Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tami Cdi 4 Finality 12
Tami Cdi 4 Finality 12
Tami Cdi 4 Finality 12
for
Traffic Accident Management and Investigation
(CDI – 4)
PREFACE
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Traffic Accident Management and Investigation
The course covers laws and fundamentals of traffic safety education, enforcement, engineering,
techniques in vehicular and pedestrian direction and control, techniques in the preparation of selective
enforcement plans and policies for special and emergency traffic situations. Methods and procedures in
the use of hand signals and electronic signals lights; techniques in accident investigation. Determination
of reaction time and break-in-time, and application of scientific aids in hit-and-run cases.
The course will discuss the History and Traffic Accident Investigation and some Definition of
Terms and CONCEPT with its Legal Basis relevant to Traffic Accident Management and Investigation. It
will likewise focus on Kinds of Traffic Accident and Classifications of Motor Vehicle, Classification of
Accident According to Severity, Traffic Unit and Causes of Motor Vehicle Accident. Chain of Events in a
Vehicular Accident and Steps to be taken by the Police as a Traffic Law Enforcer, Traffic Accident
Report and Listing for Investigating Accident will form part of the discussion in connection with
investigation on traffic accident. As well as discussions on SKIDMARS, HIT and Run Accident
Investigation, Classification of Vehicles, Debris, Damage, Scratches and Gouges Debris in connection
with the study of Traffic Accident Management and Investigation. Finally with the discussion on Salient
provision on REPUBLIC ACT 4136 otherwise known as the “Land Transportation and Traffic Code and
other relevant Laws and Memorandum Circular and other Administrative Orders.
COURSE GUIDE
General Course Information
Course Title : Traffic Accident Management and Investigation
No. of Units : 3 units
Duration : 18 weeks
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TRAFFIC traffic management accident in sheets to be distributed
ACCIDENT relation to law enforcement through social media platform
INVESTIGATIO administration, public safety, (GC), or in hard copy to be
N and criminal justice. picked-up in designated area.
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ACCIDENT and 5. Kinds of Traffic
Kinds of Traffic Accidents
Accident 6. Activity 5
Week 16 CHAPTER VIII Topics for Week 16 are: Home-based activity with
HIT and RUN 1. RATIONALE; learning modules/activity
ACCIDENT Investigation of motor sheets to be distributed through
INVESTIGATIO vehicle accident social media platform (GC), or
N in hard copy to be picked-up in
2. HIT AND RUN CASES designated area.
DEFINED,
3. TWO IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS;
Hit and Run cases
4. ELEMENTS OF HIT-
AND-RUN
5. CLASSES OF HIT-
AND-RUN DRIVERS
6. PRELIMINARY STEPS
on checklist on Accident
Investigation
7. FOLLOW UP
INVESTIGATION
Week 17 CHAPTER VIII Topics for Week 17 are: Home-based activity with
HIT and RUN 1. RATIONALE; learning modules/activity
ACCIDENT Investigation of motor sheets to be distributed through
INVESTIGATIO vehicle accident social media platform (GC), or
N in hard copy to be picked-up in
2. HIT AND RUN CASES designated area.
DEFINED,
3. TWO IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS;
Hit and Run cases
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4. ELEMENTS OF HIT-
AND-RUN
5. CLASSES OF HIT-
AND-RUN DRIVERS
6. PRELIMINARY STEPS
on checklist on Accident
Investigation
7. FOLLOW UP
INVESTIGATION
Week 18 CHAPTER IX - Topics and discussion for Week Home-based activity with
DRIVING 18: learning modules/activity
Basic Concepts, 1. Basic Concepts sheets to be distributed through
Principles and 2. Principles and Safety social media platform (GC), or
Safety Tips Tips in hard copy to be picked-up in
3. Using Turn or Hand designated area.
Signals
4. Eight Secrets of Super
Collection of Activities 7 to 9
Driving
Course Forum
This is a read-and-write forum, which means you can access all learning materials and related
discussions and activities here.
1: Explain the concepts of Human rights and victim welfare in terms of traffic accident.
3: Utilize Criminalistics or Forensic Science in the investigation and detection of crime in relation
to traffic rules and regulation.
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4: Apply the Principles of and Jurisprudence of Criminal Law, evidence, and criminal procedure
in relation to traffic rules and regulation.
6: Engage in lifelong learning and understanding of the need to keep abreast on the developments
in the field Criminology and Criminal Justice related to traffic rules and management.
7: Apply professional, social, and ethical standards in the practice of profession relating to traffic
management and accident.
Activities - 20 %
Experiential Reports - 20 %
Final Projects - 20 %
-------------
100%
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface i
Course Guide ii
General Course Information iii
Course Learning Plan iv
Table of Contents v
CHAPTER I
HISTORY - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 14 - 27
1. History
2. Definition of Terms:
3. Causes of Traffic Congestion – Types of Congestion
4. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management
5. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC
6. AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
7. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC EDUCATION
8. Five (5) E’s of Traffic – EDUCATION, ENCOURAGEMENT, ENFORCEMENT,
EVALUATION, AND ENGINEERING
9. LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO)
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10. Historical Background LTO
11. Functions and Services
12. Fines and Penalties
13. Acitivity 1
CHAPTER II
CONCEPT -TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 28 - 43
1. Traffic Accident Management and Investigation
2. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DETERMINES THE FOLLOWING: (5W’s and1H)
3. PURPOSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION:
4. Reckless Driving ( RPC Article 365 Art. 365. Imprudence and negligence)
5. The Department of Justice (DOJ) warns that reckless driving–including over-speeding, drunk
driving, and distracted driving–is punishable under Republic Act 4136.
6. Erring driver do in case he is guilty of reckless driving that resulted to damages or injuries on the
road
7. Activity 2
8. SALIENT PROVISIONS on REPUBLIC ACT 4136 KNOWN AS THE LAND
TRANSPORTATION & TRAFFIC CODE and other relevant laws and Memorandum Circular
and other Administrative Orders
9. OTHER TRAFFIC Special LAWS AND RULES:
10. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES:
11. Protocol/High-ranking government plates
12. Geographical designation
13. Special designation and Personalized plates
14. Activity 3
15. Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident According to Key Event:
16. Causes of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident:
17. Chain of Events in Vehicular Accident:
18. Classification of Accident According to Severity:
19. Activity 4
CHAPTER III
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY, TRAFFIC UNIT AND
CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT and Kinds of Traffic Accident 44 - 46
1. Classification of Accident according to Severity
2. Traffic Unit
3. Hazards
4. Using Turn or Hand Signals
5. Kinds of Traffic Accidents
6. Activity 5
CHAPTER IV
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT and
STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY THE POLICE AS A TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER 47 - 54
1. Chain of Events in a Vehicular Accident
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2. Perception of hazard
3. Five Levels of Activity in Accident Investigation
4. Six Steps to be taken by the Police as a Traffic Law Enforcer during Traffic Accidents
CHAPTER V
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REPORT and LISTING FOR INVESTIGATING ACCIDENTS 55 - 59
1. Traffic Accident Reports
2. Preparation of Traffic Accident Report
3. Checklist for Investigating Accidents
4. Activity 6
CHAPTER VI
SKIDMARKS: AS A TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 60 -67
1. Skidmark- defined.
2. Skidmarks: as a Tool in Traffic Accident Investigation
3. Skidmarks as Evidence in Accident Cases
4. SKIDMARKS DO NOT SHOW ALL THE SPEED
5. THINGS THAT DETERMINE SKIDDING DISTANCE
6. Other factors on Determining the Distance,
7. LENGTH OF SKIDMARKS
8. REACTION TIME
9. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED BY THE PNP
10. MEASUREMENT OF SKIDMARKS
11. BASIC PRINCIPLES IN CALCULATING SPEEDS FROM SKIMARKS
12. STOPPING A MOTOR VEHICLE
13. TEST RUNS; Calculations for speeds from skid marks:
14. SPEED CALCULATION
15. FORMULAS USED IN FINDING SPEED ESTIMATES
16. When accident vehicle cannot be driven, Effects
17. Activity 8
CHAPTER VII
Debris, Damage, Scratches and Gouges 68 - 71
1. Vehicle debris
2. Damage:
3. Scratches and Gouges
4. Tire Marks
5. Classes Rotating Tires
6. Scuff Marks
7. Skidmark measurements
CHAPTER VIII
HIT and RUN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 72 -75
1. RATIONALE; Investigation of motor vehicle accident
2. HIT AND RUN CASES DEFINED,
3. TWO IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS; Hit and Run cases
4. ELEMENTS OF HIT-AND-RUN
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5. CLASSES OF HIT-AND-RUN DRIVERS
6. PRELIMINARY STEPS on checklist on Accident Investigation
7. FOLLOW UP INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER IX - DRIVING
Basic Concepts, Principles and Safety Tips 76 - 80
1. Basic Concepts
2. Principles and Safety Tips
3. Using Turn or Hand Signals
4. Eight Secrets of Super Driving
CHAPTER I
HISTORICAL EVENTS
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
In 1645 a sort of cycle was invented by Jean Theson but it had no Brakes,
Pedal or Steering and needed feet motion.
The Firsts in the History of World Traffic - The First Accident - In
1771 the first accident involving a motor vehicle took place in Paris when
Cugnot's steam tractor hit a low wall in the grounds of the Paris arsenal.
The First Act - The Locomotives and Highway Act was the first piece of British motoring
legislation. This was also known as the Red Flag Act of 1865. The act required three persons in
attendance one to steer, one to stoke and one to walk 60 yards ahead with a red flag to warn the
oncoming traffic.
The First Number of the World - The world's first car number plates were issued by the French
police in 1893.
The First Petrol Pump - The first petrol pump was installed in USA in 1906.
F i r s t M a n t o b e C
tricycle on the highway. He was probably the first motorist to appear in court.
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First Fatal Car Accident - The first motor-car accident in Britain resulting in the death of the
driver occurred in Grove Hill, Harrow-on-the Hill, London, on 25th February 1899.
Dusty Road to Tar Surface - In 1902 Tar was first used on a Macadam surface to prevent dust in
Monte Carlo. It was the idea of Dr. Guglielminetti, a Swiss. At first the tar was brushed in cold,
but soon it was applied hot.
The Motor Car Act - The Motor Car Act of Britain came into force on 1st January 1904. It
required that all cars be registered and carry a number plate, and all motorists to have a driving
licence. But there was no driving test to pass and the licence was obtained by filing up a form and
paying the fee at a post office. The act made dangerous driving an indictable offence.
The First Traffic Light of the World - The World's first traffic lights were installed in Detroit,
USA in 1919. The first traffic lights in Britain were installed in Wolverhampton during 1928.
However, they did not come to London till 1932. In Nepal we introduced traffic light in 1966.
Pedestrian Crossing - The pedestrian crossing were instituted in Britain in 1934. The roads were
marked by dotted lines. On the pavement there were striped Belisha beacon light poles named
after Britain's Minister of Transport L. Hore-Belisha. The Zebra crossing with black and white
stripes was developed after the second world war.
First Traffic Police Woman - Police women were used for traffic control duties for the first time in
Paris in 1964.In Nepal we introduced woman traffic police in 1995.
Laufmachine cycle was then created by Karl Von (1817). Soon this was
made into the regal Dandy Horse by Dennis Johnson.
In 1839 the proper cycle was shaped by K. Macmillan. It had iron wheels and
a wooden frame.
The manifestation of automobile horse-power was taught in 1769 by Nicolas
Joseph Cugnot, who invented the first 'Steam Truck' which the French
army thought was useful.
In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler (together with his design partner Wilhelm
Maybach) took Otto's internal combustion engine as the prototype of the
modern gas engine.
The first person to have developed an engine that could run off diesel was Rudolf Diesel
In 1771 the first accident involving a motor vehicle took place in Paris when Cugnot's steam
tractor hit a low wall in the grounds of the Paris arsenal.
The Locomotives and Highway Act was the first piece of British motoring legislation. This was
also known as the Red Flag Act of 1865. The act required three persons in attendance one to steer,
one to stoke and one to walk 60 yards ahead with a red flag to warn the oncoming traffic.
The world's first car number plates were issued by the French police in 1893
In 1895 John Henry Knight was convicted and fined for using a motor-tricycle on the highway. He
was probably the first motorist to appear in court.
The first motor-car accident in Britain resulting in the death of the driver occurred in Grove Hill,
Harrow-on-the Hill, London, on 25th February 1899.
The World's first traffic lights were installed in Detroit, USA in 1919.
The Motor Car Act of Britain came into force on 1st January 1904. It
required that all cars be registered and carry a number plate, and all
motorists to have a driving license but there was no driving test to
pass and the licence was obtained by filing up a form and paying the fee at
a post office. The act made dangerous driving an indictable offence.
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The pedestrian crossing were instituted in Britain in 1934. The roads were marked by dotted lines.
On the pavement there were striped Belisha beacon light poles named after Britain's Minister of
Transport L. Hore-Belisha.
The Zebra crossing with black and white stripes was developed after the second world war .
Box junctions, marked with yellow cross-hatching, were introduced in London during 1964.
When cars became popular, local governments established traffic laws to limit collisions with
horse-drawn wagons and ensure safety. The mandatory registration of automobiles was one of the
first traffic regulations in the United States. New York became the role model in 1901 by being
the first state to require that automobile owners register their vehicles.
By 1920, license plates were mandatory in all states. It took longer for the states to require a
driver’s license. In 1935, there were just 39 states that issued the licenses and only a few tested
applicants. Before the 1930s, most drivers received their training from automobile salesmen,
nonprofit organizations such as the YMCA, family members and friends. Soon, however, driver’s
education was provided in the high schools.
There is, however, a group of people who constantly get caught for ignoring the laws.
Studies show that more people follow the laws when they think that there is a good chance of
being caught and less adhere to them when they believe they can get away with it.
Definition of Terms:
a. TRAFFIC – refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by
combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
b. ACCIDENT – is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces
unintended injury, death, or property damage.
c. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT – an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.
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d. MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT – is any event that results in unintended injury or
property damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its
loads.
Included are:
1. Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas;
2. Fires;
3. Explosion;
4. Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion;
5. Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train or street car on stationary
rails or tracks;
6. Failure of any part of the motor vehicle while the vehicle is in motion.
Excluded are:
1. Collision of a motor vehicle with an aircraft or water-craft in motion;
2. Injury or damage due to cataclysms (flood or sudden physical change of the earth
surface);
3. Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is not under its power is being loaded on or
unloaded from another conveyance.
f. TRAFFIC WAY – is the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of
which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter
of right or custom.
g. ROADWAY – the portion of a traffic way which is improved, designed or ordinarily used
for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder.
h. KEY EVENT – an event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a
motor vehicle traffic accident.
i. DEBRIS – is the accumulation of broken parts of vehicles rubbish, dust and other
materials left at the scene of the accident by a collision.
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j. SKID MARKS – are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate,
usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.
k. SCUFF MARKS – are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the
wheel is still turning (Republic Act 4136)
There are four types of traffic congestion: Environmental, Mechanical, Human and
Infrastructure-related. Take a deep dive on traffic jams and their causes. There are two overall
types of traffic congestion, according to the Department of Transportation: recurring and non-
recurring. The DOT states that about half of traffic congestion is the recurring kind, which
happens daily and is due to a lack of capacity on the road — or in other words, there are more
vehicles travelling at a given time than can physically fit. The other type of congestion, non-
recurring, is what the DOT calls “temporary disruptions” in travel, such as bad weather or a
vehicle collision.
Within these two types of traffic congestion, we’ll look at four more specific categories:
1. Environment (Non-recurring) - A study by Dr. Jean Andrey and Daniel Unrau found
that traffic collisions increase by around 50 percent during snow and rain. From rainy or foggy
weather, to the extreme snowstorm that stops drivers in their tracks, weather has an uncontrollable
affect on not just traffic but road conditions as well. Even a gentle rain can make an impact if all
drivers slow down together.
Something more serious such as a sudden mudslide could not only stop traffic but cause a
collision if a driver happens to be in the wrong muddy place at the wrong muddy time. This is an
example of how weather can have a compounding effect on traffic by creating bad situations, or
by making already bad traffic situations even worse. All in all, bad weather is the main culprit in
15% of traffic congestion cases, according to the DOT.
2. Mechanical (Non-recurring) - Another factor that can cause traffic congestion is the case
of a mechanical failing. While arguably a mechanical failing could fall into a human-caused
category, such as if the person failed to properly maintain the vehicle’s tires, this is not always the
case.
Mechanical failings can also happen due to external factors such as a sharp object on the road, and
can happen suddenly while driving, even if you just had your vehicle maintained.
While humans can help prevent and decrease mechanical issues by inspecting vehicles before
every trip and making sure preventive maintenance cycles are followed, either way, these issues
require the driver to get off the road. When you’re on a five-lane highway, this task can prove
difficult. When other drivers rush to get around the stopped vehicle, it only further drags out the
impact on traffic as drivers merge into surrounding lanes instead of stopping to let the person
quickly get to the shoulder.
Again, while in some scenarios a driver may have been able to prevent the issue, even some of the
most seasoned and responsible drivers can find themselves in these situations.
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3. Human (Non-recurring) - The all-too-common cause of traffic is humans. From distracted or
drunk driving to drowsy driving or emotional driving, there are many dangerous scenarios — even
with our opposable thumbs and large frontal lobes — that humans trigger on the road.
Just taking a quick look at some 2016 traffic fatality statistics from the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration gives a plain view at the chaos our decisions can cause
on the road:
There were 29 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities per day. This number has been steadily
increasing over the last few years.
In the passenger car segment, 21% of drivers involved in a fatal collision had a blood
alcohol content of .08 or higher.
Speeding-related accidents accounted for 27% of fatalities.
The even-worse situation is when that last-minute braking scenario turns into a fender bender.
Again, that time getting off the road causes even more residual traffic, especially when
“rubbernecking” is present.
But the truth is that much of the congestion caused by humans is due to a much simpler reason
than any of those listed above — driver training. Many of our fleet readers who have gone through
driver training programs likely agree. To get a license, a driver must show an understanding of the
rules of the road, not necessarily how to best merge onto a freeway or use the accelerator instead
of last-minute braking to deal with stop-and-go traffic. If all drivers went through the training and
fleet safety coaching that many fleet drivers do, it’s arguable that some traffic congestion could be
prevented.
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2. Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board - tasked to regulate transport route,
regulate franchising, prescribe fare rates, investigate traffic cases, perform judicial function,
promulgate rules, impose and collect fees, formulate and enforce rules and regulation for transport
operation for promotion of safety and convenience of public
3. Department of Transportation and Communications - in charge of planning programs
coordinating implementing and perform administrative function and promotion development and
regulation of dependable and coordinated network of transportation and communication in order
to have fast, safe, efficient and reliable postal transportation and communication services (EO No.
125.)
4. Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) - created under RA. 7924 and sets policies
concerning traffic in Metro Manila, coordinates and regulates implementation of program related
to traffic
5. Congress and Local Council - the branch of government primarily tasked to create laws for
the welfare of the public
6. Traffic Management Group (TMG) - the basis service of the PNP tasked to direct and control
traffic, perform accident investigation, enforce the laws and issue citations.
7. Judiciary - the branch of government that interprets the law through adjudication of cases
2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION
o is priceless gem in the entire scale of social order of the road
o is the process of inculcating to an individual the knowledge, skill, responsibilities and
values to become a fully developed person
o the key to smooth traffic flow is discipline and to acquire discipline people must be
educated
1. Education: Teach students and community members about walking and biking safely.
Education can happen through in-school curriculum, bike/ped safety assemblies,
newsletter blurbs, tips sheets, and send-home flyers.
2. Encouragement: Get students and parents excited about walking and biking by
hosting special events, walking school buses and bike trains, holding school wide
competitions, or celebrating walking and biking with student art or other projects.
3. Enforcement: Reduce negative behaviors such as speeding, double parking, or
disobeying traffic signals by working with local law enforcement. Officers can attend
walking events to monitor speeding activity or to build relationships with school
children and neighbors.
4. Evaluation: Check to see if your strategies are working! Schools and local
governments can record walking and biking rates, parent concerns, and traffic data to
evaluate the success of a SRTS program. Evaluation activities can help set goals and
establish baseline data for planning projects.
5. Engineering: Improve the physical walking and biking environment. Schools can
work with local government agencies to determine if infrastructure improvements are
needed to encourage students to walk or bike to school safely. (saferoutes.vermont.gov,
Copyright © 2020 State of Vermont)
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as registering motor vehicles, licensing of drivers and conductors, franchising of public utility
vehicles and enforcing land transportation rules and regulations.
The LTO also issues student permits (SP), which are a primary requirement for both the
non-professional and professional driver's licenses. All applicants are also required to pass both a
written and practical examination to be granted their license. The application process for any
license or permit may be done at any LTO Licensing Center and District/Extension Office.
Fixers
The Land Transportation Office and their various constituent branches and offices are
notorious for their corrupt employees who engage in the malpractice of hiring and colluding with
‘fixers’ to illicitly garner more income. Fixers litter the various branches of the LTO, offering
faster and/or easier transaction and procurement of official LTO paraphernalia at a more
expensive price than the standard fee. These fixers and their employers pocket the extra payment
in exchange for placing a client higher up in the queuing system, falsifying official government
documents, fabricating driving test and written test results, and many other illegal practices.
Section 11 of the Republic Act No. 9485 or the “Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007” lists
fixing and/or collusion with fixers as a grave offense, with the penalty being dismissal and
perpetual disqualification from public service. The fixers themselves can receive a penalty of
imprisonment not exceeding six years or a fine not less than Twenty Thousand Pesos (P20,000.00)
but not more than Two Hundred Thousand Pesos (P200,000.00) or both fine and imprisonment at
the discretion of the court.
August 29, 2017 marked the beginning of the five-year validity of drivers' licenses cards
issued by the LTO. Applications were accepted beginning October 2016 for driver's licenses as
well as renewals with five-year validity, however, issues with the printers' contracts stalled the
card printing for almost one year resulting in a backlog of 3.6 million driver's licenses which only
began to be processed September 2017.
Republic Act (RA) No. 10930 effectively amended Section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136,
otherwise known as the "Land Transportation (LTO) and Traffic Code" which was signed
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on August 2, 2017 by President Rodrigo Duterte to extend the validity of the driver's license from
three years to five years.
- According to the law, "Except for student permits, all drivers' licenses shall be valid for five
years reckoned from the birthdate of the licensee, unless sooner revoked or suspended."
This amendment also added that holders of nonprofessional and professional driver's licenses who
do not commit violations in RA 4136 or any other traffic laws during the five-year period "shall
be entitled to a renewal of such license of 10 years, subject to the restrictions as may be imposed
by the LTO."
Besides the amendments to the law, new improvements to the quality and security of the license
cards were introduced. The old cards with three-year validity were made from PVC, thermally
printed, and had limited security features. The new plastic license cards are laser engraved and
made of polycarbonate material which are more durable. The new cards also includes several new
security features. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transportation_Office_(Philippines)
ACTIVITY 1:
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
CHAPTER II
CONCEPT -TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
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Traffic Accident Management and Investigation:
To know what question to ask and what to look for, you must have some fundamental
bearing on accidents and their causes. When you speak of traffic accident, everybody knows what
you mean – SOMETHING WENT WRONG on the highway, either a wrecked car, somebody
injured or possibly killed.
In this relation, as traffic law enforcers, you should have knowledge of traffic accidents
and their investigations. (https://www.bigwas.com/2014/11/traffic-management-and-accident-
investigation-reviewer.html)
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TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DETERMINES THE FOLLOWING: (5W’s and1H)
a. WHAT happened?
Accidents are generally investigated for four (4) main reasons, depending on who does the
investigation:
a. Everyone involved is curious about the causes and circumstances of the accident.
b. Police are also interested in finding out whether there is enough evidence of law violation
in the accident to take enforcement action.
c. Claims attorneys and adjusters want to determine negligence on the part of the drivers
involved in the accident so that damage claims can be properly adjusted.
d. Officials and other want specific information about accidents to know how to prevent
future accidents.
Reckless Driving:
Reckless Driving - Who is a reckless driver? The Department of Justice defines a reckless driver
when he operates a motor vehicle without reasonable caution. Without reasonable caution means:
(https://www.philstar.com/metro/2011/06/04/692501/doj-defines-reckless-driving#:~:text=The%20DOJ,
2011)
1) Not considering the width, traffic, grades, crossing, curvatures, visibility and other conditions
of the highway and the conditions of the atmosphere and weather;
2) Endangering the property or the safety or rights of any person; and
3) Causing excessive or unreasonable damage to the highway.
In short, “every time a person operates a motor vehicle in violation of traffic rules, at the risk of
harming others and with less than the full attention, focus and skill required of every driver, he is
driving recklessly.”
Legal basis: Article 365 Art. 365. Imprudence and negligence. — Any person who, by reckless
imprudence, shall commit any act which, had it been intentional, would constitute a grave felony,
shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its
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medium period; if it would have constituted a less grave felony, the penalty of arresto mayor in its
minimum and medium periods shall be imposed; if it would have constituted a light felony, the
penalty of arresto menor in its maximum period shall be imposed.
Reckless imprudence consists in voluntary, but without malice, doing or falling to do an act from
which material damage results by reason of inexcusable lack of precaution on the part of the
person performing of failing to perform such act, taking into consideration his employment or
occupation, degree of intelligence, physical condition and other circumstances regarding persons,
time and place. (Republic Act 3815 otherwise know the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.)
The Department of Justice (DOJ) warns that reckless driving–including over-speeding, drunk
driving, and distracted driving–is punishable under Republic Act 4136.
1. Over-speeding - Over speeding are called “Killer Highways” because of the number of
accidents they cause. A proper speed prescribed by the law is described as:
A speed that is careful and prudent, not greater or less than what is reasonable and proper
considering traffic, road and other existing conditions
A speed that will not endanger the life, limb and property of any person
A speed that will permit a driver to bring his vehicle to a stop within the assured clear
distance ahead
2. Drunk-driving - One’s degree of “drunkenness” may depend upon the blood alcohol content
indicator.
According to DOJ, national laws should adopt such an indicator similar to initiatives already
started at the level of the local government units (LGUs). For instance, Navotas and Makati City
defines a drunk driver “if he registers a Blood Alcohol Content level of 0.06% within one (1) hour
of his apprehension.”
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damages caused, a person may be charged with crimes such as physical injuries, damage to
property or even homicide and murder.” (https://doj.gov.ph/files/advisory, 2011)
What should an erring driver do in case he is guilty of reckless driving that resulted to
damages or injuries on the road? The offender is mandated and obliged to do the following:
1) Show his license and give his true name and address;
2) Give the true name and address of the owner of the motor vehicle; and
3) Render assistance to the victim. (https://doj.gov.ph/files/advisory. 2011)
The third one is important. Reckless drivers SHOULD help their victims. Otherwise, the offender
shall be held liable for the crime of Abandonment of One’s Own Victim, punishable under Article
275 of the Revised Penal Code.
Distracted driving is punishable by a fine ranging from PHP5,000 to PHP20,000, with the
possibility of suspending/revocation of the driver’s license. Final word, it’s important to note that
reckless driving, drunk driving, and distracted driving don’t have to result in damages, injuries or
death to be punishable by law. (Traffic Accident Mngt and Investigation, DOJ – 2017).
ACTIVITY 2:
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
7. What should an erring driver do in case he is guilty of reckless driving that resulted to
damages or injuries on the road?
SPEED LIMIT
Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway shall drive the same at careful and prudent
speed, not greater nor less than what is reasonable and proper, having due regard for the traffic,
the width of the highway and any other condition then and there existing, and no person shall
drive any motor vehicle upon a highway at such speed as to endanger the life, limb and property
of any person, nor at a speed greater than will permit him to bring the vehicle to stop within the
assured clear distance ahead.
40 km/hour 30 km/hour
On city and municipal streets with light traffic, when not designated
"Through Streets".
30 km/hour 30 km/hour
1. (LTFRB) Memorandum Circular #91-014-Allowing Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) to ply out of
line, emergency, and personal use of the operator’s immediate family.
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4. LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS NUMBER 229 - Directing the installation of Early
Warning Device on Motor Vehicles.
5. RA 7924 Metropolitan Manila Development Authority - An act that provides that the
MMDA shall enforce all Laws and regulations in Metro Manila thru its Traffic Operation
Center.
6. MMDA Regulation Number 96-003 - Authorizing Traffic Law Enforcer Agencies to TOW
and IMPOUND stalled motor vehicles and / or attachment thereof in any public road, street or
thoroughfare within Metropolitan Manila and providing penalties thereof.
Stalled Vehicle – Shall mean any motor vehicle and / or its attachment which for any
cause is unable to proceed under its own motive power and is on a public road, street
or thoroughfare such as:
Mechanical and / or engine failure
Electrical and / or battery failure
No fuel or gasoline; and
A flat tires and cannot move under its own motive power due to its heavy load.
7. Republic Act 8750 - An act requiring the mandatory compliance by motorists of private and
public vehicles to use seat belt devices, and requiring vehicle manufacturers to install seat belt
devices in all their manufactured vehicles.
9. DOTC Memorandum Circular Number 19-005 - Prescribing proper conduct and decorum
during confrontation with or apprehension or traffic laws, ordinances, rules and regulations
violators.
11. Republic Act 8749 - Clean Air Act of 1999 – An act providing for a comprehensive Air
Pollution Control Policy.
12. The general procedure for dealing with a traffic violation is not the arrest of the
offender, but the confiscation of the driver’s license Under R.A. 4136, or the Land
Transportation and Traffic Code, the general procedure for dealing with a traffic violation is
not the arrest of the offender, but the confiscation of the driver’s license of the latter.
13. The Revised Penal Code – “Art. 208. Prosecution of offenses; negligence and tolerance. –
The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period and suspension shall be imposed
upon any public officer, or officer of the law, who, in dereliction of the duties of his office,
shall maliciously refrain from instituting prosecution for the punishment of violators of the
law, or shall tolerate the commission of offenses.”
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14. The Civil Code – “Art. 27. Any person suffering material or moral loss because a public
servant or employee refuses or neglects, without just cause, to perform his official duty may
file an action for damages and other relief against the latter, without prejudice to any
disciplinary administrative action that may be taken.”
15. “Art. 34. When a member of a city or municipal police force refuses or fails to render aid or
protection to any person in case of danger to life or property, such peace officer shall be
primarily liable for damages, and the city or municipality shall be subsidiarily responsible
therefor. The civil action herein recognized shall be independent of any criminal,
proceedings, and a preponderance of evidence shall suffice to support such action.”
16. “Art. 2189. Provinces, cities and municipalities shall be liable for damages for the death of,
or injuries suffered by, any person by reason of the defective condition of roads, streets,
bridges, public buildings, and other public works under their control or supervision.”
17. The Local Government Code – “Sec. 24. Liability for Damages. – Local government units
and their officials are not exempt from liability for death or injury to persons or damage to
property.”
20. Republic Act No. 10930 - An act rationalizing and strengthening the policy regarding Driver's
License by extending the validity period of Driver's Licenses, and penalizing acts in violation
of its issuance and application, amending for those purposes section 23 of Republic Act No.
4136, as amended by Batas Pambansa Blg. 398 and Executive Order No. 1011, otherwise
known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code
21. Republic Act No. 10913 - An Act Defining and Penalizing Distracted Driving
22. Republic Act No. 10666 - An Act Providing for the Safety of Children Aboard Motorcycles
23. Republic Act No. 10586 - An Act Penalizing Persons Driving Under the Influence of
Alcohol, Dangerous Drugs, and Similar Substances, and for Other Purposes
24. Republic Act No. 10054 - An Act Mandating All Motorcycle Riders to Wear Standard
Protective Motorcycle Helmets While Driving and Providing Penalties Thereof
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25. Republic Act No. 8794 - An Act Imposing a Motor Vehicle User's Charge on Owners of all
Types of Motor Vehicles and for Other Purposes
26. Republic Act No. 8750 - An Act Requiring the Mandatory Compliance by Motorists of
Private and Public Vehicles to Use Seat Belt Devices, and Requiring Vehicle Manufacturers to
Install Seat Belt Devices in All Their Manufactured Vehicles
27. Republic Act No. 8749 - An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Policy
and for Other Purposes
28. Republic Act No. 8730 - An Act Requiring the mandatory Compliance by Motorists of
Private and Public Vehicles to Use Seat Belt Devices and Requiring Vehicle Manufacturers to
Install Seat Belt Devices in All Their Manufactured Vehicles
29. Republic Act No. 4136 - An Act to Compile the Laws Relative to Land Transportation and
Traffic Rules, to Create a Land Transportation Commission and for Other Purposes.
(https://www.lto.gov.ph/issuances/republic-act.html, 2020.
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES:
PRIVATE – motor vehicle shall not be used for hire
under any circumstance (green green)
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(President Arroyo abolished the OSG's protocol plate number '13' by virtue of Executive
Order No. 400-A)
• 11 - Chairman of the Commission on Elections
• 12 - Cabinet Undersecretary
• 14 - Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines and Chief, Philippine National Police
• 16 - Regional Trial Court Judges
• 17 - First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, Municipal Trial
Court in Cities and Shari'ah Circuit courts), added by Memorandum Order No. 297 signed by
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 2, 2009.
(https://dotr.gov.ph/images/issuances/DO/2015/13.pdf)
Geographical designation
• "A" - Region I (Ilocos Region) and CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)
• "B" - Region II (Cagayan Valley Region)
• "C", "R" - Region III (Central Luzon Region), "R" are overflow series since the "C" series
has been exhausted
• "D", "V" - Regions IV-A (CALABARZON) and IV-B (MIMAROPA), "V" are overflow
series
• "E" - Region V (Bicol Region)
• "F" - Region VI (Western Visayas Region)
• "G", "Y" - Region VII (Central Visayas Region), "Y" are overflow series
• "H" - Region VIII (Eastern Visayas Region)
• "J" - Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) and ARMM
• "K" - Regions X and XIII (Northern Mindanao and Caraga)
• "L" - Region XI (Davao Region)
• "M" - Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
• "N" - National Capital Region, 1981-1982, 2009-2010
• "P" - National Capital Region, 1982-1991, 2010-present
• "T" - National Capital Region, 1991-1995
• "U" - National Capital Region, 1995-1997
• "W" - National Capital Region, 1997-2001
• "X" - National Capital Region, 2001-2005
• "Z" - National Capital Region, 2005-2009
I, O and Q are previously not used to avoid confusion with the numbers "1" & "0". But with
the recent exhaustion of the "Z" series, they are already used by reverting to the old "N"
series. A new serial scheme is implemented using these characters, instead of the third letter
coming into series (e.g. after ZAA-999 has been reached, ZAB-100) the middle letter is the
one being replaced (e.g. after NAI-999 series has been exhausted, NBI-100 will follow)
Special designation
• "S" - Government
• "P", "T", "U" - Public utility vehicles (they usually begin with these letters but not always).
They always (since 1999) have "V", "W", "X", or "Y" in the middle of the letter block
(LLL).
e.g. PWM 757
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Personalized plates
A motorist who would like to have personalized plates can have any letter combination he fancies
upon three conditions:
1. It is unique i.e., the plate does not have a registered duplicate anywhere else in the
Philippines.
2. The plate should not have the same format as government vehicles.
3. The motorist can afford to pay its PHP 25,000 ($500+) price tag.
There were many variations prior to the current format, and it depends on who is the
incumbent president; the trend of the slogan on the license plate first began within the Ramos
administration and followed by the next two presidents. This can be seen on what the slogan is
written at the bottom of the plate.
• PILIPINAS (most common format) (1981-1995, 2001-2003)
• PHILIPPINES 2000 (1995-2000)
• ANGAT PINOY 2004 (2000-2001)
• PERLAS NG SILANGAN (2001-2002)
• MATATAG NA REPUBLIKA (2003-present)
National capital region
N - 1979-1981
P - 1981-1991
T - 1991-1995
U - 1995-1997
W - 1997-2000
X - 2000-2004
Z - 2004 to present
LAST DIGIT OF THE LICENSE PLATE NR
1 - January
2 - February
3 - March
4 - April
5 - May
6 - June
7 - July
8 - August
9 - September
0 - October
Middle digit
Number Week days
1, 2,3 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
4, 5, 6 8,9,10,11,12,12,14
7, 8, 15,16,17,18,19,20,21
9, 0 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
29, 30, 31
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Philippines,2020)
ACTIVITY 3:
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
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1. What are the classification of vehicles, enumerate at least 3 and explain?
2. What is the best remedy for traffic enforcer in case of any violations of traffic rules, explain at
least 3 paragraphs?
3. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NUMBER 96 - Declaring unlawful use or attachment of siren, bells,
horns, whistles. What are the exception? Enumerate at least 7?
4. Enumerate at least 5 Special laws in connection with traffic laws?
5. What do you understand “Stalled Vehicle?”
6. Memorize ““Art. 2189. Provinces, cities and municipalities shall be liable for damages for the
death of, or injuries suffered by, any person by reason of the defective condition of roads, streets,
bridges, public buildings, and other public works under their control or supervision.
7. Enumerate at least 5 exception on the rule of speed limit?
Definition of Terms
“Doctrine of the Last Clear Chance” - “The doctrine of the last clear chance” should
serve to guide the conduct of all drivers. In layman’s language, it mean “The Driver
who is better position to prevent the accident has the responsibility of preventing the
accident”. The prevention of traffic accident is first responsibility of all drivers.
Non-Traffic – it is a movement of traffic units in traffic way other than the public
thoroughfare.
Motor Vehicle Accident – Any accident that results in unintended injury or property
damage attributed directly or indirectly to the motion of a motor vehicle on a road.
Motor Vehicle – any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power
using the public highway.
Non-collision on road:
a. overturning
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b. Other non-collision
Sequential factor:
a. speed is greater or less than safe
b. defective vehicle
Operational factor:
a. road hazards
b. driver’s non compliance to traffic laws
Perception factor:
a. driver’s in ability to react promptly to a situation
b. driver’s faulty action to escape collision course
Fatal accident - Any motor vehicle accident that results in death to one or more persons.
Non-fatal accident - Any motor vehicle accident that results in injuries other than fatal (death) to
one or more persons.
Property damage accident - Is any motor vehicle accident where there is no death or injury to
person but only to the motor vehicle or to another property injury or death to animal.
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(https://www.coursehero.com/file/p5q2jah/Collision-between-automobiles-on-a-highway-
CHAIN-OF-EVENTS-IN-A-VEHICULAR)
CHAPTER III
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY,
TRAFFIC UNIT AND CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT and
Kinds of Traffic Accident
a. Property Damage Accident – is any motor vehicle accident where three is no fatal or
injury to any person but only damage to the motor vehicle or to other property
including injury to animals.
c. Non-FataL Injury Accident – any motor vehicle accident that results in injuries
other than fatal to one or more persons.
c.1 Less Serious – accidents causing less serious injuries to persons.
c.2 Serious – causing serious injuries to persons.
d. Fatal – any motor vehicle accidents that results in death to one or more persons.
TRAFFIC UNIT – is any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a pedestrian
or driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is using. It applies not only to motor vehicle but also
to:
Pedestrians;
Cyclists;
Street cars;
Horse-drawn (animal-drawn) vehicles;
Farm tractors; and
Other road users in almost any combination.
Concept of HAZARDS:
HAZARDS – A hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationships between a traffic unit and
another object develops due to the movement of either or both.
Example: A curve in the path is a hazard. Another traffic unit in the path is also a hazard.
SAFE SPEED – The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road and traffic situation
ahead. Safe speed on the road is determined by the road rather than the particular driver of a vehicle.
Example: A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe speed for it is a speed at which it can be taken
comfortably.
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PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – Seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the unusual or
unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as a sight of an accident about to
happen.
The dangerous combination of speed, soft edges and animals was to blame for the inexperienced driver
losing control and rolling the vehicle. While the vehicle was a ‘write-off’, the driver and passengers
escaped unharmed, but learned first-hand the many hidden dangers of common road hazards and to be
cautious at all times.
The first thing for drivers to do is slow down. Your speed should be no faster than 80km/hr.
Inexperienced drivers should avoid driving on dirt roads at night. A good way to visualise the hazard is to
liken the tyre to driving on a road surface of ball bearings. If you should hit a verge, don’t panic, hit the
brakes or pull the wheel.
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During extended dry spells road surfaces accumulate grease, grime, oil and other contaminants, which get
baked onto the surface by the harsh sun. When the rain eventually falls, these substances create a slimy,
slippery surface that provides a challenge to driver stability. It is similar to the effect black ice has when
you’re driving. It’s invisible so if you’re driving at too great a speed, you may find your car skating across
the road with little to no traction.
It is also important to check tyres regularly, including tread and pressures to keep them at optimal
performance and safety.
Be aware that one of the danger times for hitting animals and wildlife is at dusk.
Drive slower than you normally would and if there are no approaching vehicles, keep your lights on high
beam. If the situation should arise, it is always best to avoid swerving – because as already explained, that
will place you in danger of several other common road hazards.
In the event of an animal suddenly appearing on the road, the best course of action is to put on the brakes,
sound your horn and flash the lights
4 – Flooded roads
Signs of fatigue are many and in some cases, hard to pinpoint. A feeling of vagueness or a dreamy-like
state, restlessness, sore eyes, headache, yawning and difficulty maintaining concentration are just some
things to look out for.
Drink water, take a brisk walk and refresh.
Be aware of how long you have been awake and driving. Don’t start your journey after working all day (if
you can avoid it) and take a break every couple of hours.
Drink water, take a brisk walk and refresh. Australia has many driver reviver stops along its roadways —
many of which offer free coffee and biscuits — providing the perfect excuse to break the journey.
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Using Turn or Hand Signals
ACTIVITY : 4
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
1. What are five (5) Common road hazards and how to deal with them?
3. What are the reasons why we should “Obey the Traffic Laws?
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CHAPTER IV
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT and
STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY THE POLICE AS A TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER
STEP ONE
A. ASKED FIRST:
1. When did the accident happen?
2. Exactly where was it?
3. How bad was it?
4. Did you see the accident happened?
5. Where can you be reached?
STEP TWO
B. ARRANGE FOR ANY HELP: START FOR THE SCENE: With two way radio, you can do
two things while on the way.
Step 1
a. CHOOSE BEST APPROACH: Consider:
1. Time
2. Possible traffic jams
3. Possible route of driver involved and
4. Probable situation at scene.
b. DRIVE SAFELY:
Get there safely, if you get involved in accident yourself then other units
must be used.
Step 2
1. Look for congestion or potential congestions.
2. Direct traffic or have it directed.
3. CARE FOR INJURED:
a. Stop arterial bleeding
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b. Call for help if necessary
c. Help injured from cars safely
d. Ask for emergency assistance from bystanders from any where.
4. LOCATE DRIVERS:
i. Consider possibility of hit and run accident and need to alert headquarters.
ii. Look for witnesses at scene, arrange to question and get names and addresses.
Step 3
g. Photography:
1. Photograph skidmark and location of vehicles.
2. Mark skidmark location for later measurement.
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h. Record place to which injured persons or damage vehicles were or will be taken.
Step 4
AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCES:
a. Suggestion to drivers:
1. How much accidents can be avoided in the future.
2. Tell drivers what reports they must make and dismiss them.
3. Approach the scene by path of each traffic unit involved.
b. Look for:
1. View obstructions.
2. Traffic control devices, etc.
3. Probable points of perception.
4. Road surface conditions.
c. Complete examinations of vehicles.
d. Locate key event of accident.
e. Make additional photographs of vehicle damage.
1. Vehicle damage
2. View obstruction
3. Pavement’s conditions
4. Control devices, and general view, etc.
Step 5
AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE:
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d. Have specimens analyzed if were taken for chemical / laboratory test.
h. Decide whether analysis of accident is warranted by the time available for making it.
i. Reconstruction of the accident.
1. Estimate speeds of vehicles involved.
2. Draw scale diagram
3. Analyze angle of collision
4. Get technical help if necessary, and
5. Summarize opinions
m. Inform other Agencies or departments of any condition at the scene which needs attention for
safety.
Step 6
IF CASE GOES TO COURT:
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ACTIVITY 5:
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
6. What are five (5) Common road hazards and how to deal with
them?
CHAPTER V
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REPORT and LISTING FOR INVESTIGATING ACCIDENTS:
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B. Preparation of Traffic Accident report:
1. By a competent bonafide traffic accident investigator.
2. Requirements for an investigator in the submission of report such as evidence gathered,
diagrams, sketches as well as sworn statements of witnesses.
3. Traffic Accident Investigation Report will be accomplished in five (5) copies:
A. For the Court or Prosecutor’s Office;
B. For TRAFCOM;
C. For the Investigator
D. For the Insurance company of Party-involved #1; and
E. For the Insurance company of Party-involved #2.
The following check list will assist the accident investigation to evaluate the quality of his
investigations. It may be used as an administrative tool to determine the quality of accident
investigation that will be used as a standard.
(Check One)
STEPS IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT : : Yes : : No :
INVESTIGATION : Good : Fair : Poor : :
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IX. Secure Written Statement of Drivers
1. Drivers asked to write out their story : : : : :
2. Drivers asked to sign statement they made : : : : :
3. Signed statement obtained : : : : :
4. Procedure handled efficiently by
investigators : : : : :
ACTIVITY 6:
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
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1. What is the process of “Preparation of Traffic Accident report?”
3. What are the reasons why we should “Obey the Traffic Laws?
CHAPTER VI
SKIDMARKS: AS A TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
A. SKIDMARKS, defined.
One of the main reasons for studying and measuring skid marks at the scene of a traffic accident is
to get some idea how fast the car which left these marks was going prior to the accident.
Estimates of speed based on skid marks sometimes lead to convictions in connection with an
accident. On the other hand, knowing how to estimate speed correctly may help to keep an innocent
person from being convicted.
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For example, skid marks 80 feet long were measured at an accident scene. A test skid made 20
miles per hour showed 20 feet long skid marks.
It was argued in court that with skid marks 20 feet long from a speed of 20 miles per hour, the car
must be going 80 miles per hour to leave 80 feet skid marks. The driver was unjustly convicted. His
actual speed was more nearly half of that, or 40 miles per hour.
Evidence of additional speed. A car is somewhat going faster and often faster is calculated from
skid marks because in addition to losing speed is sliding the distance shown by the skid marks, the car
also losses some of its speed on one or more of the following ways:
2. BRAKING WITHOUT SKIDDING - Before sliding begins during gaps after marks and
before the car comes to rest. Usually, braking just the wheels start to slide actually shows the
car more than after the wheels starts to slide.
3. DRAGGING THE CAR AS IT HITS SOME OBJECT - The crumpling ands mashing some of
parts of the car slows the car down rapidly.
In many accident of course, other is evidence of terrific speed is the WRECKAGE (EXTENT OF
DAMAGE), but there are no skid marks at all because brakes were not put on hard enough to lock the
wheels.
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In an accident in which brakes are put on just before contact of vehicles, the skid marks maybe
only two or three feet long and therefore, show a speed of only five or six miles per hour. Whereas, the
wreckage tells us that the total speed may have been ten times as great.
In accident in which most of the speed is lost in skidding, the speed calculated from skid marks
may come close to showing how fast he car was actually going. Accidents involving pedestrians are the
most common ones of this kind.
In any accident in which great damage was done will skid marks show more than small part of the
speed, often a very minor part of it; but if the skid marks have been rightly identified and measured, it can
be said that the car was going faster than the speed calculated from the skid marks, much faster if there
was considerable damage.
How far a car will take to skid or slide to stop when all four wheels are locked depends on many
things. Three of these factors are important, and you must consider them in every estimate of speeds
based on skid marks.
Every driver knows, of course, that it takes much longer to stop on pavements that are slippery,
and that he can stop more quickly on an upgrade than downgrade road.
Of many other factors on which distance depends, none has had a very great effect. Most of them
will affect a calculated speed by only a few miles per hour. They therefore have a little effect on the
speed calculated form the skid marks usually not more than a couple of miles per hour.
2. WEIGHT OF THE CAR - Makes a great difference in stopping distance before the wheels lock, but
once they have locked, it makes a very little difference. It is true that it takes much greater pressure to
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lock the wheels on a vehicles when it is heavily loaded than it is empty. However, when the wheels are
once locked, a greater weight of the vehicle, which gives it greater momentum, also causes it to press
harder on the road surface and therefore, give it a corresponding greater drag from the pavement.
3. TIRE TREAD - On the most ordinary surfaces, a smooth tire and one with a deep tread pattern will
stop the car in about the same distance. On some other surfaces, particularly on ice, a smooth tread is
better because it distributes the weight over greater area.
4. AIR PRESSURE - Makes a very slight difference in stopping distance. On ice, for example, soft
tire will distribute the weight a little more and give somewhat better traction.
5. TIRE MATERIAL - There is a slight difference between tires made of synthetic and those made
of natural rubber.
6. ROAD SURFACE - Of surfaces such as mud, snow, and on ice, tires equipped with chains have
a better road-gripping capacity. On some hard pavements, however, chains may decrease road
gripping capacity.
7. DIRECTION OF SLIDES - Makes a slight but unimportant difference. A tire will lengthwise
except in materials so soft that it ploughs or sinks.
8. TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR AND ROAD SURFACE - Make some difference. In general,
on ordinary pavements, hot weather produces longer stopping distance. This is not necessary on
ice and snow.
9. AGAINST A HEAD WIND - A car will slide a little farther from given speed with a tall wind
than against a head wind, but this is not a matter of great importance. For most ordinary purposes,
you do not have to consider those minor factors in establishing speeds from skid marks.
G. LENGTH OF SKIDMARKS
In determining the Length of Skidmars, consider the following:
2. Did all wheels slide or just some of them? It makes little difference if tire is sliding forward or
sidewise.
3. Are there any gaps in the skid marks? Be sure there are gaps caused by a release of brake pedal
pressured and not skids caused by bounced.
4. What is the length of each skid marks around any curves; it may not make straight from beginning
to the end in the shortest line. You may want to consider two separate lengths for each skid
marks. One of these is based on the part of the skid mark you can positively identify. It gives you
speed which will be minimum beyond reasonable doubt. The others is a possible skid mark which
will give you a more likely speed. The first is all you can use in court, the second is often much
useful in figuring out just what did happen in the accident.
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5. Use the length that the wheel skid, not the tire slid. Dual tires which leave two marks are
considered as one wheel, and the skid mark length is counted if either tire on the wheel leaves this
mark.
H. REACTION TIME
Reaction Time - This is the distance traveled before applying the brakes:
a. Divide seconds in an hour (3, 600) into feet in a mile (5, 280) = 1, 467.
b. To determine distance you will travel in one second, multiply 1.467 (1.47 or 1.50) times
the speed which you are traveling.
c. Time to get foot off the accelerator and slam it on the brake is ¾ of a second on the
average. The age of the driver should be considered.
d. 1.5 x speed = length in feet covered before brake works for you.
a. The officer submits as evidence in a case the measurements of the skid marks and the Court
interprets the facts in the light of other evidence.
b. Some police departments have their officers skid a vehicle to a stop from the legal speed limit,
if this can be done safely, and compare the skid marks with those in the accident.
J.MEASUREMENT OF SKIDMARKS
a. Should meet legal standards. Officers measuring the skid marks and the distances to
embankment of other fixed constructions should verify each other’s measurements so that they
can corroborate each other’s testimony in court.
b. Evidence should be presented to show that the skid marks were made by the suspect car.
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Energy and vehicle speed. An automobile moving at any speed possesses energy. As the speed of
the vehicle increases, the resulting energy developed is said to increase as the square of the ratio of the
increase in speed.
EXAMPLES:
20 kph = 40
30 kph = 90
40 kph = 160
M. TEST RUNS;
Steps; Calculations for speeds from skid marks:
In making calculations for speeds from skid marks, it is often necessary to conduct one or more
test runs, using the vehicle involved in the accident or, if it cannot be driven, another vehicle of similar
characteristics may be used.
a. Conditions should be the same as those existing when the accident occurred. The character of the
road, whether wet or dry, should be the same.
b. Conduct tests on the same road surface and in the same direction.
c. The vehicle’s speedometer should be checked, and any difference from accurate calibrations
should be noted.
d. A speed consistent with safety, such as 20 or 30 miles per hour, should be selected for the test run.
e. Brakes should be applied suddenly and as hard as possible when the car is moving at the selected
test speed.
i. To avoid possible differences in the application of brakes by the driver, it may be advisable to
have the driver of the accidents vehicle drive the car in the test runs.
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N. SPEED CALCULATION - When a vehicle is stopped solely by skidding, it is possible to calculate
the speed of the vehicle at the beginning of the skid by using the formula based on the principle that the
skidding or braking distance vary as the square of the speed.
The following are some of the formulas being used in conducting reconstruction, particularly
the speed estimates (mph) to wit:
WHERE:
S = speed (mph)
D = distance (feet)
ACTIVITY 7:
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
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3. What are the reasons why we should “Obey the Traffic Laws?
6. What are the effects if the car in a traffic accident cannot be driven?
CHAPTER VII
Debris, Damage, Scratches and Gouges
Debris
A. Vehicle debris
Vehicle debris is detached material from a
vehicle. It results when the vehicle strikes or is struck
by something else. The primary use of vehicle debris is
to determine the point of impact. In hit-and-run cases,
vehicle debris can be used to help identify the suspect
vehicle and help determine the vehicle's direction and
actions after the impact.
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b. Parts of the vehicle, such as chrome, glass, paint marks.
c. Vehicle fluids, such as water, gas, oil.
d. Cargo, either solid or fluid.
e. Road materials, such as dirt, tar, asphalt.
f. Body fluid from victims, such as blood.
g. Clothing from victims.
B. Damage:
Damage includes, that occurring to the vehicles and to the roadway or fixed objects along
the roadway. Damage can provide information concerning the chain of events, color of vehicles,
damaged areas on vehicles, and may indicate the final resting position of vehicles. Vehicle
damage may be either contact or induced.
D. Tire Marks
Tire marks are the marks left at the scene of an accident by the vehicles involved. They are caused
by rotating or sliding tires. The table below shows the types of marks. Tire marks are the prime
means of estimating minimum speed of vehicles, and the path of vehicles before, during and after
impact.
Imprints--Tires rolling through soft materials such as mud, dirt or sand leave imprints.
Scuff Marks--Scuff marks are left on the road by tires that are sliding or
scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.
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When a wheel is not rotating and the vehicle is in motion, the tire is sliding. There are five types
of marks left by a sliding tire. These are skidmarks, yaw marks, a combination of skid and yaw
marks, skip skids and gap skids.
Skid marks--These marks can appear as a straight or broken line. They occur when brakes are locked and
the vehicle continues moving in the original direction. There is a distinct difference between front tire and
rear tire skid marks. Front tire marks appear dark on the outer edges and light in the center; while rear tire
marks are darker in the center and light on the outside edge.
Skip skidmarks are caused when a braking wheel jumps over a rut, bump or hole. They may also
be left by rear wheels which are jumping on the springs. Skips are usually one or two feet (.4 to .5
meters) long, but may be longer if the vehicle was traveling at a high rate of speed.
If photographs of the marks are needed, they should be taken first. Next, the dark portions
and the shadow should be marked with chalk. The shadow is viewed by looking at the skid from a
low angle, such as with your eyes approximately one foot above the ground. Measurements are
then made. Skip skids are included in the measurements--gap skids are not included.
ACTIVITY 9:
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
The objective of the investigation of motor vehicle accident involving the flight of one of the
participants in Two Fold.
First, responsibility for the collision must be determined and secondly, the identity of the driver
of the vehicle who fled the scene must be established,
This text will discuss the latter of these objectives, the identification of the driver who left the
scene without complying with the legal requirement of stopping, giving aid and identifying himself to the
other participants.
b) If the driver reports the accident to the nearest officers of the law; or
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3. TWO IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS - In any investigation of this kind of accident, two basic
considerations must be kept in mind. These are:
1. The driver who flees the scene of an accident is not necessarily the driver responsible
for the accident - His reason for flight are often more important than the simple evasion
of responsibility. He may be wanted for another crime, or intoxicated, or without a valid
license, etc.
2. The hit-and-run driver often will report the damage to his own vehicle as having been
the result of another hit-and-run accident in which some “other mysterious driver”
fled without identifying himself - Similarly, it is not unusual for the hit-and-run driver
to abandon his vehicle and then report it stolen as a means of covering up his involvement
in the accident.
As stated earlier, the basic objectives of these investigations is the identification of the driver who
fled the scene. The discovery and arrest of the driver, once identified generally comes after the location
and of the vehicle.
However, the mere recovery of the vehicle does not always immediately establish the identity of
the driver.
4. ELEMENTS OF HIT-AND-RUN
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5. CLASSES OF HIT-AND-RUN DRIVERS
a. Drunk drivers
e.
Ignorance of the accident.
f.
Driver who flees in panic
g.
Drug addicts.
h.
Insurance or financial reasons.
i. Juveniles.
2. Get the license plate and any unusual features of the vehicle.
4. Dispatch initial description and all subsequent information to the Headquarters and
to police agencies that may assist in spotting and stopping the suspect vehicle.
5. Broadcast descriptions of the suspected car and river to all police units and offices.
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2. Carefully preserve and label all evidence found at the scene.
3. Request laboratory study of evidence.
4. Watch out for the possible return of the hit-and-run driver to the scene of the
accident. This has been known to happen.
e. the Victim
1. Check his clothing; other parts of his body, tire marks, grease, paint chips,
fragments, and such things that might have been left on him by the suspect car.
2. If the victim is killed, get samples of uncontaminated blood from him at the
morgue and samples of hair, skin, etc.
3. Collect and preserve for laboratory examination, the clothes, shoes, and other items
he was wearing at the time of the accident.
7. FOLLOW UP INVESTIGATION
a. Interview persons living along the route taken by the hit-and-run driver;
also operators of filling stations and garages.
b. Canvass parking lots and other filling stations
CHAPTER IX - DRIVING
Basic Concepts, Principles and Safety Tips
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A. Basic Concepts - As a defensive driver, you can avoid crashes and help lower your risk behind the
wheel. If you've been out on the roads, you know that not everyone drives well — but most people think
they do. Some drivers speed aggressively. Others wander into another lane because they aren't paying
attention. Drivers may follow too closely, make sudden turns without signaling, or weave in and out of
traffic.
Aggressive drivers are known road hazards, causing one third of all traffic crashes. But inattentive
or distracted driving is becoming more of a problem as people "multitask" by talking on the phone,
texting or checking messages, eating, or even watching TV as they drive.
You can't control the actions of other drivers. But updating your defensive driving skills can help
you avoid the dangers caused by other people's bad driving.
B. Principles and Safety Tips – Skills That Put You in Control. Before you get behind the wheel of that
two-ton frame of glass and steel, here are some tips to help you stay in control:
Stay focused. Driving is primarily a thinking task, and you have a lot of things to think about
when you're behind the wheel: road conditions, your speed and position, observing traffic laws,
signs, signals, road markings, following directions, being aware of the cars around you, checking
your mirrors — the list goes on. Staying focused on driving — and only driving — is critical to
safe driving.
Distractions, like talking on the phone or eating, make a driver less able to see potential problems and
properly react to them. It's not just teen drivers who are at fault: People who have been driving for a while
can get overconfident in their driving abilities and let their driving skills get sloppy. All drivers need to
remind themselves to stay focused.
Stay alert. Being alert (not sleepy or under the influence) allows you to react quickly to potential
problems — like when the driver in the car ahead slams on the brakes at the last minute.
Obviously, alcohol or drugs (including prescription and over-the-counter drugs) affect a driver's
reaction time and judgment. Driving while drowsy has the same effect and is one of the leading
causes of crashes. So rest up before your road trip.
Before making any turn, whether onto another roadway, a parking lot, another traffic lane, or
leaving a parked position, it is important that you signal.
Your signal lets other drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians know your intentions. You must give a
proper turn signal at least 100 ft (200 ft in some states, e.g.,Indiana) before turning or changing lanes.
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Consult your state's Drivers handbook for details. If your vehicle's turn signals do not work, use
hand signals as shown in the next slides.
When you drive defensively, you're aware and ready for whatever happens. You are cautious, yet ready to take
action and not put your fate in the hands of other drivers. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, 90%
of all crashes are attributed to driver error.
Following these defensive driving tips can help reduce your risk behind the wheel:
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increase your following distance an additional second for each condition such as rain, fog, nighttime driving, or
following a large truck or motorcycle.
5. Keep your speed down. Posted speed limits apply to ideal conditions. It's your responsibility to ensure that your
speed matches conditions. In addition, higher speeds make controlling your vehicle that much more difficult if
things go wrong. To maintain control of your vehicle, you must control your speed.
6. Have an escape route. In all driving situations, the best way to avoid potential dangers is to position your vehicle
where you have the best chance of seeing and being seen. Having an alternate path of travel also is essential, so
always leave yourself an out — a place to move your vehicle if your immediate path of travel is suddenly blocked.
7. Separate risks. When faced with multiple risks, it's best to
manage them one at a time. Your goal is to avoid having to deal
with too many risks at the same time.
8. Cut out distractions. A distraction is any activity that diverts
your attention from the task of driving. Driving deserves your full
attention — so stay focused on the driving task.
ACTIVITY 8:
Answer the question by explaining and giving examples. Provide
your answers in the box provided.
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~~~~~~~ References ~~~~~~
References
1. saferoutes.vermont.gov
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transportation_Office_(Philippines
)
3. https://www.bigwas.com/2014/11/traffic-management-and-accident-
investigation-reviewer.html
4. https://www.pinow.com/articles/2348/traffic-accident-investigations
5. https://www.philstar.com/metro/2011/06/04/692501/doj-defines-
reckless-driving#:~:text=The%20DOJ
6. https://www.coursehero.com/file/p5q2jah/Collision-between-
automobiles-on-a-highway-CHAIN-OF-EVENTS-IN-A-VEHICULAR
7. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/driving-safety.html
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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