Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

EMERY PAOLA CORREA RODRIGUEZ

Group 33
1096212761

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
 Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
28- 10- 2020
Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic
waves?

The wave propagation modes are:

 Direct propagation
 Propagation by terrestrial reflection.
 Propagation of atmospheric reflection.

2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an

electromagnetic wave?

The phenomenon of total reflection refers when the mirages are

produced by an extreme case of refraction and this is referred to as
total reflection. In other words, this phenomenon occurs when a ray
of light passes through a medium with refractive index n2 lower
than the refractive index n1 in which it is therefore refracts in such
a way that it is not able to cross the surface between both media
fully reflecting. Below is an image regarding total reflection.
(triplenlace, 2012)
Fig. 1 The propagation of light in fiber optics, Kaken: https://www.prored.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/prored-onda-
electromagnetica-reflexion-total-v1.png

3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an

electromagnetic wave?

The phenomenon of total refraction refers to the sum of the angles

of incidence and refraction which its Angle is 90 ° therefore the
reflection coefficient is canceled which means that the parallel
electric field is not reflected, but is completely refracted. (JOptics,
S.f).

Fig. 2 total refraction of an electromagnetic wave taken:

https://www.google.com.co/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seas.es%2Fblog%2Fautomatizacion%2Freflexion-y-
refraccion-de-la-luz-en-transmisiones-de-fibra-optica%2F&psig=AOvVaw1WLxYeGEgyDPE-
4LTvqRao&ust=1603986572082000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCNipr-jR1-wCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the
propagation of waves

The law of refraction or also known as Snell's law according to. It

establishes that the incident ray, the normal or the transmitted or
refracted ray, are in the same plane and that 𝑛1 sin(Ф1 ) = 𝑛2 sin(Ф2 );
as 𝑛1 𝑦 𝑛2 are the refractive indices of each medium and Ф1 is the
angle of incidence and Ф2 the refracted angle. On the other hand
according to Fig. 1 the possible paths are seen so that the light
propagates from a point A in the air to the point B in the glass,
The point P1 is on the straight line joining A and B, but this path
does not corresponds to the shortest travel time because the light
moves with less speed in the glass. (teleformacion.edu, S,f)

Fig. 3 Geometric construction of the law of refraction

Application: used to calculate the angle of refraction of light

when crossing the separation surface between two means of
propagation of light (or any electromagnetic wave) with
different refractive index. It can be used especially in
communications to transmit the different signals.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 = 33
corresponds to the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 761 to the last 3 digits of the
identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 33 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident

from the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an
intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (761 + 10) 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power
𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.

We carry out the corresponding activity, where:

Dates
𝐺𝐺 = 33
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 761
So
An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 33 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident
from the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an
intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (771) 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and
the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Reflection coefficient:
𝜂2 − 𝜂1
Г=
𝜂2 + 𝜂1
 771 − 120
Г = = 0.343
771 + 120

Г = 0.343

Reflectance:
𝑅 = |Γ|2
𝑅 = |0.343|2 = 0.117 → 11.7%

Transmittance:
𝑇 = 1−𝑅
𝑇 = 1 − 0.117 = 0.883 → 88.3%
Reflected power:
− 𝑚𝑊
𝑃 1 = 𝑅 ∗ 120 2
𝑚
−
𝑃 1 = 0.117 ∗ 120 = 14.13𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

Transmitted power
𝑃2+ = 𝑇 ∗ 120 𝑚𝑊 ⁄ 𝑚2
𝑚𝑊
𝑃2+ = 0.883 ∗ 120 = 105.8
𝑚2

2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *

 3. Paste the calculator image into the report.

If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.

* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the
meaning of the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+ .
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 33 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming
from a wave generator located 12𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges
from the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic
impedance 𝜂2 = (761 + 10) 𝛺 and 20𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a
non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other side of the
wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission 𝜏 seen by
the generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝒎𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ] the power 𝑷𝒕 that is
transmitted to the receiver.

𝜂3 + 𝑗𝜂2 tan(𝛽𝑥 )
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂2
𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂3 tan(𝛽𝑥 )

Were
𝜖 𝜔 2𝜋𝑓𝜂1
𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜖 = 𝜔√ = √𝜖𝑟 =
𝑐 2 𝜀0 𝑐 𝑐𝜂2

The medium after the wall is air:

Where

𝜂1 = 𝜂2

2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∗ 33 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 120𝜋Ω

𝛽= 𝑚
3 ∗ 108 𝑠 ∗ 771Ω

𝛽 = 0.337𝑚−1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Now

𝜂3 + 𝑗𝜂2 tan(𝛽𝑥 )
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂2
𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂3 tan(𝛽𝑥 )

120𝜋Ω + 𝑗771 Ω ∗ tan(0.337𝑚−1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∗ 0.2𝑚)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 771Ω = 378.30 + 39.66𝑖
771Ω + 𝑗120𝜋Ω ∗ tan(0.337𝑚−1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∗ 0.2𝑚)

The coefficent of Reflection seen by generator:

𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂1 378.30 + 39.66𝑖 − 120𝜋Ω

Γ1 = =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂1 378.30 + 39.66𝑖 + 120𝜋Ω

Γ1 = 0.00448 + 0.05228𝑖
The Reflectance
𝑅1 = |Γ1 |2
𝑅1 = |0.00448 + 0.05228𝑖 |2
𝑅1 = 0.00275 → 0.275%

Now
𝜏1 = 1 − 𝑅1
𝜏1 = 1 − 0.00275
𝜏1 = 09955 − 0.0522𝑖

So
𝑇1 = |𝜏1 |2
𝑇1 = |09955 − 0.0522𝑖 |2
𝑇1 = 0.993 → 99.3%
For the generator. For the receiver we must calculate de
reflectance and transmitance after the wall.
 𝜂3 − 𝜂2
Γ2 =
𝜂3 + 𝜂2
120𝜋Ω − 771Ω
Γ2 = = −0.343
120𝜋Ω + 771Ω

Now
𝑅2 = |Γ2 |2
𝑅2 = |−0.343|2
𝑅2 = 0.117 → 11.7%

The Transmitance
𝑇2 = 1 − 𝑅2
𝑇2 = 1 − 0.117
𝑇2 = 0.882 → 88.2%

Finish This mean that the total transmited is:

 𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇𝑡 = 0.993 ∗ 0.882
𝑻𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟕 → 𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟕%

𝑃𝑡+ = 𝑇𝑡 ∗ 𝑃1+
𝑚𝑊
𝑃𝑡+ = 0.8767 ∗ 120
𝑚2
𝒎𝑾
𝑷𝒕+ = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟐
𝒎𝟐
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as
shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at
point B, forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step
by step the total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note
that each layer is (761 + 10) 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at point C there is a total
refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is in layer 3
by calculating its refractive index.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
𝜂𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 1.31
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.00029
𝜂𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 1.5

𝑛ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑜 ∗ sin(𝜃1 )ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑜 = 𝑛𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑒 ∗ sin(𝜃2 )𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒

We replace
1.31 ∗ sin(44.9) = 1.00029 ∗ sin(𝜃)𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒

1.31sin(44.9)
sin−1 ( )
1.00029

sin(𝜃)𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 0.9244

sin(𝜃)𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 67.58°

We calculate the distance

𝑏
tan(𝜃) =
𝑎
So
𝑏
tan(67.58) =
771
𝑏 = 771 ∗ tan(67.58)
 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖

Snell's law at the Air-element interface d:

(𝜃)𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + (𝜃)𝑑 = 90°
67.58° + (𝜃)𝑑 = 90°
(𝜃)𝑑 = 22.42°

Now
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 ∗ sin(67.58)𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝑛𝑑 ∗ sin(22.42)𝑑

We replace
1.00029 ∗ sin(𝜃)𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 = 𝑛𝑑 ∗ sin(𝜃)𝑑
𝑛𝑑 = 2.42 → 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒

Distance
𝑑𝑏
tan(22.42) =
771
𝒅𝒃 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟗

Ley de Snell en la interfase Diamante-Vidrio:

𝑛𝑑𝑖 ∗ sin(𝜃)𝑑𝑖 = 𝑛𝑑 ∗ sin(𝜃)𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑜

So
2.42 ∗ sin(22.42)𝑑𝑖 = 1.5 ∗ sin(𝜃)𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑜
𝜃𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑜 = 37.9°

Distancedc
 𝑑𝑐
tan(37.9) =
771
𝒅𝒄 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎. 𝟐

Total value
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑎 + 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑑𝑐
𝑑 = 1868 + 318.09 + 600.2
𝑑 = 2787.039
 Application example

From the example of application exercise number two, it can be seen that,
at present, electromagnetic waves are especially present in any
environment in which we do not find since current communication is based
on it, that is why the generators of The signals can be part of the existing
antennas for the communication of cellular devices, and the barrier is the
walls that hinder the access to said waves and that has air as the means
of incidence, in this way the walls always have intrinsic impedances which
affects in the behavior of signals. In addition, most of it seems that they
are in our homes is made from non-magnetic materials, in this way once
these signals pass through the barrier, there must be a piece of receiving
equipment such as in our cases the signals of cellular devices either of
the wi-fi or the network of the cellular operators.
 Video link

URL:

References

Reference 1:

Examples of reference formats:

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). City,
Country: Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title
of the book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

EBook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country: Editorial.
Retrieved from http: // ...

Chapter of an electronic book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry. Title
of the book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from http: //
...
Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video]. Retrieved
from http: // ...