note: Use the cylindrical coordinate 2, 6
,3
80. 2.207, 7.949, 4 8.25, 1.3, 4 9.169, 1.3, 2.022
82. 84. 86. 4 sec , z cos 4
4 4
Plane
Plane Cone
Matches graph (b)
Matches graph (e) Matches graph (a)
96. x2 y 2 16 98. y 4
(a) r 2 16, r 4 (a) r sin 4, r 4 csc
(b) 2 16,
sin2 2 16 0,
sin2 (b) sin sin 4, 4 csc csc
sin 4 sin 4 0, 4 csc
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 503
102. 0 ≤ ≤ 2 104. 0 ≤ ≤ 2
100. ≤ ≤
2 2
2 ≤ r ≤ 4
0 ≤ r ≤ 3 ≤ ≤
z 2 ≤ r 2 6r 8 4 2
0 ≤ z ≤ r cos 0 ≤ ≤ 1
z
z
4 z
4 3
3 2
−5
−4 5 y −2
5 −2
x
4 y
4 y
x 2
2
x
4 y
x
−4
OQ 9i yj
O
x
L2 −9 9
L 292 y2 ⇒ 81 y
4
\
θ
Tension: T c OQ c81 y 2 P Q
500 lb
Also,
18 in.
250 250 L 250L
cy 250 ⇒ T
81 y 2 ⇒ T
2
y L24 81 L2 324
Domain: L > 18 inches
(b)
L 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
(c) 1000 (d) The line T 400 intersects the (e) lim T 250
L→
curve at
The maximum tension is 250
L 23.06 inches. pounds in each side of the cable
since the total weight is 500 pounds.
18 25
0
504 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
8. x z 0, y 7: 0, 7, 0 10. Looking towards the xy-plane from the positive z-axis.
The point is either in the second quadrant x < 0, y > 0
or in the fourth quadrant x > 0, y < 0. The z-coordinate
can be any number.
12. Center: 0 2 4, 0 2 6, 4 2 0
2, 3, 2
Radius: 2 02 3 02 2 42 4 9 4 17
x 22 y 32 z 22 17
z
14. x2 10x 25 y 2 6y 9 z 2 4z 4 34 25 9 4
x 52 y 32 z 22 4 6
4
Center: 5, 3, 2
2
Radius: 2
2 y
4
6
8
x
20. 8
6, 3, 2
49
8
6, 3, 2
7
48 24 16
7
, ,
7 7
22. P 2, 1, 3, Q 0, 5, 1, R 5, 5, 0
\
v PR 3, 6, 3 3i 6j 3k
(b) u
v 23 66 23 36
(c) v
v 9 36 9 54
24. u 4, 3, 6, v 16, 12, 24 26. u 4, 1, 5, v 3, 2, 2
Since v 4u, the vectors are parallel. u
v0 ⇒ is orthogonal to v.
2
30. W F
PQ F PQ cos 758cos 30
\ \
u
v 1
u 10
v 3
cos u
v 1
u v 310
83.9
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 505
arccos 141129
56.9
i
36. u v 3
2 j
2
4
k
1 10i 11j 8k
3
i
vu 2
3 j
4
2
Thus, u v v u.
k
3 10i 11j 8k
1
i
38. u v w 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 1 3
j
2
2
k
1 4i 4j 4k
1
1
i j k
uv 3 2 1 10i 11j 8k
4 3
2
i j k
uw 3 2 1 6i 7j 4k
1 2 2
u v u w 4i 4j 4k u v w
1 1 5
40. Area triangle v w 22 12 (See Exercise 35)
2 2 2
2
42. V u
v w 0
1
2
0 1
0
1 25 10
2
44. Direction numbers: 1, 1, 1
(a) x 1 t, y 2 t, z 3 t
(b) x 1 y 2 z 3
46. u v
2
3
i j
5
1
k
1 21i 11j 13k
4
48. P 3, 4, 2, Q 3, 4, 1, R 1, 1, 2
\ \
Direction numbers: 21, 11, 13
\
i \
j k
(a) x 21t, y 1 11t, z 4 13t n PQ PR 0 8 1 27i 4j 32k
4 5 4
x y1 z4
(b)
21 11 13 27x 3 4 y 4 32z 2 0
27x 4y 32z 33
506 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
50. The normal vectors to the planes are the same, 52. Q5, 1, 3 point
n 5, 3, 1. u 1, 2, 1 direction vector
Choose a point in the first plane, P 0, 0, 2. Choose a P 1, 3, 5 point on line
point in the second plane, Q 0, 0, 3. \
\
PQ 0, 0, 5
i j k
\
PQ
n PQ u 6 2 2 2, 8, 14
\
5 5 35
D 1 2 1
n 35 35 7
\
PQ u 264
D 211
u 6
2 2 y
x
−3 −3
2 3 y
x 3
x2 y2 z2
60. 1 z 62. Let y r x 2x and revolve the curve about
25 4 100 12
the x-axis.
Hyperboloid of one sheet
−5
x2 y2
xy-trace: 1
25 4 x 5
y
x2 z2
xz-trace: 1
25 100
y2 z2
yz-trace: 1
4 100
43, 34, 3 2 3
, rectangular
64.
43
34
3 33
23, 2 , 3 2 3
, cylindrical
2 2
(a) r , arctan3 , z ,
2 3 2
43
34
3 2 3
30
30
2 2 2 3 3
(b) , , arccos , , , arccos , spherical
2 3 10 2 3 10