In Honorem 6 - Ivan Jordanov

IN HONOREM
ǹȃȉǿȋǹȇǿȈȂǹȉȅȈ
ǼȆǿȈĭȇǹīǿȈǿȈ
ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ
ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɬɨɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɪɟɞɢɰɚɬɚ IN HONOREM ɧɚ
Ɏɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɯɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ.
ɉɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɨ ɟ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɹ ɸɛɢɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ.
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤɴɬ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɚ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ

ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ „Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ”, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɬ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ.
Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɹ:
Ⱦɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ Ɍɨɞɨɪ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ (ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɟɧ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ)
Ⱦɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɀɟɧɹ ɀɟɤɨɜɚ
Ⱦɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ Ⱦɟɫɢɫɥɚɜɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ
Ƚɥ. ɚɫ. ɞ-ɪ Ʉɚɦɟɧ Ⱥɧɞɨɧɨɜ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɢ:
Ⱦɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ
Ⱦɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪ Ʉɪɴɫɬɟɜ
© ɇɚɭɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2019 ɝ.

ISBN 978-619-201-348-6
ɒɍɆȿɇɋɄɂ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ
„ȿɉɂɋɄɈɉ ɄɈɇɋɌȺɇɌɂɇ ɉɊȿɋɅȺȼɋɄɂ”
ɇȺɍɑȿɇ ɐȿɇɌɔɊ ɉɈ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɇɂɋɌɂɄȺ
IN HONOREM
6
ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ
ɒɍɆȿɇ
2019
KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKY
UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN
CENTER FOR BYZANTINE STUDIES
IN HONOREM
6
A tribute to Prof. Ivan Jordanov’s
70th anniversary
SHUMEN
2019
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ
Doctor honoris causa ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟ- „ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ” – 26.04.2018 ɝ. ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
Doctor honoris causa of Konstantin Preslavsky (971 – 1118)” – 16.04.2019 ɝ.
University of Shumen – 26.04.2018 – ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
„ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ”
Presentation of the book

„Seals of the byzantine
administration in Bulgaria
(971 – 1118)” – 16.04.2019 –
Konstantin Preslavsky
University of Shumen
ɏȱȱ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, ɫɴɫ

ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɀɟɧɹ ɀɟɤɨɜɚ ɢ Ɍɨɞɨɪ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ - 28.05.2019 ɝ.
12th International Symposium on Byzantine Sigillography in the State Hermitage, St.
Petersburg with his own graduates and followers Zhenya Zhekova and Todor Todorov –
28.05.2019
ɋɔȾɔɊɀȺɇɂȿ
CONTESTS
ɋɔɄɊȺɓȿɇɂə............................................................................................ 15
ABREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... 15
ɋɉɂɋɔɄ ɇȺ ȺȼɌɈɊɂɌȿ .......................................................................... 17

LIST OF THE CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................. 17
ɀɟɧɹ ɀȿɄɈȼȺ ............................................................................................ 22

ɉɔɊȼɂɌȿ 70!
Zhenya ZHEKOVA ........................................................................................ 26

THE FIRST SEVENTY YEARS!
Ʉɚɦɟɧ ȺɇȾɈɇɈȼ ........................................................................................ 30

ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂɌȿ ɂɆɉȿɊȺɌɈɊɋɄɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ
ȻɔɅȽȺɊɂə – ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɂɌȿɅɇȺɌȺ ɑȺɋɌ ɈɌ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɋɄȺɌȺ
ɋɎɊȺȽɂɋɌɂɑɇȺ ɄɈɅȿɄɐɂə. ɉɊɂɇɈɋɔɌ ɇȺ
ɂȼȺɇ ɃɈɊȾȺɇɈȼ
Kamen ANDONOV ........................................................................................ 30
BYZANTINE IMPERIAL SEALS FROM BULGARIA – THE
REPRESENTATIVE PART OF THE BULGARIAN SPHRAGISTIC
COLLECTION. THE CONTRIBUTION OF IVAN JORDANOV
Ⱦɢɦɱɨ ɆɈɆɑɂɅɈȼ ................................................................................... 48

ȺɄȼȿ ɄȺɅɂȾȿ, ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂɌȿ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɂ ɂȼȺɇ
ɃɈɊȾȺɇɈȼ
Dimcho MOMCHILOV ................................................................................. 48
AQUAE CALIDAE, THE MEDIEVAL SEALS AND IVAN JORDANOV
Ʉɚɦɟɧ ȺɇȾɈɇɈȼ ........................................................................................ 53

ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂə ɇȺ ɂȼȺɇ ɃɈɊȾȺɇɈȼ
Kamen ANDONOV ........................................................................................ 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF IVAN JORDANOV
ɀɢɜɤɨ ȺɅȺȾɀɈȼ ....................................................................................... 75

Ɉɓȿ ȿȾɂɇ ɉȿɑȺɌ ɈɌ ɈȻȿɄɌ „ɍɅɂɐȺ“ ȼɔȼ ȼȿɅɂɄɂ ɉɊȿɋɅȺȼ
Zhivko ALADZHOV ...................................................................................... 75
ONE MORE SEAL FROM “ULITSA SITE” IN VELIKI PRESLAV
7
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ȺɅȿɄɋȿȿɇɄɈ ............................................................................. 78
ɌɊɂ ɉȿɊɋɈɇȺɀȺ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂɏ ɏɊɈɇɂɄ XI ȼ.
ɂ ɇȺɏɈȾɄɂ ɂɏ ɆɈɅɂȼȾɈȼɍɅɈȼ ȼ ȻɈɅȽȺɊɋɄɂɏ ɁȿɆɅəɏ
Nikolay ALEKSEYENKO ............................................................................. 78
THREE CHARACTERS OF ELEVENTH-CENTURY BYZANTINE
CHRONICLES AND THE MOLYBDOBOULLA THEY FOUND IN
BULGARIAN LANDS
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ȺɌȺɇȺɋɈȼ ..................................................................................... 91

ȻɊɈɇɁɈȼȺ ɆȺɌɊɂɐȺ ɋ ȺɊɏȺɇȽȿɅ ɆɂɏȺɂɅ ɈɌ ɏȱ ȼ. ȾɈ
ɄȺɌȿȾɊȺɅɇȺɌȺ ɐɔɊɄȼȺ ɇȺ ȾɔɋɌɔɊ/ ɋɂɅɂɋɌɊȺ
(ɄɔɆ ȺɊɏȺɇȽȿɅɋɄȺɌȺ ɂɄɈɇɈȽɊȺɎɂə)
Georgi ATANASOV ...................................................................................... 91
BRONZE MATRIX WITH THE IMAGE OF ARCHANGEL MICHAEL OF
11TH CENTURY FOUND NEAR THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF
DRUSTAR / SILISTRA (ON ARCHANGEL’S ICONOGRAPHY)
Gert BOERSEMA und Alexandra-Kyriaki WASSILIOU-SEIBT ............. 108

SELTENE HEILIGE UND EINE BIBLISCHE SZENE AUF
BYZANTINISCHEN SIEGELN EINER NIEDERLÄNDISCHEN
PRIVATSAMMLUNG
Ƚɟɪɬ ȻɈɊɋȿɆȺ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ-Ʉɢɪɢɚɤɢ ȼȺɋɂɅɂɍ-ɁȺɃȻɌ .............. 108
ɊȿȾɄɂ ɂɁɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂə ɇȺ ɋȼȿɌɐɂ ɂ ȻɂȻɅȿɃɋɄȺ ɋɐȿɇȺ
ȼɔɊɏɍ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ ɏɈɅȺɇȾɋɄȺ ɑȺɋɌɇȺ
ɄɈɅȿɄɐɂə
ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ ȻɈɌȿȼȺ .................................................................................... 122

ɈɉɂɌ ɁȺ ɂȾȿɇɌɂɎɂɐɂɊȺɇȿ ɇȺ ɂɆȿɌɈ ɇȺ ɊȺɇɇɈ-
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄȺɌȺ ɄɊȿɉɈɋɌ ɄɊȺɃ ȽɊȺȾ ɋȿȼɅɂȿȼɈ
(ǹȈīǴǽȅȊȈ , ਝīȅȊȇǼǴȃȅȊ, ȺȽɊɂɁɂɇɍɋ, ɂȽɊɂɁɂɇɍɋ)
Nadezhda BOTEVA ..................................................................................... 122
AN ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY THE NAME OF THE EARLY
BYZANTINE FORTRESS NEAR THE TOWN OF SEVLIEVO
(ǹȈīǴǽȅȊȈ , ਝīȅȊȇǼǴȃȅȊ, AGRIZINUS, IGRIZINUS)
Vera BULGURLU ....................................................................................... 129

A SELECTION OF UNPUBLISHED BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS FROM
THE ADNAN ACI COLLECTION RELATED TO THE EAST
ȼɟɪɚ ȻɍɅȽɍɊɅɍ ....................................................................................... 129
ɉɈȾȻɊȺɇɂ ɇȿɉɍȻɅɂɄɍȼȺɇɂ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɈɅɈȼɇɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ
ɈɌ ɄɈɅȿɄɐɂəɌȺ ADNAN ACI, ɋȼɔɊɁȺɇɂ ɋ ɂɁɌɈɄȺ
8
Ⱦɨɱɤɚ ȼɅȺȾɂɆɂɊɈȼȺ – ȺɅȺȾɀɈȼȺ ................................................ 145
ɈɅɈȼɇɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ ȺɇɌɂɑɇȺ ɋȿɊȾɂɄȺ (ɈȻȿɄɌ “ȼȿɋɅȿɐ” 13)
Dochka VLADIMIROVA – ALADZHOVA................................................ 145
LEAD SEALS FROM ANCIENT SERDIKA (“VESLETS SITE” 13)
Pantelis CHARALAMPAKIS...................................................................... 150

KOVNICCA: A HAPAX TENTH-CENTURY IMPERIAL TITLE
ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢɫ ɏȺɊȺɅȺɆɉȺɄɂɋ .................................................................. 150
KOVNICCA: ɏȺɉȺɄɋ-ɂɆɉȿɊɋɄȺ ɌɂɌɅȺ ɈɌ ɏ ȼȿɄ
Jean-Claude CHEYNET ............................................................................. 163

SAUVÉS DE L’OUBLI PAR LEURS BULLES: LES MARCHAPSABOI
ɀɚɧ-Ʉɥɨɞ ɒȿɃɇȿ ................................................................................... 163
ɋɉȺɋȿɇɂ ɈɌ ɁȺȻɊȺȼȺ ɑɊȿɁ ɌȿɏɇɂɌȿ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ:
ɆȺɊɏȺɉɋȺȻɂɌȿ
Viktor CHKHAIDZE and Andrey VINOGRADOV .................................... 182

THE SEAL OF KONSTANTINOS, THE SON OF THE
PROTOPROEDROS AND EXOUSIOKRATOR OF ALL ALANIA
(ABOUT 1065 – 1075)
ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɑɏȺɂȾɁȿ ɢ Ⱥɧɪɟɣ ȼɂɇɈȽɊȺȾɈȼ .......................................... 182
ɉȿɑȺɌ ɇȺ ɄɈɇɋɌȺɇɌɂɇ, ɋɂɇ ɇȺ ɉɊɈɌɈɉɊɈȿȾɔɊȺ ɂ
ȿɄɋɍɋɂɈɄɊȺɌɈɊ ɇȺ ɐəɅȺ ȺɅȺɇɂə
Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪ ȼȿɅɄɈȼ ................................................................................... 194

ɄɔɋɇɈȺɇɌɂɑɇɂ ɂ ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂ ɆɈɇȿɌɂ
ɈɌ ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂə ȽɊȺȾ ȼȿɊȾɂɐȺ (ɌȼɔɊȾɂɐȺ) ɂ
ɇȿȽɈȼȺɌȺ ɈɄɈɅɇɈɋɌ
Krasimir VELKOV ...................................................................................... 194
LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL COINS FROM THE MEDIEVAL
TOWN OF VERDITSA /TVARDICA/ AND THE SURROUNDING AREA
ɉɚɜɟɥ ȽȿɈɊȽɂȿȼ ..................................................................................... 205

ɇȺȾɉɂɋɔɌ ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN ɁȺ ɂɋɌɈɊɂəɌȺ ɇȺ
ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂə ɒɍɆȿɇ
Pavel GEORGIEV ....................................................................................... 205
THE INSCRIPTION ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN FOR THE HISTORY OF
MEDIEVAL SHUMEN
9
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ȽȿɊɈȼ ............................................................................................ 228
ɂɁɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂȿ ɇȺ ɌȿɌɊȺɆɈɊɎ ɈɌ ɐɔɊɄȼȺɌȺ ȼ
ȾɂȼɈɌɂɇɋɄɂə ɆȺɇȺɋɌɂɊ
Georgi GEROV ............................................................................................ 228
AN IMAGE OF TETRAMORPH FROM THE CHURCH IN THE
DIVOTINIAN MONASTERY
ȼɚɫɢɥ ȽɘɁȿɅȿȼ ....................................................................................... 242

ȉȅ ǻǼUȉǼȇȅȃ ȼ ɐȺɊɂȽɊȺȾ ɂ ɌɊɂȻɍɌȺ,
ɂɁɉɅȺɓȺɇ ɌɍɄ ɇȺ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɋɄɂə ɏȺɇ ɌȿɊȼȿɅ
Vasil GUZELEV .......................................................................................... 242
ȉȅ ǻǼUȉǼȇȅȃ IN CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE TRIBUTE,
PAID TO THE BULGARIAN ɄHAN TERVEL
ɋɬɟɥɚ ȾɈɇɑȿȼȺ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɇɂɄɈɅɈȼ .............................................. 247

ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɋ ɊəȾɄȺ ɂɄɈɇɈȽɊȺɎɂə ɈɌ ɌȿɊɂɌɈɊɂəɌȺ
ɇȺ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɂə
Stella DONCHEVA and Nikolay NIKOLOV .............................................. 247
SEALS WITH RARE ICONOGRAPHY FROM THE TERRITORY OF
BULGARIA
Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ȾɈɌɄɈȼȺ ............................................................................... 254

ɆɈɇȿɌȺ ɇȺ PRYMNESSUS, PHRYGIA ɈɌɄɊɂɌȺ ȼ AQUAE
CALIDAE
Miroslava DOTKOVA ................................................................................. 254
A COIN OF PRYMNESSUS, PHRYGIA, FOUND IN AQUAE CALIDAE
Esra Guzel ERDOGAN and Vivien PRIGENT........................................... 258

BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS FROM SOUTH-EASTERN TURKEY:
NEW EXHIBITS IN THE MUSEUMS OF ADANA AND MARAS
ȿɡɪɚ Ƚɸɡɟɥ ȿɊȾɈȽȺɇ ɢ ȼɢɜɢɚɧ ɉɊɂɀɈɇ ........................................... 258
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɈɅɈȼɇɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ ɘȽɈɂɁɌɈɑɇȺ ɌɍɊɐɂə:
ɇɈȼɂ ɉɈɋɌɔɉɅȿɇɂə ɈɌ ɆɍɁȿɂɌȿ ADANA ɂ MARAS
ɀɟɧɹ ɀȿɄɈȼȺ .......................................................................................... 271

ɉȿɑȺɌ ɇȺ ɃɈȺɇ ɄɈɆɇɂɇ, ȻȺɓȺ ɇȺ ɂɆɉȿɊȺɌɈɊ ȺɅȿɄɋɂɃ ȱ
ɄɈɆɇɂɇ
Zhenya ZHEKOVA ...................................................................................... 271
A SEAL OF JOHN COMNENUS, FATHER OF EMPEROR ALEXIUS I
COMNENUS
10
ɂɥɢɹ Ƚ. ɂɅɂȿȼ .......................................................................................... 279
ɘȽɈɁȺɉȺȾɇɂɌȿ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɋɄɂ ɁȿɆɂ ȼ ɈȽɅȿȾȺɅɈɌɈ ɇȺ
NARRATIO ATHONENSIS AD ANNUM MCCXXXV
Iliya G. ILIEV.............................................................................................. 279
THE SOUTHWEST BULGARIAN LANDS IN THE MIRROR OF
Janja Dora IVANýIû .................................................................................. 289

BYZANTIUM AND BULGARIA – A STUDY OF THE
ADMINISTRATION OF BULGARIA 1018 – 1081
ɀɚɧɹ Ⱦɨɪɚ ɂȼȺɇɑɂɑ ............................................................................. 289
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂə ɂ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɂə – ɉɊɈɍɑȼȺɇȿ ɇȺ
ȺȾɆɂɇɂɋɌɊȺɐɂəɌȺ ɇȺ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɂə 1018 – 1081
Ɇɢɥɢɹɧɚ ɄȺɃɆȺɄȺɆɈȼȺ ...................................................................... 313

ɁȺɓɈ ɐȺɊ ɋɂɆȿɈɇ (893 – 927) ɂ ɉɊȿɋɅȺȼɋɄɂɌȿ
ɄɇɂɀɈȼɇɂɐɂ ɋȺ ɉɊɈəȼəȼȺɅɂ ɂɇɌȿɊȿɋ ɄɔɆ
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂɌȿ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋȺɅɇɂ ɏɊɈɇɂɄɂ?
Miliyana KAYMAKAMOVA ....................................................................... 313
WHY TSAR SIMEON (893 – 927) AND PRESLAV WRITERS WERE
INTERESTED IN BYZANTINE UNIVERSAL CHRONICLES?
Maria-Evgenia KOUROUSIA and Yorka NIKOLAOU.............................. 336

“PATRIKIOS USES THIS IN GOOD HEALTH”.
A BIZARRE EARLY-BYZANTINE OBJECT
Ɇɚɪɢɹ-ȿɜɝɟɧɢɹ ɄɍɊɍɋɂə ɢ Ƀɨɪɤɚ ɇɂɄɈɅȺɍ .................................... 336
“ɉȺɌɊɂɄɂɈɋ ɂɁɉɈɅɁȼȺ ɌɈȼȺ ȼ ȾɈȻɊɈ ɁȾɊȺȼȿ".
ɇȿɈȻɂɑȺȿɇ ɊȺɇɇɈ-ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɉɊȿȾɆȿɌ
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ʉɔɇȿȼ ɢ Ⱦɟɹɧ ɊȺȻɈȼəɇɈȼ .................................................. 340

ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɈɅɈȼȿɇ ɉȿɑȺɌ ɈɌ ɄɊȿɉɈɋɌɌȺ ȻɍɁɈȼɈ ɄȺɅȿ
Nikolay KANEV and Deyan RABOVYANOV ............................................ 340
A BYZANTINE LEAD SEAL FROM BUZOVO KALE FORTRESS
Ergün LAFLI and Werner SEIBT .............................................................. 346

FIVE BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY A.D.
FROM MARMARIS IN CARIA (SOUTHWESTERN TURKEY)
WITH TWO APPENDICES
ȿɪɝɸɧ ɅȺɎɅɂ, ȼɟɪɧɟɪ ɁȺɃȻɌ ............................................................... 346
ɉȿɌ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɉȿɑȺɌȺ ɈɌ Vȱȱ ȼȿɄ ɈɌ ɆȺɊɆȺɊɂɋ ȼ
ɄȺɊɂȺ (ɘȽɈɁȺɉȺȾɇȺ ɌɍɊɐɂə) ɋ Ⱦȼȿ ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə
11
ɂɝɨɪ ɅȺɁȺɊȿɇɄɈ .................................................................................... 356
ɆɈɅɂȼȾɈȼɍɅɂ ɈɌ ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂə ȽɊȺȾ ɉȿɌɊɂɇ
Igor LAZARENKO ...................................................................................... 356
MOLYBDOBULLA FROM THE MEDIEVAL TOWN OF PETRIN
Eleni LIANTA.............................................................................................. 369

LATIN IMITATIVE BILLON TRACHEA
ISSUED IN THE MINT OF THESSALONICA (1204 – 1224)
ȿɥɟɧɢ ɅɂȺɇɌȺ .......................................................................................... 369
ɅȺɌɂɇɋɄɂ ɂɆɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɇȺ BILLON TRACHEA
ɈɌ ɆɈɇȿɌȺɊɇɂɐȺɌȺ ɇȺ ɋɈɅɍɇ (1204 – 1224)
Alexandru MADGEARU ............................................................................. 380

„SCYTHIAN” AND „DACIAN” MILITARY MEN IN EGYPT,
PALESTINE AND ITALY IN THE 6TH – 7TH CENTURIES
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɭ ɆȺȾɀȿɊɍ ............................................................................. 380
„ɋɄɂɌɋɄɂ” ɂ „ȾȺɄɋɄɂ” ȼɈɃɇɂɐɂ ȼ ȿȽɂɉȿɌ, ɉȺɅȿɋɌɂɇȺ ɂ
ɂɌȺɅɂə ɉɊȿɁ VI – VII ȼȿɄ
Robert MIHAJLOVSKI .............................................................................. 393

BYZANTINE SEALS FROM THE MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT OF
VAROŠ, PRILEP
Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɆɂɏȺɃɅɈȼɋɄɂ ........................................................................ 393
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɈɌɈ ɋȿɅɂɓȿ
ȼȺɊɈɒ, ɉɊɂɅȿɉ
ɉɥɚɦɟɧ ɉȺȼɅɈȼ ...................................................................................... 403

ȽɊɍɁɂɇɐɂ ɂ ȺɅȺɇɂ ȼ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɈ-ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂɌȿ ȼɈɃɇɂ ȼ
ɄɊȺə ɇȺ XII – ɇȺɑȺɅɈɌɈ ɇȺ XIII ȼȿɄ
Plamen PAVLOV ......................................................................................... 403
GEORGIANS AND ALANS IN THE BULGARIAN-BYZANTIAN WARS
AT THE END OF THE XII – EARLY XIII CENTURY
ɂɥɹ ɉɊɈɄɈɉɈȼ........................................................................................ 410

ȿɄɁɈɌɂɑɇɂ ɆɈɇȿɌɂ ɂɅɂ ɇȿɉɊɈɍɑȿɇ ɂɁȼɈɊ ɁȺ ɂɋɌɈɊɂəɌȺ
ɇȺ ɌɊȺɄɂə ɉɊȿɁ III – I ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.
Ilya PROKOPOV ......................................................................................... 410
EXOTIC COINS OR AN UNEXPLORED SOURCE OF THE THRACIAN
HISTORY IN III – I c. BC
12
Ȼɨɪɹɧɚ ɊɍɋȿȼȺ ......................................................................................... 420
ɁȺ ɉɈɋɌɍɆɇɂɌȿ ȺɅȿɄɋȺɇȾɊɈȼɄɂ ɋɔɋ ɋɂɆȼɈɅ ɎȺɄȿɅ,
ɋȿɑȿɇɂ ȼ ɆȺɄȿȾɈɇɂə ɈɄ. 280/9 – 277/6 Ƚ. ɉɊ.ɏɊ. ɂɅɂ ɉɈ-
ɄɔɋɇɈ
Boryana RUSSEVA ..................................................................................... 420
ON ALEXANDER’S COINS WITH A TORCH CUT IN MACEDONIA
CA. 280/279 – 277/276 BC OR LATER
Werner SEIBT ............................................................................................. 431

SOME SEALS OF BYZANTINE PROFESSIONAL MEN
ȼɟɪɧɟɪ ɁȺɃȻɌ ............................................................................................ 431
ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɇȺ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɁȺɇȺəɌɑɂɂ
ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɋɌȺɇɄɈȼ .................................................................................... 442

ɆɈɅɂȼȾɈȼɍɅ ɋ ɌɈɉɈɇɂɆȺ ɎɅɈɊȿɇɐɂə ɈɌ ɁȿɆɅɂɓȿɌɈ ɇȺ
ɈȻɓɂɇȺ ȺɋȿɇɈȼȽɊȺȾ
Veselin STANKOV....................................................................................... 442
A SEAL WITH THE TOPONYM OF FLORENCE FROM ASENOVGRAD
MUNICIPALITY
ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ ɋɌȿɉȺɇȿɇɄɈ ........................................................................... 446

Ʉ ɂɄɈɇɈȽɊȺɎɂɂ ɋȼəɌɕɏ ȼɈɂɇɈȼ ȼ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɂ. ɋȼ.
ȺɇȾɊɈɇɂɄ
Valeriy STEPANENKO............................................................................... 446
ON THE ICONOGRAPHY OF WARRIORS-SAINTS IN BYZANTIUM.
SAINT ANDRONICUS
ɋɜɟɬɥɨɡɚɪ ɋɌɈəɇɈȼ ............................................................................... 449

ɉɊȿɋɅȺȼ ɄȺɌɈ ɅɈȽɂɋɌɂɑȿɇ ɐȿɇɌɔɊ ɇȺ ɃɈȺɇ I ɐɂɆɂɋɏɂɃ
ɉɊɂ ȼɈȿɇɇɂə ɉɈɏɈȾ ɈɌ 971 Ƚ. ɉɊɂɇɈɋɔɌ ɇȺ ɋɎɊȺȽɂɋɌɂ-
ɄȺɌȺ
Svetlozar STOYANOV ................................................................................. 449
PRESLAV AS THE LOGISTICAL CENTRE OF JOHN I TZIMISCES
DURING HIS MILITARY CAMPAIGN IN 971. THE CONTRIBUTION
OF SIGILLOGRAPHY
Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɌɈȾɈɊɈȼ........................................................................................ 458

ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ ȺɄȼȿ ɄȺɅɂȾȿ – ɌȿɊɆɈɉɈɅɂɋ
Todor TODOROV........................................................................................ 458
BYZANTINE SEALS FROM AQAUE CALIDAE – TERMOPOLIS
13
ɂɜɨ ɌɈɉȺɅɂɅɈȼ ..................................................................................... 465
ȼɔɊɏɍ ȿȾɂɇ ȺɋɉȿɄɌ ɇȺ ɌɈɉɈɋɇȺɌȺ ɅɂɌɍɊȽɂə ȼ
ɄɈɇɋɌȺɇɌɂɇɈɉɈɅ ɉɊȿɁ IV ȼȿɄ
Ivo TOPALILOV ......................................................................................... 465
ON ONE ASPECT OF THE STATIONAL LITURGY IN
CONSTANTINOPLE IN 4TH CENTURY
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɌɈɌȿȼ ................................................................................. 482

ȾȼȺ ɁɅȺɌɇɂ ɉɊɔɋɌȿɇȺ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɋ ɂɇɂɐɂȺɅɂ ɈɌ ɄɊȿɉɈɋɌɌȺ
ɉɊɂ ɋ. ȽɊȺȾɇɂɐȺ, ɋȿȼɅɂȿȼɋɄɈ
Konstantin TOTEV ...................................................................................... 482
TWO GOLD RING-SEALS WITH INITIALS FROM THE FORTRESS
NEAR THE VILLAGE OF GRADNITZA, SEVLIEVO
ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɌɊȿɇȾȺɎɂɅɈȼ ....................................................................... 489

ȼȿɅɂɄɈɉɊȿɋɅȺȼɋɄɂ ɇȺɇɈɋɂ ȼ ɅȿɌɈɉɂɋɇɂə ɊȺɁɄȺɁ ɁȺ
əɊɈɋɅȺȼ ɆɔȾɊɂ
Hristo TRENDAFILOV .............................................................................. 489
GREAT PRESLAV’S DEPOSITS IN THE CHRONICLE ABOUT
JAROSLAV THE WISE
ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɏȺɊɂɌɈɇɈȼ ............................................................................... 496

ɇȿɂɁȼȿɋɌȿɇ Ɍɂɉ ɆɈɇȿɌȺ ɇȺ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɋɄɂ ɏɊɂɋɌɂəɇɋɄɂ
ɏɊȺɆ
Hristo HARITONOV ................................................................................... 496
AN UNKNOWN TYPE OF COIN OF A BULGARIAN CHRISTIAN
CHURCH
14
ɋɔɄɊȺɓȿɇɂə
ABREVIATIONS
ȺȾɋȼ – Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ

ȺɆ – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ
ȺɈɊ – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ
ȻɂȻ – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ
ȼɂɋ – ȼɨɟɧɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ȼȼɪ – ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ
ȽɆɋȻ – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
ȽɂȻɂ – Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ȽɇȺɆ – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ
ȽɇɂɆ – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ
ȽɇɆ – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ
Ƚɋɍ–ɇɐɋȼɉ - Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ – ɇɚɭɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ
ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ „ɂɜɚɧ Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ”
ɁɈɈɂȾ – Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɁɊȼɂ – Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɂȺɂ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ
ɂȻȺɂ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ
ɂȻɂ – ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɂȻɂȾ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɂȼȺȾ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɂɂȻɂ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɂɂȾ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɂɂɂ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɂɂɆȼɌ - ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ
ɂɂɆɒ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɒɭɦɟɧ
ɂɆɘɂȻ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɜ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
ɂɇɂɆ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ
ɂɇɆȻɫ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ – Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ
ɂɇɆȼ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ
ɂɇɆɒ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɒɭɦɟɧ
ɂɉɪ – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ
ɂɊȺɂɄ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɟ
ɅɂȻɂ – Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɆɉɄ – Ɇɭɡɟɢ ɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ
ɇȺɂɆ – ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ
ɇɂɆ – ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ
ɊɂɆ – Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ
15
Ɋɉ – Ɋɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ
AA – Anatolia Antiqua, Varia Anatolica

ABulg. – Archaeologia Bulgarica
AJN – American Journal of Numismatics
ANS – American Numismatic Society
BAR – British Archaeological Reports
BBg – Byzantinobulgarica
BHR – Bulgarian Historical Review
Byz. – Byzantion
BZ – Byzantinische Zeitschrift
ByzSl. – Byzantinoslavica
CFHB – Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae
CH – Coin Hoards
CNG – Classical Numismatic Group
DOP – Dumbarton Oaks Papers
JÖB – Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik
JRS – The Journal of Roman Studies
MN – Museum Notes
NC – Numismatic Chronicle
PBg – Palaeobulgarica
REB – Revue des études Byzantines
RESEE – Revue des études Sud-est européennes
RN – Revue Numismatique
SBS – Studies in Byzantine Sigillography
TIB – Tabula Imperii Byzantini
TM – Travaux et Memoire
YCS – Yale Classical Studies
16
ɋɉɂɋɔɄ ɇȺ ȺȼɌɈɊɂɌȿ
LIST OF THE CONTRIBUTORS
ɀɢɜɤɨ ȺɅȺȾɀɈȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɇȺɂɆ – ȻȺɇ – ɋɨɮɢɹ
zh_aladzhov@dir.bg
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ȺɅȿɄɋȿȿɇɄɈ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ,

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ʉɪɵɦɚ – ɊȺɇ, ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
AlekseyenkoNikolaj@gmail.com
Ʉɚɦɟɧ ȺɇȾɈɇɈȼ, ɝɥ. ɚɫ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ“
k_andonow@yahoo.com
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ȺɌȺɇȺɋɈȼ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.,

ɊɂɆ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ
geoatal@abv.bg
Gert BOERSEMA, Drs.

info@oudgeld.com
ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ ȻɈɌȿȼȺ, ɦɚɝ.,

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ
nadejda_boteva@abv.bg
Vera BURGURLU, PhD,

Marmara University, Istanbul
vera@bulgurlu.com
Pantelis CHARALAMPAKIS, PhD,

Post-Doctoral Researcher,
State Scholarships Foundation
pantelcha@gmail.com
Jean-Claude CHEYNET, Prof.,

Sorbonne Université
UMR „Orientet Méditerranée“
jean-claude.cheynet@wanadoo.fr
Viktor CHKHAIDZE, Post-Doc,

Institute of Archaeology,
17
Russian Academy of Sciences,
chkhaidze.v@yandex.ru
Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪ ȼȿɅɄɈȼ, ɞ-ɪ,

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ
dakras@abv.bg
Ⱦɨɱɤɚ ȼɅȺȾɂɆɂɊɈȼȺ-ȺɅȺȾɀɈȼȺ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,
dochka_al@dir.bg
ɉɚɜɟɥ ȽȿɈɊȽɂȿȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɇȺɂɆ – ȻȺɇ – ɮɢɥɢɚɥ ɒɭɦɟɧ
pavel_g@gbg.bg
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ȽȿɊɈȼ, ɫɬ.ɧ.ɫ., ɞ-ɪ,

ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɭɡɟɣ-ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ,
ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
gpgerov@yahoo.com
ȼɚɫɢɥ ȽɘɁȿɅȿȼ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.,

Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɢɬɟ
byzassociation.bg@gmail.com
ɋɬɟɥɚ ȾɈɇɑȿȼȺ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɇȺɂɆ – ȻȺɇ – ɮɢɥɢɚɥ ɒɭɦɟɧ
donchevastela@yahoo.com
Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ȾɈɌɄɈȼȺ, ɝɥ. ɚɫ. ɞ-ɪ,

md09@abv.bg
Esra Guzel ERDOGAN, PhD,

Marmara University, Istanbul
esra.guzel@gmail.com
ɀɟɧɹ ɀȿɄɈȼȺ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ
zhenya.zhekova@yahoo.com
ɂɥɢɹ ɂɅɂȿȼ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.,

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ȻȺɇ – ɋɨɮɢɹ
18
ilgil@abv.bg
Janja Dora IVANýIû, MA,

Vienna
Ɇɢɥɢɹɧɚ ɄȺɃɆȺɄȺɆɈȼȺ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ɋɜ. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ“
kaimakamova@abv.bg
Maria-Evgenia KOUROUSIA, MA,

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
maryjenny95@gmail.com
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ʉɔɇȿȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ɋɜ. ɫɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ“
kanev_nikolay@hotmail.com
Ergün LAFLI, Professor,

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi,
Izmir, Turkey
elafli@yahoo.ca
ɂɝɨɪ ɅȺɁȺɊȿɇɄɈ, ɝɥ. ɚɫ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɊɂɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ
lazarenko@mail.bg
Eleni LIANTA (DPhil Oxon),

Hellenic Open University
elenilianta@hotmail.com
Alexandru MADGEARU, PhD,

Institute for Defence Studies and Military History
Bucharest, Romania
Robert MIHAJLOVSKI, PhD,
La Trobe University
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
robertmanastir@yahoo.com
Ⱦɢɦɱɨ ɆɈɆɑɂɅɈȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.,

Ȼɭɪɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ɉɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ Ⱥɫɟɧ Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɨɜ“
d.momchilov@abv.bg
19
Yorka NIKOLAOU, PhD,
Numismatic Museum, Athens, Greece
yorka.nikolaou@gmail.com
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɇɂɄɈɅɈȼ, ɦɚɝ.,

Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞ
donchevastela@yahoo.com
ɉɥɚɦɟɧ ɉȺȼɅɈȼ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ,

ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ɋɜ. ɫɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ“
pl_pavlov@abv.bg
Vivien PRIGENT, PhD,

Chargé de recherche au Centre national de la recherche scientifique
Maison française d’Oxford
vivien.prigent@classics.ox.ac.uk
ɂɥɹ ɉɊɈɄɈɉɈȼ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ,

ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɟɧ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ɇɟɨɮɢɬ Ɋɢɥɫɤɢ“, Ȼɥɚɝɨɟɜɝɪɚɞ
ilya.prokopov@gmail.com
Ⱦɟɹɧ ɊȺȻɈȼəɇɈȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɇȺɂɆ – ȻȺɇ – ɮɢɥɢɚɥ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ
rabovyanov@gmail.com
Ȼɨɪɹɧɚ ɊɍɋȿȼȺ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ,

brousseva@abv.bg
Werner SEIBT, Professor,

Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
werner.seibt@oeaw.ac.at
ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɋɌȺɇɄɈȼ, ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚɧɬ,

vesostankov@mail.bg
ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ ɋɌȿɉȺɇȿɇɄɈ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ,
ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
valpavl@yandex.ru
20
ɋɜɟɬɥɨɡɚɪ ɋɌɈəɇɈȼ, ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚɧɬ
s_v_stoyanov@abv.bg
Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɌɈȾɈɊɈȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

todor_todorov02@yahoo.com
ɂɜɨ ɌɈɉȺɅɂɅɈȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ivo.topalilov@shu.bg
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɌɈɌȿȼ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ. ɢɡɤ.,

ɇȺɂɆ – ȻȺɇ – ɮɢɥɢɚɥ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ
konstantin_totev@abv.bg
ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɌɊȿɇȾȺɎɂɅɈȼ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɮ.ɧ.,

trendafilovhristo@abv.bg
ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɏȺɊɂɌɈɇɈȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɉɨɥɫɤɢ Ɍɪɴɦɛɟɲ
haritonov_h@abv.bg
Andrey VINOGRADOV, Associate Professor Dr.,

Higher School of Economics,
Centre for Medieval Studies.
Moscow, Russia
auvinogradov@hse.ru
Alexandra-Kyriaki WASSILIOU-SEIBT, Associate Professor Dr.,

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Greece
avassili@hist.auth.gr
21
ΑΝΤΙΧΑΡΙΣΜΑΤΟΣ ΕΠΙΣΦΡΑΓΙΣΙΣ. Юбилеен сборник в чест на 70-годишнината на проф. д.и.н. Иван Йорданов
ɀɟɧɹ ɀɟɤɨɜɚ
ɉɔɊȼɂɌȿ 70!
ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ alter ego. ɂɡɩɴɥɜɚ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɥɢɱɧɨ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɧɚɜɫɹɤɴɞɟ – ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɞɨɦ, ɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɹ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬ, ɜ ɭɦɚ ɢ ɫɴɪɰɟɬɨ ɦɭ. Ɍɨɣ ɠɢɜɟɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ, ɚ ɬɹ ɱɪɟɡ
ɧɟɝɨ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɬɴɪɤɚɥɹɬ, ɩɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɇɨ ɬɨɣ
ɫɟ ɞɜɢɠɢ ɱɪɟɡ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɫɴɥɬɚ – ɧɟɭɞɴɪɠɢɦɚ, ɭɫɤɨɪɹɜɚɳɚ ɢ ɩɭɥɫɢ-
ɪɚɳɚ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɟɞɧɢɹ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬ. ȼɫɟɤɢ ɧɨɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɹ ɨɳɟ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɜɥɢɱɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɢ
ɮɨɬɨɧɢ. ɂ ɬɚɤɚ ɜɟɱɟ 70 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ!
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ1 ɟ ɨɬ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɟ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ. Ɍɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢ-
ɬɟɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɦɭ, ɚ ɫɜɴɪɲɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ – ɡɚ ɞɟɧɹ, ɦɟɫɟɰɚ,
ɝɨɞɢɧɚɬɚ … Ɍɨɣ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɛɹɝɜɚ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɰɟɥ – ɩɨɜɟɱɟ
ɪɚɡɱɟɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ.
ɉɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɦɚ, ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬɢ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɧɱɚɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɯɨɥɢɡɴɦ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜ-
ɧɚ ɨɬɞɚɞɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɧɚɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɢ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɧɚɬɚ
ɫɚɦɨɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɡɩɚɞɚ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɭɱɟɧ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɧɟ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɚ.
Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɬɨ – ɬɹ ɟ ɬɴɪɫɟɧɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɚ. ɋɚɦɨɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɹ ɭɦ ɜɨɞɢ
ɞɨ ɫɴɡɧɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɚɦ – ɫɚɦ ɫɴɫ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ, ɫ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢɬɟ, ɨɮɨɪɦɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ,
ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢ-
ɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ – ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɠɢɬɢɹ, ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɢ ɢ … ɩɟɱɚɬɢ!
Ɉɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɦɚɥɤɢ ɤɴɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɨɰɟɥɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɞɧɟɫ,
ɧɨɫɟɳɢ ɡɚɤɨɞɢɪɚɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɩɨɞɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɫ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɢɥɢɭɦɚ. ɇɨɫɟɳ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ, ɡɚɳɢɬɚɜɚɳ
ɬɚɣɧɚɬɚ, ɜɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɳ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ, ɫɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬɨɣ ɟ ɜɢɡɢɬɧɚɬɚ
ɤɚɪɬɢɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɱɚ. Ɉɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɚɜɚɦɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɹ,
ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬ ɜ ɪɚɧɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɴɥɛɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɭɦɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ cursus
honorum!
2019 ɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɠɢɬɟɣɫɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɦɟɬɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɦɭ. ɑɟɬɢɪɢɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɬ
1
Ɂɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ ɜɠ. ɀɟɤɨɜɚ, ɀ.
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɢɧ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ 60 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ! – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ. Studia in honorem professoris Ivan Jordanov. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2009, 5, ix-xiv;
ɀɟɤɨɜɚ, ɀ. ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ. – ȼ: Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ (ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɢɢ).
CD. ɒɭɦɟɧ: ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ „ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ“, 2014,
vii-x.
22
Женя ЖЕКОВА. ПЪРВИТЕ 70!
ɝɨɥɹɦɨɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɟ! ɀɢɜɨɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɟ ɧɢɡ ɨɬ ɳɚɫɬɥɢɜɢ

ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ (ɞɭɦɢ, ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɧɟɝɨ), ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɹɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɩɴɬ ɛɟɡɜɴɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɥɭɱɤɢ ɢ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɚ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ, ɩɨɞɚɥɢ ɦɭ ɪɴɤɚ, ɩɨɜɹɪɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ, ɞɚɪɢɥɢ ɦɭ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ
ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɢ ɜɹɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɢɬɨɫɬ. ɂɫɬɢɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɟɧ ɩɴɬ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɟ ɨɬ 1972 ɝ. ɢ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɇɨɜɚ
Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɟɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɢ, ɚ ɨɬ 1979
ɝ. ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ.
ɉɪɟɡ 1978 ɝ. ɞɴɥɝɨɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ
ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜɚɧɤɚ Ⱥɤɪɚɛɨɜɚ-ɀɚɧɞɨɜɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ
ɴɝɴɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɹɬ ɛɪɨɣ ɧɚ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚ-
ɪɢɹ. ɉɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɟɡɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɢ ɫɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɟɧɢ ɢ
ɬɪɭɞɧɢ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟ, ɡɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɹɦɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɭ ɧɚɫ. ȼ
ɫɜɟɬɨɜɟɧ ɦɚɳɚɛ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɞɜɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢɦɚ. əɜɧɨ ɂɜɚɧɤɚ
ɀɚɧɞɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɦɟɬɧɚɥɚ, ɱɟ ɳɨɦ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɨɛɴɪ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɹ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ,
ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɢ ɫ ɨɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. Ɉɤɚɡɜɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢɡɫɬɪɟɥɜɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ – ɜ ɟɥɢɬɚɪɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ, ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɫ ɞɟɥɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɬ, ɜɨɟɧɧɢ
ɬɪɢɭɦɮɢ ɢ ɭɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɡɚɝɭɛɢ, ɤɨɜɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɢ
ɢɧɬɪɢɝɢ ɢ ɡɚɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɧɚɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɨɬɦɹɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɞɨɝɦɢ,
ɫɴɬɜɨɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ ɢ ɫɯɨɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɠɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɰɢ. ɋɜɹɬ,
ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɹ ɱɨɜɟɤ.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɫɜɟɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. Ɂɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬ, ɛɥɢɡɴɤ, ɢɧɬɪɢɝɭɜɚɳ, ɡɚɛɚɜɟɧ, ɜɞɴɯɧɨɜɹɜɚɳ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɳ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ ɢ
ɱɚɤɚɳ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɢ. Ɉɬɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ (ɜɟɱɟ 10 ɧɚ ɛɪɨɣ), ɫɬɭɞɢɢ
(ɧɚɞ 20) ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɢ (ɛɥɢɡɨ 300). ɉɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚ ɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ
ɧɚ Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ – ɢɡɞɢɪɜɚɧɟɬɨ, ɫɴɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ, ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɴɬ ɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɧɢɹɬ ɦɭ ɬɪɭɞ Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from
Bulgaria (2009). Ʉɧɢɝɚɬɚ, ɚ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɧɚɭɱɟɧ
ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɟɧ ɦɚɳɚɛ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɭɫɩɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ. ɉɪɢɧɨɫɴɬ ɦɭ ɟ ɛɟɡɫɩɨɪɟɧ: ɧɚɞ 3500
ɢɡɞɢɪɟɧɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɫɢɝɢɥɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɚ, 500 ɩɥɨɦɛɢ, 10
ɤɚɥɴɩɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɚ, 3 ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ; ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɚɪɟɚɥ
(ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ); ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɞɧɟɫ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ. ɇɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ. ɂɜɚɧ
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɦɢɫɢɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɚ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɪɚɦɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚ-
23
ɜɚ. ɂɡɞɚɜɚ Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ (2016),

ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɳ ɧɚɞ 400 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ (ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ, ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭɥɢ, ɚɪɝɢɪɨɜɭɥɢ, ɦɚɬɪɢ-
ɰɢ, ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ-ɩɟɱɚɬɢ), ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɚɪɢɫɬɨ-
ɤɪɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɢ ȼɬɨɪɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɪɟɡ 2019 ɝ. ɢɡɥɟɡɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (971-1118), ɨɛɨɛɳɚɜɚɳ ɢ
ɨɫɜɟɬɥɹɜɚɳ ɜɚɠɧɢ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɟɧɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ
ɞɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɭɞ.
ɂ ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɱɟ ɦɢɫɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɚ, ɚ Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬɚ,
ɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɩɢɪɚ, ɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɬɴɪɫɢ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɫɴɡɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ
ɛɭɞɧɨ, ɬɪɟɫɤɚɜɨ, ɬɴɪɫɟɳɨ ɢ ɜɴɥɧɭɜɚɳɨ. Ɂɚɳɨɬɨ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɟ ɩɨɪɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ.
Ɍɹ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɟ ɩɢɲɟ.
ɇɚ ɦɧɨɝɚɹ ɥɟɬɚ, ɉɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɟ!

ǼȚȢ ȑĲȘ ʌȠȜȜȐ, țȪȡȚİ țĮșȘȖȘĲȐ!
CURRICULUM VITAE
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ
13 ɚɩɪɢɥ 1949 – ɪɨɞɟɧ ɜ ɫɟɥɨ ɐɚɪ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ, ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɟɧɫɤɨ

1972 – ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɴɜ ȼɌɍ “ɋɜ. ɋɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ”
1972 – 1974 – ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɜ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ
1974 – 2018 – ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɇȺɂɆ ɤɴɦ ȻȺɇ ɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ
1978 – ɡɚɳɢɬɚɜɚ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1081 – 1261 ɝ.
1981 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɏVȱ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ȼɢɟɧɚ
1984 – ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ 1081 – 1261 ɝ.
1986 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɏVȱȱ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ
1988 – ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɯɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ȻȺɇ
1988 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜɴɜ ȱȱ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɫɢɝɢɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, Ⱥɬɢɧɚ
1989, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2008 – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɴɦ
ɏɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ – Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ, ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ
1990 – 1991 – ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɇȺɂɆ ɤɴɦ ȻȺɇ ɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ
1990 – 2017 – ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɇɚɭɱɧɢɹ ɫɴɜɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɇȺɂɆ ɩɪɢ ȻȺɇ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ
1991 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɏVȱȱȱ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
1991 – ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ
1992 – ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ
1993 – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɜ ɏɟɛɟɪɞɟɧ Ʉɨɢɧ Ɋɭɭɦ, Ⱥɲɦɨɥɢɴɧ Ɇɸɡɢɴɦ, Ɉɤɫɮɨɪɞ,
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ
24
Женя ЖЕКОВА. ПЪРВИТЕ 70!
1993 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ ȱV ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɫɢɝɢɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ȼɢɟɧɚ
1993 – ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ
1995 – 2003 – ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɇȺɂɆ ɤɴɦ ȻȺɇ ɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ
1996 ɝ. – ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɟ ɡɚ ɫɬ.ɧ.ɫ. ȱ ɫɬ. ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȻȺɇ ɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ
1994 – 1996 – ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɴɦ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ”
1998 – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɜ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ȼɢɟɧɚ
1998 – ɝɥɚɜɟɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Vȱ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ ɩɨ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɢɝɢɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ
1998 – 2010 – ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɟɧ ɫɴɜɟɬ ɩɨ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɤɴɦ ȼɢɫɲɚɬɚ ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢɹ
ɩɪɢ Ɇɋ
1999 – ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɋɍȻ, ɤɥɨɧ ɒɭɦɟɧ
2001 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɏɏ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɉɚɪɢɠ
2001 – ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
2003 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ Vȱȱȱ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɫɢɝɢɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ
2003 – ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɬɨɦ ɨɬ Ʉɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals with
Geographical Names
2004 – ɝɥɚɜɟɧ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɇȺɂɆ ɩɪɢ ȻȺɇ
2005 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ 40 Years On, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ.
Ɇɚɣɤɴɥ Ɇɟɬɤɚɥɮ, Ⱥɲɦɨɥɢɴɧ Ɇɸɡɢɴɦ, Ɉɤɫɮɨɪɞ
2005 – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɩɨ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɴɦ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
2006 – ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɏɏȱ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ
2006 – ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɬɨɦ ɨɬ Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ Corpus
of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 2. Byzantine Seals with Family Names
2007 – ɝɥɚɜɟɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ,
ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ 100 ɝ. ɨɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɞ-ɪ ȼɚɫɢɥ
ɏɚɪɚɥɚɧɨɜ, ɒɭɦɟɧ
2008 – ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɒɭɦɟɧ
2008 – ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧ ɫ „ɇɚɝɪɚɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɡɚ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ” ɡɚ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ
Catalogue of Medieval Seals at the Regional Historical Museum of Shumen
2009 – ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɉɨɱɟɬɟɧ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ
2018 – ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɟ ɡɚ Doctor honoris causa ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ”
25
Zhenya Zhekova
THE FIRST SEVENTY YEARS!
Sigillography is his alter ego. It fills his entire personal space. It is

everywhere - in his home, in his family, in his office, in his mind and heart.
He lives for science, and it lives in him. The years roll by, driven by the
speed of life. But he moves by the speed of thought - irresistible, accelerating
and pulsating with every artifact found. Each new seal adds more zeal and
captures all the unknown facts in a stream of information photons. And it
goes on for 70 years now!
Professor Ivan ȳordanov1 is a person for whom time is a historical
concept, not a physical value. It does not measure the length of his life, but
the work he does - per day, month, year… He competes with time to reach
his goal - more seals studied, more new information, more new books.
Achievements of the mind, accomplished with endless workaholism,
unconditional dedication and many missed personal moments. The
intentional loneliness in which every scholar of his magnitude finds himself
is not accidental. On the contrary - it is sought and desired. The loneliness of
the great mind leads to conscious isolation, in which he remains alone - alone
with himself, with time and with the people who shaped the era, which he
analyzes, studies and records. His work is related to reading and commenting
on written sources - chronicles, hagiography, tractates and… seals!
Lead seals are small pieces of history that have survived to this day,
bearing encoded information about the person who has stamped his words
with the truth and legitimacy of the sigillum. Carrying confidence, protecting
the secret, verifying the words hidden in the parchment, it is the sender's
personal card. From the seal we learn his name, profession, position in the
rankings or in other words his cursus honorum!
2019 is not only a year of prof. ȳordanov’s life, but also an
anniversary that changed his life forever. Forty years since the great
discovery! Ivan ȳordanov’s life is a series of happy accidents and
coincidences (in his own words) that change his way irrevocably. It is not just
about events and experiences, but people who lent him a hand, believed in
him, gave him their trust and faith in his talent and determination. Ivan
1
About Prof. Dr. Habil Ivan ȳordanov and his contributions to science, cf.
Zhekova, Zh. Prof. Dean Ivan ȳordanov ȳordanov at 60! - Numizmatika, sfragistika i
epigrafika. Studia in honorem professoris Ivan Jordanov. Sofia, 2009, 5, ix - xiv; Zhekova,
Zh. Foreword. - In: ȳordanov, I. Gradove, kreposti i selishta v srednovekovna Bulgaria
spored dannite na sfragistika (izbrani statii i studii). Konstantin Preslavsky University Press,
Shumen, 2014, vii - x.
26
Zhenya ZHEKOVA. THE FIRST SEVENTY YEARS!
Jordanov’s professional career began not in 1972 at the museum in Nova

Zagora, where he began working immediately after his graduation, but in
1979 in Preslav.
In 1978, the longtime researcher of the old capital, Prof. Ivanka
Akrabova-Zhandova, came across a building in the northeast corner of which
about 20 seals were found. This is also the total number of Byzantine
Molybdobulla (lead seals) in Bulgaria documented so far. At the time, these
artifacts were still poorly researched and difficult to identify, for which no
specialist in Bulgaria was trained. Globally, there are no more than two or
three. Apparently Ivanka Zhandova has figured out that as he is a good
numismatist and studies coins, it will be no problem for him to study lead
seals as well. It turns out that she is right. The discovery in Preslav sends
Ivan Jordanov in a completely different dimension - the elitist world of
Byzantinism, full of great emperors’ deeds and the fall of those unfit to rule,
military triumphs and humiliating losses, treachery and betrayal, palace
intrigues and conspiracies, the imposition and abolishment of religious
doctrines, the creation of civil books and the scholastic lives of saints. This is
a world that is distant both in space and time from the ideas of modern
people.
However, this is Ivan Jordanov’s world. For him, it is well known,
intimate, intriguing, funny, inspiring, asking questions and waiting for
answers. The answers are his books (already 10 in number), papers (over 20)
and articles (nearly 300). His professional career is dedicated to the main goal
- to search, collect, file and publish all lead seals from the territory of
Bulgaria. The result is his great work Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from
Bulgaria (2009). The book and how it was created is a scientific
phenomenon. Ivan Jordanov is the only sphragist on a global scale who
manages to document and publish all found seals from a specific
geographical area. His contribution is indisputable: more than 3500 traced,
described and published sigillographic artifacts, 500 seals, 10 moulds for
casting cores, 3 boulloterions; all from one area (modern Bulgaria); most of
these seals are now in Bulgarian museum and private collections. But that’s
not all. Ivan Jordanov accepts as his mission the publication and arrangement
in strict chronological order the seals of medieval Bulgaria. In 2016 he
publishes Corpus of Medieval Bulgarian Seals (Korpus na srednovekovnite
bulgarski pechati), comprising over 400 seals (Molybdobulla, chrysobulla,
argyrobulla, matrixes, ring-seals), belonging to rulers, clergymen, aristocrats
from the epoch of the First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms.
In 2019, his last book Seals of the Byzantine Administration in
Bulgaria (971 - 1118) (Pechati na vizantiyskata administratsiya v Bulgaria
(971 – 1118)) was published, summarizing and emphasizing important but
27
not yet well-researched moments from the historical development of the

Bulgarian lands during the period of Byzantine domination.
And although the mission is fulfilled and the main goal is achieved,
he does not stop, but continues to search for topics that keep the mind awake,
feverish, seeking and excited. Because it’s time for another book. It is already
being written.
Many happy returns, Professor!

ǼȚȢ ȑĲȘ ʌȠȜȜȐ, țȪȡȚİ țĮșȘȖȘĲȐ!
CURRICULUM VITAE
Prof. Dr. Habil Ivan Jordanov Jordanov
April 13, 1949 - born in the village of Tsar Samuil, Silistra district
1972 - graduates with a Master’s degree of History at “St. St. Cyril and Methodius"
University of Veliko Turnovo
1972 - 1974 - curator at the Museum of History - Nova Zagora
1974 - 2018 - works at the Branch of National Archaeological Institute with
Museum at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Shumen
1978 - defends his doctoral thesis on Coins and Circulation in Eastern Bulgaria in
the Period 1081 - 1261.
1981 - participates in the XVI International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Vienna
1984 - his first monograph Coins and Coinage in Medieval Bulgaria 1081 – 1261 is
published
1986 - participates in the 18th International Byzantine Congress, Washington
1988 - habilitation at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
1988 - participates in the Second International Symposium on Byzantine Studies
and Sigillography, Athens
1989, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2008 - specializes at the Center for Byzantine Studies at
Harvard University - Dumberton Oaks, Washington
1990 - 1991 - Head of the Branch of National Archaeological Institute with
1990 - 2017 - member of the Scientific Council of National Archaeological Institute
with Museum at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Sofia
1991 - participates in the 18th International Congress on Byzantine Studies,
Moscow
1991 - member of the International Byzantine Sphragistics Association
1992 - Doctor of History
1993 - specializes at Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolian Museum, Oxford, UK
1993 - participates in the IV International Symposium of Byzantine Studies and
Sigillography, Vienna
1993 - his monograph The Seals of the Preslav Strategy is published
1995 - 2003 - Head of the Branch of National Archaeological Institute with
28
Zhenya ZHEKOVA. THE FIRST SEVENTY YEARS!
1996 - elected as a Senior Research Associate I degree in the system of Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences and, accordingly, professor in the system of education
1994 - 1996 - Head of the Department of History and Archeology at Konstantin
Preslavsky University of Shumen
1998 - specializes at the Institute of Byzantine Studies, Vienna
1998 - chief organizer and leader of the VI International Symposium of Byzantine
Studies and Sigillography, Veliki Preslav
1998 - 2010 - member of the Specialized Scientific Council of Old and Medieval
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Supreme Attestation Commission of the
Council of Ministers
1999 - chairman of the Union of Bulgarian Scientists, Branch Shumen
2001 - participates in the XX International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Paris
2001 – Corpus of the seals of medieval Bulgaria is published
2003 - participates in the VIII International Symposium of Byzantine Studies and
Sigillography, Berlin
2003 - the first volume of the Corpus of seals from Bulgaria is published: Corpus of
the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals with
Geographical Names
2004 - Editor-in-Chief of Numismatics, Sphragistics and Epigraphy journal,
published by the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences
2005 - participates in the 40 Years International Symposium, dedicated to Prof.
Michael Metcalfe, Ashmolian Museum, Oxford
2005 - founder and director of the Byzantine Research Center at the University of
Shumen
2006 - participates in the 21st International Byzantine Congress, London
2006 - the second volume of the Corpus of seals from Bulgaria is published: Corpus
of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 2. Byzantine Seals with Family Names
2007 - chief organizer and leader of the International Symposium dedicated to the
100th birth anniversary of the largest Bulgarian collector Dr. Vasil Haralanov, Shumen
2008 - Head of the International Conference Travels in Medieval Bulgaria, Shumen
2008 - receives the Shumen Prize for Arts and Culture for the book Catalogue of
Medieval Seals at the Regional Historical Museum of Shumen
2009 - receives the title of Honorary Citizen of Shumen
2018 - Doctor honoris causa of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen
29
Ʉɚɦɟɧ Ⱥɧɞɨɧɨɜ
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂɌȿ ɂɆɉȿɊȺɌɈɊɋɄɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɂə

– ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɂɌȿɅɇȺɌȺ ɑȺɋɌ ɈɌ ɈɌ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɋɄȺɌȺ
ɋɎɊȺȽɂɋɌɂɑɇȺ ɄɈɅȿɄɐɂə.
ɉɊɂɇɈɋɔɌ ɇȺ ɂȼȺɇ ɃɈɊȾȺɇɈȼ1
Kamen Andonov
BYZANTINE IMPERIAL SEALS FROM BULGARIA – THE
REPRESENTATIVE PART OF THE BULGARIAN SPHRAGISTIC
COLLECTION. THE CONTRIBUTION OF IVAN JORDANOV
The object of this paper, dedicated to the jubilee of Professor D.Sc. Ivan Jordanov
are Byzantine imperial seals from Bulgaria. An attempt has been made here to make a
general presentation of this collection, for which Ivan Jordanov made a significant
contribution. The exposition is divided into three parts:
1. General quantitative and qualitative characteristics – 241 byzantine imperial seals
for a most part of them has information on their find-spot.
2. Chronological and geographical disposition. In this part are formed four groups:
1. Byzantine imperial seals from the second half of the 4th to the end of the 7th century; 2.
Byzantine imperial seals from the end of the 7th to the beginning of the XIth century; 3.
Byzantine imperial seals from the beginning of the Xth to the end of the XIIth century; 4.
Byzantine imperial seals from the end of XIIth to the second half of XIVth century.
3. Table 1. Byzantine imperial seals from Bulgaria. It includes information on the
find-spot, current storage of the seals and their parallels.
Ɉɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɸɛɢɥɹɪɹ ɩɪɨɮ.

ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɫɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ȼɟɡ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɚɬɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ.
ȼ ɞɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧ ɨɩɢɬ ɡɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ
ɜɢɡɢɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ. ȼ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ
„ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ”, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɜ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɞɴɥɠɢ
ɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ. ȼɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ,
ɫɴɛɢɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɚ, ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ
(ɤɚɤɜɚɬɨ ɟ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɹ ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠ ɜ ɋɚɧɤɬ
ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ), ɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ-
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹɬ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɟ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɳɨɬɨ ɡɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɥɚɤɨ-
ɧɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ: ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ
1
ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ
„Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ”,
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɬ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ.
30
Камен АНДОНОВ. ВИЗАНТИЙСКИТЕ ИМПЕРАТОРСКИ ПЕЧАТИ ОТ БЪЛГАРИЯ – ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛНАТА ...
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɚɬɚ

ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. ȼ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɚ ɸɛɢɥɹɪɹɬ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɢɦɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɟɧ
ɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɤɴɦ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ.
Ɉɛɳɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ 40-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɚɬɚ ɭɩɨɪɢɬɚ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɫɤɚ ɢ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɤɴɦ 2018 ɝ. ɫɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ 241 ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɫ ɦɚɥɤɢ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɳɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ2. ȼ ɬɨɜɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɥɢɡɚɬ ɢ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɧɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɧɨ ɫɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɢɜɧɨ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟ-
ɪɢɹɬɚ: ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɢ, ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɞɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɤɟɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɧɚ
ɬɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ 230 ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɬ ɫ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ 29 ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɥɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɜ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɜɟɤɚ (ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱV ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜɟɤ (ɜɠ. Ɍɚɛɥ. 1).
ɉɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥ ɬɚɡɢ ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ
ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɡɚɟɦɚ
ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɜɨɞɟɳɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɚ. ɉɪɟɞɢ ɧɟɹ ɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɐɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɡɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ ɜɴɜ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ 397 ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɛɥɢɡɨ 60% ɨɬ ɬɹɯ
ɫɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɨɫ Ɂɚɤɨɫ3. Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɫ ɦɚɥɤɨ, ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ
2
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine seals from Bulgaria. Vol. III, Part 1-2. Sofia,
2009 (ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ Jordanov, I. Corpus, ȱȱȱ); ȱ. Jordanov. Corpus of Byzantine
Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3, Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 7, 2011, 189-191 (ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Addenda et Corrigenda (1)); ȱ. Jordanov. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from
Bulgaria, Volume 1-3, Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (2). – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ. ɑɚɫɬ 1. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2015, 223-225 (ɩɨ-
ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Addenda et Corrigenda (2); ȱ. Jordanov. Corpus of
Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3, Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et
Corrigenda (3). – ɉɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ, ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɤɧɢɝɢ: ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɚ ɜ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɒɭɦɟɧ 2018, 124-126 (ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ.
Addenda et Corrigenda (2)). ɋ ɢɡɬɴɤɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɡɚ
ɫɟɝɚɲɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɨ
ɧɢɤɚɤɴɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɰɟɧɹɜɚɦ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. ɉɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.
3
ɉɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ 1972 ɝ. ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ
ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɨɫ Ɂɚɤɨɫ ɫɚ 266 ɧɚ ɛɪɨɣ – ɜɠ. Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals, Vol.
I, Part 1-2. Basel, 1972, 6-127 (ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ Zacos, Veglery 1972). 157 ɨɬ
ɬɟɡɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɨɛɳɨ ɜɴɡɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ 397
31
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɧɚɞɜɢɲɚɜɚɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɨɬ ɤɨ-

ɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɜ ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɭɛɥɢ-
ɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɪɢɧɚ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ, ɜɴɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɧɚ 222 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ4. ɋ ɞɚɥɟɱ ɩɨ-
ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɫɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ (42 ɟɤɡ.)5 ɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ
ɜ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ (49 ɟɤɡ.)6.
Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɴɪɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ, ɛɢ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɳɟ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
ɉɴɪɜɨ, ɜɫɢɱɤɢ 241 ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨ-
ɜɭɥɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɰɢ). ȼɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɡɟɦɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɯɪɢɫɭɜɭɥɢ (ɡɥɚɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ) ɢ ɨɳɟ ɩɨ-ɪɟɞɤɢɬɟ ɚɪɝɢɪɨ-
ɜɭɥɢ (ɫɪɟɛɴɪɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ).
Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɨɬɫɬɴɩɜɚ
ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɹɬ ɢɡɞɢɝɚ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɢ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɭɩɭɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɢ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɨɫɤɴɞɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɴɨɛɳɟ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ, ɩɪɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɢɦɚ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ, ɚ ɡɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɧɟɦɚɥɤɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɬɚɡɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɟ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɚ. ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ
ɩɪɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ7. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50%
ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɜɚɠɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚ: ɬɟ ɫɚ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢ
ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɜɟɬɥɹɜɚɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɪɟɞɚ.
ɇɚ ɬɪɟɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɬɚɧɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɢɡɪɚɡɴɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɉɬɛɟɥɹ-
ɡɚɧɢɬɟ 241 ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɴɜ
ɮɨɧɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɭɡɟɢ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ. Ʉɴɦ
ɞɧɟɲɧɚ ɞɚɬɚ ɫ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ (ɬɭɤ ɜɟɱɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ
ɫɦɢɫɴɥ) ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢ ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɨ 40 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɱɟɥɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ – ɜɠ. Nesbitt, J. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks

and in the Fogg Museum of Art. Volume 6. Emperors, Patriarchs of Constantinople,
Addenda. Washington, D.C., 2009, 1-200 (ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ Nesbitt 2009).
4
ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ, ɂ. ȼ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 2007 (ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007).
5
Seibt, W. Die Byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich. T. 1. Kaiserhof. Wien,
1978, 51-121 (ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ Seibt 1978).
6
Cheynet, J-Cl., T. GökyÕldÕrÕm, V. Bulgurlu. Les sceaux byzantins du Musée
archéologique d’Istanbul. Istanbul, 2012, 41-72 (ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ Cheynet,
GökyÕldÕrÕm, Bulgurlu 2012).
7
ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 ɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ.
32
ɸɛɢɥɹɪɹɬ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɳɚ ɪɨɥɹ8. ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ

ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɟ ɧɚ ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 30 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ. Ɉɛɥɢɤɴɬ ࣊ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ
ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧ ɨɬ ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ9. Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɫɟ
ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ (ɜɠ. Ɍɚɛɥ. 1).
ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɲɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ, ɱɟ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɚ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɛɟɥɟɝ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ
ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɫɛɢɪɤɢ. Ɍɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ, ɫ ɦɚɥɤɢ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ,
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɳ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɫɚ
ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȱV – ɏȱV ɜ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ (ȼɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢɹ). ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ-
ɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɞɟɫɟɬ ɜɟɤɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɢ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɚɡɢ ɟɩɨɯɚ
ɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɭɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɹ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ.
1. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ȱV ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ Vȱȱ ɜɟɤ
ɉɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɨ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɧɨ, ɫɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ. Ɍɚɡɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɱɪɟɡ ɫɟɞɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, ʋ1-7).
Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɳɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɡɚɟɦɚɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ȱ (527-565) – 47 ɟɤɡ. (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, ʋ3). ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɫɨɱɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ ɢ
ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɢ
ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɬɟ,
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɢɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɨɪ10. ɇɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ ɛɭɞɢ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɹɬ ɛɪɨɣ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɨɬ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ – 2 ɟɤɡ. ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 616 – 625 ɝ.
(Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, ʋ7). ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ – ɜ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ ɢɦɚ 44
ɟɤɡ.11 Ɇɚɥɤɢɹɬ ɛɪɨɣ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ ɫɴɳɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɜɚ. Ɇɚɥɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ
8
Jordanov, I., Zh. Zhekova. Catalogue of Medieval seals at the Regional
Historical Museum of Shumen. Shumen, 2007.
9
Jordanov, I. The Collection of Medieval Seals from National Archaeological
Museum Sofia, Sofia, 2011.
10
ȼɠ. Tredgold, W. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, 1997,
174-217; Louth, A. Jistinian and his legasy (500-600). – In: The Cambridge history of the
Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492, ed. by J. Shepard. Cambridge, 2008, 99-129.
11
Nesbitt 2009, ʋ13.3-4, 14.1-5, 14.7-10, 14.14
33
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɟ ɜ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɨɱɚɬ, ɱɟ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ ɜ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɧɚ
ɨɬɜɨɸɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɫɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɬɭɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɧɨɜɢɹ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɪɟɞ – ɬɟɦɧɚɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ12.
2. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ Vȱȱ ɞɨ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜɟɤ
Ɍɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɚ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ
(680-1018). ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɟɞ 680 ɝ.
ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɧɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɤɴɦ ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɦɚɪɤɢɪɚɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ – ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɜɟɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ-ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ, ɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɬɟ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ.
Ⱦɜɚɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȱV (668-685), ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, ʋ8-9), ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ
ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɚɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ13. Ȼɭɪɧɢɹɬ Vȱȱȱ ɜɟɤ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ) ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɭɩɥɴɬɧɟɧ ɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ14. Ⱥɤɨ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɦ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ȱ Ƚɟɧɢɤ (802-811), ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, ʋ13), ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢɬɟ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɫɚ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɪɢɬɟ
ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɍɟɨɮɢɥ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ, ɧɹɦɚɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, ʋ14). Ɇɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ (ɜ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ) ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫ ɦɚɥɤɢ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɞɨ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. – ɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɢɬɟ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ
ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɢ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 867-959 ɝ. ɫɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ – 27 ɟɤɡ. ɉɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ
ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢɬɟ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ȱ (852-889), ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ȱ (893-927) ɢ ɉɟɬɴɪ ȱ (927-969)
(Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, 15-22). Ɉɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɡɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɟ
ɨɥɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ ɡɚ ɦɢɥɢɚɪɟɧɫɢɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȱ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ (969-976)
(Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, ʋ23).
12
Tredgold, W. A History of the Byzantine State, 287-301.
13
Jordanov, I. Corpus, ȱȱȱ, ɪ. 83.
14
ȼ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɦɚ, ɧɨ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜ. ɨɬ ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɢɹ ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɫ ɧɟɹɫɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ –
ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ (?). ȼɠ. Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, ʋ10-12 ɢ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɬɚɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
34
3. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ

ɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɜɟɤ
ɉɪɟɡ ɬɚɡɢ ɟɩɨɯɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ,
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɟ ɫɴɳɢɹɬ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɬɭɤ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɢ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱȱ (976-1025) ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɧɚ
ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ȱ ɟ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɝɢɥɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɚɪɬɟɮɚɤɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ – 25 ɟɤɡ. ɉɪɚɜɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɨɬ ɛɢɜɲɢɬɟ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɢ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, 24-25). Ɉɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɬɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɭɩɜɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɢ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɡɚɜɥɚɞɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɡɟɦɢ ɨɬ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ15. ȼɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ
ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱȱ (1025 ɝ.) ɞɨ ɜɴɡɲɟɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1081 ɝ.)
ɢɦɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ – 14 ɟɤɡ.
ɉɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɞɧ. ɘɠɧɚ ɢ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (Ɍɚɛɥ.
1, 26-33). Ɍɚɡɢ ɧɚɦɚɥɟɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɥɟɫɧɨ ɨɬ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬ.ɧɚɪ. ɤɴɫɧɢ ɧɨɦɚɞɢ – ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢ,
ɭɡɢ ɢ ɤɭɦɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɨɬ ɪ. Ⱦɭɧɚɜ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1081-1118) ɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɜɚɳɨɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɫɬɪɭɩɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ – 79
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɟɤɡ. ɉɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, 34-35) ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɤɴɦ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ (1087 ɝ.)
ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ16.
4. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɞɨ
ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜɟɤ
ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɬ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɨɬɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ ȼɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪ-
ɜɚɥɚ 1204-1261 ɝ. Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɇɢɤɟɣɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɂɫɚɤ ȱȱ Ⱥɧɝɟɥ (1185-1195) (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, 38-39), ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ
ɬɨɡɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɯɴɥɦɚ ɐɚɪɟɜɟɰ, ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȱV ɫɴɳɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɚɜɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɢ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɬɟ ɫ ɜɴɡɨɛɧɨɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ
15
ȼɠ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
(971-1118). ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2019, ɫ. 128.
16
Jordanov, I. Corpus, ȱȱȱ, 103-104; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ., ɀ. ɀɟɤɨɜɚ. ɉɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ (ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1087 ɝ.). ɉɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ.
ɉɪɢɧɨɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ, 32, 2017, 80-110.
35
ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɱɪɟɡ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ Ⱥɧɪɢ (1206-1214),

Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɞɶɨ Ʉɭɪɬɟɧɟ (1221-1228) ɢ Ȼɚɥɞɭɢɧ ȱȱ (1228-1261). Ɇɟɫɬɨɧɚ-
ɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɚ ɞɜɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ
ɨɬ ɯɴɥɦɚ ɐɚɪɟɜɟɰ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, 41-43). Ⱦɜɚɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ (ɛɟɡ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ)
ɧɚ ɧɢɤɟɣɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ȱ Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫ (1208-1222) ɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚ
ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ Ƀɨɚɧ ȱȱȱ Ⱦɭɤɚ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ (1222-1254) ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɜ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɍɚɛɥ. 1, 44-45). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜ. Ɍɟɡɢ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (Ɍɚɛɥ.
1, 46-50) ɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚ ɡɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɤɨɪɟ-
ɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ/ɢ Ɇɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ

Ɍɢɬɥɚ (ɪɚɡɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɟɧɚ), ɛɪɨɣ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ
1. Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ȱ (379- ɝɪ. əɤɨɪɭɞɚ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɇɹɦɚ ɬɨɱɟɧ
395) (Ȼɥɚɝɨɟɜɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ Addenda et ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ!
Dominus noster ɨɛɥɚɫɬ) Corrigenda (2), ʋ1.
Theodosius augustus ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ.
1 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ
(ɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ
ɩɥɨɦɛɚ)
2. Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ ȱ (491- Ⱦɜɚ ɨɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢɬɟ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
518) ɫɚ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ȱȱȱ, nos. 1-3. 1972, ʋ1;
Dominus noster ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɇɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1 ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
Anastasios perpetuus ɬɪɟɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɟɤɡ.17; ʋ6.
Augustus ɫɨɱɢ – ɝɪ. ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ. ɂɆ ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ – 1
3 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɟɤɡ.18
ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ – 1.
3. ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ȱ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ: Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
(527-565) ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ (1); ȱȱȱ, nos. 4-41; 1972, ʋ3ɚ-ɫ, 4;
Dominus noster Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Seibt 1978, ʋ6;
Justinianus perpetuus (1); ɫ. ɋɭɲɢɧɚ Addenda et Corri- ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
Augustus (ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ) (1); genda (1), ʋ44ɛ-ɠ. ʋ7-14;
48 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (1); Ⱦɨɥɟɧ ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 18 Nesbitt 2009,
ɱɢɮɥɢɤ (ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ) ɟɤɡ.19; ʋʋ4.2-4.12,
17
Jordanov, I. Corpus, ȱȱȱ, no. 1.
18
Ⱦɢɦɨɜɚ, ɋ. Ɋɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ (V-Vȱ ɜ.) ɨɬ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ. – Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ ɏɢɦɟɦɨɧɬ, ȱV – ɏȱV ɜ., ɬɨɦ 1, ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2007, ɨɛɪ. 1.
19
Jordanov, I., Zh. Zhekova. Catalogue of Medieval seals at the Regional
Historical Museum of Shumen. Shumen, 2007, nos. 85-99.
36
(1); ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ (1); ɫ. ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 5 4.14, 5.1;
Ʉɪɚɫɟɧ (Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɨ) (1); ɟɤɡ.20; Cheynet,
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɂɆ ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ – 2 GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (5). ɟɤɡ.21; Bulgurlu 2012,
ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ: ȺɆ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ – 3 no. 1.3.
ɉɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɨ (1); ɟɤɡ.22
ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ (1); ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ 20 ɟɤɡ. –
(1); Ɇɟɥɧɢɰɚ (1); ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ (1);
ɏɚɫɤɨɜɫɤɨ (3); ɋɬɚɪɚ
Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ (1); ɉɚɡɚɪɞɠɢɤ
(1); Ʉɪɢɱɢɦ (1); ɫ.
ɂɡɜɨɪ (Ɋɚɞɨɦɢɪɫɤɨ)
(1). Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ
ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ ɫɚ ɫ
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ.
4. ɘɫɬɢɧ ȱȱ (565- ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ. Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
578) ȱȱȱ, no. 45. 1972, ʋ5;
Dominus noster ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
Iustinus perpetuus ʋ15; Nesbitt
Augustus 2009, ʋ7.2.
5. Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ. Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ɍɢɛɟɪɢɣ (582-602) ȱȱȱ, nos. 46-47. 1972, ʋ7ɚ-ɟ;
Dominus noster ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 1 Seibt 1978, ʋ9ɚ-
Mauricios Tiberius ɟɤɡ.; ɜ; ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ
perpetuus Augustus ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ – 1 2007, ʋ17-20;
2 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɟɤɡ. Nesbitt 2009,
ʋ9.2, 9.4, 9.7-9.
Cheynet,
GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Bulgurlu 2012,
no. 1.6.
6. Ɏɨɤɚ (602-610) ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ (1); Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Dominus noster Focas ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1). ȱȱȱ, nos. 48-49. 1972, ʋ8ɚ-ɫ, 9ɚ-
perpetuus Augustus ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1 ɜ; Seibt 1978,
2 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɟɤɡ.23; ʋ10; ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ
ɇɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1 2007, ʋ21-24;
ɟɤɡ.24 Nesbitt 2009,
ʋ10.2, 11.2;
Cheynet,
GökyÕldÕrÕm,
20
Ɇɭɲɦɨɜ, ɇ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɛɢɪɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ. –
ɂȻȺɂ, 8, 1934, ʋ1; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Addenda et Corrigenda (1), ʋ44ɛ-ɠ.
21
Ⱦɢɦɨɜɚ, ɋ. Ɋɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɨɛɪ. 2-3.
22
Jordanov, I. Corpus, ȱȱȱ, nos. 41-43.
23
Ɇɭɲɦɨɜ, ɇ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ʋ2.
24
Jordanov, I. Corpus, ȱȱȱ, no. 49.
37
Bulgurlu 2012,
no. 1.7.
7. ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ ɢ ɋɨɮɢɹ (1)*26; Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1). ȱȱȱ, no. 50; 1972, ʋ11ɚ-ɜ,
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ (616- Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. 12ɚ-ɟ, 13ɚ-ɜ;
625)25 Addenda et Corri- Seibt 1978, ʋ12;
Domini nostri genda (3), ʋ1. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
Heraclius et Heraclius ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 2 ʋ2-42; Nesbitt
Constantinus ɟɤɡ.27 2009, ʋ13.3-4,
2 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ 14.1-5, 14.7-10,
14.14; Cheynet,
GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Bulgurlu 2012,
no. 1.7.
8. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȱV, ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɬɨɱɟɧ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ȱȱ ɢ ȱȱȱ, no. 51. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ!
Ⱥɧɚɫɚɬɚɫɢɹ (668- ɇɂɆ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ28 ɉɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ,
685) ɧɨ ɫ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ
Êùíóôáíôqíïò, ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ – Zacos,
Ê™íóôáíôïò êáp Veglery 1972,
<Áíáóôáóßá ʋ19ɚ-ɜ.
âáóéëåqò >Ñùìáßùí
9. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȱV ɫ. ɐɚɪɟɜɰɢ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
(668-685) (ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ) ȱȱȱ, no. 52. 1972, ʋ22;
ɛɟɡ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
1 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ʋ57-58.
10. Ʌɟɨɧ ȱȱȱ ɢ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ (?) Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ V (720- ȱȱȱ, no. 53. 1972, ʋ34bis (a-
741) ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ29 b); Seibt 1978,
ËÝïí êáp ʋ15; ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ
Êùíóôáíôqíïò 2007, ʋ64-65;
ðéóôïp âáóéëåqò Nesbitt 2009,
>Ñïìáßïí ʋ31.2; Cheynet,
1 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Bulgurlu 2012,
no. 1.18.
11. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ V ɢ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ (?) Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ʌɟɨɧ ȱV (751-775) ȱȱȱ, no. 54. 1972, ʋ36ɚ-ɫ;
ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ30 Seibt 1978, ʋ16;
25
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɚ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɪɚɦɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
26
Ɉɬ ɬɭɤ ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɫ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ (*) ɳɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɬ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ
ɩɪɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ.
27
Jordanov, I. Corpus, ȱȱȱ, no. 50; Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ
(610-641) ɨɬ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ. – Bulgaria Mediaevalis, 4-5/2013 – 2014, 19-23.
28
Barnea, I. Sceau de Constantine IV, empereur de Byzance, trouvé à Durostorum.
– RRH, 20, 1981, 625-628.
29
38
Êùíóôáíôqíïò (êáp) ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
ËÝïí ðéóôïp ʋ67.
âáóéë(å)qò >Ñïìáßïí
12. Ʌɟɨɧ ȱV ɢ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ (?) Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɬɨɱɟɧ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Vȱ ȱȱȱ, no. 55. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ.
(776-780) ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ31 ɉɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ,
ËÝïí êáp ɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝ
Êùíóôáíôqíïò ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ – ɜɠ.
ðéóôïp âáóéëåqò Zacos, Veglery
>Ñïìáßïí 1972, ʋ37.
13. ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ȱ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Zacos, Veglery
ɋɬɚɜɪɚɤɢɣ (803- Addenda et Corri- 1972, ʋ46ɚ-ɜ.
811) genda (1), ʋ55ɚ.
Íéêçöüñïò êáp ɑɚɫɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ.
ÓôáõñÜêéïò
14. Ɍɟɨɮɢɥ, ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ (1); Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ȱȱ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ȼɴɬɪɟɲɟɧ ȱȱȱ, nos. 56-58. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ!
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ (837- ɝɪɚɞ) (1)*; Ⱦɟɜɟɥɬ (1)* ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1
839) ɟɤɡ.32;
Èåüöéëïò âáóéëå†ò ȺɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
3 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ – 1 ɟɤɡ.33;
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ – Ⱦɟɜɟɥɬ – 1
ɟɤɡ.34
15. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ (868- ȱȱȱ, no.59. 1972,ʋ59b-d;
879) ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
Âáóßëåéïò êáp ʋ74-78; Nesbitt
Êùíóôáíôqíïò 2009, ʋ51.2-18.
áˆãïýóôïé
16. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱ, ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɢ Ʌɟɨɧ ȱȱȱ, no.60. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ35!
30
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ʋ4.
31
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ʋ6.
32
ɘɪɭɤɨɜɚ, Ƀ. ɇɨɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ȼɟɤɨɜɟ,
4, 1978, 73-76.
33
ȼɢɬɥɹɧɨɜ, ɋɬ. Ⱦɜɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 1, 1989, 32-33.
34
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɪɤɢɚɪɢɹɬɚ Ⱦɟɜɟɥɬ. – ȼ: ɉɨɫɟɥɢɳɧɢ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ, 1992, 2, Vȱȱ.1
35
ȼ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɬɟɫɟɪɚ, ɧɚ ɱɢɹɬɨ ɥɢɰɟɜɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɛɸɫɬɨɜɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ
ɬɪɨɣɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ – ɜɠ. Nesbitt 2009, ʋ51.1.
39
Vȱ (870-879) ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ.
ËÝïí, Âáóßëåéïò êáp
Êùíóôáíôqíïò
áˆãïýóôïé
17. Ʌɟɨɧ Vȱ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery

Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ (886- ȼɴɧɲɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ) (3)36 ȱȱȱ, nos. 61-64. 1972, ʋ60ɚ-ɫ;
912) ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1) ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 1 ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
ËÝïí êáp ɟɤɡ.37 ʋ70; Cheynet,
ÁëÝîáíäñïò ɑɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ – 3 GökyÕldÕrÕm,
áˆãïýóôïé ɟɤɡ. Bulgurlu 2012,
4 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ no. 1.21.
18. N ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ȼɴɬɪɟɲɟɧ Jordanov, I. Corpus,
(869-870); (908-912); ɝɪɚɞ) (3)*; ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ȱȱȱ, nos. 65-70;
(912-913); (921- (1); ɉɥɢɫɤɚ (ȼɴɧɲɟɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ.
944)38 ɝɪɚɞ) (1); ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ Addenda et Corri-
... êáp (2) genda (2), ʋ2.
Êùíóôáíôqíïò ȺɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
áˆãïýóôïé ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ – 4 ɟɤɡ.39;
>Ñùìáßùí ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 1
... êáp ɟɤɡ.40
Êùíóôáíôqíïò ɑɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ – 3
âáóéëåqò >Ñïìáßïí ɟɤɡ.
7 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ
19. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Vȱȱ ɉɚɬɥɟɣɧɚ* Jordanov, I. Corpus, Cheynet,
(919-920) ȱȱȱ, no.71. GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Êùíóôáíôqíïò ... ȺɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ Bulgurlu 2012,
1 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ41 no. 1.23.
20. Ɋɨɦɚɧ ȱ, ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ*(1)42; ɫ. Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
36
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɇɨɜɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ Iɏ–ɏ ɜ. ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ. Ɍ. 5, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2001, ɨɛɪ. 2-4.
37
Jordanov, I., Zh. Zhekova. Catalogue, ʋ100.
38
Ɍɟɡɢ ɫɟɞɟɦ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɫɚ ɫ ɧɟɩɴɥɟɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ, ɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ
ɬɹɯ ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ. ɋɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɹ ɫɴɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
(Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ) ɢ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɧɟ ɞɜɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ
ɫɨɱɢ, ɱɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ – ɜɠ. Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ, Ɍ. Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɫ
ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ (680-969). ɉɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2012, 90-
93.
39
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɞɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ȼ: 1100
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. Ɍ. 1. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1995, ɨɛɪ. 2-4.
40
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɇɨɜ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ
ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – ȼ: Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ
ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ”. Ɍ. 6,
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2004, ʋ6; Jordanov, I., Zh. Zhekova. Catalogue, ʋ101.
41
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɞɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ, Ɉɛɪ. 5.
40
ɏɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪ ɢ ɑɟɪɟɧɱɚ (ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ) ȱȱȱ, nos. 76-80. 1972, ʋ66a-d;
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Vȱȱ (1); ɫ. ɐɚɪ Ⱥɫɟɧ ȺɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ Nesbitt 2009,
(924-931) (ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɟɧɫɤɨ) (1); ɫ. ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ – 1 ɟɤɡ.; ʋ59.4.
>Ñùìáí{ò, Ɇɟɥɧɢɰɚ (ȿɥɯɨɜɫɤɨ) ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 2
×ñéóôïöüñïò êS (1); ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1) ɟɤɡ.;
Êùíóôáíôqíïò ɊɂɆ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ – 1
âáóéëåqò >Ñùìáßùí ɟɤɡ.;
5 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɂɆ ȿɥɯɨɜɨ– 1 ɟɤɡ.
21. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Vȱȱ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ*(1)43; Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery

(945-959) ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (2); ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ ȱȱȱ, nos. 72-75Ⱥ. 1972, ʋ70ɚ;
Êùíóôáíôqíïò } (1); ɫ. ɋɭɲɢɧɚ ȺɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
ÐïñöõñïãÝííçôïò (ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ) (1). ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ – 1 ɟɤɡ.; ʋ8444.
áˆôïêñÜôùñ ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 2
5 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɟɤɡ.;
ɇɂɆ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ – 1
ɟɤɡ.;
ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ– 1
ɟɤɡ.
22. N ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (2); Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ

(Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ?) ɢ Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ (1). ȱȱȱ, nos. 81-83. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ45!
Ɋɨɦɚɧ (920-921) ɢɥɢ ɊɂɆ–ɒɭɦɟɧ – 3
(946-959) ɟɤɡ.
... >Ñùìáí{ò
23. Ƀɨɚɧ ȱ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ – ɧɚ ɛɪɟɝɚ ɧɚ Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ (969-976) ɪ. Ⱦɭɧɚɜ – ɫɪɟɳɭ ȱȱȱ, no.84. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ46!
<ÉùÜííéò Tí ×ñéóô© ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ ɇɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ
áˆôïêñÜôùñ
åˆóåâ[ò âáóéëå†ò
>Ñùìáßùí
(ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ
ɨɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɡɚ
ɦɢɥɚɪɟɧɫɢɹ)
42
Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ɍ. ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ɂɇɆȼ, 8, 1972,
287-292.
43
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
44
Ɍɨɱɟɧ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɯ. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤ-
ɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚ. Ɂɚɤɨɫ ɢ ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɫɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɞɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɨɩɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ: Êùíóôáíôqíïò áˆôïêñÜôùñ } Ðïñöõñï-
ãÝííçôïò.
45
Ɂɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɫ ɧɟɩɴɥɟɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɠ. Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ, Ɍ.
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɬɟ…, 90-93.
46
Ɂɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɜɠ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Ɉɥɨɜɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ
ɡɚ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɦɢɥɢɚɪɟɧɫɢɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ I ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ (969-976). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 4, 1980, 16-
18.
41
24. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱȱ ɢ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ? (1); Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery

Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Vȱȱȱ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜ ȱȱȱ, nos. 85-87. 1972, ʋ76ɚ-ɫ;
(976-1025) ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ) (2)*. ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1 Seibt 1978, ʋ18;
Âáóßëåéïò êS ɟɤɡ.47; ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
Êùíóôáíôqíïò ȺɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ʋ89-95; Nesbitt
âáóéëåqò >Ñùìáßïí ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ – 2 ɟɤɡ.48 2009, ʋ69.6-13;
3 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ Cheynet,
GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Bulgurlu 2012,
no. 1.28.
25. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱȱ (976- ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ) Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
1025) (3)*; ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (2); ȱȱȱ, nos. 88-105; 1972, ʋ75ɚ-ɫ, ɟ;
Âáóßëåéïò ɉɥɢɫɤɚ (4)*; ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
áˆôïêñÜôùñ (2+2*); ɫ. ɐɚɪɟɜɰɢ Addenda et Corri- ʋ96-100; Nesbitt
22 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ (ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ) (1); genda (1), ʋ105ɚ-ɛ; 2009, ʋ68.2,
Ɂɥɚɬɧɚ ɉɚɧɟɝɚ Addenda et Corri- 68.5-10;
(Ʌɨɜɟɲɤɨ) (1); genda (2), ʋ3-4. Cheynet,
Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɨ (1); ȺɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ GökyÕldÕrÕm,
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (6). ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ – 3 ɟɤɡ.49; Bulgurlu 2012,
ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1 no. 1.27.
ɟɤɡ.50;
ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 2
ɟɤɡ.51;
ɇɂȺɊ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ – 3
ɟɤɡ.;
ɇɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ– 2
ɟɤɡ.;
ɇɂɆ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ – 1
ɟɤɡ.;
ɊɂɆ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ – 1
ɟɤɡ.;
ɊɂɆ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ – 1
ɟɤɡ.;
ɑɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ – 9
ɟɤɡ.
26. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ȱV ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɬɨɱɟɧ
(1034-1041) ȱȱȱ, no.106. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ52!
47
48
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ., ɀ. ɀɟɤɨɜɚ. Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɰɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɯɢɧɬɟɪɥɚɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 2006, ɫ.
196, ʋ7.
49
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (971-1088). ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1993, ʋ2-4.
50
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ʋ5.
51
Jordanov, I., Zh. Zhekova. Catalogue, ʋ109-110.
52
ȼ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚ. Ɂɚɤɨɫ (1ɟɤɡ), ɤɨɥɟɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ (1ɟɤɡ) ɢ
ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ (1ɟɤɡ) ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɯɨɞɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɧɨ
42
Ìé÷á[ë ɇɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ
áˆôïêñÜôùñ
27. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȱɏ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ɇɨɧɨɦɚɯ (1042- (1); ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ? (1); ȱȱȱ, nos. 107-109; 1972, ʋ79ɫ-80;
1055) ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ ɢ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
Êùíóôáíôqíïò ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜɫɤɨ (2) Addenda et Corri- ʋ109-115;
áˆôïêñÜôùñ genda (3), ʋ1ɚ. Nesbitt 2009,
4 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ȺɆ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ – 2 73.4, 73.6-10,
ɟɤɡ. 73.13.
ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1
ɟɤɡ.
ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ – 1
ɟɤɡ.
28. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɏ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ? (2); Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ⱦɭɤɚ (1059-1067) ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ (1); ɫ. Ɂɥɚɬɢ ȱȱȱ, nos. 110-114. 1972, ʋ87ɚ-ɫ;
Êùíóôáíôqíïò ɜɨɣɜɨɞɚ (ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɨ) ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 2 ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
âáóéëå†ò >Ñïìáßïí (1)*; ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1). ɟɤɡ.53; ʋ121-123; Nesbitt
} Äïýêáò ɊɂɆ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ – 1 2009, ʋ77.1-5, 77.8;
5 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ (2 ɟɤɡ.; Cheynet,
ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ – 4+1) ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 1 GökyÕldÕrÕm,
ɟɤɡ.54 Bulgurlu 2012, no.
ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ – 1 1.34.
ɟɤɡ.
29. Ɋɨɦɚɧ ȱV, ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ? Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
ȿɜɞɨɤɢɹ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ȱȱȱ, no.115. 1972,ʋ92.
Vȱȱ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1
(1068) ɟɤɡ.55
Ñùìáí{ò êáp
Åˆäïêßá âáóéëåqò
>Ñùìáßïí
Ìé÷á[ë,
Êùíóôáíôqíïò êáp
<Áíäñüíéêïò
30. Ɋɨɦɚɧ ȱV, ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ? (1); Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
ȿɜɞɨɤɢɹ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɫɤɨ (1); ȱȱȱ, nos. 116-117ɚ. 1972, ʋ93c-d;
Vȱȱ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1) ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 2 Seibt 1978, ʋ24;
Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ (1068- ɟɤɡ.56; ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
1071) ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ (1) ʋ128-130, 135;
Ñùìáí{ò êáp Nesbitt 2009,
Åˆäïêßá âáóéëåqò ʋ82.12;
>Ñùìáßïí Cheynet,
ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ ɟ Ìé÷á[ë âáóéëå†ò >Ñïìáßïí – ɜɠ. Zacos, Veglery 1972, ʋ78; ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ
2007, ʋ106; Nesbitt 2009, ʋ72.2.
53
Ɇɭɲɦɨɜ, ɇ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ʋ11-12.
54
Jordanov, I., Zh. Zhekova. Catalogue, ʋ111.
55
56
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ʋ13.
43
Ìé÷á[ë, GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Êùíóôáíôqíïò êáp Bulgurlu 2012,
<Áíäñüíéêïò no. 1.38.
31. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Vȱȱ ɉɴɪɜɨɦɚɣ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ⱦɭɤɚ (1071-1078) ȱȱȱ, no.118. 1972, ʋ95ɚ-ɟ;
Ìé÷á[ë ɑɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ Seibt 1978, ʋ25;
áˆôïêñÜôùñ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
>Ñùìáßïí } Äïýêáò ʋ137-144.
32. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Vȱȱ ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ? Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
Ⱦɭɤɚ (1071-1078) ȱȱȱ, no.119. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ!
ɛɟɡ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ57
33. ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ȱȱȱ ɉɟɪɧɢɤ (1)* Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
ȼɨɬɚɧɢɚɬ (1078- ȱȱȱ, no.120. 1972, ʋ96-98ɚ-ɫ;
1081) ɊɂɆ ɉɟɪɧɢɤ58 Seibt 1978, ʋ26;
Íéêçöüñ¥ äåóðüôf ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
ô© ÂïôáíéÜôf ʋ145-146;
1 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ Nesbitt 2009,
ʋ85.2-5, 85.7-11;
Cheynet,
GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Bulgurlu 2012,
no. 1.40.
34. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ: Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1081-1118) ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ) ȱȱȱ, nos. 121-192, 1972,ʋ101-102a-
<Áëåîß¥ äåóðüôf ô© (2)*; ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (1); 194; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. f; Seibt 1978,
Êïìíçí© ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɟɧɫɤɨ (59); Addenda et Corri- ʋ27ɚ-ɫ;
78 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ59 ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ (1). genda (1), ʋ136ɛ; ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ: Addenda et Corri- ʋ147-164;
Ⱥɫɟɧɨɝɪɚɞ (2); genda (2), ʋ6-7; Nesbitt 2009,
ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ (1); Addenda et Corri- ʋ88.1, 88.3,
ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜɫɤɨ (2). genda (3), ʋ 2. 88.5-6, 88.8-38;
ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 5 Cheynet,
ɟɤɡ; ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – GökyÕldÕrÕm,
2 ɟɤɡ. Bulgurlu 2012,
ɇɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 2 no. 1.42.
ɟɤɡ.;
ȺɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ – 2 ɟɤɡ.;
ɂɆ Ⱥɫɟɧɨɜɝɪɚɞ – 1
ɟɤɡ.;
ȺɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ – 1 ɟɤɡ.
57
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ʋ15.
58
ɘɪɭɤɨɜɚ, Ƀ. ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ (867-1195/1203). –
ɉɟɪɧɢɤ, 2, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1983, ɬɚɛɥ. ȱȱ.1.
59
55 ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ 72 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɧɮɢɫɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɚ ɚɤɰɢɹ ɫ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɱɟ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɟɧɫɤɨ – ɜɠ. Jordanov, I. Corpus, ȱȱȱ, nos. 137-192.
44
35. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜɫɤɨ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Schlumberger,

Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɂɪɢɧɚ, ȱȱȱ, no.193. G. Sigillographie
Ƀɨɚɧ ȱȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ de l'empire
(1092-1118) byzanin, Paris,
1 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ 1884, ɪ. 79.
36. Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ ȱ ɋɬɚɪɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ (1); Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1143-1180) ɋɜɢɥɟɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ (1); ȱȱȱ, nos. 195-196; 1972, ʋ107ɚ-ɫ;
Ìáíïõ[ë äåóðüôf ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜɫɤɨ (1). Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Seibt 1978,
ô© ðïñöõñïãåííÞô¥ Addenda et Corri- ʋ29ɚ-ɜ;
3 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ genda (2), ʋ8. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 1 ʋ166-172;
ɟɤɡ.; Nesbitt 2009,
ɑɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ – 2 ʋ93.2, 93.4-10.
ɟɤɡ.
37. ɂɫɚɤ ȱȱ Ⱥɧɝɟɥ Ɇɟɥɧɢɰɚ (ȿɥɯɨɜɫɤɨ) Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
(1185-1195) ȱȱȱ, no.197. ʋ174.
<ÉóáÜêéïò äåóðüôçò
38. ɂɫɚɤ ȱȱ Ⱥɧɝɟɥ ɋɬɚɪɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ (1); Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
(1185-1195) ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ ȱȱȱ, nos. 198-199. ʋ175.
<ÉóáÜêéïò âáóéëå†ò (ɐɚɪɟɜɟɰ) (1)* ɊɂɆ ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ
>Ñùìáßùí } – 1 ɟɤɡ.;
<´Áããåëïò ɊɂɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
2 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ – 1 ɟɤɡ.
39. ɂɫɚɤ ȱȱ Ⱥɧɝɟɥ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɝɪɚɞ Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɇɹɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
(1185-1195) ȱȱȱ, no.200. ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ!
<ÉóáÜêéïò Tí ȺɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ
×ñéóô© ô© Èå©
ðéóô{ò âáóéëå†ò
êáp áˆôïêñÜôïñ
>Ñïìáßïí }
Êïìíçí{ò
40. Ⱦɚɜɢɞ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
(1204-1214) ȱȱȱ, no.201. 1972, ʋ2754.
Ɍɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞ
41. Ⱥɧɪɢ (1206- ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
1216) (ɐɚɪɟɜɟɰ)* ȱȱȱ, no.202. 1972, ʋ112a-d.
>Åññqêïò äåóðüôçò ɊɂɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Henricus Dei gratia Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ
Imperator Romaniae
42. Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɞɶɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ʉɭɪɬɟɧɟ (1221-1228) (ɐɚɪɟɜɟɰ)* ȱȱȱ, no.203. 1972, ʋ113a-ɜ.
>ÑïâÝñôïò äåóðüôçò ɊɂɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Robertus Dei gratia Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ
Imperator Romania
45
43. Ȼɚɥɞɭɢɧ ȱȱ ɉɥɟɜɟɧɫɤɨ (ɦ. Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
(1228-1261) Ʉɚɣɥɴɤɚ) (1)*; ȱȱȱ, no.203; 1972, ʋ114a-ɜ.
Balduinus Dei gratia ɉɨɩɨɜɫɤɨ (1) Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ.
Imperator Romaniae Addenda et Corri-
Semper Augustus genda (2), ʋ9.
Âáëäïõqíïò ɊɂɆ ɉɥɟɜɟɧ – 1
äåóðüôçò ɟɤɡ.60; ɂɆ ɉɨɩɨɜɨ –
ðïñöõñïãÝííÞôïò 1 ɟɤɡ.61
ÖëÜíôñáò
44. Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ȱ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ (ɤɜ. Jordanov, I. Corpus,
Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫ (1208- ɑɨɥɚɤɨɜɰɢ) (1); ȱȱȱ, nos. 205-206. ɇɹɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
1222) ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1). ɊɂɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ!
Èåüäùñïò äåóðüôçò Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ – 1 ɟɤɡ.;
Êïìíçí{ò } ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 1
ËÜóêáñéò ɟɤɡ.
45. Ƀɨɚɧ ȱȱȱ Ⱦɭɤɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
ȼɚɬɚɰɢ (1222-1254) (ɐɚɪɟɜɟɰ)* ȱȱȱ, no.207. 1972, ʋ117-
<ÉùÜííéò äåóðüôçò } ɊɂɆ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ 118ɚ-ɜ; Seibt
Äïýêáò
1 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ 1978, ʋ30;
ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
ʋ177.
46. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Vȱȱȱ Ʉɚɪɧɨɛɚɬ (ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝ (1259- Ʉɪɭɦɨɜɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɳɟ) (1); ȱȱȱ, no.208; 1972, ʋ120-
1282) ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1). Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. 121bis ɚ-ɜ;
Ìé÷á[ë äåóðüôçò } ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
Ðáëåïëüãïò Addenda et Corri- ʋ183-185;
2 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ genda (3), ʋ3. Cheynet,
ɑɚɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ – 2 GökyÕldÕrÕm,
ɟɤɡ. Bulgurlu 2012,
no. 1.47.
47. Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
Ⱦɭɤɚɢɧɚ ȱȱȱ, no.209. 1972, ʋ120-
ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝɢɧɚ (1258- ɊɂɆ əɦɛɨɥ 121bis ɚ-ɜ;
1282)
åˆóåâåóôÜôç ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
áˆãïýóôá ʋ183-185.
Äïýêáéíá ^
Ðáëåïëïãßíá
48. Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ ȱȱ ɐɟɩɢɧɚ (1); ɫ. Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝ (1282- ɑɟɪɟɲɢɰɚ ȱȱȱ, nos. 210-212. 1972, ʋ123-
1328) (Ʉɴɪɞɠɚɥɢɣɫɤɨ) (1); ɊɂɆ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ – 1 124ɚ; ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ
2007, ʋ198-202;
<Áíäñüíéêïò ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (2). ɟɤɡ.; ɊɂɆ Cheynet,
äåóðüôçò } Ʉɴɪɞɠɚɥɢ – 1 ɟɤɡ.; GökyÕldÕrÕm,
Ðáëáåïëüãïò ȺɆ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ – 1 Bulgurlu 2012,
60
Ƚɟɧɨɜɚ, ȿ. Ɉɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ȼɚɥɞɭɢɧ ȱȱ ɨɬ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɉɥɟɜɟɧ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 3, 1985, 12-15.
61
Ʉɴɧɟɜ, ɇ., Ʉ. Ɍɨɬɟɜ. ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ȼɨɞɭɟɧ ȱȱ. –
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ. ɑ. 1. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2015, 374-380.
46
4 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ (2 ɟɤɡ.; ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ no. 1.48.
ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ – 3+1) – 1 ɟɤɡ.
49. Ⱥɧɚ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ (1); Jordanov, I. Corpus, Zacos, Veglery
ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝɢɧɚ (1341- ɋɬɚɪɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ (1); ȱȱȱ, nos. 213-216. 1972, ʋ127ɚ-ɫ;
1347) Ʉɴɪɞɠɚɥɢɣɫɤɨ (1); ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ – 2 ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
#Áííá åˆóåâåóôÜôç
áˆãïýóôá ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ (1). ɟɤɡ.; ȺɆ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ – ʋ206.
áˆôïêñáôüñéóá 1 ɟɤɡ.; ɇȺɂɆ
>ÑïìáÝïí ^ ɋɨɮɢɹ – 1 ɟɤɡ.
Ðáëåïëïãßíá
50. ȿɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ Jordanov, I. Corpus, ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ 2007,
ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝɢɧɚ (1354- ȱȱȱ, no.217. ʋ208.
1391) ɇȺɂɆ ɋɨɮɢɹ
>ÅëÝíç åˆóåâåóôÜôç
áˆãïýóôá
áˆôïêñáôüñéóá
>ÑïìáÝïí ^
Ðáëáéïëïãßíá
47
Ⱦɢɦɱɨ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ
ȺɄȼȿ ɄȺɅɂȾȿ, ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂɌȿ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɂ ɂȼȺɇ

ɃɈɊȾȺɇɈȼ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɞɴɥɝɨɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ

Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ ɧɟ ɛɢɯɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɴɩɢɥɚ ɨɬ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɫɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2012 ɝ. ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɳɢɹɬ
Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜ (ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɜ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɐɨɧɹ Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ ɢ Ⱦɢɦɱɨ
Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ) ɫɟ ɨɛɴɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. Ƚɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɭɱɟɧ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ 39 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ. Ȼɥɚɝɨ-
ɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɫɬɚɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢ-
ɱɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬɚ.
Ɍɚɤɚ ɜ ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɧɢ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ 2012 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɜɟɱɟ ɢɦɚ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢ-
ɬɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ1.
ɋɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɡɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɤɴɦ ɜɟɱɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜ. ɩɪɢ ɩɨɱɢɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɬɚɠ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ.
1) Ɂɥɚɬɧɢɹɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɟɩɢɤɟɪɧɢ ɢ
ɛɪɚɬɨɜɱɟɞ ɰɚɪɟɜ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɟɡ 1910 ɝ.2 ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɟ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧ ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɚɬɚ 1911 ɝ.3 ȼ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ
ɫɩɢɪɚɬ: ɂɜɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ4; Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ɍɨɬɟɜ ɢ ɂɜɚɧ ɑɨɤɨɟɜ5 ɜ ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ
1
Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ, ɐ., ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ – Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɨɥɢɫ. – ȼ:
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ. Ɍ. V. ȼ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɐɨɧɹ Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ, 2015, ɫ. 274-
293; Iordanov, I., D. Momchilov, S. Dimova. Byzantihe Lead Seals Aqua Kalide –
Termopolis (in print); Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ʉɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɫ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ. – ȼ:
Ʌɸɛɢɦɢɬɟ ɛɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɰɚɪɟ ɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɢ (The Favorite Baths Of Emperors; Tsars
And Sultans Imperatorlar, Krallar Ve Sultanlarin Sevdikleri Banyo). 2018, 115-130;
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ – ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ 2015-2016 ɝ. – ȼ: Aquae calidae. Ɍ.
1 (ɩɨɞ ɩɟɱɚɬ).
2
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ:
Ⱥɝɚɬɨ, 2001, ɤɚɬ. ʋ ȱV5, ɬɚɛɥ. ɏȱȱȱ, ɫ. 179; Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ, ɐ., ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ.
276.
3
ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ƀ. ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ, 2, 1911, 2-4, ɤɚɬ. ʋ 1, ɬɚɛɥ. ȱ.1.
4
Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɏɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ (1186-1460). Ƚɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1985, ɫ. 98-99.
5
Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ʉ., ɂ. ɑɨɤɨɟɜ. Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ-ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ Ʉɸɫɬɟɧɞɢɥ, 5, 1993, 385-
398, ɬɚɛɥ. ȱV2.
48
Димчо МОМЧИЛОВ. АКВЕ КАЛИДЕ, СРЕДНОВЕКОВНИТЕ ПЕЧАТИ И ИВАН ЙОРДАНОВ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ; ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ6; ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɟ ɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɜɚɳɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ʉ.

Ɍɨɬɟɜ ɩɨɞ ʋ 147; ɐɨɱɨ Ȼɢɥɹɪɫɤɢ8; ɐɨɧɹ Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ ɢ ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ9. Ƀ.
ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɝɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. – ɦɟɠɞɭ 1246-1256 ɝ., ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɣɤɢ
ɝɨ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ⱥɫɟɧ10. Ɂɚ Ʉ. Ɍɨɬɟɜ ɨɛɳɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɫɚ ɩɨ-ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜ.
ɢ ɜɟɱɟ ɩɨ-ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɟɧ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ11. ȼ
ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɐ. Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ ɢ ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɧɟ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɹɜɚɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɪɚɡɦɢɧɚɜɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ Ƀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɢ Ʉ. Ɍɨɬɟɜ, ɨɛɪɴɳɚɣɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɟɩɢɤɟɪɧɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɞɚɥɢ ɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ12.
Ƚɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ
ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ɏȱV ɜ. Ɉɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ 2008 ɝ. ɧɚɫɚɦ (ɢ
ɞɨ ɤɴɫɧɚɬɚ ɟɫɟɧ ɧɚ 2018 ɝ.) ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɫɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɧɢɬɟ (2008, 2009, 2010,
2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ (2010,
2011, 2018) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɏȱV ɜ. ɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ. Ɉɛɳɢɹɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ – ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɟ ɧɟ
ɧɚɞɯɜɴɪɥɹɬ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., ɤɚɬɨ ɞɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɬ.
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ɇɚɪɢɹ Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ-ȼɨɣɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɱɚɬ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ (ɚɧɝɨɛɢɪɚɧɚ, ɛɟɥɨɝɥɢɧɟɧɚ, ɫɝɪɚɮɢɬɨ) ɫɟ
ɫɢɬɭɢɪɚ ɫ ɝɨɪɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɞɨ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɹ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɨɬ
ɏȱV ɜ.13 Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɨɬ Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱦɨɬɤɨɜɚ ɫɨɱɢ, ɱɟ ɧɚɣ-ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Vȱȱȱ ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝ
(1258-1282), ɱɟ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɱɟ ɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨ ɟɞɧɚ-ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɨɬ ɏȱV ɜ. – ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ Ƀɨɚɧ
ȱȱ Ɉɪɫɢɧɢ (1323-1335 ɝ.)14. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ
6
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 140, ɤɚɬ.
ʋ ȱV5; 179, ɬɚɛɥ. ɏȱȱȱ.
7
Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ʉ. Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ-ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ 1185 – 1396 ɝ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2010, ɫ. 127-128.
8
Ȼɢɥɹɪɫɤɢ, ɐ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1998, ɫ.
174.
9
Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ, ɐ., ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 276.
10
ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ƀ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 2-4.
11
Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ʉ. Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ-ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɫ. 127-128.
12
13
Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ-ȼɨɣɤɨɜɚ, Ɇ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɧɚ Ɍɟɪɦɚ. – ȼ: Aquae
calidae. Ɍ. 1 (ɩɨɞ ɩɟɱɚɬ).
14
Ⱦɨɬɤɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. – ȼ: Ʌɸɛɢɦɢɬɟ ɛɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɰɚɪɟ ɢ
49
ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ Ɇɚɪɤɟɥɢ. ɉɪɨɭɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ

ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɛɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ, ɱɟ:
- ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹɬ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚ ɫɥɟɞ 1206 ɝ.;
- ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪ-
ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ;
- ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ – ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɡɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɛɟ
ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ, ɧɟ ɧɚɞɯɜɴɪɥɹɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɨɞ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɟɧ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɏȱV ɜ. – ɩɨɧɟ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɧɹɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɛɚɧɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɢɥɢ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 2018
ɝ. (ɨɤɬɨɦɜɪɢ - ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ) ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ. ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ
ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ, ɫɴɫɬɨɹɳɢ ɫɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɥɭɤɫɨɡɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɫɟ ɡɚɬɜɚɪɹɬ ɜ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ, ɱɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɟ
ɧɚɞɯɜɴɪɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., ɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɏȱ ɜ.
Ɍɚɤɚ ɱɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɡɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ (ɟɩɢɤɟɪɧɢ ɰɚɪɟɜ) ɜ ɏȱV ɜ., ɫ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ
ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɟɳɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɟɤ ɩɨɧɟ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɩɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɛɚɧɫɤɢ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ (ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɢ ɯɜɴɪɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ
ɤɚɩɬɚɠ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ), ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɫ ɝɨɪɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɚɬɚ
ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.
2) ɋɪɟɛɴɪɧɢɹɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ
ɩɪɟɡ 1910 ɝ. ɉɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɨɬ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧ ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, ɬɨɣ ɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɡɚ Vȱ-ɏ ɜ.15 ȼ ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɐ.
Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ ɢ ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɜ Vȱ-Vȱȱ ɜ.16
3) Ɂɥɚɬɧɢɹɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɥɢɰɟ
ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɟɡ 1910-1911 ɝ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ Ƀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɬɨɣ ɟ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɲ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɤ (ɧɹɤɨɣ ɫɢ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ),
ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɞɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɨɪ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȱɏ Ɇɨɧɨɦɚɯ
(1042-1054)17. Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɚ ȼɚɤɥɢɧɨɜɚ ɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨ
ɥɢɰɟ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ.18 Ɍɚɤɚ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɝɨ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ19, ɬɚɤɚ ɟ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧɢ (The Favorite Baths Of Emperors; Tsars And Sultans Imperatorlar, Krallar Ve
Sultanlarin Sevdikleri Banyo). 2018, ɫ. 107-108.
15
ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ƀ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 11.
16
Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ, ɐ., ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 276-277.
17
ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ƀ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 12-13.
18
ȼɚɤɥɢɧɨɜɚ, Ɇ. ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ. – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1980, ɫ. 142-146.
19
Jordanov, ȱ. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 3, part one
and two. Sofia, 2009 (ɩɨ 2304).
50
Димчо МОМЧИЛОВ. АКВЕ КАЛИДЕ, СРЕДНОВЕКОВНИТЕ ПЕЧАТИ И ИВАН ЙОРДАНОВ
ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧ ɢ ɜ ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɐ. Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ20. Ʉ. Ɍɨɬɟɜ

ɩɪɟɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɜ ɏȱV ɜ.21 ɂ ɬɭɤ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ, ɛɟɡ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɜɚɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʉ. Ɍɨɬɟɜ, ɬɚɤɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ
ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɟɩɢɤɟɪɧɢ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ
ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ ɨɬ ɏȱV ɜ. ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɢɡɬɟɝɥɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨ-
ɤɴɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.
ȼɟɱɟ ɛɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ, ɱɟ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ22 ɂɜ.
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɨɞɜɚ ɨɛɳɨ 39 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ ɞɨ 2016 ɝ., ɤɴɦ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɟɧ
ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ (ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɫɢɮ ȼɪɢɧɝɚ). Ɍɚɤɚ ɫ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɡɚ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ
ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɬɴɤ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɜ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ 40 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ. Ɉɛɳɨ ɬɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɬɚɤɚ:
Vȱ ɜ. (Vȱ-Vȱȱ ɜ.) – 1 ɛɪ.;
ɏ ɜ. – 5 ɛɪ., ɤɴɦ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɢ ɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɫɢɮ
ȼɪɢɧɝɚ – ɨɛɳɨ 6 ɛɪ.;
ɏ-ɏȱ ɜ. – 1 ɛɪ.;
ɏȱ ɜ. (ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ) – 30 ɛɪ.;
ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ. – 2 ɛɪ.
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ, ɧɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ,
ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɨɛɧɚɪɨɞɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɢ ɨɬ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɮɟɪɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɟɡɢ
ɧɚ: ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɯɨɥɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɉɟɬɴɪ;
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ (ɡɚɫɟɝɚ) ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɚ; ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ; ɩɪɨɬɨ-
ɧɨɛɟɥɢɫɢɦ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɴɪ; Ɍɨɞɨɪ (Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ), ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ; ɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ, ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɢɬ
ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ Ƀɨɫɢɮ ȼɪɢɧɝɚ.
ɂɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ –
ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɴɬ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ ɜ. ɢ ɩɨ-ɫɥɚɛɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ
ɧɹɤɨɢ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ, ɫɟ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɬɚɤɚ
ɢ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ. Ɍɚɡɢ
ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɹɜɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ 2016-2017
ɝ. ɜ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ-ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ23, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2018 ɝ. ɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ
20
21
Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ʉ. Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪɨɜɢɹ ɡɥɚɬɟɧ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ-ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢɬɟ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɛɚɧɢ. – ȼ: ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ. Ɍ. V. ȼ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɐɨɧɹ
Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ, 2015, 206-208.
22
ɂɡɧɟɫɟɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɛɟɥ. 1.
23
Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ, Ⱦ., Ɇ. Ʉɥɚɫɧɚɤɨɜ, ə. Ɋɭɫɟɜ, Ɇ. ȼɢɱɟɜɚ. ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „ɋɟɤɬɨɪ Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɚ ɫɝɪɚɞɚ“ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ
„Ʉɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ – Ɍɟɪɦɚ“, Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ
ɛɚɧɢ, ɤɜ. ȼɟɬɪɟɧ, ɝɪ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ. – ȼ: Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2016 ɝ.
51
ɨɛɫɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɚɣ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ

ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɚɧɹ24, ɚ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɨ-
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ25.
Ȼɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɜ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɞɜɟ ɬɟɡɢ. ȿɞɧɚɬɚ, ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚ
ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ-
ɬɚ ɡɚɞ ɬɹɯ ɞɚ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɟɧ ɤɪɴɝ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ
ɫɟ ɥɟɤɭɜɚɥɢ ɬɭɤ, ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɯɟɧ ɫɴɛɪɚɬ, ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɬɭɤ, ɞɨ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɴɥ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɴɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ26. ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ, ɡɚɫɬɴɩɟɧɚ ɨɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɟɟɜ, ɫɟ
ɛɚɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɲɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɧɹɬɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢɬɟ ࣊
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ V-Vȱ ɜ. ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ࣊ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ
ɯɨɪɚ, ɪɚɧɟɧɢ ɜ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ – ɬ. ɟ. ɤɚɬɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɚ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ ɫ ɛɚɧɹɬɚ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɬɪɭɦɢɰɚ ɜ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ27.
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2017, 453-457; Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ, Ⱦ., Ɇ. Ʉɥɚɫɧɚɤɨɜ, ə. Ɋɭɫɟɜ, Ɇ. ȼɢɱɟɜɚ.

ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „ɋɟɤɬɨɪ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɚ ɫɝɪɚɞɚ“ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ „Ʉɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ
ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ – Ɍɟɪɦɚ“, Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɛɚɧɢ, ɤɜ. ȼɟɬɪɟɧ,
ɝɪ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ. – ȼ: Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2017 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2018, 399-
402.
24
ɉɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɥɹɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ 2018 ɝ. ɪɚɡɤɪɢɯɚ ɩɥɴɬɟɧ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ.
(ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ 5 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ), ɥɟɠɚɳ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ.
25
ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 2018 ɝ. ɩɨ ɟɥ ɬɪɚɫɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɳɨ
ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɢɬɟ ȼɟɬɪɟɧ – Ȼɚɧɟɜɨ, ɫ ɦɚɫɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɬ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɏȱ – ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.
26
Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ, ɐ., ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 290; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ
Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ – ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ 2015-2016 ɝ. (ɩɨɞ ɩɟɱɚɬ).
27
ɉɟɟɜ, Ʉ. Ⱥɤɜɟ ɤɚɥɢɞɟ – ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ 2012-2016 ɝ. –
ȼ: Ʌɸɛɢɦɢɬɟ ɛɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɰɚɪɟ ɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɢ (The Favorite Baths Of Emperors;
Tsars And Sultans Imperatorlar, Krallar Ve Sultanlarin Sevdikleri Banyo). 2018, ɫ. 146.
52
Ʉɚɦɟɧ Ⱥɧɞɨɧɨɜ
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂə ɇȺ ɂȼȺɇ ɃɈɊȾȺɇɈȼ
Kamen Andonov
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF IVAN JORDANOV
1973
Ɋɟɞɤɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 3, 1973, 11-14.

ɇɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɧɟɨɛɧɚɪɨɞɜɚɧɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɚɥɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɚ
Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 4, 1973, 1-3.
1974
Ɍɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ – ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɨɧɟɹ. –

ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 3, 1974, 1-4.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ (1257 - 1277). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚ-
ɬɢɤɚ, 4, 1974, 1-6.
1975
Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɭɛɟɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɫ.

Ɉɜɱɚɪɰɢ, ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1, 1975, 61-67.
ɉɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 2-3,1975,11-
18.
„ɑɭɠɞɢ“ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɩɚɪɢɱɧɢɹ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɒɭɦɟɧ
(ɏIII – ɏV ɜ.). – ȽɆɋȻ, 1, 1975, 141-152.
1976
Ɇɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ɇɚɧɝɚɮɚ – ɭɡɭɪɩɚɬɨɪ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɚɞɟɥɮɢɹ

ɩɪɟɡ 1189-1190 ɢ 1204-1208 ɝ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 1-2, 1976, 20-28.
Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɭɛɟɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɫ. Ʉɨɪɬɟɧ, ɇɨɜɨɡɚ-
ɝɨɪɫɤɨ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1, 1976, 61-70.
ȿɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɢ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ-ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ Ɉɦɭɪɬɚɝ.
– ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 4, 1976, 18-32.
ɇɟɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ Ɇɢɰɨ (Ɇɢɱɨ) 1256 - 1263 ɝ. ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ȽɆɋȻ, 2, 1976, 228-234.
53
Камен АНДОНОВ. БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ НА ИВАН ЙОРДАНОВ
1977
Ɂɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. –

ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 3, 1977, 3-23.
Ɋɟɞɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɦɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɏIII ɜ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 4,
1977, 10-24.
1978
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ

1081 - 1261 ɝ., ɤɚɧɞ. ɞɢɫɟɪɬ., ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1978, 330 ɦ.ɫ. ɢ 40 ɬɚɛɥ. (ɚɜɬɨɪɟ-
ɮeɪɚɬ).
ȿɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ (ɏII-
ɏIII ɜ.) ɨɬ Ʉɴɪɞɠɚɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ. – Ⱥɯɪɢɞɴ, 1, 1978, 137-153.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ I Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1081-1118 ɝ.) ɜ ɫɜɟɬɥɢ-
ɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1,
1978, 7-12.
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɢɦɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏIII ɜ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 3, 1978, 3-18; ȼɟɤɨɜɟ, 2, 1978, 29-38.
1979
Billon Trachea from the First Half of the Thirteenth Century with the
Name and Image of St. John of the Baptist. – Numismatic Chronicle, 1979, p.
213.
Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ Ɉɦɭɪɬɚɝ (814-831). – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 2,
1979, 25-33 [ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬ. ɫ ɉ. ɋɥɚɜɱɟɜ].
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɮɚɥɲɢɜɢ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ (VI-ɏI ɜ.). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ,
4, 1979, 8-16.
1980
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ

ɫɬɨɥɢɰɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ. – ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1980, 229-239.
Une trouvaille collective de monnaies du Moyen âge (XIII s.) près du
village de Dolna Kabda, dis. de Targovisté. – Byzantinobulgarica, 6, 1980,
173-211.
Ɋɚɧɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ (ɏI-ɏII ɜ.) ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɡɟɦɢ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 2, 1980, 4-16. [Ɋɟɰ.: P. Diaconu, S-au emis monede
in Dobrogea bizantina (secolele X-XII). – SCIVA, 3, 1983, 407-412].
54
Ɉɥɨɜɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɦɢɥɢɚɪɟɧɫɢɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ I

ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ (969-976). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 4, 1980, 16-18.
1981
ɉɚɪɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ

ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, 1, ȼɚɪɧɚ, 1981, 23-36; 61-
71; 91-108.
ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɥɨɧɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ (ɏII ɜ.) ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ. –
ȽɆɋȻ, 6, 1981, 44-49.
Ɉɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ Ɇɟɬɚɮɪɚɫɬ, ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɢ ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢ-
ɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ȼɟɤɨɜɟ, 1, 1981, 16-19.
Sceaux de deux notables byzantins de la fin du XI s. – Études
balkaniques, 3, 1981, 92-97.
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ɆɉɄ, 3, 1981, 9-15.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɧɚ Ɇɢɱɨ Aɫɟɧ (1256-1263) ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 4, 1981, 21-42.
1982
Ɇɚɥɴɤ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢɥɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɟɰ ɏ-ɏI ɜ. ɩɨ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ. –

Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ 1300. Ɍ. 2, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1982, 335-340.
Établissement administratif byzantin à Preslav aux Xe –Xȱe s. – XVI
Internatlonaler Byzantinistenkongress, Akten II/2 (Vienne, 1982) [JÖB,
32/2], 35-44.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ Ʌɟɨɧ ɋɚɪɚɤɢɧɨɩɭɥ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ,
1982, 1, 12-23.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɑɢɪɚɤɦɚɧ. – ɑɢɪɚɤɦɚɧ-Ʉɚɪɜɭɧɚ-Ʉɚɜɚɪɧɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1982, 56-59.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɨɬ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ (ɜɬɨɪɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏIV ɜ.). – ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟɬɨ. ȼɚɪɧɚ,
1982, 119-131.
Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ-ɉɟɬɴɪ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 4,
1982, 17-25.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɭɛɥɢ-
ɤɚɰɢɢ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1982, 14-25.
1983
Ʉɨɣ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɨɩɨɥ? – ȼɟɤɨɜɟ, 1983, 1,

58-63.
55
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1983, 8-11.
ɇɨɜɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 3, 1983, 104-114.
ɇɟɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ (I). – ɂɇɆȼ, 19,
1983, 97-110.
Sceau et inscription de Grégoire Kourkouas – duc de Philippopolis. –
Études balkaniques, 1, 1983, 103-107.
1984
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ 1081-

1261 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1984, 253 ɫ., 39 ɬɚɛɥ. ɢ 4 ɤɚɪɬɢ. [Ɋɟɰ.: K. Docev, Important
contribution à l'études de la numismatique médievale. – Études balkaniques,
3, 1986, 122-125; M. Salamon, Wiadomosci numizmatycne, 4 (122), 1987,
252-254].
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɏI ɜ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ,
1984, 1, 5-12.
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɚɦɹɧ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɦɢɪ, ɞɭɤ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ɇɟɫɨɩɨɬɚɦɢɹ.
– ɂɇɆȼ, 20, 1984, 99-105.
Molybdobulles de Boris-Mihail (865-889) et de Siméon (893-913). –
Études balkaniques, 4, 1984, 89-93.
1985
Srednowieczne panstwo Bulgarskie (VII-XIV w.) w swietle danych

numismatycznych. – Balcanica Posnanensia, Poznan, 1, 1985, 19-31.
ɇɟɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ (II). – ɂɇɆȼ, 21,
1985, 98-107.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɧɲɧɢɬɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 4, 1985, 207-215.
ɇɨɜ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ʉɚɪɢɤɢ – ɞɭɤ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ȼɟɤɨɜɟ,
4, 1985, 64-68.
ɍɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɏ-ɏI ɜ. – ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, 1985, 164-172.
1986
ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɢ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ,

4, 1986, 27-31.
Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɋɟɪɦɨɧ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɥɚɬ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ Ƀ. ɘɪɭɤɨɜɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1986, 37-38.
56
Les sceaux de deux chefs militaires byzantins trouvés à Preslav: le

magistros Léon Mélissenos et le patrice Théodorokan. – BBg., 8, 1986, 183-
189.
1987
ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ

Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ: ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɟɠ, ɛɢɛɥ. „Ʉɥɸɱ“, 1987, [ɪɟɰ.: ɉɥ.
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ȼɟɤɨɜɟ, 6, 1989, 85-88].
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ.
– ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 1, 1987, 12-19.
ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɢ ɨɬ ɫ. ɉɚɣɞɭɲɤɨ, Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɤɢ
ɨɤɪɴɝ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1, 1987, 27-38 [ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬ. ɫ Ƚ. Ƚɢɧɟɜ].
Dobrudža (491-1092) – selon les données de la numismatique et de la
sphragistique. – Dobrudza, 1987, 182-207.
La stratègie de Preslav aux Xe-XIe siècles selon les données de la
sigillographie. – SBS, 1, 1987, 89-97.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɏ,
ɏIII ɢ ɏIV ɜ. – ȼɬɨɪɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɩɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 6,
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1987, 668-677.
ɂɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – Ɍɪɭɞɵ V ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, III. 2, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1987, 126-139.
1988
Quelques nouvelles données sur l'administration byzantine au Bas-

Danube (fin du X-XI s). – Serie Byzantina Sorbonensia, 7, Paris, 1988, 119-
127 [ ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬ. V.Tapkova-Zaimova].
1989
ɇɟɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ (III). – ɂɇɆȼ, 24,

1989, 88-104.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ. – ɂɆɘȻ, 11,
1989, 37-44.
Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɢɠɧɟɦ Ⱦɭɧɚɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɏ ɜɟɤɚ (ɩɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ). – Balcanica Posnanensia, 2, Posnan, 1989, 79-86.
Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ȼɚɝɚɬɭɪ. – ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ. Ɍ. 1, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1989, 390-399.
Mise au jour d'un monnayage hyperpère byzantin de la première
moitié du XIII s. – Études Balkaniques, 4, 1989, 101-107.
57
ɇɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ ɜ

ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɂɆ. – ȽɇɂɆ, 8, 1989, 79-85.
1990
Molybdobulles de domestiques des scholes du dernier quart du X s. –

SBS, 2, 1990, 203-213.
Le molybdobulle du vestès Jean Aaron. – Paleobulgarica, 1,1990,
106-110.
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢɣ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ
ɜ Ɇɟɥɧɢɤ. – ȼɟɤɨɜɟ, 1, 1990, 16-19.
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ. – Ƚɋɍ-ɇɐɋȼɉ „ɂɜɚɧ
Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ“, 1, 1987 [1990], 67-71.
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ Ȼɚɥɱɢɤ –
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɦɭ. – Ȼɚɥɱɢɤ –
ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɢɟ. Ȼɚɥɱɢɤ, 1990, 49-56.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ Ȼɚɥɱɢɤ. – Ȼɚɥɱɢɤ – ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɢɟ.
Ȼɚɥɱɢɤ, 1990, 49-56.
1991
ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ. –

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ. Ɍ. 2, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1991, 36-
43.
ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱦɭɤɚ ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝ. –
ɂɆɘȻ, 13, 1991, 47-53 [ɜ ɫɴɚɜ. ɫ Ⱦ. Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɨɜ].
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɧɨɬɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ɍɭɧɞɠɚ ɢ
Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ. – Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ-ɂɡɬɨɤ, 1, 1991, 125-139.
ɇɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɏɚɫɤɨɜɫɤɨ (I). –
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1, 1991, 44-56 [ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬ. ɫ Ⱦ. Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ].
1992
Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɚ

ɞɢɫɟɪɬ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1992, 851 ɦ.ɫ. ɢ 50 ɬɚɛɥ.(ɚɜɬɪɟɮ.).
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɪɤɢɚɪɢɹɬɚ Ⱦɟɜɟɥɬ. ɉɨɫɟɥɢɳɧɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ,
1992, 2, ɋɨɮɢɹ: Ⱦɢɨɫ, 1992, 88 ɫ. ɢ 15 ɬɚɛɥ.
Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ.
– ȽɇɆ, VIII, 1992, 387-393.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 5,
1992, 281-301.
58
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ɇɚɞɚɪɚ. – Ɇɚɞɚɪɚ, 3, 1992,

201-211.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɨɬɟɣ, ɫɢɧɤɟɥ ɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ ȿɜɯɚɢɬɚ, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ
ɧɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɢɫɢɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɉɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, I, 1992, 120-125.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɨɬ ɏI ɜɟɤ. – Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ, 2, 1992,
163-168.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ
ɜ ɤɜ. „ȼɟɫɟɥɱɚɧɟ“ – Ʉɴɪɞɠɚɥɢ. – Ɋɉ, 24, 1992, 101-107.
Sceau d'archonte de ɉATZINAKIA du XI siècle. – Études
Balkaniques, 2, 1992, 79-82.
1993
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (971 - 1088). ɋɨɮɢɹ:

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ „ɋɜ. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ“, 1993, 266 ɫ. ɢ 47
ɬɚɛɥ. [ɪɟɰ.: D. Stoimenov, Études Balkaniques, 4, 1994, 193-195; W. Seibt,
BZ, 1995, 2,.], Oikonomidès, N. A propos de la première occupation
byzantine de la Bulgarie (971 – ca. 986), Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrwiler,
Série BYZANTINA SORBONENSIA – 16, Paris, 1988, 581-589;
Frankopan, P. The Workings of the Byzantine Provincial Administration in
the 10th – 12th Centuries: The Example of Preslav, ȼyzantion, LXXI, 2001,
1, 73-97.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ (893 - 971). ɋɨɮɢɹ: ɋɜ.
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɉɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɟɰ, 1993, 47 ɫ. ɢ 13 ɬɚɛɥ.
Ȼɟɪɨɟ (ɏ-ɏII ɜ.) – ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – ɂɆɘȻ,
ɏV, 1993, 57-79.
Unpublished Byzantine Seals from the village of Zlati Voyvoda. –
SBS, vol III, Washington, 1993, pp. 69-84.
Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ – ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 4, 1993, 315-323.
Ɂɚ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ (Êïõðåñéüôçò) ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. – ɉɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, II, 1993,
166-170.
ɇɨɜ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɨɬ Iɏ ɜ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 6, 1993, 127-132.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ (893-971). Addenda et
corrigenda. – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 4, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1993, 201-209.
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 3, 1993,
36-51.
ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɛɟɥɢɫɢɦɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ɋɢɚɭɫ. – ȽɇȺɆ,
Iɏ, 1993, 219-223.
59
1994
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ȼɟɬɪɟɧ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1994, 96 ɫ. ɢ 26

ɬɚɛɥ. [ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬ. ɫ Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ].
ȼɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨ-
ɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ). – ȿɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɹɬ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, 1994, 95-11.
Ȼɪɨɧɡɨɜ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ (V-VI ɜ.) ɨɬ ɤɚɥɟɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɟɰ. –
ɉɨɩɨɜɨ ɜ ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ. ȼɚɪɧɚ, 1994, 22-27.
ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ Ⱦɟɤɚɧ – ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬ, ɞɭɤ ɢ
ɚɧɚɝɪɚɮ ɧɚ ɇɢɲ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɂɆ. – ȽɇɂɆ, ɏ, 1994, 75-79.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ (Iɏ-ɏ ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 1994, 62-68.
ɇɨɜɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɇɟɫɟɦɜɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ɏI ɜ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɚɤɚɞ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1994, 281-287.
1995
ɂɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-

ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 7, 1995, 71-81.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɞɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – 1100 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1995, 140-154.
Medieval Plovdiv, According to the Sphragistic Data. – SBS, vol. IV,
Washington, 1995, 111-138.
Ⱥɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɴɦ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ I ȼɟɥɢɤɢ (893-927) ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɬ
ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. – ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ-Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɢ ɱɟɬɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɧ. 2, ɒɭɦɟɧ
1995, 228-234.
The Byzantine Administration in Dobrudza (X-XII c.). According to
Sphragistic Data. – Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ, 12, 1995, 204-223.
1996
ɇɟɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ, [IV] –

ɂɇɆȼ, 43, 1992 [1996], 229-245.
ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɬɚɪɯɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɟɞɪɢɧ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɏI ɜ. – ɂɂɆɒ, 8, 1993 [1996], 302-308.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɢ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɛɴɠɞ ɨɬ ɏI ɜ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ
ɚɤɚɞ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɂɜɚɧɨɜ. Ʉɸɫɬɟɧɞɢɥ, 1996.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ (1016-1018) ɜɴɜ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 4, 1996, 7-22.
60
1997
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɭɪ. – ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ

ɧɚ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 3, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1997, 354-363.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɩɨɤɚɩ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏI ɜ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ, IV, 1995-1997, 106-114.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ
(VIII-ɏI ɜ.). – Ɉɛɳɨɬɨ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɜ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ
ɧɚ ɏIɏ ɜɟɤ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1997, 151-156.
Byzantine Presence in Dobrudja from the Seventh to the Tenth
Centuries. According to Sphragistic Data. – Miscellanea Bulgarica, 11,
Wien, 1997, 35-39.
1998
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɟɝɟɧ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɢ ɚɪɯɨɧɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɹ (1050-

1051). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 1, 1998, 96-102.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɟɜɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2, 1998, 6-49.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɯɬɨɩɨɥ (VI-ɏII ɜ.) ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2,
1998, 67-89 [ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɇ. Ʉɨɣɱɟɜ ɢ ȼ. Ɇɭɬɚɮɨɜ].
The Preslav Corpus of Byzantine Seals. – Vȱth International
Symposium of Byzantine Sigillography (Veliki Preslav 16 - 18. 09. 1998).
1999
ɇɨɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ȱ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ (893-927). – ɋɬɚɪɢɧɢ, 1, 1999,

101-106.
Zwei Zunfttypare des 17. Jahrhundert aus dem Attergau. –
Mitteilungen des Institut fur Osterreichische Geschichtsforchung, Wien,
1999, 147-150 (co-author W. Seibt).
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɮɢɥɨɩɭɥ (ɏIII ɜ.) ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ. – ɂɂɆȼɌ,
ɏIV, 1999, 183-188.
ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɏIII ɜ. –
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ. –
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ. ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ,
1999, 170-180.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɫɢɮ ȼɪɢɧɝɚ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. –
Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. Ɍ. 3, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1999, 51-57.
61
2000
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɚɪɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ,

ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ, 31,
ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2000, 123-156.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ 1899-1999 ɝ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 8,
2000, 135-167.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɟɪɤɢɚɪɢɢ ɡɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (681-971). – Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɢ,
ɯɨɪɚ, ɫɴɞɛɢ (Ɂɢɦɧɢ ɩɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɱɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɋɍ „ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ“).
ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2000, 17-25.
2001
Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɋɨɮɢɹ: Ⱥɝɚɬɨ,

2001, 202 ɫ.+
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɟɰ. – ɂɂɆȼɌ, ɏV-XVI, 2000-2001, 192-
201.
ɇɨɜɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ Iɏ-ɏ ɜ. ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ.
– ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ. Ɍ. 5, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2001, 113-121.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ „Ƚɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ“. – Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹɬɚ -
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2001, 219-227.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ Ⱥɪɫɟɧɢɣ Ɍɰɚɦɛɥɚɤ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. –
Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. Ɍ. 4, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2001, 40-45.
Byzantine Lead Seals from the Stronghold near Dobri Dol, Plovdiv
Region. – RN, 157, 2001, 443-469.
2002
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ

ɩɪɟɡ Iɏ ɜ. – ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. Ⱦ. Ɉɜɱɚɪɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2002, 77-83.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ. – 100 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ. ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ, 2002, 80-91.
Byzantine Lead Seals from the Village of Melnitsa (district of
Elkhovo, Bulgaria). – SBS, 7, 2002, 21-57.
Preslav. – In: The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh
through the Fifteenth Century. Dumbarton Oaks Studies, XXXIX,
Washington, D.C., 2002, 667-671.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʌɟɨɧ Ⱦɪɢɦ ɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ ɜ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ,
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2002, 145-150.
62
Ɇɢɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɦɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɣ ɜ

ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ Iɏ ɜ. – Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ
ɜɟɤɚ, 33, ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2002, 80-85.
2003
Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1: The

Byzantine Seals with Geographical Names, Sofia, 2003.
The katepanate of Paradounavon according to the Sphragstic Data. –
SBS, 8, 2003, 63-75.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɢ-Ⱥɧɝɟɥɢ (1081-
1203) ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 9, 2003,
26-59.
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ (ȱɏ-ɏ ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2003,
310-315.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɇɟɫɬɨɪ – ɛɭɧɬɨɜɧɢɤɴɬ ɨɬ ɉɚɪɢɫɬɪɢɨɧ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ
ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2003, 308-311.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. –
Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ, 34, ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2003, 239-264.
2004
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɪɤɢɚɪɢɹɬɚ Ⱦɟɜɟɥɬ. Addenda et Corrigenda. –

ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɬɨ
ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ (Acta Musei Varnensis, II). ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2004, 230-246.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɏ ɜɟɤ. – Civitas
Divino-Humana. ȼ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ȼɚɤɚɥɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2004, 507-
513.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏI ɜɟɤ. – Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ
ɤɚɬɟɞɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. Ɍ. 5,
2004, 194-202.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (1018-1185). – ɋɮɪɚ-
ɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ (ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠ ), 2004, 67-78.
Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, Addenda et Corri-
genda. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 1, 2004.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɦɚ (829-971), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 10, 2004, 287-301.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɞɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ (ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ
ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 1, 2004, 181-201.
63
2005
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɛɟɥɢɫɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɛɟɥɢɫɢɦɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.

– Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ, 36, ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2005, 104-127.
ɍɧɢɤɚɥɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ. – ɉɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.
ɋɬɚɧɱɨ ȼɚɤɥɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2005, 243-248.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ
ɜ Ɂɚɥɚɜɚɪ, ɍɧɝɚɪɢɹ. – Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ. ɇɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ,
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɢɞɟɢ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2005, ȱ, 160-164.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ ɉɢɝɨɧɢɬɢ (ɏȱ ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. –
ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɬ.ɧ.ɫ. ɞ-ɪ ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2005, 159-166.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ (ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚ-
ɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 2, 2005, 145-167.
Ɉɬɧɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɚɦɹɧ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɦɢɪ – ɞɭɤ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ
Ɇɟɫɨɩɨɬɚɦɢɹ. – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ (Vȱȱ-ɏVȱȱ ɜ.).
Acta Musei Varnensis, IIȱ-1, ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2005, 230-246.
Contributii sigilografice la istoria eparhiei Vidinului in secolul al XI-
lea. – Cercetari Numismatice, 9-11, 2003-2005, 527-535.
2006
Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 2. Byzantine

Seals with Family Names, Sofia, 2006, ɪ. 546.
The Seals of Byzantine Fiscal Institutions (815/816-971) discovered
in Bulgaria. – SBS, 9, Leipzig, 2006, 97-145.
Óôñáôçã{ò Óïôçñïðüëåùò êáp <Áíáêêïõðßá. Ein mittel-
byzantinisches Kommando in Abchazien (11 Jharhundert). – SBS, 9, Leipzig
2006, 231-241. (ɫɴɚɜɬ. ɫ ȼ. Ɂɚɣɛɬ).
Christian symbols on early Byzantine Coins and Seals (4th –6th
centuries). – Acta congressus internationalis XIV Archaeologiae Christianae,
Vaticano-Wien, 2006, 465-475.
Mesembria (VI-XII c.) according to sphragistic data. – Bulgaria
Pontica Medii Aevi, vol. IV-V2, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2006, 43-59.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ɋɨɠɟ ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ⱦɚɝɨɛɟɪɬ (ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. –
Numismatika Bulgarica, II, 1. 2006, 76-79.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ Ɍɟɨɮɢɥɚɤɬ (933-956), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ɌȺɇȽɊȺ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɚɞ. ȼɚɫɢɥ
Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2006, 353-359.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ɏɚɪɚɡɦɚɧ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ ɋɬɪɭɦɢɰɚ (ɏȱ ɜ.), ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ
ɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɩɪɢ ȻȺɇ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ. – Studia Balcanica, 25
64
[ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ, ȿɜɪɨɩɚ]. ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼɚɫɢɥɤɚ

Ɍɴɩɤɨɜɚ-Ɂɚɢɦɨɜɚ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2006, 629-634.
ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɢɞɢɧɫɤɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ
ɏȱ ɜ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ, 1, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2006, 270-275.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɭɩɟɪɢɨɬɢɫ. – ɉɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. Ɍɨɬɸ Ɍɨɬɟɜ ɢ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɋɨɮɢɹ 2006, 194-200.
The Perpyra of tsar Kaloyan (1198-1207)? – Archaeoligia Bulgarica,
X, 2006, 3, 53-99.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ (886-889), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɰɟɥ. – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ. Ɍ. 9, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2006,
362-368.
2007
Catalogue of Medieval Seals at the Regional Historical Museum of

Shumen. Sofia, 2007, p. 312 (co-author Zhenya Zhekova).
Byzantine Seals containing Place Names from Dr. Vasil Haralanov
Collection. – Cercetari numismatice, XII-XIII, 2006-2007, 519-525.
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ ɏɟɦɢɦɨɧɬ (IV-ɏȱ ɜ.), ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ. – Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ ɏɟɦɢɦɨɧɬ ȱV-ɏV ɜ., 1, ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2007, 153-158.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ (ȱɏ-ɏ ɜ.) ɫ
ɟɬɧɨɧɢɦɚ Âïõëãáñùí. – ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. Ɋɚɲɨ Ɋɚɲɟɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ:
Ɏɚɛɟɪ, 2007, 167-178.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɉɟɪɧɢɤ (ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.), ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɤɚ ɘɪɭɤɨɜɚ –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 3.2, 2007, 11-39.
ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɉɟɬɴɪ ȱ (927-969). – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ, 2.
ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɋɬɨɹɧ Ɍɚɧɟɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ
70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2007, 727-731.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɜɟɥɢɤ ɤɭɪɚɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɨɧɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
(ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ.). – ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 4-2, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2007, 325-330.
2008
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ Ɇɢɯaɢɥ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɜɚɳ

ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɩɪɟɡ 1053 ɝ. – Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ, ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2008.
65
Byzantine Seals from the Kale fortress near present-day Dimitrov-

grad.– Hypermachos. Festschrift fur Werner Seibt zum 65.Geburstag, Wien,
2008, 89-105.
ɇɨɜɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ.
– Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ. Ɍ. 2, ɇɨɜɚ
Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ, 2008, 279-282.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɦɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢ (ȱɏ-ɏ ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ, 3. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɋɬɨɹɧ ȼɢɬɥɹɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚ,
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2008, 114-117.
Ⱦ-ɪ ȼɚɫɢɥ ɏɚɪɚɥɚɧɨɜ – ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜo. – ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ
100 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞ-ɪ ȼɚɫɢɥ ɏɚɪɚɥɚɧɨɜ (1907-2007).
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2008, 13-19, [ɫɴɚɜɬ. ɫ ɀ. ɀɟɤɨɜɚ].
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞ-ɪ ȼɚɫɢɥ ɏɚɪɚɥɚɧɨɜ. – ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ
ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ 100 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞ-ɪ ȼɚɫɢɥ ɏɚɪɚɥɚɧɨɜ (1907-
2007). ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2008, 37-55.
ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ
Ʉɚɥɨɹɧ. – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɋɥɢɜɟɧ. Ɍ. ȱ,
ɋɥɢɜɟɧ, 2008, 101-136.
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɢ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ȱ (864-893-907). ɉɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. –
ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ:
Ɏɚɛɟɪ, 2008, 42-63.
ɉɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ɉɨ
ɩɴɬɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞ 65-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɞ-ɪ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɢɬɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2008, 97-100.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɢɟ. Acta musei varnensis, VII-1, ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2008,
114-161.
2009
Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, volume 3, part one

and two. Sofia, 2009, Pages: 1282.
Seals of the Doukas Family from the territory of Modern Bulgaria. –
Captain and Scholar. Papers in memory of Demetrios I. Polemis, Andros,
2009, 151-183.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ (ɏȱȱ ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – Ɇɨɪɟ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ. Ʉ 60-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɋɟɪɝɟɹ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢɱɚ Ʉɚɪɩɨɜɚ,
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2009, 679-689.
The Lead Seals of epi tou maglaviou from Bulgaria. – Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ
ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2009, 39, 171-182.
66
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ (ɫɟɥɞɠɭɤɫɤɢ)

ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ (ɏȱ-ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ.
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2009, 279-294.
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ (864-971), ɩɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. –
ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ: Ⱥɛɚɝɚɪ, 2009, 38-
84.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɬɴɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ (ɏ ɜɟɤ).
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɚ, ɯɢɦɚɬɢɧ ɢ ɟɤɡɨɩɪɚɬ Ɏɢɥɨɬɟɣ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. –
LAUREA. In honorem Margaritae Vaklinova, II, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2009, 155-167 [ɜ
ɫɴɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɂɜɟɥɢɧɚ Ʉɸɱɭɤɨɜɚ].
ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧɨɩɨɥ (70-ɬɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ.). – ɂɜɚɧɤɚ Ⱥɤɪɚɛɨɜɚ-ɀɚɧɞɨɜɚ. In memoriam. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
2009, 195-199.
2010
Byzantine Lead Seals from the Village of Melnitsa (district of

Elkhovo, Bulgaria), part II. – SBS, 10, 2010, 33-61.
Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria (1979-2009) -
conception and results. – Ɉɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɴɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ
ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɬ.ɧ.ɫ. ɞ-ɪ ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2010,
ɱɚɫɬ ȱ, 284-290.
Nish XI-II c., According Byzantine Sigillography. – Niš and
Byzantium. Eighth Symposium, Niš, 3-5 June 2009, Niš, 2010, 173-188.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫ. ɂɡɜɨɪɨɜɨ, ɏɚɫɤɨɜɫɤɨ. –
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢɹɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ɋɜ. ɫɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ“ ɢ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ: ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ
„ɋɜ. ɫɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ“, 2010, ɫ. 697-702.
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ (Vȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.). – Bulgaria
Mediaevalis, 1, Sofia, 2010, 325-381.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ,
ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 6, 2010, 165-171.
2011
The Collection of Medieval Seals from National Archaeological

Museum Sofia, Sofia, 2011, 114 pp, Pl. XX.
Illyricum and Epiros according to the data of Byzantine seals from
Bulgaria. – 5ème colloque international sur l’Illyrie méridionale et l’Epire
dans l’antiquité (Grenoble 8-11 octobre 2008), Paris, 2011, 487-492.
67
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ȱ Ƚɟɧɢɤ (803-811),

ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɢɧ
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ ɂɝɧɚɬɨɜɫɤɢ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ: Ɏɚɛɟɪ, 2011, 69-75.
Thrace (VIth-XIth cent.) according to the data of the Byzantine seals
from Bulgaria. – Byzantinische Forschungen, XXXIII, 2011, 643-651, 902-
904.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ (Vȱ-
ɏȱȱ ɜ.). – Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 40, 2011,
79-120.
Corpus of Byzantine seals from the territory of modern Bulgaria.
Possibilities of dating and identification. – Proceedings of the 10th
International Symposium of Byzantine Sigillography. Ioanina, 1-3 October
2009, Harassowitz Verlag, 2011, 37-46.
Ɇɟɞɚɥɶɨɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ Ɉɦɭɪɬɚɝ (814-831). – Ɉɬɬɭɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2011, 161-170.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ “Ʉɚɥɟɬɨ” ɩɪɢ ɫɟɥɨ Ɂɥɚɬɢ ɜɨɣ-
ɜɨɞɚ, ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ, 4. ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɢɧ ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚɣɨɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚ, ɒɭɦɟɧ,
2011, 132-165.
„ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɟ” ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɫ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɡ
ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ, 2011, 1-2, 16-22.
ȱ. Jordanov. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3,
Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ,
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (1018-1092). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚ-
ɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 7, 2011, 157-188.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɟɢɬɟ (?-927). – Bulgaria
Mediaevalis, 2, Sofia, 2011, 127-137.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (1900-2010). – ɂɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ, 2011, 5-6, 236-255.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɦɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɰɢ ɨɬ Vȱ ɜ., ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɉɩɢɬ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ
Ɇɢɧɱɟɜ. Acta Musei Varnaensis, VIII-2, ȼɚɪɧɚ 2011, 207-213.
Le monnayage du dernier défenseur de Sirmium en 1018 (Une énigme
de l'histoire et de la numismatique bulgares au Moyen Age). – BHR, 39, 1-2,
2011, 135-139.
2012
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ƀɨɚɧɨɩɨɥ (70-80 ɝ. ɧɚ ɏ

ɜ.). – ©³£¬§±Vµ µ»¶©³±µ ª£µ«»¯- ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɂɥɹ
68
ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2012,

651-656.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ƀɨɚɧɨɩɨɥ (70-80 ɝ. ɧɚ ɏ
ɜ.). – ȱV Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪ ¹§³µ»¯±µ
ª§®£¶£9 „ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ“ ɢ „ɩɨɥɢɫ“. ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨɩɨɥɶ, 31. 05 – 05. 06 2012 ɝ.
Ɍɟɡɢɫɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨɩɨɥ 2012, 6-7.
The Diocese of Thrace (Vth-VIIth c.) according to the sigillographic
data. – Archeologia Bulgarica, ɏVȱ, 3 (2012) 57-76.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ Ȼɚɤɭɪɢɚɧɢ (ɉɚɤɭɪɢɚɧɢ) – ɚɪɯɨɧɬ ɧɚ
ɚɪɯɨɧɬɢɬɟ. – ²±§®±±¥±µ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ ȼ.
ȼ. Ʉɭɱɦɵ, ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞ, 2012, 140-147.
ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɤɟɫɚɪɹ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ (705-721). – Ʌɸɛɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2012,
44-49.
Ɂɥɚɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɴɛɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰ (ɋɬɪɨɢɦɢɪ) – ɡɚɥɨɠɧɢɤ ɜ ɉɥɢɫ-
ɤɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ (855/856-893). – ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ „40 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ 1971-2011“. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2012, 611-616.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɉɚɧɬɟɯɧɢ – ɬɪɟɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɜ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ,
5, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2012, 73-78.
Ʉɨɣ ɟ Ⱥɥɢɚɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɥɚɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɜ ɤɪɴɝɥɚɬɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ.
– ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 8, 2012, 151-163.
Ɂɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɚ
ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – V-ɬɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ „Ɉɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɴɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ“. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ,
2012, 1-12.
ɇɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇȺɆ-
ɋɨɮɢɹ. – In honorem professoris Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ɉɜɱɚɪɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2012, 177-
189.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ ɉɚɤɭɪɢɚɧɢ (Ȼɚɤɭɪɢɚɧɢ)
ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ:
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ Ɇɢɥɹɧɚ Ʉɚɣɦɚ-
ɤɚɦɨɜɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2012, 538-556.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ʌɚɤɚɩɢɧ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ „ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ”. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɢɧ
ɉɟɬɴɪ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ 2012, 159-165.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɧɝɟɥ, ɩɴɪɜɢ ɛɪɚɬɨɜɱɟɞ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ (1993-1194 ɝ.). – Bulgaria Mediaevalis, 3, 2012,
103-113.
2013
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƀɨɚɧ ȱ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ (969-976),

ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – Ʌɸɛɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ, 13, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2013, 157-161.
69
Ʉɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɢ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚ-

ɪɢɹ „ɩɪɨɮ. Ɍɨɞɨɪ Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ”. – ȼɚɫɢɥɤɚ Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɚ-Ɍɨɦɨɜɚ. In memo-
riam. ɋɨɮɢɹ 2013, 521-536.
Ɉɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɡ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɱɤɨɜɨ, ɉɚɡɚɪ-
ɞɠɢɲɤɨ. – ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɰ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɭɡɦɚɧɨɜ,
ɂȺɂ, 41, 2013, 521-535.
Seals of the Family Palaeologoi from the Territory of the Modern
Bulgaria. – Studies in Byzantine Numismatics and Sigillography in Memory
of Petros Prootonotarios, Athenes, 2013, 203-225.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (971-986). ɉɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ
ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 7, ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2013, 265-301.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ȱɏ
ɜ. !?). – In honorem – 1 – ȉȡȚĮȞĲĮĳȣȜȜȠ. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-
ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ. ɮ. ɧ. ɏɪɢɫɬɨ Ɍɪɟɧɞɚɮɢɥɨɜ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2013, 262-
267.
ɇɨɜɨɪɚɡɱɟɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ: ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ? ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ
ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ (ɏ ɜ.) – ¹§³µ»¯±µ ª§®£¶£: „ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ“ ɢ
„ɩɨɥɢɫ”. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ, ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨɩɨɥɶ, 2013, 313-317.
Ɉɥɨɜɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɫɟɧɨɜɝɪɚɞ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 9, 2013, 207-229 [ɜ
ɫɴɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ Ɋ. Ɇɨɪɟɜɚ-Ⱥɪɚɛɨɜɚ].
Ɉɥɨɜɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɏɚɫɤɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ (ȱI). –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 9, 2013, 167-199.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɧɢɰɢ (ɤɨɦɟɪɤɢɚɪɢɢ) ɧɚ Ⱦɨɥɧɢɹ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ ɜ.
ɉɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – ɉɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɬ.
Vȱȱ, ɋɨɮɢɹ 2013, 115-123.
2014
Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ

ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ (ɂɡɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɢɢ). ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2014.
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢ-
ɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ (ȱV-ɏȱV ɜ.), ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚ-
ɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – Vȱȱ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ „Ɉɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɴɦ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ“. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2014, 156-174.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ 976-1014. – ɐɚɪ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ (+1014) ɜ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɡɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2014, 65-77.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɝɪɚɞ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ (ȱV-ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.). ɉɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ
ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ (ɩɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ).
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2014, 341-352.
70
Titles and Dignitaries in the Preslav Court (893-971). The

contribution of Sigillography. – Miscellanea Bulgarica 21, Das
mittelalterliche Bulgarien, Byzanz und Europa, Wien 2014, 55-69.
ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (970-971). ɉɪɨɫɨ-
ɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ. – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚ-
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2014, 311-356.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ X - XII
ɜɜ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ. – ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɓɨɪɢɱɧɢɤ, ȱV, Ʉɢɟɜ, 2014,
368-375.
Ɉɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɪɭɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (ɜɬɨɪɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ). – ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɫɜɹɬ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ
ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪ ɉɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2014, 149-156.
ɋɹɤɴɥ ɥɢ ɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ Ɍɨɞɨɪ (ɉɟɬɴɪ) ɛɪɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɫɟɧ? – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ,
7, 2014, 67-87.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧɚ, ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɚ ȿɞɟɫɵ (ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ.)
– ȺȾɋȼ, 41, 2014, 163-175.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɨɩɟɞɚɪɯ (60-
70-ɬɟ ɝ. ɧɚ ɏ ɜ.). ɉɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – Realia Byzantino–
Balcanica. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɢɧ ɏɪɢɫɬɨ
Ɇɚɬɚɧɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ: ɂɄ „Ƚɭɬɟɧɛɟɪɝ”, 2014, 258-274.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɭɜɢɬɢɹ (Iɏ-ɏȱ ɜ). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ,
2015
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢ oɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.). –

Bulgaria Mediaevalis, 6/2015, 103-121.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ȱ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ. – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ Ɂɥɚɬɟɧ ɜɟɤ.
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ (893-927). ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, 2015, 77-113.
Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɪɭɦ-Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ-Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ (Vȱ-ɏȱV ɜ.). – Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ, 30, 2015, 49-103.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ɋɢɧɚɞɢɧ – ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɢɰɚ
(50-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ.). – Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ, 30, 2015, 103-106.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɘɝɴɬ ɧɚ ɐɚɪɫɤɢɹ Ⱦɜɨɪɟɰ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. –
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ, Vȱȱȱ, 2015, 29-49.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɜɨɟɧɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɰɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ (976-1018). – ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɡ
ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏ – ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜɟɤ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ.
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2015, 366-386.
Šumen. Die Siegel des mittelalterlichen Bulgarien (864-971) § 2.4.5
in Eine ulturgeschichte der Überlieferung. Mittel- und Südosteuropa im
71
Mittelalter E. Gruber, C. Lutter und O. Schmitt. UTB Medium, ca. 450

Seiten, ca. 40 Abb. und 10 Karten, Wien 2015, 128-136.
ɉɥɢɫɤɚ (ȱɏ-ɏȱ ɜ.), ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɤɚɬɚ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɏȱ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2015, 47-60.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧ ɬɭɪɦɚɪɯ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ.). – Bulgaria
Mediaevalis, 4-5, 2015, 39-43.
ɉɪɢɫɬɢɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ (885-
886). ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɨɮɚɧɡɢɜɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (886-889).
ɉɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ. ɑɚɫɬ 1. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2015, 32-41.
Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (2). – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ. ɑɚɫɬ 1. ɒɭɦɟɧ,
2015, 223-306.
Some Observation on Dating and Attribution of Byzantine Seals (ȱV-
ɏȱV C.), According Corpus of Byzantine Seals of Bulgaria. – Byzantine and
Rus’seals. Proceeding of the International Colloquium on Rus’ byzantine
sigillography, Kyiv, Ukraine, 13-16 September 2013, Kyiv, 2015, 125-143.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ-Ɍɟɪɦɨɩɨɥɢɫ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢɹ
ɦɭɡɟɣ. Ɍɨɦ V. ȼ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɐɨɧɹ Ⱦɪɚɠɟɜɚ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ, 2015, 274-294.
2016
Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-

ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 12, 2016.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ⱦɨɛɪɢ ɞɨɥ,
ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜɫɤɨ. – ɉɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜ – ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɢ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢɹɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ, 2, 2016, 831-845
(ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɂ. Ɍɨɩɚɥɢɥɨɜ).
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɢɪɢɥɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. – IN
HONOREM – 3 – QUADRIVIUM. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲ-
ɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ. ȼ. ɉɚɧɚɣɨɬɨɜ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2016, 552-566Ǥ
ȼɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ (1185-1235). ɉɪɢɧɨɫɚ
ɧɚ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – ȼɟɥɢɤɢɬɟ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ. ɋɛ. ɞɨɤɥɚɞɢ
ɨɬ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ 830-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɴɫɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢ Ⱥɫɟɧ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2016, 319-332.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɜɚɳɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɳɭ
Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ 1185-1195 ɝ. – IN HONOREM PROFESSORIS VIOLETA
VOLKOVA-NESEVA. Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ
13, 2016, 357-369.
Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɹ Ʉɭɛɪɚɬ (635-665). –
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ, 43, 2016, 173-178.
72
ɇɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɦɚɣ. –

ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ 12 (2016), 173-178.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ „Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɚɞɵ“, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɟ.
– ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ 4.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, 2016, 21, No 5,
19-31.
2017
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɪɚ (ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.). – IN HONOREM – 4 –

TEMPUS FUGIT. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ
ɋɬɨɹɧ ȼɢɬɥɹɧɨɜ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2017, 135-142.
Ȼɪɨɧɡɨɜ ɩɨɡɥɚɬɟɧ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ-ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ʉɪɢɬɨɩɭɥ (ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV
ɜ.). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ 13, 2017, 311-316.
ɉɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ (ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1087 ɝ.). ɉɪɨ-
ɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ. ɉɪɢɧɨɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ,
32, 2017, 80-110 (ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɀ. ɀɟɤɨɜɚ).
2018
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪɚ (X-XI ɜ.) ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. –

¹§³µ»¯±µ ª§®£¶£: „ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ“ ɢ „ɩɨɥɢɫ“. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ
ɬɪɭɞɨɜ, ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨɩɨɥɶ, 2018, 87-90.
Ȼɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɯɟɥɨɣ 917 ɝ. ɑɢɫɥɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɪɦɢɹ. ɉɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ. ɉɪɢɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. –
ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɹ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɤ: 1100
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɯɟɥɨɣ. Ɍ. 1, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2018, 33-66.
Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (3). – ɉɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ, ɤɧɢɠɨɜ-
ɧɢɰɢ, ɤɧɢɝɢ: ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɚ ɜ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ.
ɒɭɦɟɧ 2018, 124-165.
Ɂɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɋɤɨɩɢɟ. – ȼ:
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɇ. ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2018, 498-518.
Ⱦɜɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɋɤɨɩɢɟ. – Laudator
temporis acti studia in memoriam Ioannis A. Bozilov. Vol. II. Serdicae
MMXVIII, 526-533.
Ʉɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɫ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ. – Aquae Calidae. Ʌɸɛɢɦɢɬɟ
ɛɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɰɚɪɟ ɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɢ (ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ
ɟɡɢɤ), 2018, 115-130.
Byzantine sigilography. – Studia Academica Šumenensia. Vol. 5.
Contribution to byzantine sigilography. Shumen, 2018, 11-25.
73
Trade Routes of the Lower Danube (10th-11th centuries) according to

the archaeological, numismatical and sigiilographical datɚ. – Studia
Academica Šumenensia. Vol. 5. Contribution to byzantine sigilography,
Shumen, 2018, 42-53 (co-author Zhenya Zhekova).
2019
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (971-

1118). ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2019, 375 ɫ., 433 ɢɥ.
Ɂɥɚɬɧɢɹɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ȱȱ (1218-1241), ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧ ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ. – Ɂɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɫɴɛɨɪɧɢɤ. Ɂɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɹɬ ɚɪɯɢɜ
ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ. ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2019, 235-242.
Ⱥɯɟɥɨɣ 917. ɇɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɢɹ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɦɧɨɝɚɹ ɥɟɬɚ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ. – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 8, ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2019, 237-256.
Ɂɥɚɬɧɢɹɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ȱȱ (1218-1241). – ɐɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ
ȱȱ (1218-1241). ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ 800–ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ
ɜɴɡɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ. ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, 2019, 57-65.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ (VI-XII ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ɇɟɫɟɦɜɪɢɹ. – Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ
ɢ ɏɟɦɢɦɨɧɬ IV- XIV ɜɟɤ. Ɍ. 2, ȼɚɪɧɚ 2019, 191-200 (ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɴɫ ɋ.
Ⱦɢɦɨɜɚ).
74
ɇɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɦɟ ɜɴɜɥɟɱɟ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ
ɡɚ ɦɟɧ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ!
ɀɢɜɤɨ Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ
Ɉɓȿ ȿȾɂɇ ɉȿɑȺɌ ɈɌ ɈȻȿɄɌ „ɍɅɂɐȺ“ ȼɔȼ ȼȿɅɂɄɂ

ɉɊȿɋɅȺȼ
ɉɪɢ ɞɴɥɝɨɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „ɍɥɢɰɚ“

– ɸɠɧɨ ɨɬ ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹɬɚ1 ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɛɹɯɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ
ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ2. ɉɪɟɡ 2013 ɝ. ɛɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɫɴɫ
ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ:
Ʌɢɰɟ: ȼ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚɬɚ Ĭ. Ɉɬ
ɧɟɹ ɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɤɴɫɢ ɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɴɥɝɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɧɢ ɥɴɱɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚɬ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɢ: ɜɥɹɜɨ Ʉ, ɝɨɪɟ Ɋ – ɧɚɞ ɧɟɝɨ V, ɜɞɹɫɧɨ ȿȱ ɢ ɞɨɥɭ R. ȼ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɴɱɢɬɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ TW – CW / ǻ –
ȁW = ɄȪȡȚİ ȕ(ȠȒ)ࢡİȚ Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠȪȜ૳.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɉ....Ɉ
......ɋɉȺ...
...ɆȿɋɌ.Ɍ.
.....Ɍȱɋǻ
..... ɋ..
ɄȪȡȚİ ȕ(ȠȒ)ࢡİȚ Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠȪȜ૳ ȆȑĲȡ૳ ȕĮıȚȜȚࣀ૳ ʌȡȦĲȠıʌĮࢡĮࣁȓ૳ ࣀĮȓ
įȠȝȑıĲȚࣀ૳ ĲȠȞ ࢡİȠĳȚȜȐࣀĲȦȞ ıȤȠȜ૵Ȟ ĲȚȢ ǻȪıİȦȢ
ɇɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ, ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢ.
Ɉɥɨɜɨ, 25/26 ɦɦ; 7, 31 ɝɪ. (Ɉɛɪ.1).
1
Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ, ɀ. Ɋɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ – ɸɝ”, ɫɟɤɬɨɪ
„ɍɥɢɰɚ”. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2013 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2014, 466-468;
Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ, ɀ. ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ – ɸɝ „ɍɥɢɰɚ”. – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ 2013.
Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɤɴɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɛɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2014, ɫ. 27; Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ, ɀ., ə. ȼɚɫɢɥɟɜ. ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ
ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ – ɸɝ, ɫɟɤɬɨɪ „ɍɥɢɰɚ”, ɇɂȺɊ „ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ“. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2014 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2015, 613-616; Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ, ɀ. „ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ
ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ – ɸɝ ɍɥɢɰɚ”, ɇɂȺɊ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ 2014.
Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɤɴɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɛɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2015, 41-42.
2
Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ, ɀ. ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ȼ: ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ – Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ, V, 2015, 294-296; Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ, ɀ. ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɨɬ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ɨɛɟɤɬ ɍɥɢɰɚ). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 13, 2017,
303-306.
75
Живко АЛАДЖОВ. ОЩЕ ЕДИН ПЕЧАТ ОТ ОБЕКТ „УЛИЦА“ ВЪВ ВЕЛИКИ ПРЕСЛАВ
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɬɟɡɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɚ ɨɛɳɨ 25 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ, ɧɹɤɨɢ

ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɫɛɢɪɤɢ3.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɬ ɬɭɤ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɤɴɦ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɨɬ 6 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ,
ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢ ɫ ɟɞɢɧ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ4. ɋɴɳɢɹɬ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢ-
ɤɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ, ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɤɴɦ ɚɪɦɢɹɬɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ
ɤɧɢɝɚ „ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ“ ɩɪɨɮ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɞɚɜɚ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɢ, ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɢ (ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɰɢ, ɞɪɭɧɝɚɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɟɪɫɢ),
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɫɭɛɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ5. Ⱦɨɦɟɫɬɢɤɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ (ǻȠȝȑıĲȚࣀȠȢ Ĳࢦȣ ıȤȠȜࢦȣ) ɟ ɧɚɣ-
ɫɬɚɪɲɢɹɬ ɨɮɢɰɟɪ ɜ ɬɚɝɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɟ ɜɴɪɯɨɜɟɧ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɳ. ɋ ɬɚɡɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɨɛɹɫɧɹɜɚɬ ɢ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɤɴɦ
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɨɫɬ, ɧɨ ɧɚɣ-ɜɚɠɧɨɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɟ ɜɹɪɧɨɫɬ ɤɴɦ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɬɪɨɧɚ6.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɰɢ ɧɚ
ɫɯɨɥɢ ɫ ɨɧɨɧɢɦ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɨ-
ɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɟ ɨɬ ɧɢɫɴɤ ɪɚɧɝ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɤ,
ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɳ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɡ 80-ɬɟ – 90-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɇɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɧɟɫɚɬ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ ɜ 70-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ.7 Ⱦɪɭɝ ɢɡɜɨɞ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɂɜɚɧ
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɟ, ɱɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ
ɟ ɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɥɢɰɟ – ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ, ɩɨ-
ɤɴɫɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɲɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɣ8. ȼ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɧɢɤɚɤɴɜ
ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɡ 969-976 ɝ., ɧɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɮɚɤɬ,
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɚ ɮɚɤɬ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚɬ ɡɚ
ɫɬɪɚɬɨɩɟɞɚɪɯɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɳ ɧɚ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ (ɬɪɚɤɢɣɰɢ ɢ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɰɢ). ɇɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɟ, ɱɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɨɩɟɞɚɪɯɴɬ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ
ɉɟɬɴɪ – ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ, ɫɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɥɢɰɟ9.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɝɪɚɞɚɬɚ,
ɭɫɩɨɪɟɞɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚɬɚ, ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɳɚ ɸɠɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɫ ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪ-
ɲɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ
ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɲɢɹ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɉɟɬɴɪ (ɩɪɨɬɨ-
3
Jordanov, ȱ. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Sofia, Vol. IIȱ, Sofia 2009,
no. 967-991.
4
Ibid., p. 358.
5
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1993, ɫ. 82.
6
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
7
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɫ. 85.
8
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
9
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
76
ɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ/ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɣ, ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ) ɫ ɰɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ-

ɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ
ɧɚ ɏ ɜɟɤ.
ɋɉɂɋɔɄ ɇȺ ɈȻɊȺɁɂɌȿ:
Ɉɛɪ. 1. Ɉɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ

ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ (ɥɢɰɟ-ɨɩɚɤɨ)
77
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɧɤɨ
ɌɊɂ ɉȿɊɋɈɇȺɀȺ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂɏ ɏɊɈɇɂɄ XI ȼ.

ɂ ɇȺɏɈȾɄɂ ɂɏ ɆɈɅɂȼȾɈȼɍɅɈȼ ȼ ȻɈɅȽȺɊɋɄɂɏ ɁȿɆɅəɏ1
Nikolaj Alekseyenko
THREE CHARACTERS OF ELEVENTH-CENTURY BYZANTINE

CHRONICLES AND THE FINDS OF THEIR MOLYBDOBOULLA IN
THE LAND OF BULGARIA
The molybdoboulla of Byzantine civil and military officers, clergymen, and

aristocratic family members occurring almost everywhere in the territory of Bulgaria
underline a wide area of contacts of the imperial dignitaries, who wrote on the service needs
or private businesses to Byzantine magistracies or personal correspondents who were in the
Bulgarian lands. What is most important and valuable, some of these persons left their
footprints in the annals of history and were mentioned by Byzantine chroniclers or
documented by other narrative sources. The molybdoboulla of imperial protospatharios and
topoteretes Niketas Glabas (ca. 1050), doux Leo Nikerites (ca. 1091 – ca. 1102), and
Constantine Theodorokanos (ca. 1050 – 1078) confirm the accounts of written sources on
these persons and call our attention to the fact that aristocratic family members, mostly
representing Byzantine service class, established close contacts with the Bulgarian lands in
the middle and the second half of the ninth century. It implies that the military leaders of the
Empire were especially interested in the said country and continued their efforts to establish
positions there. The finds of a number of molybdoboulla of Byzantine military officers
testify that imperial commanders used to send epistles to their garrisons spread through
various areas of Bulgaria. It would not be a surprise therefore that their seals originate from
both big military and administrative centres like Great Preslav, Pliska, or Silistra and very
small forts located at strategically important places, main roads, or mountain passes.
Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ Ʉɨɪɩɭɫɨɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɟɣ.

Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɩɪɢɳɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɭɞɢɜɥɹɬɶ
ɧɚɫ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɵ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ
ɨɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɪɟɚɥ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ
ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɩɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɜ-
ɲɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ2. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
1
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɸ ɂ. Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ) ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɨɜ.
2
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Sofia, 2003. Vol. 1.
Byzantine Seals with Geographical Names; 2006. Vol. 2. Byzantine Seals with Family
Names; 2009. Vol. 3. Part 1-2.
78
Николай АЛЕКСЕЕНКО. ТРИ ПЕРСОНАЖА ВИЗАНТИЙСКИХ ХРОНИК XI В. И НАХОДКИ ИХ ...
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɥɟɞ ɜ ɚɧɧɚɥɚɯ

ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧɵ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɪɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ.
ɇɨɜɵɦ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɧɚɲɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ – ɷɬɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɦ
ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɥɟɹɞɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɚ-
ɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹɢ, ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ,
ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɭ ɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ. ȿɝɨ
ɧɨɜɵɣ, ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ, ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɝɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɮɚɪɢɹ ɢ
ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬɚ (Ɋɢɫ. 1).
1. Ɇ-438. ɑɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɂ. Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ).
D – 19 mm; ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ 3 mm; ɜɟɫ 7,6 g.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. Ʌɢɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɜɟɪɯ. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɺɦɧɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɣ
ɩɚɬɢɧɨɣ.
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ.
ɇɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɚ.
Ⱥɜɟɪɫ. ȼ ɨɛɨɞɤɟ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɠɟɦɱɭɠɢɧ
ɩɨɝɪɭɞɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɟɠɞɚɯ,
ɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ, ɚɧɮɚɫ. ɇɚɞ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɬɨɝɨ
ɠɟɦɱɭɠɧɵɣ ɧɢɦɛ. ɉɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤ:
ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ; ɫɩɪɚɜɚ–.|.|L.|O|S–[੘ ਚȖȓȠȢ ȃȚțȩ]Ȝ[Į]ȠȢ –
ɋɜɹɬɨɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ.
Ɋɟɜɟɪɫ. ȼ ɨɛɨɞɤɟ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɠɟɦɱɭɠɢɧ
ɩɹɬɢɫɬɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ:
..8IKH0T [+ȃ]ȚțȒĲ
0A0bASPA0Y. Į(Ȣ) ȕ(ĮıȚȜȚțઁȢ)
TOPOTIR (ʌȡȦĲȠ)ıʌĮș(ȐȡȚȠȢ) (țĮ੿)
0TOGLA ĲȠʌȠĲȚȡ(ȚĲ੽Ȣ)
bA
ĲȠ īȜĮ
ȕ઼(Ȣ)

ȃȚțȒĲĮȢ ȕĮıȚȜȚțઁȢ ʌȡȦĲȠıʌĮșȐȡȚȠȢ țĮ੿ ĲȠʌȠĲȚȡȚĲ੽Ȣ Ĳ૶ īȜĮȕ઼Ȣ –
ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɮɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚ
Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɇɢɤɢɬɵ Ƚɥɚɜɵ ɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬɚ, ɩɪɨɢɫ-
ɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɮ.
79
ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫ

ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶɸ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ Dumbarton Oaks ɜ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɟ (DO
55.1.3036)3.
ɉɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ XI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. ȿɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɭɸ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ. ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɨ ɧɺɦ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɮɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɬɚɝɦɵ ɫɯɨɥ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɟ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɨɜ ɜ 1050 ɝ., ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɛɢɬɜɟ ɩɪɢ
Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɟ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɪɲɭ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɟ
ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɚ4. ɇɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɟɺ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ
ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ (ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ) ɭɠɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɢɧ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɮɚɪɢɹ (ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɝɚ) ɢ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ (ɬɚɝɦɟ). ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɝɦɚɯ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɫɯɨɥ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ («ɫɬɚɪɲɟɣ») ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ ɬɚɝɦɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶɸ
ɛɚɧɞɚɦɢ (ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɥ ɯɚɪɬɭɥɹɪɢɣ ɬɚɝɦɵ) ɢ ɛɵɥ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɟɺ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɚ – ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɯɨɥ5. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ Ɋ. Ƚɢɣɹɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɥ ɬɢɬɭɥ ɫɩɚɮɚɪɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɫɩɚɮɚɪɨɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ6. ɑɢɧ ɇɢɤɢɬɵ Ƚɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ
ɢɦɟɥ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ.
ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚɯ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ IX Ɇɨɧɨɦɚɯ (1042–1055)
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɥ ɷɬɟɪɢɚɪɯɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ (Ⱥɪɢɚɧɢɬɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɠɢɦɢ
ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɚɝɦ ɩɪɢɛɵɥ ɜ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ
ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɝɢɛ ɜ 1050 ɝ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɦɭ ɢ ɛɵɥ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɮɟɦɧɵɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥ ɦɨɧɚɯ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
«ɢɝɟɦɨɧɨɦ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ»7, Ʉɟɤɚɜɦɟɧ ɩɪɨɧɨɢɬɨɦ8, ɚ Ⱥɬɬɚɥɢɚɬ «ɫɚɬɪɚɩɨɦ» ɢ
3
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals 2, p. 112.
4
Ioannis Scylitzae. Synopsis Historiarum. Rec. I. Thurn, Berolini et Novi Eboraci,
1973, p. 4712-4.
5
Bury, J. The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century, with a revised
text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos. New York, 1958, p. 49–55; Kuhn, H.-J. Die
byzantinische Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert: Studienzur Organisation der Tagmata.
Wien, 1991, S. 83–92.
6
Guilland, R. Études sur l'histoire administrative de Byzance: Le Domestique des
Scholes// Revue des etudes byzantines (REB). Paris, 1950. Vol 8. P. 13.
7
Ioannis Scylitzae. SynopsisHistoriarum, ɪ. 45850.
80
«ɚɪɯɢɝɨɦ ɛɨɥɝɚɪ9». ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ Ⱥɪɢɚɧɢɬɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɧɚɛɟɝɚɦ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɞɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɥɚɥ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɵ
ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ, ɚɤɨɥɭɮɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚɺɦɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ
ɩɨɫɬ «ɢɝɟɦɨɧɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ»10.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɥɢ Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚɯ, ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɛɟɫɫɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɟɜ ɜ 1053
ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨɞ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɨɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɥɨ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ
ɋɢɧɤɟɥ11) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɚɥɨ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɟɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ
ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɚɤɨɥɭɮɨɦ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɦ, ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɤɪɵɬɶɫɹ ɜ
Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɟ12. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɪɢɣ ɩɪɨɮ. ɀ.-Ʉɥ. ɒɟɧɟ ɜ Ʉɟɦɛɪɢɞɠɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɋɤɢɥɢɰɵ ɜ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ Ⱥɬɬɚɥɢɚɬɚ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ
ɛɢɬɜɟ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ ɋɢɧɤɟɥɚ, ɢ ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ȼɨɬɚɧɢɚɬ
ɫɭɦɟɥ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɜ-
ɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɛɨɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ13. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɢɬɜɟ ɭ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɉɟɪɫɥɚɜɚ ɚɤɨɥɭɮ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨɩɚɥ ɜ ɧɟɦɢɥɨɫɬɶ
ɭ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɛɨɥɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɹ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ.
Ɉ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ – ɇɢɤɢɬɵ Ƚɥɚɜɵ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ. ȼ ɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɭ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɋɤɢɥɢɰɵ, ɝɞɟ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɢɣ Ƚɥɚɜɚ (ɛɟɡ ɢɦɟɧɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ Ʌɶɜɚ
Ɍɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ 1047 ɝɨɞɚ14. ɀ.-Ʉɥ.
ɒɟɧɟ, Ⱥ.-Ʉ. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɭ ɢ ȼ. Ɂɚɣɛɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ Ƚɥɚɜɭ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɨɦ ɬɚɝɦɵ
ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɰɟɜ15. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɂɚɫɢɬɚ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɦɹɬɟɠɚ Ɍɨɪɧɢɤɚ, Ɇɚɪɢɚɧ ȼɪɚɧɚ, ɉɨɥɢɫ ɢ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɦɢɬɵ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɧɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɵ (ɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɚɦ Ƚɥɚɜɚ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɹɬɟɠɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ
8
Ʉɟɤɚɜɦɟɧ. ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ. ɉɨɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɨɞɰɚ XI ɜɟɤɚ.
ɋɉɛ., 2003, ɫ. 181,ɩɪɢɦ. 266, 267.
9
Attaliate Michaelis. Historia / rec. I Bekker. Bonnae, 1853, p. 3812-13, 3810, 398.
10
Ioannis Scylitzae. Synopsis Historiarum, ɪ. 47240–47363.
11
Attaliate Michaelis. Historia / rec. I Bekker. Bonnae, 1853, p. 379–3915.
12
Ioannis Scylitzae. Synopsis Historiarum, ɪ. 4761-2; cf. Skylitzes John. Synopsis
of Byzantine History 811 – 1057 / trans. J. Wortley with Intr. J.-Cl. Cheynet and B. Flusin
and Note J.-Cl. Cheynet. Cambridge, 2010, p. 443.
13
Skylitzes John. Synopsis of Byzantine History,p. 439, note 197; Cf. Ataliates
Miguel. Historia / ed. Pérez Martín. // Nueva Roma. Madrid, 2002. Vol. 15, p. 30–33.
14
Ioannis Scylitzae. Synopsis Historiarum, ɪ. 441–442;
15
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963–1210) // Byzantina
Sorbonnensja. Paris, 1990. Vol. 9, p. 60.
81
ɪɟɩɪɟɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ

ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟ, ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ
ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɹɬɟɠɟ ɦɨɝ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɬ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɯɨɥ,
ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɢɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɬɚɝɦɵ ɪɚɫɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɟ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɧɺɦ ɧɟɬ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
ȿɳɺ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ «Cɢɝɢɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ»
Ƚ. ɒɥɸɦɛɟɪɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɭɸ Ⱥ. Ɇɨɪɞɦɚɧɨɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ16, ɧɵɧɟ
ɯɪɚɧɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɦɸɧɰɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɟ ɜɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ (ɆɄ
369)17, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɟɦ, ɢɩɚɬɨɦ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɨɦ18. Ⱥ.-Ʉ. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɭ ɢ ȼ. Ɂɚɣɛɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ 1050-ɯ
ɝɝ. – ɨɤɨɥɨ 1060 ɝ.
Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɟ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ, ɢ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ
ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɮɟɦɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ. ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ƚɥɚɜɚ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɱɢɥ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ, ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɬɢɬɭɥ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ,
ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɚɧɝ.
ȿɳɺ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɟ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɺɬ ɭɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪ ɢ
ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧ19. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɫɜɹɬɨɝɨ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɹ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯ ɛɭɥɥɵ. ɉɪɨɮ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɺ 1060-ɦɢ ɝɝ. Ʉ
ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɺɬ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ. ɂ ɟɺ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɬɭɥ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ Ƚɥɚɜɵ ɩɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ. ȼ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɗɫɤɭɪɢɚɥɶɫɤɢɦ Ɍɚɤɬɢɤɨɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɟɜ20. Ⱦɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɚ –
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɚɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɤɚɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɯ
16
Mordtmann, A. Sur les sceaux et plombs byzantins, conférence tenue dans la
Société Littéraire grecque // EPHS. Constantinople, 1872–1873. Vol. 7, p. 48, nr. 23.
17
Wassiliu, A.-K., Seibt, W. Die Byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich. Wien,
2004.T. II, S. 283, 284, nr. 296.
18
Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de l’empire byzantin. Paris, 1884, ɪ. 667.
19
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 2, p. 112, nr. 145.
20
Oikonomidès, N. Les listes préséance Byzantines des IXe et Xe siècle. Paris.
1972, p. 26313-22.
82
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ

ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɱɚɫɬɵɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɪɚɝɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɚɬɵ
ɢɦɟɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɭ21. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɢ ɜ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɥɝɚɪ
ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ. ȿɝɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ ɞɭɤɨɣ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɨɦ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɞɭɤɨɣ Ɏɟɫɫɚɥɨɧɢɤ22. ɂ ɤɬɨ
ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 60-ɯ ɝɝ. XI ɜ. ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ
ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɫɬ.
ȼ ɫɜɨɺ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɇ. ɂɤɨɧɨɦɢɞɢɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɬɚɝɦ, ɪɚɫɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɨɬɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɨɥɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɟɦ23.
ɉɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ Ⱥ. ɋ. Ɇɨɯɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɏ ɜ. ɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɝɥɚ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɠɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɞɨɠɢɞɚɹɫɶ
ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɜ ɢɡ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɢɣ (ɦɚɥɵɯ ɮɟɦ),
ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɭɤɚɬɨɜ (ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɚɬɨɜ) ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɚɪɦɢɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ,
ɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɚɠɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɣ24. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɜɨɟɧɚ-
ɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɶɟ
ɫɨɥɞɚɬɚɦ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɬɚɝɦ, ɫɧɚɛɠɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ
ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹɧɚ
ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ, ɨɧɢ
21
Ɇɨɯɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɋ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIɜ. ɉɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ // ȾȺɂɋ (Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ. Ⱥɪɯɢɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ).
ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2005. ȼɵɩ. 8, ɫ. 213–215.
22
Oikonomidès, N. Les listes préséance Byzantines des IXe et Xe siècle, p. 26335.
23
Oikonomides, N. L’organisation de la frontier orientale de Byzance aux X–XIe
siècles et le Taktikon de l’Escorial // Actes du XIVe Congrés international des Études
byzantines. Bucarest, 1974. Vol. 1, 83, 84.
24
Ɇɨɯɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɋ. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɏ – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XI ɜ. // ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
ɋɟɪɢɹ: Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2004. ʋ 31, ɫ. 29; Ɇɨɯɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɋ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ
ɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɚɦɢ 1046—1053 ɝɝ. //
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ: Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟɧɚɭɤɢ. –
ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 2005. ʋ 39, ɫ. 19, 23.
83
ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ

ɪɚɧɝɚ25.
ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɭ ɧɚɲ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɟ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɹɜ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɢ
ɤɟɦ ɢɡ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɟɝɨ
ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɮ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɺɦ Ʉɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɟɣ ɢɡ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɜɨɞɤɭ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ Ƚɥɚɜɵ26.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɇɢɤɢɬɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ. ɉɨ
ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. Ɇɵ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɟɦ
ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ
ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1060-ɯ ɝɝ. ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɉɥɢɫɤɭ ɢ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɶ ɭ Ɂɥɚɬɨɣ ȼɨɣɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɮɚɪɢɣ, ɢɩɚɬ, ɩɪɨɬɨɜɟɫɬ ɢ ɜɟɫɬɚɪɯ
ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ƚɥɚɜɚ27 ɢ ɜɟɫɬ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ƚɥɚɜɚ28, ɚ ɜ XII – XIII ɜɜ. ɜ
ɐɚɪɟɜɟɰ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɶ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɟɱɤɚ ɉɟɪɩɟɪɟɤ ɫɟɜɚɫɬ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɣ Ƚɥɚɜɚ29. ɇɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɦ ɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɟɣ ɫ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɵɯɨɞɰɵ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɚ Ƚɥɚɜ, ɤɚɤ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɵɟ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨɣ
ɡɧɚɬɢ, ɢɦɟɥɢ ɬɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɢ
ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, ɢ ɜ XII–XIII ɜɜ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɥ
ɬɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɟɦɥɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ
Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɥɢɲɶ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ (Ɋɢɫ. 2).
2. (Ɇ-452). ɑɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɂ. Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ).
D – 20 mm (D ɩɨɥɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ – 18 mm); ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ –
2mm; ɜɟɫ 7,3g.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-
ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɚɬɢɧɨɣ.
25
ɫɦ.: Glykatzi-Ahrweiler, H. Recherches sur l’administration de l’empire
byzantin aux IX-XIe siecles // Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. Athens; Paris, 1960.
T. 84, p. 64–67; Cheynet, J.-Cl. Du stratege de theme au duc: chronologie de l’evolution au
cours du XIe siècle // Travaux et memoires. Paris, 1985. Vol. 9, ɪ. 181, 182.
26
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 2, p. 113.
27
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria3, p. 159, 202, 227, 228,
nr. 381, 509–513, 608–611.
28
Ibidem, p. 496, nr. 1494.
29
Ibidem, p. 235, nr. 629, 630.
84

ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ.
ɇɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɚ.
Ⱥɜɟɪɫ. ȼ ɠɟɦɱɭɠɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɞɤɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɫɬɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ:
+6Y6KE +Ĭ(İȠĲȩ)țİ
bOHYEI ȕȠȒșİȚ
TvSvDw Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠȪ
-Lv- Ȝ૳
Ɋɟɜɟɪɫ. ȼ ɠɟɦɱɭɠɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɞɤɟ ɩɹɬɢɫɬɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ:
6K6vN ȀȦȞ(ıĲĮȞĲȓȞ૳)
TvYEO Ĳ૶ĬİȠ
DvR0OKA ǻȦȡȠțȐ
-Nv- Ȟ૳
ĬİȠĲȩțİ ȕȠȒșİȚ Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠȪȜ૳ ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȓȞ૳ Ĳ૶ ĬİȠįȦȡȠțȐȞ૳ –

Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ, ɩɨɦɨɝɢ ɬɜɨɟɦɭ ɪɚɛɭ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɭ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧɭ.
ɋɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ

ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɭ ɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XI
ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹɯ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɨɜ30. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (8 ɷɤɡ.) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ
(ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ), ɱɬɨ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ,
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨ-
ɧɚɠɚ. ȼ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɫ-
ɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɚɪ ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɛɭɥɥ. ɉɪɨɮ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡ-
ɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɥɥɨɬɢɪɢɸ31.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɞɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪɚ
ȼɪɢɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XI ɜ. (1078 ɝ.) ɩɨ ɡɧɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɜɟ
ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ, ɡɚ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɢɦ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟ
30
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 3, p. 155, 156ɛ, nr. 229–
236; Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de l’empire byzantin, ɪ. 707, nr. 1; Laurent, V.
Documents de sigillographie byzantine. La collection C. Orghidan. Paris, 1952, p. 236, 237,
nr. 471.
31
85
ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɢɡ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɢ ɭɦɟɪ32. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧ ɛɵɥ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥ ɹɪɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ
ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Coursus honorum Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧɚ ɜ
ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ33. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ
ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ. ɉɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧ ɧɨɫɢɥ ɬɢɬɭɥ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɜɚ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ
1050-ɯ – 1060-ɯ ɝɝ. ɂ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɜɨɺ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ƚ. ɒɥɸɦɛɟɪɠɟ34 ɢ
Ʉ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɩɭɥɨɫɨɦ35.
ȿɳɺ ɞɜɚ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɝɟ ɚɧɮɢɩɚɬɚ
ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɨɤ
ɞɜɨɪɰɚ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɟ36. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ Ƚɨɫɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ, ɢɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ȼ.ɋ. ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ37 ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɛɭɥɥɨɬɢɪɢɸ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧ,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɢɬɭɥɚɦɢ ɚɧɮɢɩɚɬɚ, ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɞɪɚ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɤ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɫɥɨɹɦ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ ɥɢɲɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ
ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ –
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ XI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ.
ɋ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɦ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧɚ, ɩɟɱɚɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ
32
਺ ȈȣȞȑİȚĮ ĲોȢȤ ȡȠȞȠȖȡĮĳȓĮȢ ĲȠ૨ ੉Ȧ੺ȞȞȠȣ ȈțȣȜȓĲȗȘ / ed. E.T. ȉıȠȜĮțȢૈ.
ĭİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ, 1968, p. 17321-22; Attaliate Michaelis. Historia, p. 3811-20.
33
34
Schlumberger, G. Sceaux byzantins inédits. Seconde série// Revue des Études
Greques (REG). Paris, 1891. Vol. 4, p. 140, nr. 96; Schlumberger, G. Sceaux byzantins
inédits // Mélanges d’archéologie byzantine. Paris, 1895, ɪ. 250, nr. 96.
35
ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȠʌȠȣȜȠȢ, Ȁ.Ȃ. ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚĮț‫ ޟ‬ȝȠȜȣȕįȩȕȠȣȜȜĮ ĲȠࠎ ‫݋‬Ȟ ݃șȘȞĮȚȢ ‫ݑ‬șȞȚțȠࠎ
ȃȠȝȚıȝĮĲȚțȠࠎ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ. ǹșȒȞĮ, 1917, p. 124, nr. 462; Stavrakos, Chr. Die byzantinischen
Bleisiegel mit Familiennamen aus der Sammlung des Numismatischen Museum Athen.
Wien, 2000, S. 160, 161, N 89.
36
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 2, p. 155, nr. 228;
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 3, p. 189, 190, nr. 476A.
37
ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȼ.ɋ. ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ. // ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹɯ
ɋɋɋɊ.– Ɇ., 1977. Ɍ. 2, ɫ. 138, ʋ728.
86
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɟ38, ɝɞɟ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɞɭɤɢ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɥ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɸ ɛɭɥɥɵ39. ɑɬɨ
ɠɟ ɞɨ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧɚ, ɞɭɤɢ, ɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɦɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɟɣ
Dumbarton Oaks ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ ɞɭɤɚ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɭɤɨɣ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɹ40.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ XI – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XII ɜɜ. –
ɞɭɤɭ Ʌɶɜɚ ɇɟɤɢɪɢɬɚ (Ɋɢɫ. 3).
3. (Ɇ-460). ɑɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɂ. Ƚɨɪɲɤɨɜɚ (Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ).
D – 26 mm; ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ – 2 mm; ɜɟɫ 6,1 g.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ. ɇɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɬɟɪ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ. Ɋɚɡɪɵɜɵ
ɩɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɚɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɚɬɢɧɨɣ.
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ.
ɇɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɚ.
Ⱥɜɟɪɫ. ȼ ɨɛɨɞɤɟ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɠɟɦɱɭɠɢɧ
ɬɪɟɯɫɬɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ, ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ:
+
SFRA ȈĳȡĮ
0G8ISLE Ȗ੿Ȣ ȁȑ
0ONTOS ȠȞĲȠȢ
Ɋɟɜɟɪɫ. ȼ ɨɛɨɞɤɟ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɠɟɦɱɭɠɢɧ

ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɫɬɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ:
DOU ǻȠȪ
KOSTOU țȠࢫĲȠ૨
NIK0ER8I ȃȚțİȡȓ
TOU ĲȠȣ
ȈĳȡĮȖ੿Ȣ ȁȑȠȞĲȠȢ įȠȪțȠࢫ ĲȠ૨ ȃȚțİȡȓĲȠȣ –

ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɞɭɤɢ Ʌɶɜɚ ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬɚ.
38
Jordanov, I. Les sceaux de deux chefs militaries byzantins touvés à Preslav: Le
magistros Leon Melissenos et le Patrice Theodorokanos // ByzantinoBulgarica. – Sofia,
1986, p. 187–189.
39
40
Nesbitt, J., Oikonomides, N. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks
and in the Fogg Museum of Art. Washington, 1991. Vol. 1. Italy, North of the Balkans, North
of the Black Sea, p. 123, 44. Adrianopolis.
87
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ Ʌɶɜɚ ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ-

ɪɢɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɧɟɢɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ Ɏɨɝɝɚ (ʋ
1295)41.
Ʉɚɪɶɟɪɭ Ʌɶɜɚ ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɺ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ȼ. Ʌɨɪɚɧɨɦ42,
ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɥ ȼ. Ɂɚɣɛɬ43, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɚ, ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ (ɞɪɟɜɧɢɣ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥ) ɗɥɯɨɜɨ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ44. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɭɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɺ
ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 1090-ɯ – ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XII ɜ. (1100–
1102 ɝɝ.). ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ Ⱥɧɧɵ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɨɣ ɜ
1091 ɝ. ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɩɨɫɬ ɞɭɤɢ ɉɚɪɢɫɬɪɢɨɧɚ (ȆĮȡĮįȠȣȞȐȕȠȣ)45.
ɋɭɦɦɢɪɭɹ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɚ-
ɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦɢ.
Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɟɝɨ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɧɝɟ ɜɟɫɬɚɪɯɚ (1070-ɟ ɝɝ.), ɧɟɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɹɜɲɢɯ
ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬ-
ɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ (ɪɚɣɨɧ ɗɥɶɯɨɜɨ) ɢ Ʌɸɥɹɤɨɜɨ
(Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ)46. Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɥɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɟ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɧ ɭɞɨɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɞɪɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɪɨɟɞɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɝɪɚɮɟɜɫɚ
ɮɟɦɵ ɉɟɥɨɩɨɧɧɟɫ (1070-ɟ – 1080-ɟ ɝɝ.)47. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɭɠɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɦɵ ɉɟɥɨɩɨɧɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɗɥɥɚɞɵ48. ɇɨ ɭɠɟ ɜ
1087 ɝ. ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɹ I Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɜɨ
41
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 2, p. 309;
42
Laurent, V. Les sceaux byzantins du Médaillier Vatican. Cité du Vatican, 1962,
p. 111, 112, nr. 110.
43
Seibt, W.Die Byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich. Wien, 1978. T. I, S. 225–
227.
44
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 1, p. 142, nr. 61.1;
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 2, p. 309, nr. 524; Jordanov, I.
Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 3, p. 163, 164, 466, nr. 400, 401, 1382, 1383;
Jordanov,I., Zhekova, Zh. Catalogue of the medieval Seals at the Regional Historical
Museum of Shumen. Shumen, 2007, p. 120, nr. 313.
45
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɚɞɚ. Ɇ., 1965, c. 245; Dölger, F. Regesten der
Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches von 565–1453. München, 1995. Teil II, S. 129, N
1162.
46
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 2, p. 308, nr. 523, 523Ⱥ.
47
Seibt, W. Die Byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich, S. 226, Abb.7.
48
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 2, p. 309, nr. 524;
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria 3, p. 466, nr. 1382, 1383.
88
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɚɦɢ49, ɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1090-ɯ ɝɝ., ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ

ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɮɟɦɵ ɉɚɪɢɫɬɪɢɨɧ.
ɇɚɞɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ Ʌɶɜɚ ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɬɢɬɭɥ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜɟɥɥɢɫɢɦɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ Ƞੁțİ૙Ƞࢫ ਙȞșȡȦʌȠȢ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ50 ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɬ ɞɭɤɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɝɪɚɮɟɜɫɚ Ʉɢɩɪɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 1103
ɝ.)51.
ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɚ Ʌɶɜɚ ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ
ɞɚɥɶɲɟ. Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɧ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɭɪɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1117 ɝɨɞɭ52. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ȼ. Ʌɨɪɚɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɪɹɞɧɨɟ ɭɫɟɪɞɢɟ ɜ
ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɬɢɬɭɥɨɦ ɫɟɜɚɫɬɚ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɫɺ-
ɬɚɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ53.
ɇɨ ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɚ ɟɳɺ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɣ ɫ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɪɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ – ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XI ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɥɢɲɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɜ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɧɚɛɟɝɚɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ
ɜɚɪɜɚɪɨɜ. ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɲɥɚ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɵ ɬɟɪɩɟɥɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɥ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɥ, ɢ
ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɟɩɟɲɢ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɚɦ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɟ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɵ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɟɣ, ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɥɤɚɯ.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XII ɜ., ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ (ɜ
ɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɧɚ
49
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɚɞɚ. Ɇ., 1965, c. 207.
50
Bees, N.A. Zur Sigillographie der byzantinischenThemen Peloponnes und Hellas
// ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ. ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 1914, Ɍ. 21 (ɜɵɩ. 3-4), c. 233, S. 97–8. 411-13.
51
Darruzes, J. Autres manuscrits originale de Chypre // REB. Paris, 1957, p. 156,
nr. 117 (Vatican 1231).
52
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɚɞɚ. Ɇ., 1965, c. 403.
53
Laurent, V. Les sceaux byzantins du Médaillier Vatican, p. 112.
89
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ Ɍɚɜɪɢɤɢ). Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ

ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɛɭɥɥɚɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɺɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɤɥɚɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɸɠɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ɉɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢ ɜɩɪɟɞɶ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ.
ɉɈȾɉɂɋɂ Ʉ ɊɂɋɍɇɄȺɆ:
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɮɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬɚ

ɇɢɤɢɬɵ Ƚɥɚɜɵ (ɨɤ. ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɏI ɜ.).
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨɤɚɧɚ (ɨɤ.1050-ɯ ɝɝ. – 1078)
Ɋɢɫ. 3. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɞɭɤɢ Ʌɶɜɚ ɇɢɤɟɪɢɬɚ (ɨɤ. 1091 – ɨɤ. 1102).
1 2
90
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ
ȻɊɈɇɁɈȼȺ ɆȺɌɊɂɐȺ ɋ ȺɊɏȺɇȽȿɅ ɆɂɏȺɂɅ ɈɌ ɏȱ ȼ. ȾɈ

ɄȺɌȿȾɊȺɅɇȺɌȺ ɐɔɊɄȼȺ ɇȺ ȾɔɋɌɔɊ/ ɋɂɅɂɋɌɊȺ
(ɄɔɆ ȺɊɏȺɇȽȿɅɋɄȺɌȺ ɂɄɈɇɈȽɊȺɎɂə)
Georgi Atanasov
BRONZE MATRIX WITH AN IMAGE OF ARCHANGEL MICHAEL

OF THE 11TH CENTURY FOUND NEAR THE CATHEDRAL
CHURCH OF DRUSTAR / SILISTRA (ON THE ARCHANGELS
ICONOGRAPHY)
This article is dedicated to a fragment of a bronze icon matrix found in Drustar, east
of cathedral church No. 4, which was erected at the beginning of the 10th century and
destroyed at the end of the 11th century. Archangel Michael is represented on the matrix with
a warrior suit and a sword on his right shoulder. The archaeological contextimplies the dating
of the find to the second half of the 11th century.This individual military iconography of
Archangel Michael was extracted from the Bible scene from the book of Joshua (5. 13-15),
whose artistic reproduction with prototypes of the 6th and 7th centuries (Cod. graec. Vatic.
405)began to reproduce more often after the end of the 9th - the beginning of the 10th century
(Bibliothèque Nationale MS Paris. Gr. 510_226v) and gaining popularity after the end of the
10th - and especially in the 11th century. It is impressive that among the hundreds of images
of Archangel Michael in the 10th century, those with a military suit and sword are less than
2%, and this is most clearly seen in lead seals.
ɉɪɟɡ 2015 ɝ. ɜ ɝɪ. ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ (aɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ Ⱦɭɪɨɫɬɨɪɭɦ, ɫɪɟɞɧɨ-

ɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ) ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɨɯɚ ɦɚɳɚɛɧɢ ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɹɯɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚɞ 40 ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɨɬ ȱȱ ɞɨ ɏIX ɜ. ɇɚɣ-ɥɸɛɨɩɢɬɧɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɫɪɟɞ
ɬɹɯ ɟ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɤɭɩɨɥɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɩɨɞ ʋ 4 ɨɬ ɏ-ɏȱ ɜ.
ɩɨ ɭɥ. „Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɧ Ɇɚɦɚɪɱɟɜ“, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɰɢɬɚɞɟɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ (ɨɛɪ. 1)1. ɇɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɦ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɸɠɧɚɬɚ ɚɩɫɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɤɨɧɢ-
ɤɨɧɚ ɢ ɸɠɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɲɚɯɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɚ 16,05 ɦ (ɨɛɪ. 2)
ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɯɦɟ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɩɢɬɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɤɢ
(ɨɛɪ. 3, 4). ɋɴɯɪɚɧɟɧ ɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ – ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɞɹɫɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɫ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ
3,95 ɫɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 3,03 ɫɦ ɢ ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɬɚ ɨɬ 0,6 ɞɨ 0,8 ɫɦ. ȼɴɪɯɭ
ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɢɫɴɤ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɹɫɧɨ (?) ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ ɫ ɞɴɥɴɝ ɦɟɱ ɜ ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ, ɨɩɪɹɧ ɧɚ ɞɹɫɧɨɬɨ
ɪɚɦɨ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɥɨɲɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨɫɬ, ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɟ ɜ ¾ ɚɧɮɚɫ, ɝɥɟɞɚ
ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ ɢ ɟ ɨɛɪɚɦɱɟɧɨ ɫ ɧɢɦɛ. ɋɥɚɛɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɥɚɜɹ ɤɨɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɥɢ ɢ
1
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. Ɉɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɢ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɟɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
2017, 71-78, ɨɛɪ. 57-61.
91
Георги АТАНАСОВ. БРОНЗОВА МАТРИЦА С АРХАНГЕЛ МИХАИЛ ОТ ХІ В. ДО КАТЕДРАЛНАТА ...
ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɬ ɜɟɠɞɢɬɟ, ɨɱɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɨɧɹɤɴɞɟ ɧɨɫɴɬ. ɋ

ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɞɹɫɧɨɬɨ ɤɪɢɥɨ – ɟɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɨ ɜ
ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɬɚɥɢɹɬɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɴɬ ɟ
ɪɚɦɤɢɪɚɧ ɫ ɪɟɥɟɮɟɧ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɩɟɪɥɟɧ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɟ
ɞɭɛɥɢɪɚɧ ɫ ɪɟɥɟɮɟɧ ɤɚɧɬ. ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɢɡɪɹɡɚɧɚ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɨɤɨɥɨ ɨɩɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧ ɪɴɛ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɤɴɥ ɦɟɬɚɥ, ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɳ
ɢɥɸɡɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬ2.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɚɪɯɟɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ, ɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɡɚ ɛɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ࣊. Ɋɚɡɤɪɢɬɚ ɟ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɚɩɫɢɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ
ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ., ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɢɬɟ ࣊ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥ ɨɬ ɏȱȱ-ɏȱȱȱ
ɜ., ɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɢ ɦɚɥɤɚ (ɝɪɨɛɢɳɧɚ ?) ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜ.3
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɨɱɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɸɠɧɚɬɚ ɚɩɫɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɟɧɚ
ɡɟɦɥɹɧɤɚ, ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ., ɧɨ ɧɟɣɧɢɹɬ ɩɨɞ ɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɚ 14,20 ɦ.
Ʉɨɬɚɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ, ɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1,25 ɦ
ɧɚɞ ɰɨɤɴɥɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 14,80 ɦ), ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ 1,75 ɦ ɧɚɞ
ɤɨɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɤɚɬɚ. Ɍɪɹɛɜɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɞɚ ɢɦɚɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥ-
ɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɱɟ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɢɦɚ
ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɧɟ ɨɬ ȱV ɞɨ ɏȱɏ ɜ. ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢ ɫɦɟɬɧɢ ɹɦɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɛɴɪɤɜɚɬ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɩɥɚɫɬɹɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɳɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɱɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɬɭɬ ɧɚ
ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɫ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɦ, ɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɜɴɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɩɥɚɫɬɹɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɨ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɢ, ɱɟ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ
ɫɴɩɴɬɫɬɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ (ɝɥɚɜɧɨ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ) ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɢ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ.
Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɴɤ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɢ ɨɬ
ɫɭɩɟɪɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɰɴɪɤɜɚ (ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ ɟ ɧɚ
ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ 16,68 ɦ ɩɪɢ ɚɩɫɢɞɚɬɚ), ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ
16,80 - 17,30 ɦ – ɬ. ɟ. ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɨɡɢ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɫ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɇɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɮɨɧ ɡɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɬɴɪɫɹɬ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɛɟɥɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ
ɚɧɚɥɨɡɢ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɞɨɥɨɜɢɦɢɬɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɞɟɫɟɧ ɴɝɴɥ ɛɭɤɜɢ Ⱥ ɢ ɏ – Ǳ(ȡ)Ȥ(ȐȖȖİȜȠȢ). Ɇɨɠɟ ɞɚ
2
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɚɥɸɡɢɹ, ɫɪɟɳɚɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ,
ɨɛɪɴɳɚ ɩɪɨɮ. Ʉ. Ɍɨɬɟɜ. Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ʉ. ɋ. Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ. Ʉɚɥɴɩɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ (ȱɏ - ɏȱV ɜ.). ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2015, ɫ. 312, 138 ɱɟɪɧɨ-ɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɢ
16 ɰɜɟɬɧɢ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɢɹ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1-2, 2015, ɫ. 162.
3
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. Ɉɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ, ɫ. 77, 124-136.
92
ɫɟ ɫɩɟɤɭɥɢɪɚ ɤɨɣ ɨɬ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɦɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ

ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɥɹɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɦ (ɜɢɞɧɨ ɨɬ
ɫɬɟɚɬɢɬɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɢɤɨɧɤɢ, ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪ.) ɫɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɬɟɰɚ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɢɦɚɦɟ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɨɬ
ɫɟɞɟɦɬɟ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɜɨɞɟɳɢɬɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɦɚ ɜ ɋɬɚɪɢɹ Ɂɚɜɟɬ
(Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, Ƚɚɜɪɢɥ, Ɋɚɮɚɢɥ ɢ ɍɪɢɢɥ) ɝɥɚɜɧɨ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɤɚɬɨ
ɜɨɣɧ. Ɋɟɞɨɦ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɟ ɜɨɞɚɱ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɟɥɢɬɟ ɢ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢɬɟ4. Ʉɚɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɨɬɨ ɜɨɣɧɫɬɜɨ
ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɚɧ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ „ɚɪɯɢɫɬɪɚɬeɝ“. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜ
ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ (ȿɯɭɲɭɚ) ɇɚɜɢɧ (5: 13-15) ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɜ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡ ɫ ɦɟɱ ɜ ɪɴɤɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɨɜɚɜɚ ɉɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚ. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɬɨɜɚɪɟɧɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ
ɢ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɪɹɞɤɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɫ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɴɠɢɹ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɧɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɪɟɩɟɪ ɡɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɤɪɚɬɴɤ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚ
ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ.
Ʉɚɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɦ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢɬɟ
ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢ, ɡɚɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɦɭɥɬɢɩɥɢɰɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɟ
ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ/ɤɨɧɫɭɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɤɚɤɬɨ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɢ
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɢɩɥɟɧɢ ɯɢɬɨɧɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɚ-
ɬɢɨɧɢ ɫ ɠɟɡɥɢ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɹ
(ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥ) ɢɥɢ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ ɜ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ. Ɍɭɤ ɩɪɟɩɪɚɬɤɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɢ ɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɫ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ, ɭɜɟɧɱɚɧ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɬɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ȱ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ (527-565)5. Ʉɴɦ ɏ
ɜ. ɦɚɫɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɨɪɧɚɬ – ɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɢɨɧ, ɥɨɪɭɫ ɢ
ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫ ɥɚɛɚɪɭɦ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɢ ɫ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ.
ɇɚɣ-ɥɸɛɨɩɢɬɧɚ ɟ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɧɢ
ɤɚɫɚɟ ɜ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɢ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ. ȼ Ⱥɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɫɢɫɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɨɣɧɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɠɞɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɢ
ɚɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɡɜɹɪ, ɚɥɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɬɚɧɚɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɝɨ
4
West, Ch. St. Michael the Archangel in Late Antiquity. University of Colorado at
Boulder. Christophertmwest, 4, 2014, ɪp. 5-24.
5
Grierson, P. Cathalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks
Collection and the Whittemore Collection. I.2. Phocas to Theoedosius III (602 - 641).
Washington, 1973, pp. 83-86; Schramm, P. Sphaira, Globus, Reichsapfer. Stuttgart, 1958.
93
ɩɨɛɟɠɞɚɜɚ ɢ ɝɨ ɧɢɡɜɟɪɝɜɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɛɟɫɚɬɚ: Ɂɜɹɪɴɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɢɞɹɯ, ɩɪɢɥɢɱɚɲɟ

ɧɚ ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞ: ɧɨɡɟɬɟ ɦɭ ɛɹɯɚ ɧɨɡɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɱɤɚ, ɚ ɭɫɬɚɬɚ ɦɭ – ɤɚɬɨ ɭɫɬɚ ɧɚ
ɥɴɜ (Ⱥɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɫɢɫ 13: 2). Ɍɚɡɢ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɞɤɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɜɴɩɥɴ-
ɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɴɤɪɚɬɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɚ
ɩɥɨɱɤɚ (ɟɤɡɚɝɢɹ?) ɨɬ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɢ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥ
(?) ɫɚ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɰɢ ɫ ɩɴɥɧɨ ɫɧɚɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ – ɪɢɡɧɢɰɢ ɥɨɪɢɤɚ,
ɛɪɨɧɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚɛɟɞɪɟɧɢɰɢ, ɯɥɚɦɢɞɢ, ɫ ɳɢɬɨɜɟ ɢ ɤɨɩɢɹ, ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ
ɩɚɞɧɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɚɤɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɚɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɬɢɱɟɧ ɡɜɹɪ ɫ ɬɹɥɨ ɧɚ ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞ ɢ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɥɴɜ (ɨɛɪ. 5)6. Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɞɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ
ɛɟɡ ɤɪɢɥɚ (ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɳɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɞɨ Vȱ ɜ.)7, ɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚɬɚ
ɮɪɢɡɭɪɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɞɢɚɞɟɦɚ, ɜɩɥɟɬɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɫɢɬɟ ɧɚɞ ɱɟɥɚɬɚ. ɋɰɟɧɚɬɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɨɬ Ⱥɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɫɢɫɚ, ɝɥ. 12 ɢ 13. ɇɟɣɧɨ
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɴɩɥɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɹɪɧɨ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɟɞɢɧ ɤɚɪɨɥɢɧɝɫɤɢ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɧɨɜɚ ɤɨɫɬ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ. (ɨɛɪ. 6). Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɫ ɳɢɬ ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɩɢɟ,
ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɝɴɪɱɟɳ ɫɟ ɜ ɧɨɡɟɬɟ ɦɭ ɡɦɟɣ – ɚɥɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɬɚɧɚɬɚ8.
Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɴɬ ɟ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɮɪɢɡɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚɣɧɚɬɚ ɞɢɚɞɟɦɚ, ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɢɦɚ ɤɪɢɥɚ, ɧɨ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɴɬ ɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɢ. Ɍɚɡɢ
ɤɨɧɬɚɦɢɧɢɪɚɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ, ɞɚɠɟ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ, ɞɚɥɟɱ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɤɪɴɝ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɹɤ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ ɨɬ ȱɏ-ɏ ɜ.9 ɂɧɚɱɟ
ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɡ ȱɏ-ɏȱ ɜ. ɧɟ ɦɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɟɬɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ⱥɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɫɢɫɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɨɢɧ ɫ ɤɨɩɢɟ, ɩɨɪɚɡɹɜɚɳ ɩɪɟɜɴɩɥɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɬɚɧɚɬɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɫ ɤɨɩɢɟ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɨ ɜ ɥɚɛɚɪɭɦ, ɫ ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɩɪɨɧɢɡɜɚ ɫɚɬɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ, ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɧɨ ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ – ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɰɢɤɴɥ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɤɴɫɧɢɹ ɏȱ-ɏȱV ɜ. ɢ ɩɨ-ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ
„ɉɨɪɚɡɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɫɢɪɢɟɰɚ”, „ɑɭɞɨɬɨ ɜ ɏɨɧɢ”, „ɉɚɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɋɚɬɚɧɚɬɚ”10. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ
ɫ ɤɨɩɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɤɪɴɝ ɨɬ ɏ-ɏȱV ɜ.
ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɦɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚ
6
Dalton, O. Byzantine art and archaeology. New York, 1961, p. 73, fig. 42
7
Leclercq, H. Anges. – DACL, 2. 1. Col. 2080-2081, not. 1.
8
Hubert, J., J. Porche, W. Volbach. L’Empire carolingies. Paris, 1968, p. 223,
fig. 212
9
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɜɠ: Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. ɋɜɟɬɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ
ɉɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɟɰ. Ʉɭɥɬ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɹ ɢɡɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ. ȼɚɪɧɚ –
ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2001, ɫ. 153, 162, ɨɛɪ. 164.
10
Ƚɢɛɟɥɢƫ, ɋ. ɐɢɤɥɭɫ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢjɫɤɨj ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1991, ɫ.
73-81, ɐɪɬ. 38-40, 50-52, 89-91, 105-109, ɰɪɬ. 1, 4.
94
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɱ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɩɢɟ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɹɤɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ

ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɫ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɦ, ɡɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɴɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɨɢɧ ɫ ɦɟɱ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɟ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɨ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫ Cod. graec.
405, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɚɬɢɤɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ Vȱ-
Vȱȱ ɜ. (ɨɛɪ. 7)11. Ɍɭɤ ɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ
ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ ɇɚɜɢɧ (5: 13-15), ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɜ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɯɨɧ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɫ „ɝɨɥ ɜ
ɪɴɤɚɬɚ ɦɟɱ”. Ɍɨɣ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɢɱɢɥɢɹ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɂɫɭɫ ɇɚɜɢɧ
(ɫɴɳɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɩɟɯɢ) ɤɚɬɨ „ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɧɨɬɨ
ɜɨɣɧɫɬɜɨ”. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɴɬ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɩɨɥɭɚɧɮɚɫ ɫ
ɤɥɚɫɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɴɫɧɨɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɢ ɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɟ – ɦɭɫɤɭɥɟɫɬɚ
ɪɢɡɧɢɰɚ ɥɨɪɢɤɚ, ɛɪɨɧɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɛɟɞɪɟɧɢɤ, ɤɨɥɚɧ – ɰɢɧɝɭɥɭɦ, ɫ ɦɟɱ ɜ
ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɨɠɧɢɰɚ, ɩɪɢɞɴɪɠɚɧɚ ɫ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ (ɨɛɪ. 7).
ɋɴɩɴɬɫɬɜɚɳɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ
ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ.
Ʌɸɛɨɩɢɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɞɟɫɟɬɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɞɨ Vȱ ɜ.
ɬɟ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɨɢɧɢ ɫ ɦɟɱɨɜɟ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɢɬɟ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ȼɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɢɤɨɧɢ,
ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɩɟɯɢ ɢ ɨɪɴɠɢɹ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ, ɫɜ.
Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ, ɫɜ. ɏɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪ, ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹɬ, ɂɫɭɫ ɇɚɜɢɧ, ɚɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ
11
Venturi, A. Storia dell’arte Italiana. Milano, I, 1901, p. 380-389, fig. 148-151;
Leclercq, H. Anges. – DACL, 2. 1. Col. 2106, fig. 623; Morey, Ch. Early Christian Art.
Princeton, 1942. pp. 46-50. Ⱦɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ
ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɢɬɟ, ɟ ɨɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢɹ. Ʉɭɪɬ ȼɚɣɰɦɚɧ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ, ɱɟ ɟ
ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɜ ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɟɨɤɥɚɫɢɰɢɡɴɦ ɩɪɟɡ ɏ ɜ., ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɢɡɥɚɝɚ ɫɟɪɢɹ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ (Weitzmann, K. The Joshua Roll: A work of the Macedonian Renaissance.
Princeton, 1948; Weitzmann, K. Geistige Grundlagen und Westen der Makedonosche
Renaissance. Köln – Opladen, 1963, S. 34-36). ɋɬɢɥɴɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɮɢɝɭɪɢɬɟ, ɤɨɫɬɸɦɢɬɟ, ɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɨɜɟɬɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɡɚ
ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ ɨɬ Vȱȱ ɜ., ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ 1:1 ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. Ɂɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɟɩɴɥɧɢɬɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ
ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ. Ɂɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ ɜɢɠ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢ Ɍɰɟɥɨɫ ɢ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜ (Tselos, D. The Joshua Roll.
Original or Copy? – The Art Bulletin. Vol. 32, 4, 1950, pp. 275-290; Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜ, ȼ. ɇ.
Ʉɚɫɬɟɥɶɫɟɩɪɢɨ. / Ʉ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ȼɟɣɫɦɚɧɚ ɨ „Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɧɟɫɫɚɧɫɟ”. –
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ, Vȱȱ, 1953, 375-377). ɇɚɣ-ɫɟɬɧɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɢɬɟ ɜ
ɫɬɢɥɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ
ɇɚɜɢɧ (5: 13-15) ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɇɚɡɢɚɧɫɤɢ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧ ɜ
ɉɚɪɢɠɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ (Bibliothèque Nationale MS Paris. Gr. 510_226v ) ɢ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ., ɤɨɹɬɨ ɳɟ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɦ ɩɨ-
ɞɨɥɭ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱦ. Ɍɰɟɥɨɫ ɢ ȼ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜ, ɱɟ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɬɚ ɫ ɂɫɭɫ ɇɚɜɢɧ ɜ Cod. Vat. graec. 405 ɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɳɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ Vȱȱ ɜ.
95
ɤɨɧɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɹɬ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɪɚɛɨɬɢɥ ɨɤɨɥɨ

ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ Vȱ ɜ. (?), ɢɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ12. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɟ ɫɤɭɥɩɬɢɪɚɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ
ɢɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɫ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɟɠɞɢ, ɫ ɠɟɡɴɥ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɢ
ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɹɳɚ ɥɹɜɚ ɪɴɤɚ, ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɩɴɬɫɬɜɚɳ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ SanCuS
MIXAEL (ɨɛɪ. 8)13.
Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɢɤɨɧɨɛɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɚ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɪɹɞɤɨ, ɫɚɦɨ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɚ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ ɇɚɜɢɧ (5: 13-15)
ɢ ɜ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɨɜɬɚɪɹɳɚ, ɫ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɬɢɥɨɜɢ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɚ ɢ
ɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ȼɚɬɢɤɚɧɚ. Ɂɚ
ɟɦɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɹɬɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ࣊ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫ ɫɴɫ ɋɥɨɜɚɬɚ
ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɇɚɡɢɚɧɫɤɢ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ (Bibliothèque Nationale MS Paris. Gr. 510_226v ). Ⱦɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɟ
ɤɴɦ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɟɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ
879-882 ɝ. ɢ ɫɟ ɫɦɹɬɚ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɜɴɪɯɨɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɪɢɣ ɫɥɟɞ ɢɤɨɧɨɛɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ (ɨɛɪ.
9).14 Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ, ɧɨ,
ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚɬɚ Cod. Vat. graec. 405,
ɬɭɤ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɯɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɹ
ɧɟɨɤɥɚɫɢɰɢɡɴɦ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɢ ɨɪɴɠɢɟ
– ɦɭɫɤɭɥɟɫɬɚ ɪɢɡɧɢɰɚ ɥɨɪɢɤɚ, ɛɪɨɧɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɛɟɞɪɟɧɢɤ, ɫ ɦɟɱ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɢ
ɧɨɠɧɢɰɚ, ɩɪɢɞɴɪɠɚɧɚ ɫ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ (ɨɛɪ. 9). ȼ ɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ,
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɇɚɡɢɚɧɫɤɢ „MS Paris. Gr.
510_226v“, ɬɚɡɢ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ
„Çavuúin kilise“ ɜ Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. (963-
969)15. ɂ ɬɭɤ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ
ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɢ ɦɟɱ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ, ɚ ɂɫɭɫ ɇɚɜɢɧ, ɫɴɳɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ, ɟ
ɤɨɥɟɧɢɱɢɥ ɜ ɧɨɡɟɬɟ ɦɭ (ɨɛɪ. 10). Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɜ Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ,
ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɟ ɡɨɝɪɚɮɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɜ ɫɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ
„Karanlik (Darc) kilise“ (ɨɛɪ. 11)16. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɟ
12
Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, Ʉ. Ɍɟɪɚɤɨɬɧɢ ɢɤɨɧɤɢ ɨɞ ȼɢɧɢɰɚ. ɋɤɨɩjɟ, 1991, 14-17, ʋ 42, 43,
50-54, 74-76; Dimitrova, E. The Terracotta Relief Plaques from Vinica. – ɋɬɚɪɢɧɚɪ, XLIII
– XLIV, 1992-1993, p. 55, fig. 1, pp. 63-65, fig. 11-12; 53-70.
13
Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, Ʉ. ɐɢɬ., ɫɴɱ, 15-16, ʋ 55-58; Dimitrova, E. Op. cit., pp. 62-63,
fig. 10.
14
Omont, H. Miniatures des plus anciens manuscrits grecs de la Bibliotheque
Nationale du VIe au XIVe siecle. Paris 1929, p. 24, pl. XL; Brubaker, L. Vision and
Meaning in Ninth-Century Byzantium. Image as Exegesis Homilies of Gregory of Nazianus.
Cambridge, 2001, pp. 193-194, Folio 226v (26) fig. 26.
15
Restle, M. Die byzantinische Wandmalerei in Kleinasien. Iȱȱ, Recklinghausen,
1967, S. 134-137, fig. 317.
16
Restle, M. Op. ɫit. I, S. 63-64, 129-130, II, S. 218-244.
96
ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ-ɏȱV ɜ. ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ ɢ ɢɡɜɴɧ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ

ɂɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ, ɧɨ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɧɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɫɬɢɥ.
ɋɪɟɳɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɰɟɧɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɰɢɤɴɥɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ – ɯɪɚɦɚ „ɋɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ“ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜ (1061-1067 ɝ.), ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɨɬ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɜ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ, ɜɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜ Ɇɨɧɬɟ
Ƚɚɪɝɚɧɨ (1076 ɝ.), ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɏɚɥɤɢ ɨɬ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ., ɰɴɪɤɜɢɬɟ ɜ ɋɭɡɞɚɥ,
ɉɪɢɥɟɩ ɢ Ƚɟɪɚɤɢ ɨɬ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., Ʌɟɫɧɨɜɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ17. ȼ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɢ ɦɟɱ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɪɹɞɤɨ ɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɰɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɰɢɤɴɥɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɹɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɩɪɟɞ ɰɚɪ Ⱦɚɜɢɞ – Ɇɨɧɬɟ Ƚɚɪɝɚɧɨ ɨɬ 1076, ɯɪɚɦɚ ɜ ɋɭɡɞɚɥ ɨɬ
ɏȱȱ-ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.: ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɩɨɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɚɫɢɪɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɜ Ɇɨɧɬɟ Ƚɚɪɝɚɧɨ ɨɬ
1076 ɝ., ɢ ɫɰɟɧɢ, ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɢ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɫ ȼɚɪɥɚɚɦ18. ɉɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚɬ
ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɏȱ ɜ. ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɬ ɫɰɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ
ɇɚɜɢɧ (5: 13-15), ɤɨɹɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɦ ɩɴɪɜɨɨɛɪɚɡ ɧɚ
ɜɨɣɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɫ ɦɟɱ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɨɛɪɚɡɴɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ (ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ ɢ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɤɴɜɬɨ ɛɟɡ
ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɟ MS Paris. Gr. 510_226v) ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɢɡɢɫɤɚɧɢ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɚ (ɟɪɝɚɫɬɟɪɢɨɧɢ). ɉɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɚɬ 3 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ – ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ ɫ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ɰɢɚɧɫɤɢ/ɤɨɧɫɭɥɫɤɢ (ɧɹɤɨɢ ɝɢ ɧɚɡɨɜɚɜɚɬ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɫɤɢ) ɨɞɟɠɞɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɢɝɧɢɢ
(ɧɚɞɢɩɥɟɧɚ ɬɭɧɢɤɚ, ɯɢɦɚɬɢɨɧ ɠɟɡɴɥ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɫ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ), ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
ɫ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɨɞɟɠɞɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɢɝɧɢɢ (ɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɢɣ ɥɨɪɭɫ, ɝɥɨɛɭɫ ɢ
ɥɚɛɚɪɭɦ) ɢ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚ ɫ ɬɭɧɢɤɚ, ɯɥɚɦɢɞɚ, ɪɢɡɧɢɰɚ, ɛɪɨɧɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɛɟɞɪɟɧɢɤ,
ɦɟɱ ɢ ɧɨɠɧɢɰɚ. ɇɚ ɩɴɪɜɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɳɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɥɟɩɧɢɹ ɦɭ ɞɨɩɨɹɫɟɧ
ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɟɧ ɟɦɚɣɥ ɨɬ
ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏ - ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ., ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɜ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɚɧ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɹ19. Ʉɚɬɨ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ ɬɭɤ
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɨɠɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɡɚɟɬ ɨɬ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ʉɴɦ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɢ
ɢɡɢɫɤɚɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɟɹ ɨɬ ɱɟɪɜɟɧ ɹɫɩɟɪ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɜ Ʉɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɚɥɢɬɟ
ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɹɜɚɧɚ ɤɴɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ ɨɬ
ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏ-ɏȱ ɜ. (ɨɛɪ. 12)20. ɋɬɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨɬɨ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɩɴɬɫɬɜɚɳ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɢ
17
Ƚɢɛɟɥɢƫ, ɋ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 73-81, 36-42, 73-82.
18
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 36-41, ɫ. 71, 84.
19
Wessel, Kl. Die byzantinische Emailkunst. Reculinghausen, 1967, Nr. 30, S. 94-
97; Der Schatz von San Marco in Venedig. Köln, 1984, Nr. 15, S. 179-182.
20
Parani, M. Reconstructing the Reality of Images Byzantine Material Culture and
Religious Iconography (11th - 15th Centuries). Bril. Laiden – Boston, 2003, p. 154, fig. 165.
97
ɦɟɱ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ MS Paris. Gr.

510_226v. ɂɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɚ ɟ ɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ
ɫɬɟɚɬɢɬɨɜɚ ɢɤɨɧɤɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ, ɩɪɟɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɳɚ ɩɨ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɫ ɦɟɱ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɴɦ
ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱ - ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɜ. (ɨɛɪ. 13)21. ɇɚɣ-ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɜ ɬɨɜɚ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɫ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɩɟɯɢ ɢ ɦɟɱ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ (ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ) ɫɚ
ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɢ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɢ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ
ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɧɨ ɞɨ ɏȱȱI ɜ.22 Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɟɚɬɢɬɨɜɢ
ɬɜɨɪɛɢ, ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɢɤɨɧɤɚ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɜ Ȼɟɧɚɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ
Ⱥɬɢɧɚ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɏȱȱ-ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɫɬɢɥɨɜɢ ɛɟɥɟɡɢ23. Ɂɚ
ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɴɬ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɧɟ ɧɢ ɞɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɞɟɬɚɣɥɢ ɨɬ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ, ɤɨɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɚ
ɩɨɥɭɡɚɥɢɱɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɴɥɝɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɩɨ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɢɦɚɦɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚ ɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɦ ɤɴɦ
ɏȱ ɜ., ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ
ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɭɦɚɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ 1094-1095
ɝ.24, ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɴɬ ɜ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɟɞɜɚ ɜɟɝɟɬɢɪɚ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɟ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɧɚɬɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ, ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɹɜɟɧ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɧ
ɚɧɫɚɦɛɴɥ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɏȱȱ ɜ.25
Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɨɬ ɏȱȱ ɜ., ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɱɟ
e ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢ/ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ (ɬɟɦɚ ɉɚɪɢɫɬɪɢɨɧ), ɚ ɫɢɥɢɫɬɪɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ
ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ. ɧɚɛɪɨɹɜɚ ɜɟɱɟ ɧɚɞ 300 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ26. Ʉɴɦ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
21
Mirror of the Medieval World. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wixom,
William D. (ed.), New York, 1999. no. 111, p. 94.
22
Laurent, V. La collection C. Orghidan. Paris, 1962, p. 296, Nr. 654; Laurent, V.
Le sceau Byzantins du médailler Vatican. Citaà del Vaticano, 1962, Nr. 186; Nesbit, J., N.
Oiconomides. Catalogue of Byzantines Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum
at Art. Vol. III. Washington, 1991, p. 174, Nr. 96.6, Vol. IV, p. 110, Nr. 40. 10; Jordanov, Iv.
Op. cit., ʋ 1482, 1823, 2203, 2689, 2826. Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɳɚ ɧɚɞ 3200 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, 112 ɫɚ ɫ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ,
ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ 80 ɫɚ ɛɸɫɬɨɜɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɢɬɨ ɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɢ
ɨɪɴɠɢɹ. 32 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ, ɫɪɟɞ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ 5 ɫ
ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɢ ɦɟɱ.
23
Kalavrezou – Maxeiner, I. Byzantine Icons in Steatite. Wien, 1985, ɪ. 186, ʋ
105.
24
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. Ɉɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ, 125-126.
25
Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜɚ, ɋɬ. Ʉɴɦ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱ ɜ. –
ȼ: ɉɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ȱȱ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1993, 52-57; Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. ɉɨɝɥɟɞ
ɤɴɦ ɞɨɛɪɭɞɠɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɢ ɛɪɹɝ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɞɨ ɏV ɜ. – ɂɉɪ, 8-9, 1992, 27-30.
26
Jordanov, Iv. Op. cit., No. 94-96, 111, 226, 231, 249, 256, 259, 162, 318, 378,
378, 386, 411, 444, 457, 464, 475, 481, 486, 488, 507, 521, 544, 551; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ.
98
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɟ ɜ

ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ, „ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ” ɫ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɦ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɬɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɚ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɏȱ ɜ. ɟ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ
ɢɡɠɢɜɹɜɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɜɴɡɯɨɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɢ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɉɨɞɭɧɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɫ ɧɟɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɦ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ
ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɨɬɢɰɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɞɪɟɛɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɫɚ ɫɬɨɬɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɹɦɚɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɩɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ
ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ27. ɋɥɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɠɢɜɨɬɴɬ ɜ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɪɚɠɞɚ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɧɨɜ ɜɪɴɯ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱV ɜ., ɧɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɨɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɢ28. ɇɚ ɬɨɡɢ
ɮɨɧ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɢɤɨɧɤɢ ɜ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɟ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɨɱɚɤɜɚɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɟɳ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ ɜ. ɢ ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɟ
ɟɧɤɨɥɩɢɨɧɢ, ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɨɜɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ29. Ɉɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɜɴɜ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɪɹɤɚ ɬɜɨɪɛɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɨ ɚɬɟɥɢɟ, ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɱɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɯɨɞɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɦ ɩɨ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɤɴɦ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ȱɏ-ɏ ɜ. ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɚɪɯɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɫ ɦɟɱ ɜ
ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ – „ɫɴɤɪɚɬɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ” ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ ɇɚɜɢɧ
(5: 13-15). Ɍɹ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ, ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɠɞɚɧ ɢ
ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɚɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫ ɨɧɚɡɢ ɢɡɢɫɤɚɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɬɢɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɫɤɴɩɢɬɟ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ ɨɬ ɡɥɚɬɨ, ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɟɧ ɟɦɚɣɥ, ɫɬɟɚɬɢɬ, ɩɨɥɭɫɤɴɩɨɰɟɧɧɢ
ɤɚɦɴɧɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɢ.
Ȼɪɨɧɡɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ, ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɡɱɭɤɜɚɧɢ ɳɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɢ
ɢɤɨɧɤɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɜɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɟɞ, ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɡɥɚɬɨ (?) ɢɥɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɢ ɫ ɨɥɨɜɨ
(?)30, ɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ.
Ⱦɭɪɨɫɬɨɪɭɦ – Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ – Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ (Vȱ-ɏȱV ɜ.). –

Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ, 30, 2015, 49-103. ȼ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɫ. 91 ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɨɛɪɴɳɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɧɟ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɧɢɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɏȱȱ
ɜ. ȼ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɉ. ɉɚɩɚɯɚɞɠɢ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɜ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɢɦɚ 2 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɚɬ ɤɴɦ ɏȱȱ ɜ., ɧɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɫɛɨɪ ɨɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ
ɰɹɥɚ ɘɠɧɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1920 ɢ 1940 ɝ.
27
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹɬ Ⱦɭɪɨɫɬɨɪɭɦ – Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ. Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥɫɤɚɬɚ
ɟɩɚɪɯɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɤɴɫɧɚɬɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ (ȱV – ɏȱV ɜ.). ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ,
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ. ȼɚɪɧɚ – ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2007, 282-309.
28
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 348-350.
29
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 300.
30
Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ, ɋɬ. Ʉɚɥɴɩɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ (ȱɏ – ɏȱV
ɜ.). ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2015, 54-55.
99
Eɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɚ ɡɚ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ

ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɟ ɥɟɤɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚɬɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ
ɚɧɚɥɨɡɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɏȱȱ-ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɏ-ɏȱ
ɜ. ɫɚ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ. ɂɦɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɛɧɚɬɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɥɚɫɧɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢ
ɬɜɨɪɛɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɧɨɜɚ ɤɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɬɟɚɬɢɬ ɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɢ ɜ ¾
ɮɚɫ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɬɟɥɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ ɟ
ɩɨɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɢ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ƚɚɜɪɚɢɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɟɚɬɢɬɨɜɚɬɚ
ɢɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ - ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ., ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɜ Ʌɭɜɴɪɚ31.
ɉɪɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɪɟɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢ
ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɞɨ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜ. ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟɡɢ ɫ
ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɚ ɩɨɞ 2 % ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ ɜ
ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɚɥɢɢ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɟ
ɪɟɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.
(ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɫ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɨɬ Vȱ-ɏ ɜ. ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɚɯ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹ) – ɫɚɦɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɫɚ ɫ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ32. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɬɚɡɢ
ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɬɰɢ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ, Ɍɨɞɨɪ
ɋɬɪɚɬɢɥɚɬ, Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ɍɢɪɨɧ, Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ, ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɜ
ɧɟɛɟɫɧɨɬɨ ɜɨɣɧɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɠɞɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-
ɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɫ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɴɠɢɹ ɫɥɟɞ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɞɨ ɏȱV ɜ. ɟ
ɫɴɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨ ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɢɦ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ɰɢɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɟɠɞɢ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ33. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɦ, ɱɟ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɧɟɫɴɦɧɟɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɬ
ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ ɇɚɜɢɧ (5: 13-15), ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨ-ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɜɨɞɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɜɤɭɫɨɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɹ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɟɲɚɥɨɧ, ɧɨɫɟɳɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ –
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ Ƚ. ɒɥɸɦɛɟɪɠɟ34. Ɍɹ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨ-
ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɴɦ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱȱ-ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɫɬɚɜɚ
ɩɚɬɪɨɧ ɡɚɤɪɢɥɧɢɤ (ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ ɢ ɦɟɱ, ɤɨɪɨɧɨɜɚɳ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ) ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɂɫɚɤ ȱȱ (1185 – 1195)
Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ Ⱦɭɤɚ (1230 - 1237), Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ Ⱦɭɤɚ (1237 - 1244) ɢ
31
Godschmidt, A., K. Weitsmann. Die byzantinisvhe Elfenbeinskulpturen des X –
XIII Jahrhunders. Berlin, 1934, Nr. 32; Kalavrezou – Maxeiner, I. Op. cit., pp. 95-98, Taf.
3.3.
32
ȼɢɠ ɬɭɤ ɛɟɥ. ʋ 22.
33
Walter, Cr. The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition. Ashgate, 2003,
pp. 40-65, 76-80, 90-93, 95-100, 123-134; Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. ɋɜɟɬɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɉɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɟɰ, ɫ.
100 ɢ ɫɥ.
34
Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de L’Empire byzantine. Paris, 1884, p. 21.
100
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ – ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ

Vȱȱȱ ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɨɫɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ35.
Ɉɬ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Vȱȱȱ
ɧɟ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɦɟɱɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɜɟɧ, ɚ ɟ ɨɩɪɹɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɦɨɬɨ ɦɭ. Ɍɚɤɚ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ɇ. ɉɫɟɥ ɢ
Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ., ɝɨ ɞɴɪɠɚɬ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɟɱɨɧɨɫɰɢ36 ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɢɧɫɢɝɧɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ȼɚɝɪɹɧɨɪɨɞɧɢ37.
Ɍɴɪɫɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɤɢ ɚɩɨɬɪɨɩɟɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ
ɬɚɤɴɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɤɚɬɨ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ, ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɂɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɨɬ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ., ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɟ ɦɚɥɤɚ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ
ɜɤɭɫɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɬɤɪɢɬɚɬɚ ɜ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɫɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɹɜɚɳɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɨɬ 12 ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ ɫ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ. ɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ
ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɒɭɦɟɧ, ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ, Ʉɚɫɬɪɢɰɢ ɞɨ
ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɩɪ. Ʉɴɦ ɬɹɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɦ ɨɳɟ 5 ɨɛɪɚɡɰɢ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ
ɏȱȱ-ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., ɧɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɛɟɥɟɡɢ38. Ʉɚɬɨ ɢɦɚɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɫɚ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɢ ɛɟɡɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɱɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɢ
ɤɨɫɬɸɦɢɬɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɠɞɚɬ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɞɴɥɝɨɬɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ
ɬɚɤɴɜ), ɬɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɧɢ. ɋɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɫɚɦɨ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɟɞɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ-ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ (ɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ!), ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ., ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ
35
Hɟndi, M. Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire (1081-1261).
Washington, 1969, Pl. 20, 39-41.
36
Michael Psellus. Chronographia. Ed. E. Renauld. Paris, 1926-1928, p. 7, 118;
Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɚɞɚ. – ȼ: ȽɂȻɂ, Vȱȱȱ, 1972, ɫ. 12, 36; Parani, M. Op. cit., p. 154.
37
Alföldi, A. Insignien und Tracht der röɦmischen Kaiser. - In: Mitteilungen der
Deutschen Archäologichen Institut, 50, 1935, S. 66-70; Wessel, Kl., E. Pilts, C. Nicolescu.
Insignien. - In: Reallexikon zur byzantinischen Kunst, III, 20. Stuttgart, 1975, Col. 412-413;
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. ɂɧɫɢɝɧɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ. Ʉɨɪɨɧɢ, ɫɤɢɩɬɪɢ,
ɫɮɟɪɢ, ɨɪɴɠɢɹ, ɤɨɫɬɸɦɢ, ɧɚɤɢɬɢ. ɉɥɟɜɟɧ, 1999, 265-266.
38
Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ, ɋɬ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 172-199, ʋ 27-38, 78-82. Ɉɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɬɚ
ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɹɬɚ (ɡɚ ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɤɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ) ɡɚ ɬɚɡɢ
ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ Ʉ. Ɍɨɬɟɜ (Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ʉ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 161-166), ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ
ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ ɜ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɟ ɫɩɨɪɧɚ. ɂɤɨɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɹɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɪɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟɧ,
ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɟɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɚɧɢ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɩɨ-ɫɢɝɭɪɟɧ
ɦɚɪɤɟɪ ɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ (ɬɭɤ ɫɩɚɞɚɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢɬɟ ɨɬ
Ⱦɢɧɨɝɟɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ), ɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɢ
ɛɟɡɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ.
101
ɧɚ ɫ. Ʌɨɡɚɪɟɜɨ, Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɨ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ., ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ

ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜɫɤɢɹ
ɦɭɡɟɣ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɫɬɨɢ ɩɨ-ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ
(ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɚɡɢ ɨɬ Ʌɨɡɚɪɟɜɨ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɴɬ ɟ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ ɫ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ
ɫɴɫ ɫɤɢɩɬɴɪ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ), ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ ɫ ɦɟɱ39. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɫɤɢɩɬɴɪ (ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ
ɫɢɥɧɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɥɚɛɚɪɭɦ, ɤɚɤɴɜɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɢɡɹɳɧɚ
ɡɥɚɬɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ., ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɧ ɋɚɧ
Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɹ)40, ɚ ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɞɴɪɠɚ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬ,
ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɢɹ ɦɟɱ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɴɬ ɟ
ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧ ɜ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɫɤɢ (ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɢ) ɨɞɟɠɞɢ ɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɤɢɩɬɴɪ (ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɫɢɥɧɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɥɚɛɚɪɭɦ), ɬɨ ɟ ɦɚɥɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ
ɤɨɧɬɚɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɚ/ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɱɟɟ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɧɟ ɦɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɨɬɨ
ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɨɳɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɫ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɞɴɪɠɚ ɦɟɱ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɨɠɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɦɭ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦ, ɱɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɜ
ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ, ɧɟɨɬɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢɧɫɢɝɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢɬɟ, ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɦɟɱ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɟ, ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɟ
ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɝɥɢ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧɢ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ 3,5
ɫɦ ɢ ɫ ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɬɚ 0,5 ɫɦ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ
ɛɸɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɨɪɧɚɬ (ɥɨɪɭɫɴɬ ɫɟ
ɜɢɠɞɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ), ɫɤɢɩɬɴɪ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɟ ɩɪɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ –
Ⱦɢɧɨɝɟɰɢɹ - Ƚɚɪɜɚɧ, ɢ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɤɴɦ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ɏȱ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɣ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɜ.41 Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɴɬ ɜ
Ⱦɢɧɨɝɟɰɢɹ - Ƚɚɪɜɚɧ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɥɹɦɨɬɨ ɤɭɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ
39
Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ, ɋɬ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 196, ʋ 37.
40
Kl. Wessel. Die byzantinische Emailkunst, Nr. 28, S. 90-93; Der Schatz von San
Marco, ʋ 12, S. 149-153.
41
Ƀɨɧ Ȼɚɪɧɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ (Barnea, I.
Obiecte de cult. – In: DinogeĠia, I. Bucureúti, 1967, p. 366, fig. 193. 4), ɞɨɤɚɬɨ Ⱥɭɪɟɥ-
Ⱦɚɧɢɟɥ ɋɬɴɧɢɤɚ, ɨɛɴɪɧɚɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɛɟɥɚɬɚ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,5 ɫɦ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ (Stănică, A.-D. ViaĠa economic din Nordul
Dobrogei în secolele X – XIV. Tulcea, 2015, p. 315, pl. 36.4) (ɨɛɪ. 14). ȼ ɬɚɡɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɟɞɢɧ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜ „ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ”
ɫ ɜɨɣɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ɍɢɪɨɧ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ /?/, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ, ɚɩɥɢɤɢɪɚɧ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ
ɤɭɥɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɫɴɳɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ. Ɂɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɤɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ (Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹɬ Ⱦɭɪɨɫɬɨɪɭɦ – Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ, c. 295,
ɨɛɪ. 75, ɬɚɛɥ. LXVIII. 274). Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɴɪɴɬ 4,6 ɫɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɬɚ 0, 67 ɫɦ ɢ
ɩɪɨɩɭɤɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚɬɚ (ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɱɭɤɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɨɬ ɮɨɥɢɨ ?)
ɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ ɜ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ (ɨɛɪ. 15).
102
1122-1123 ɝ.42 ɇɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɮɨɧ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɧɚ

ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ. ɫ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ
ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɟɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚ
ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɱɭɩɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɫɟ
ɫɬɹɝɚ ɜ ɦɟɧɝɟɦɟ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɹ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɥɢɫɬ ɤɨɜɴɤ ɦɟɬɚɥ (ɱɟɫɬɨ ɬɴɧɤɨ
ɮɨɥɢɨ) ɢ ɫ ɢɡɱɭɤɜɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɠɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜ ɫɤɭɥɩɬɢɪɚɧɢɹɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɧɟɹ ɨɛɪɚɡ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚɬɚ
ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚ, ɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɢ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɢɬɟ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɣ-ɦɚɥɴɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ (ɞɨɪɢ
ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɧɚ ɲɭɩɥɚ) ɪɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɤɜɚɧɟ ɢ
ɫɤɴɪɲɜɚɧɟ. ɓɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɬɴɧɤɨ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨ-ɞɟɛɟɥɨ ɮɨɥɢɨ, ɬɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɩɥɢɤɢɪɚ ɩɨ ɢɤɨɧɢ – ɦɚɥɤɢ ɢ
ɝɨɥɟɦɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɣɧɢ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɟ, ɪɟɥɢɤɜɚɪɢɢ, ɲɥɟɦɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɪ. Ȼɪɨɧɡɨɜɚɬɚ
ɚɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɲɥɟɦɚ,
ɩɪɢɩɢɫɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɹɡ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ȼɫɟɜɨɥɨɞɨɜɢɱ (1238-1246), ɟ ɹɪɤɚ
ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ43.
Ʌɸɛɨɩɢɬɧɨ ɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɥɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɪɚɡɬɪɨ-
ɲɟɧɚ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɠɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ɉɨ-ɥɟɫɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ
ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɲɢɪɢɧɚɬɚ ࣊, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɫɟɧ ɜɴɧɲɟɧ ɪɴɛ ɪɚɡɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ 2,1 ɫɦ –
ɫɢɪɟɱ ɨɛɳɚɬɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4,2 ɫɦ – ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɚɤɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ, ɩɪɢ
ɫɴɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ ɜ
ɤɨɪɟɥɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ., ɚɤɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜ
ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ, ɬɨ ɨɛɳɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5,3 ɫɦ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 6,3 ɫɦ. ɏɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɹɫɧɨ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ, ɱɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫ ɨɛɳɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4,4 ɫɦ – ɬ. ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ
4,2 ɯ 4,4 ɫɦ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɞɚɥɢ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɹ
ɚɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɢɤɨɧɢ, ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɟ, ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɩɟɯɢ ɢ ɩɪ. ɫɚ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɚɬɟɥɢɟ,
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɫɤɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ ɜ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɜ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɢɦɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ
ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɟ ɫɪɟɞ ɧɚɣ-ɹɪɤɢɬɟ.
42
Diaconu, P. Les Coumans au Bas-Danube aux XI-e et XII-e siècles. Bucureúti,
1978, 62-77; Mãnucu-Adameútesnu, G. Istoria Dobrogei in perioada 969 - 1204.
ContribuĠii arheologice úi numismatice. Bucureúti, 2001, 55-56.
43
Ʉɢɪɩɢɱɧɢɤɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɂ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɤɧɹɠɟɫɤɢɟ ɲɥɟɦɵ ɏ - ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. – ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 4, 1958, 64-65, ɪɢɫ. 8. 3.
103
Ɉɛɪ. 1. ɐɢɬɚɞɟɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ („Ɇɭɧɞɪɚɝɚ”) ɩɪɟɡ ɏ-ɏȱ ɜ. ɫ

ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɦ ʋ 4 ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɚɩɫɢɞɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɞɢɚɤɨɧɢɤɨɧɚ (ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨ Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ).
Ɉɛɪ. 2. Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɧɢɹɬ ɯɪɚɦ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ʋ 4 ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɚɩɫɢɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɤɨɧɢɤɨɧɚ (ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨ Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ ɢ Ʉɪ.
Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ).
Ɉɛɪ. 3. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɴɬ ɨɬ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ. ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ –
ɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɨɩɚɤɨ (ɫɧɢɦɤɚ Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ).
Ɉɛɪ. 4. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɴɬ ɨɬ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ. ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ
(ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɩɨ Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ).
Ɉɛɪ. 5. ɉɨɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚ ɟɝɡɚɝɢɹ /?/ ɨɬ V-Vȱ ɜ., ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɜ
ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɫ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɢ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ƚɚɜɪɚɢɥ (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɩɨ O. Dalton).
Ɉɛɪ. 6. Ʉɚɪɨɥɢɧɝɫɤɢ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɧɨɜɚ ɤɨɫɬ ɫ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɨɬ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ. (ɫɧɢɦɤɚ ɩɨ J. Hubert, J. Porche, W. Volbach).
Ɉɛɪ. 7. Ɇɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚ ɜ Cod. graec. 405, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ȼɚɬɢɤɚɧɚ, ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɫ ɦɟɱ
ɨɬ Vȱ-Vȱȱ ɜ. (ɩɨ A.Venturi).
Ɉɛɪ. 8. Ɋɟɥɟɮɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ ȼɢɧɢɰɚ (Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ) ɫ
ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɨɬ Vȱ ɜ. (ɩɨ Ɇ. Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ).
Ɉɛɪ. 9. Ɇɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɇɚɡɢɚɧɫɤɢ,
ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ (Bibliothèque
Nationale MS Paris. Gr. 510_226v ) ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ. ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɫ ɦɟɱ (ɩɨ L. Brubaker).
Ɉɛɪ. 10. ɋɬɟɧɨɩɢɫ ɜ ɫɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „Çavuúin kilise“ ɜ Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ
ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɫ
ɦɟɱ (ɩɨ M. Restle).
Ɉɛɪ. 11. ɋɬɟɧɨɩɢɫ ɜ ɫɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „Karanlik (Darc) kilise“ ɜ
Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ ɨɬ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɫ ɦɟɱ (ɩɨ M. Restle).
Ɉɛɪ. 12. Ʉɚɦɟɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ - ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ., ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɜ
Ʉɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɚɥɢɬɟ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠ ɫ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɜ
ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ ɫ ɦɟɱ ɧɚ ɪɚɦɨɬɨ (ɩɨ Ɇ. Parani).
Ɉɛɪ. 13. ɋɬɟɚɬɢɬɨɜɚ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ., ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ ɫ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ ɫ ɦɟɱ
ɧɚ ɪɚɦɨɬɨ (ɩɨ D. William).
Ɉɛɪ. 14. Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɫ ɛɸɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɨɬ Ⱦɢɧɨɝɟɰɢɹ - Ƚɚɪɜɚɧ (ɩɨ I. Barnea).
Ɉɛɪ. 15. Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ. ɫ ɛɸɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ɍɢɪɨɧ
ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ „Ƚɟɪɢɥɨɜɝɪɚɞ” (?) ɞɨ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɩɨ Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ).
Ɉɛɪ. 16. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɧɚ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɫ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ
ɨɬ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ: ɚ) ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ; ɛ) ɛɸɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ (ɩɨ Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ).
104
2
105
3 3а 4
5 6 7
8 9 10
106
11 12 13
14 15 16
107
Gert Boersema und Alexandra-Kyriaki Wassiliou-Seibt
SELTENE HEILIGE UND EINE BIBLISCHE SZENE AUF

BYZANTINISCHEN SIEGELN EINER NIEDERLÄNDISCHEN
PRIVATSAMMLUNG
Das ikonographische Repertoire der byzantinischen Bleisiegel wird

diachron von den verschiedenen Darstellungstypen der Theotokos und
bestimmten Heiligen dominiert, wie John (Ioakeim) Cotsonis in einer
einschlägigen Studie zeigte1. Die Ausnahmen in diesem Standardrepertoire
sind sehr selten und resultieren zumeist aus der Verbindung bzw. dem Bezug
des jeweiligen Sieglers zu lokalen Kultzentren (in etwa hl. Athenogenes für
Herakleiupolis/Pedachtoe)2 oder aus dessen seltenem Namen (in etwa der
Prophet Samuel auf den Siegeltypen des Samuel Mauropus)3. In Einzelfällen
kann sogar die Wahl eines in Byzanz ausgefallenen Heiligen auf die
ursprüngliche fremde Herkunft des jeweiligen Sieglers hinweisen. Als
Paradebeispiele seien in etwa Gregor der Erleuchter (armen. Lusavoriþ૽;
griech. ĭȦĲȚıĲ੾Ȣ), den manche byzantinische Aristokraten armenischer
Herkunft für ihre Siegel wählten4, oder der hl. Ianuarios, der bisher auf dem
Siegel des aus Neapel stammenden Marinos (Maistromiles) ıİȕĮıĲંȢ
vorkommt5, genannt. Bisweilen kann die Darstellung eines seltenen Heiligen
als markantes Ausdrucksmittel der Verwandtschaft fungieren, wie bei den
Neffen des Patriarchen Michael I. (Kerullarios), die den hl. Menas
Kallikelados zu den gängigen Heiligen Demetrios, Nikolaos und Panteleimon
1
Cotsonis, J. The Contribution of Byzantine Lead Seals to the Study of the Cult of
the Saints (Sixth-Twelfth Century) – Byzantion, LXXV, (2005) 383-497. – An dieser Stelle
möchten wir Bishof Ioakeim (John Cotsonis) unseren besonderen Dank für Informationen
zur Frequenz von Darstellungsweisen einzelner Heiligen aus seiner Datenbank zur
Ikonographie der Heiligen auf byzantinischen Siegeln aussprechen.
2
Basileiou (Wassiliou), A.-K. ૎ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠʌȡંıİțĲȠ ȝȠȜȣȕįંȕȠȣȜȜȠ ĲȘȢ ıȣȜȜȠȖ੾Ȣ
Zarnitz: ȅ İʌ઀ıțȠʌȠȢ ǾȡĮțȜİȚȠȣʌંȜİȦȢ ǻȠȝ੼ĲȚȠȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ੺ȖȚȠȢ ǹșȘȞȠȖ੼ȞȘȢ – Hellenika, 55/2,
(2005) 239-248; Seibt, W. Ein Blick in die byzantinische Gesellschaft. Die Bleisiegel im
Museum August Kestner. Rahden/Westfalen, 2011, 35-37, Nr. 6.
3
Laurent, V. Le Corpus des sceaux de l߫empire byzantin. V/2. L߫église. Paris, 1965,
Nr. 1134 und 1615bis; Mayerhofer, W. Die Ikonographie der männlichen Heiligen auf
byzantinischen Bleisiegeln. Wien, 2007 (Diplomarbeit) 82, Nr. 94.
4
Seibt, W. ਝȡıĮț઀įȘȢ/Aršakuni – Armenische Aristokraten in byzantinischen
Diensten. Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 44, (1994) 352f., Nr. 3 (Arsakides
Apnelgariphes ਕȞș઄ʌĮĲȠȢ ʌĮĲȡ઀țȚȠȢ ȕ੼ıĲȘȢ țĮ੿ ıĲȡĮĲȘȖઁȢ ȈİȜİȣțİ઀ĮȢ).
5
Cheynet, J.-Cl. – Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. Adelige aus dem „Westen“ in
Staatsapparat und Gesellschaft des byzantinischen Reiches. Das Vermächtnis der Siegel, in:
Daim, F. u. a. (eds.), Menschen, Bilder, Sprache, Dinge. Wege zur Kommunikation zwischen
Byzanz und dem Westen 2: Menschen und Worte. Mainz, 2018, 221, mit A. 67.
108
Gert BOERSEMA und Alexandra-Kyriaki WASSILIOU-SEIBT. SELTENE HEILIGE UND EINE BIBLISCHE SZENE ...
hinzufügten6. Ebenso selten sind biblische Szenen, insbesondere aus dem

Alten Testament.
Eine niederländische Privatsammlung beherbergt manche Bleibullen
mit bisher kaum oder gar nicht im ikonographischen Siegelrepertoire
bezeugten Heiligen, die in den folgenden Seiten ediert und soweit als
möglich in ihren historischen Kontext gestellt werden. Zudem wird ein
Exemplar mit der Darstellung einer frühchristlichen Kreuzigung erörtert,
eben weil Derartiges äußerst selten auf Siegeln vorkommt. Ähnliches betrifft
auch berittene Heilige auf frühbyzantinischen Bleisiegeln.
I. HEILIGE
Akakios
Siegelinhaber: Leon protospatharios, protonotarios tes sakelles kai
anagrapheus Thrakes (vor Mitte 11. Jh.) (Fig. 1)
Aus Auktion Gorny & Mosch 208, 16.-17.10.2012, Nr. 2598 (Legende nicht
gelesen. Datiert auf 11.-12. Jh.).
Allgemein gut erhaltenes Siegel, mit einem Ausbruch an der unteren
Kanalmündung. Av.-Feld links teils plattgedrückt, Rv.-Feld leicht nach links dezentriert,
minimale Feldverluste, rechts unten teils eingedrückt. Kein Parallelstück bekannt. Beige
Patina. Unediert.
Gewicht: 12,87 gr. Durchmesser: 23 mm (tot.), 20 mm (F.).
Av. Büste des hl. Akakios, mit einem Märtyrerkreuz vor der Brust.
Die Ränder seines Maphorion sind mit Perlen verziert. Der Heilige trägt eine
kurze gepflegte Frisur, die die Ohren nicht bedeckt. Ebenfalls gepflegt ist
sein kurzer Bart. Vom linken Teil der Begleitbeischrift sind die Buchstaben +
und O sichtbar, der rechte Teil hingegen ist vollständig erhalten: [੘ ਚ]ȖȚ[Ƞ(Ȣ)]
// ਝț੺țȚȠ(Ȣ).
Es handelt sich wohl um jenen Akakios aus Kappadokien, der gemäß
der legendären Überlieferung als Soldat (ıĲȡĮĲȚઆĲȘȢ ĲȠ૨ ਕȡȚșȝȠ૨) der
römischen Armee wegen seines christlichen Glaubens verhaftet und zum
Statthalter von Herakleia/Thrakien geführt wurde, wo er zunächst auf
6
Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. Die Neffen des Patriarchen Michael I. Kerullarios (1043-
1058) und ihre Siegel. Ikonographie als Ausdrucksmittel der Verwandtschaft. Bulgaria
Mediaevalis, 2 (2011), 107-119. – Speziell zur Karriereleiter Konstantins, des älteren Neffen
des Patriarchen, s. jetzt detaillierter Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. Nochmals zum cursus honorum
des Konstantinos, des Neffen des Patriarchen Michael I. (Kerullarios). Zbornik radova
Vizantološkog instituta, 55 (2018), 65-80 (Korrekturen zu Jeffreys, M. Constantine, Nephew
of the Patriarch Keroularios, and His Good Friend Michael Psellos, in Jeffreys, M –
Lauxtermann, M. The Letters of Psellos: Cultural Networks and Historical Realities.
Oxford, 2016, 59-88).
109
grausamste Weise gefoltert und schließlich nach Byzantion (Konstantinopel)

gebracht wurde, wo er enthauptet wurde (303/304)7.
In der Hauptstadt des Reiches sind zwei Kirchen bezeugt, die diesem
Heiligen gewidmet waren8.
Rv. Siegelinschrift in fünf Zeilen, mit einem Kreuz davor und
einem Zierelement darüber:
-(-|ʻUEN|ōCwJ, ōNO|T, T, CQEUS|.NA+y.|.yQH.
ȁ੼ȦȞ (ʌȡȦĲȠ)ıʌĮș(੺ȡȚȠȢ) (ʌȡȦĲȠ)ȞȠĲ(੺ȡȚȠȢ) Ĳ(ોȢ) ıĮț੼Ȝ(ȜȘȢ) (țĮ੿)
[ਕ]ȞĮȖȡĮĳ(İઃȢ) [Ĳ(ોȢ) Ĭ]ȡ઻țȘ[Ȣ)].
Leon war verantwortlich für die Festlegung der Steuerabgaben nach

Vermessung des jeweiligen Grundbesitzes (ਕȞĮȖȡĮĳİ઄Ȣ) in der
Verwaltungseinheit (Thema) Thrake, die zur Zeit des obigen Siegels
flächenmäßig nur einen minimalen Teil der spätantiken bzw.
frühbyzantinischen Provinz Thrakien umfasste, und Protonotarios des
Staatschatzes (ıĮț੼ȜȜȘ. Cf. lat. sacella, eigentlich „Sack“ bzw. „Beutel“).
ȆȡȦĲȠıʌĮș੺ȡȚȠȢ („erster Schwertträger“) zählte damals zu den
bescheideneren Titeln. Demselben Mann ist ein ungefähr zeitgleiches Stück
zuzuweisen, das ihn als ਕıȘțȡોĲȚȢ (a secretis) und ʌȡȦĲȠȞȠĲ੺ȡȚȠȢ (ohne
Definition des Amtsbereiches) belegt, dessen Av. ebenfalls die gleiche
Darstellung aufweist9.
Ephraim (der Syrer)

Siegelinhaber: Euphraim (ca. 1. Drittel 12. Jh.) (Fig. 2).
Aus Auktion Gorny & Mosch 191, 11.–12.10.2010, 2696 (undefiniert, auf 11. Jh.
datiert).
Schrötling etwas zu groß für den Stempel. Av. nach links, Rv. nach rechts
dezentriert. Beide Seiten weisen eine Einkerbung an der oberen Kanalmündung und einen
größeren Ausbruch an der unteren auf. Das Siegelfeld ist ausgezeichnet erhalten.Unediert.
Gewicht: 4,47 gr.; Durchmesser: 17 mm (tot.), 12 mm (F.).
7
Vita des hl. Akakios. Patrologia Graeca 115, 218-240. Cf. ĬȡȘıțİȣĲȚț‫ ޣ‬țĮ‫ޥ‬
‫ݟ‬șȚț‫ݑ ޣ‬ȖțȣțȜȠʌĮަįİȚĮ, 1, (1962) 1166-1167, in Hinkunft ĬǾǼ, (G. I. Mantzarides).
8
Janin, R. La géographie ecclésiastique de l߫empire byzantin. Ièrèpartie. Le siège
de Constantinople et le patriarcat oecuménique. III. Les églises et les monastères. Paris,
1969,13-15.
9
Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de l߫empire byzantin. Paris, 1884, (Nachdruck
Turin 1963), 444, Nr. 2, auf 11.-12. Jh. datiert, und 532, Nr. 5, auf 12.-13. Jh. datiert
(Faksimile). Der Autor edierte zweimal dasselbe Stück und identifizierte zunächst den
Heiligen richtig, danach jedoch dachte er an Pharnakios. Ähnliches betrifft auch die Inschrift
auf dem Rv. Cf. dazu Laurent, V. Le Corpus des sceaux de l߫empire byzantin. II.
L߫administration centrale. Paris, 1981, Nr. 169 [1. Hälfte 11. Jh.], ohne Abbildung. Am
Beginn der Rv.-Legende wiederum las Schlumberger, a. O. JQ=, was Père Laurent auch
übernahm. Es ist jedoch an KE zu denken.
110
Av. Büste des hl. Ephraim (des Syrers), mit großem Nimbus, der
sein Haupt umgibt. Der Mantel des reifen und als Mönch dargestellten
Heiligen wird vorne mit einer Fibel zusammengehalten. Ephraim ist hier als
älterer Mann, mit dichten Augenbrauen dargestellt; seine kurze Frisur besteht
aus wenigen Locken, die in der Form eines Halbkreises angeordnet sind und
die Stirn frei lassen. Er hat eine längliche Nase und trägt einen gepflegten
mittellangen spitzen Vollbart, dessen Rand lockig ist. In der rechten Hand
hält Ephraim ein Kreuz, in der linken eine Schriftrolle (rotulus).
Beischrift: ù|=| // |P|= (kein Kürzungsstrich erkennbar): ੘ ਚ(ȖȚȠȢ)
Ǽ੝ĳȡ(Į઀)[ȝ].
Trotz der bedeutenden Persönlichkeit Ephräm des Syrers (* um 306 in
Nisibis – † 373 in Edessa) als Kirchenlehrer, Schriftsteller zahlreicher
Hymnen und exegetischer Schriften (Originale in syrischer Sprache) wurde er
auf byzantinischen Siegeln kaum abgebildet10. Seine Verehrung war am
engsten mit dem syrischen Raum gekoppelt, eben weil letzterer sein Geburts-
und Wirkungsbereich war. Auf byzantinischem Reichsterritorium dürfte sein
Kult keine größere Verbreitung erfahren haben. Für die Hauptstadt selbst
samt näherer Umgebung sind weder Kirchen noch Klöster registriert, die
diesem Heiligen gewidmet waren. Jedoch fehlen Darstellungen dieses
Heiligen nicht in byzantinischen Kirchen und Klöstern, selbst wenn sie
seltener vorkommen. Herausgegriffen sei in etwa das Fresko dieses Heiligen
in der Kirche Panagia Asinou (12. Jh., Zypern). Mönchsheilige werden des
öfteren mit dem Kreuz in der Hand abgebildet, auch wenn sie kein Martyrium
erlitten haben, weil das Kreuz in ihrem Fall als Symbol für die Härte des
mönchischen Lebens allgemein fungiert und der damit verbundenen
Versuchungen.
In der Kunst gibt es verschiedene Darstellungsweisen dieses Heiligen.
Wenn er nicht mit schütterem Haar erscheint, trägt er eine Mönchsmütze
bzw. –kapuze. Ebenso abwechslungsreich können seine Attribute sein:
Weihrauchgefäß, offenes Buch oder Schriftrolle11.
Rv. Fünfzeilige Legende, darüber ein Kreuz:

ʻ|=PO\|CQ=wvOC\,|vdCVN|NVMON|wATEP
Zwölfsilber, mit einem Binnenschluss (B) nach der 5. Silbe.
10
Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, 3, (1995), 708-710 (W. Kramer); ĬǾǼ, 5,
(1964), 1160-1164 (S. G. Papadopulos). – Zu den Vitae des Ephraim s. Halkin, Fr.
Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca. Tome I. Aaron-Ioannes Baptista (Subsidia
Hagiographica 8a). Bruxelles, 1957, 179.
11
Cf. Lexikon der Christlichen Ikonographie (in Hinkunft LCI), 6, (1974), 151-153
(J. Myslivec).
111
„Vater Ephraim, mögest Du mich, deinen Namensgleichen,

beschützen“.
Die Wahl des hl. Ephraim für die Av. Seite des obigen Siegels
erfolgte, weil letzterer der Namensheilige des Sieglers war. Ephraim ist in
Byzanz eher für Kleriker bzw. Mönche bezeugt. Da obiger Siegler keine
näheren Hinweise zu seiner Person gibt, können wir nicht eruieren, ob es sich
um einen Laien oder einen Geistlichen handelt.
Konon
Siegelinhaber: Zacharias, Erzbischof (von Leontopolis) (680/692)
(Fig. 3).
Aus Auktion Numismatik Naumann 45, 03.07.2016, Nr. 1049 (undefiniert). Sehr
gut erhaltenes und ästhetisches, mittel- bis dunkelbraunes Siegel, beide Seiten leicht nach
oben dezentriert. Av. untere Kanalmündung ausgebrochen, leichter Bleifraß im oberen
Bereich.
Gewicht: 14,54 gr.; Durchmesser: 28 mm (tot.), 21 mm (F.). Unediert.
Ein ähnliches Exemplar, allerdings von einem anderen Stempel, wurde in der
Auktion Numismatik Naumann 55, 02.07.2017, Nr. 801 angeboten.
Av. Standbild eines Militärheiligen reiferen Alters, mit kurzem

Haar und gepflegten Bart. Mit der Rechten ergreift er die Lanze, die Linke
ruht auf dem stumpfwinkelig erscheinenden Schild. Die Beischrift erläutert
seine Identität: v- - +O- vC |K- v- d- - d: ੘ ਚȖȚȠȢ ȀંȞȦȞ.
Rv. Kreuzförmiges Monogramm, bestehend aus den Elementen A,

E, Z, K, O, w, y, C, X und V.
Auflösung: ǽĮȤĮȡ઀Į ਥʌȚıțંʌȠȣ bzw. ǽĮȤĮȡ઀Į ਕȡȤȚİʌȚıțંʌȠȣ.
Das Stück ist aus ikonographischer und prosopographischer Sicht

interessant: Es stellt den selten anzutreffenden hl. Konon dar, der in Isaurien
bzw. im isaurisch-lykaonischen Grenzgebiet als lokaler Heiliger eine
besondere Verehrung genoss. Aus seiner kurzen (sehr legendären) Vita
entnehmen wir, dass er in Bidana, einem Dorf unweit von Isauropolis12 zur
Zeit des Apostels Paul lebte und zum Christentum konvergierte, worauf er
festgenommen und gefoltert wurde, jedoch auf Druck der lokalen
Bevölkerung vom Statthalter entlassen wurde. Die Taufe soll Konon vom
Erzengel Michael empfangen haben. Die Dämonen, die ihn verfolgten,
verwandelte der Heilige entweder zu Arbeitern für seine Weingärten oder er
12
Belke, K. – Restle, M. Galatien und Lykaonien. Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 4.
Wien, 1984, 144; 180-181.
112
schloss sie in Tonkrüge ein. Zwei davon wurden nach seinem Tod voll mit
Goldmünzen aufgefunden13.
Ungefähr aus der gleichen Zeit stammt das Siegel des anderweitig
nicht bezeugten Stephanos, Bischof (von Leontopolis), mit der gleichen
Darstellungsweise des hl. Konon auf dem Avers14. Hingegen zeigt ihn die
Bleibulle eines anonymen Erzbischofes von Leontopolis (2. Hälfte 11. Jh.)
als bärtigen Greis in Zivilkleidung. Das Stück zählte zur ehem. Sammlung
Zacos (Foto in Wien). Auf dem Av. findet sich eine Büste des Erzengels
Michael (Rückgriff auf die Vita des Heiligen) mit entsprechender Beischrift
MX für Ȃ(Ț)Ȥ(Į੾Ȝ). Darüber die Umschrift Tý APXIEwOCKOw[O]V – ĲȠ૨
ਕȡȤȚİʌȚıțંʌȠȣ. Auf dem Rv. eine Büste des hl. Konon. Beischrift: v- +O- v,
(Buchstaben kreuzförmig angeordnet) |Qv- d- d- ੘ ਚȖȚȠ(Ȣ) ȀંȞȦȞ.
Darüber die Umschrift: ȁ[İȠ]ȞĲȠʌંȜİȦȢ. Weitere Darstellungen des hl.
Konon von Leontopolis auf Siegeln konnten wir nicht belegen. Die
Divergenz in der Darstellungsweise zwischen den beiden frühen Exemplaren
und jenem des 11. Jh. zeigt, dass es keine standardisierte Art der Darstellung
für diesen Heiligen gab, was wiederum zu dessen Gleichsetzung bzw.
Verwechslung mit Konon dem Gärtner (Hortulanus)15 führen konnte.
Leontopolis (zuvor Isaura Palaia) wurde zum wichtigsten
Kultzentrum des hl. Konon im 5. Jh., vielleicht unter Leon I. (457–474) oder
Leon II. (474), jedoch erfolgte die Erhebung zu einem Erzbistum erst im 7.
Jh.; davor gehörte es zum Bistum von Isauropolis16. In den narrativen
Quellen ist Zacharias der erste namentlich bezeugte (Erz)bischof von
Leontopolis (ਥʌ઀ıțȠʌȠȢ ȁİȠȞĲȠʌંȜİȦȢ). Er zählte zu den Teilnehmern des 5.
Ökumenischen Konzils (680/681) und des Quinisextum/ȆİȞș‫ޢ‬țĲȘ
(691/692)17. Ihm ist auch obiges Bleisiegel zuzuweisen, auf welchem sein
Zuständigkeits- und Wirkungsbereich aus der Darstellung des Av. zu
entnehmen ist. Der oben erwähnte Stephanos war entweder ein Vorgänger
oder ein Nachfolger des Zacharias.
Markellos
Siegelinhaber: Serbandos (?) (ca. 2. Hälfte 7. Jh.) (Fig. 4)
13
Trautmann, R. – Klostermann, R. Drei griechische Texte zum Codex
Suprasliensis, II. Das Martyrium von Konon dem Isaurier. Zeitschrift für slavische
Philologie, 11, (1934), 299–324. Cf. Halkin, F. Publications récentes de textes
hagiographiques grecs. Analecta Bollandiana, 53, (1935), 369-374.
14
Auktion Münz Zentrum 78, 07.-09.09.1994, 792.
15
LCI, 7, (1974), 332 (G. Kastner).
16
Chrysos, E. Zur Entstehung der Institution der autokephalen Erzbistümer.
Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 62, (1969), 268-269; cf. Belke – Restle 198-200.
17
Lilie, R.-J. u. a., Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. 1. Abteilung
(641-867). 5. Band. Berlin, 2001, Nr. 8602.
113
Erworben im Handel. Mittelgraues Siegel mit Resten einer rotbraunen Patina. Grob
punktierter Rand. Av. leicht nach oben dezentriert, mit einem größeren Ausbruch an der
oberen Kanalmündung, teilweise plattgedrückt. Rv. nach oben und links dezentriert, beide
Kanalmündungen ausgebrochen. Feld im unteren Bereich teils plattgedrückt. Allgemein
mittelmäßig bis gut erhalten. Unediert.
Gewicht 8,99 gr.; Durchmesser: 22 mm (tot), 18 mm (F.)
Av. Standbild des hl. Markellos, als Bischof dargestellt. Gut

erkennbar ist der Halsausschnitt (V) seines langen Gewandes (casula), sowie
seine Schuhe, die darunter hervorscheinen. In seiner Rechten hält der Heilige
das Evangelium, das er zusätzlich von unten mit der Linken abstützt. Er trägt
eine kurze, die Ohren nicht bedeckende Frisur und einen gepflegten runden
Vollbart. Details zu seinem Gesicht bzw. Gesichtszügen sind auf Grund des
plattgedruckten Zustandes des Siegelfeldes nicht zu entnehmen. Das Haupt
des Heiligen umgibt ein mächtiger breitrandiger Nimbus. Die Darstellung
begleitet die Beischrift: v||+O|v|C//M|AP|K?||OC – ੘ ਚȖȚȠȢ ȂĮȡț੼ȜȜȠȢ.
Ausgehend von der Darstellungsweise des Heiligen handelt es sich
um den heiliggesprochenen Bischof von Rom Marcellus I. (307/308-309
bzw. 307?-309?), der nach längerer Sedisvakanz während der
diokletianischen Verfolgungen Marcellinus (296?-304) in diesem Amt folgte.
Marcellus soll die Diözese durch Einführung von Tituli reorganisiert haben.
Er erlitt das Martyrium wegen seiner besonderen Strenge gegenüber den vom
christlichen Glauben Abgefallenen („Lapsi“), die ihn beim Kaiser Maxentius
deswegen verraten haben. Letzterer sorgte für seine Verbannung in die
kaiserlichen Pferdeställe, während der Marcellus starb. Die Gebeine des
Heiligen werden in der Kirche San Marcello al Corso (anno 418 erstmals mit
dem Titel di Marcello erwähnt) aufbewahrt und verehrt. Angeblich soll es
auch Reliquien dieses Heiligen unter anderem in Cluny geben18.
Das Stück ist von besonderem Interesse, weil es einen Heiligen
abbildet, der in der Ostkirche im Gegensatz zur Westkirche kaum verehrt
wurde.
Rv. Kreuzmonogramm bestehend aus den Elementen A, B, /, E, N,

O, y, C und V, was die Auflösung Ȉİȡȕ੺ȞįȠȣ (Genitiv von Ȉİȡȕ੺ȞįȠȢ, die
griechische Form des lateinischen Namens Servandus) ergibt. Im
Monogramm ist auf die zentrale Positionierung der kombinierten Buchstaben
Beta und Rho zwischen dem horizontalen Kreuzbalken zu verweisen – daher
berühren auch die beiden Schlingen des Beta einander nicht.
18
Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, 6, (1997), 1304 (J. Lössl); Lexikon der Päpste
und des Papsttums, ed. B. Steiner. Freiburg, 2001, 247-248 (J. Lössl);
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellus_von_Tanger
114
Als alternative Auflösung des Monogramms wäre ǺĮȡįİı੺ȞȠȣ

(Name östlichen Ursprungs) zu überlegen, was aber angesichts der Heiligen-
darstellung des Av. weniger plausibel erscheint.
Onuphrios
Siegelinhaber: Myron asekretis (ca. letztes Drittel 11. Jh.) (Fig. 5).
Aus Auktion Roma Numismatics 44, 02.03.2018, lot 973 (unvollständig, teilweise
abgebildet). Mittelbraunes Siegel. Av. nach oben dezentriert, mit unbedeutenden
Feldverlusten, partiell plattgedrückt. Rv. nach rechts dezentriert, minimale Feldverluste.
Allgemein gut erhalten. Unediert.
Gewicht: 7,51 gr. Durchmesser: 21 mm (tot.), 17 mm (F.).
Av. Standbild des hl. Onuphrios in Orantenhaltung – mit

auffallend großen Handflächen. Gekleidet ist er in einen aus Feigen- oder
Dattelblättern bestehenden Lendenschurz. Die asketische Figur hat längliches
bis zu den Schultern reichendes Haar und einen spitzen Bart, der den
Brustkorb bedeckt. Die Gesichtszüge des Heiligen sind auf Grund des
plattgedrückten Zustandes des Feldes nicht erkennbar.
Beischrift: ù|A|+I|O, // |Ný|PI|OC – ੘ ਚȖȚȠ(Ȣ) (੗)ȞȠ઄ĳȡȚȠȢ. Der
erste Teil der Beischrift ist kreuzförmig angeordnet.
Obwohl obiger Heiliger zu den bekanntesten Asketen zählt, der in der
Ikonographie als abgemagerter Greis mit schneeweißem langen Haar und
zumeist bis zum Boden reichenden Bart dargestellt wird19, begegnet man ihm
selten im sigillographischen Repertoire: Ebenfalls als Standbild, aber mit bis
zum Boden reichendem Bart ist er auf dem Siegel des Ioannes Aristenos
ʌȡંİįȡȠȢ (Ende 11-1. Hälfte 12. Jh.) fassbar (das Stück wurde bei
Ausgrabungen in der Festung von Rentina gefunden)20. Als Büste wiederum
ließ ihn ein Konstantinos Andreiomenos auf seinen drei ähnlichen Siegeln
(1070-1150) abbilden21.
Der Überlieferung nach war Onuphrios (*320–† 400 in Syrien) bereits
im Kindesalter Gott zugewandt, er zog zunächst in das Kloster Hermo-
polis/Thebais, das er nach einiger Zeit für das asketische Leben in der Wüste
verließ22. Dort begegnete ihm kurz vor seinem Tod Paphnutios, der später
eine Vita des Onuphrios verfasste23.
19
LCI, 8, (1976), 84-88 (G. Kastner).
20
Leontiades, I. G. ȂȠȜȣȕįިȕȠȣȜȜĮ ĲȠȣ ȂȠȣıİަȠȣ ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȠު ȆȠȜȚĲȚıȝȠު
ĬİııĮȜȠȞަțȘȢ. Thessaloniki, 2006, Nr. 51.
21
Für diese Information danken wir W. Seibt und J. Nesbitt, die diese Siegel in ihrer
gemeinsamen Edition Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg
Museum of Art. Volume 8. Family Names beginning with Alpha veröffentlichen werden.
22
Siehe einschlägig ĬǾǼ, 9, (1966), 932-933 (P. K. Charalampides).
23
Halkin, Fr. Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca. Tome II. Ioannes Calybita -
Zoticus (Subsidia Hagiographica 8a). Bruxelles, 1957, 155-157.
115
Rv. Legende in sechs Zeilen aufgeteilt, davor ein Kreuz, darunter

ein Zierelement. Zu beiden Seiten der letzten Zeile jeweils eine Perle bzw.
Punkt ebenfalls als Zierelement:
ʻ Cy.|+OC\y|dvC==|UvCCH|ʤQyO,ʤ| –ʤ–
Ȉĳȡ[Į]Ȗ੿Ȣ Ȃ઄ȡȦȞȠȢ İ੝ĲİȜȠ૨Ȣ ਕıȘțȡોĲȚȢ. Zwölfsilber (B5). Siegel des
Myron, des demütigen Asekretis.
Myron (in byzantinischer Zeit kein geläufiger Vorname) bezeichnet
sich als demütiger bzw. niederträchtiger „Sekretär“, eine Funktion die er
entweder in der Kaiserkanzlei ausübte oder im kirchlichen Bereich. Ǽ੝ĲİȜ੾Ȣ
ist eine häufige Selbstbezeichnung auch von Mönchen bzw. Klerikern,
ähnlich wie ĲĮʌİȚȞંȢ, wird aber auch gegebenenfalls in versifizierten
Siegelinschriften von Weltlichen eingesetzt.
Priscus
Siegelinhaber: Iohannes, Bischof (wahrscheinlich von Capua) (frühes
8. Jh.) (Fig. 6)
Aus Auktion Pecunem 35, 06.09.2015, Nr. 912 (ohne Lesung und Datierung).
Mittelgraues Siegel, mit vereinzelten Spuren einer rotbraunen Patina. Unterer
rechter Teil abgebrochen, Einkerbung an der oberen Kanalmündung, partiell vom Bleifraß
befallen. Allgemein gut erhalten. Unediert.
Gewicht: 9,28 gr.; Durchmesser: 24 mm (tot.), 19 mm (F.)
Av. Eher primitives Standbild des hl. Priscus in reiferem Alter. Er

trägt kurzes Haar und einen länglichen, spitz zulaufenden Vollbart. Seine
Hände hat er in der ursprünglichen Gebetsform der frühen Christen erhoben.
Auffällig sind seine großen Hände. Das bis zu den Knöcheln reichende
Gewand des Heiligen lässt die Schuhe hervorscheinen. Im Vergleich zum
Gesamtkörper ist der Kopf viel zu groß. Die lateinische Begleitbeischrift ist
in der Art einer Umschrift positioniert, beginnt links unten mit S=SI und setzt
sich in Höhe der rechten Hand mit PRISCS fort. Zu lesen ist S(anctus)
e(piscopu)s Priscus. Das einem I gleichende Zeichen fungiert als Längsstrich.
Rv. Lateinische Legende im Dativ, aufgeteilt in vier Zeilen, davor

und danach jeweils ein Kreuz:
ʻ IOHA|NNO=P|ISOOP|Oʻ
Iohanno episoopo (anstelle von episcopo)
Da es sich um ein in lateinischer Sprache abgefasstes Bischofssiegel

handelt, dessen Av. der Bischofsheilige Priscus ziert, welcher wiederum der
Schutzpatron und erster Bischof von Capua zugleich war, entnehmen wir,
116
dass Iohannes ebenfalls Bischof von Capua war. Die Wahl des Priscus für die
Av.-Seite seines Siegels entspricht somit seinem Wirkungsbereich. Ein
Oberhaupt der Kirche von Capua namens Johannes konnten wir jedoch
anderweitig nicht belegen. Der Überlieferung gemäß soll Priscus ein Schüler
Jesu Christi gewesen sein und den Apostel Petrus nach Italien begleitet
haben24. Für Capua ist allerdings auch ein zweiter, ebenfalls
heiliggesprochener Bischof namens Priscus bekannt, der entweder im 4. oder
5. Jh. dieses Amt innehatte25. Capua war zur Zeit des obigen Siegels schon
nicht mehr Teil des Reichsterritoriums, zumal es bereits 594 von den
Langobarden eingenommen worden war. Kirchlich war es dem Papst in Rom
unterstellt.
Bärtiger Heiliger, hoch zu Ross (Theodoros)

Siegelinhaber: Areobindos eparchos (6. Jh.) (Fig. 7)
Erworben im Handel. Sehr gut erhaltenes, mittelbraunes Siegel, mit einem

Ausbruch an der unteren Kanalmündung. Rv.-Seite leicht nach rechts dezentriert. Unediert.
Gewicht: 6,10 gr. Durchmesser: 18 mm (tot.), 14 mm (F.)
Av. Militärheiliger hoch zu Ross mit Wendung nach rechts. In der

Linken hält er die Lanze, die mit einem Kreuz endet, und die eine am Boden
sich fortbewegende Schlange aufspießt. In der Rechten hält er die Zügel des
galoppierenden Pferdes. Der Heilige trägt einen Bart und kurzes, die Ohren
nicht bedeckendes Haar. Zur rechten Seite der Darstellung in der Höhe des
Nimbus ein Stern. Die Darstellung als solche bringt zum Ausdruck den Sieg
des Guten über das Böse allgemein und den Teufel speziell, was mit der
Schlange symbolisiert wird. Da es sich um einen bärtigen Heiligen reiferen
Alters handelt, wird er wohl Theodoros sein. Da letzterer zu den bekanntesten
Militärheiligen zählte, wurde auf eine Definition seines Namens auf dem
Siegel verzichtet. Berittene Heilige sind auf frühbyzantinischen Siegeln
selten anzutreffen, im Unterschied zu anderen Kleinkunstobjekten, in etwa
auf Ringen oder Anhängern, gegebenenfalls auch Bleiplomben26. Eine
stilistische Ähnlichkeit zu unserer Reiterdarstellung weist das ungefähr
24
LCI, 8, 225 (L. Schütz).
25
LThK, 8, (1999), 601-602 (A. Merkt).
26
Cf. Wasner, L. – Zahlhas, G. Rom und Byzanz. Archäologische Kostbarkeiten
aus Bayern. I. München, 1997, 211, Nr. 309; Wassiliou, A.-K. – Harrauer, H. Siegel und
Papyri. Das Siegelwesen in Ägypten von römischer bis in frühbyzantinische Zeit. Wien,
1999, 42, Nr. 37; Boersema, G. A Dutch Collection of Late Antique and Early Christian
Lead Seals. Studies in Byzantine Sigillography, 13, (2019), Nr. 17, 24-25 (mit Vergleichs
material und Literatur).
117
synchrone Siegel eines Alexandros auf (Name in der Form eines

Kreuzmonogramms, im Genitiv konzipiert)27.
Rv. Legende in vier Zeilen: AP>|OBIN/|þ >wy|þ

ਝȡİȠȕ઀ȞįȠȣ ਥʌ੺ȡȤȠȣ.
Die Mittelhaste des Alpha setzt tief unten an, sodass der Buchstabe
einem Delta ähnelt. Dem Siegel kommt sowohl eine ästhetische als auch eine
historische Bedeutung zu, weil es einer Zeit angehört, in welcher das Siegeln
einer kleineren Anzahl von Würdenträgern vorbehalten war. Dass
Areobindos zu diesem Kreis zählte, bestätigt die Legende selbst, weil er als
਩ʌĮȡȤȠȢ (lat. praefectus) bezeichnet wird. Letzteres kann sowohl für den
Stadtpräfekten (਩ʌĮȡȤȠȢ ĲોȢ ʌંȜİȦȢ/praefectus urbis) als auch für einen
Prätorianerpräfekten (਩ʌĮȡȤȠȢ Ĳ૵Ȟ ʌȡĮȚĲȦȡ઀ȦȞ/praefectus praetorio), Haupt
der zivilen Verwaltung in den Reichsprovinzen, stehen. Wir tendieren obiges
Siegel jenem Areobindos zuzuschreiben, der in den narrativen Quellen 553
Prätorianerpräfekt von Oriens war und zuvor Stadtpräfekt von
Konstantinopel. Glasgewichte mit diesem Namen in monogrammatischer
Form dürften auf seine Amtszeit als Stadtpräfekt zurückgehen. An einen
Areobindus praefectus praetorio per Orientem adressierte anno 563 Kaiser
Justinian I. eine Kopie der Novelle 143 (in Latein), es handelt sich wohl um
dieselbe Person28. Der Name Areobindus/ਝȡİંȕȚȞįȠȢ (germanischen
Ursprungs, cf. Areobind/Ariovind)29 ist für frühbyzantinische Zeit relativ gut
in führenden Positionen bezeugt30. Der bedeutendste Träger war Flavius
Areobindus Dagalaifus, der unter anderem 506 den Konsulat bekleidete (aus
seiner Amtszeit ist das im Louvre aufbewahrte Konsulardiptychon des Areo-
bindus erhalten) und infolge der Unzufriedenheit der orthodox-konservativen
Bevölkerung Konstantinopels mit Kaiser Anastasius im Jahre 512 zum
Gegenkaiser proklamiert wurde. Als jedoch die Aufständischen sein Domizil
27
Nesbitt, J. W. Apotropaic devices on Byzantine lead seals and tokens in the
Collections of Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, in: Entwistle, Ch. (ed.),
Through a Glass Brightly. Studies in Byzantine and Medieval Art and Archaeology
Presented to David Buckton. Oxford, 2003, 109, fig. 13.6. Jedoch würden wir von einer
apotropäischen Funktion des Siegels Abstand halten. – Zur Typologie des berittenen
Heiligen (bisweilen als König Salomon) s. Walter, Ch. The Intaglio of Solomon in the
Benaki Museum and the Origins of the Iconography of Warrior Saints. ǻİȜĲ઀ȠȞ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚț੾Ȣ
ǹȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȚț੾Ȣ ǼĲĮȚȡİ઀ĮȢ, 15, (1989-1990), ʌİȡ. ǻ. Athen, 1999, 33-42, Abb. 5 und 6. Cf.
dens. Some unpublished Intaglios of Solomon in the British Museum, London, in: ĬȣȝަĮȝĮ
ıĲ‫ ޣ‬ȝȞ‫ޤ‬ȝȘ Ĳ߱Ȣ ȁĮıțĮȡަȞĮȢ ȂʌȠުȡĮ. Athen, 1994, I, 365-368 und II, 205-206 (Abbildungen).
28
Martindale, J. R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire.Volume III. A.
D. 525-641 (in Hinkunft PLRE). Cambridge, 1992, Areobindus 4.
29
Reichert, H. Lexikon der altgermanischen Namen. I. Wien, 1987, 62.
30
PLRE III, Areobindus 1, 2, 3 und 5.
118
erreichten, hatte Areobindus bereits die Stadt verlassen31. Wahrscheinlich ist

das hauptstädtische Viertel Ĳ੹ ਝȡİȠȕ઀ȞįȠȣ nach ihm benannt32. Auf das
Stadtviertel wiederum geht der ab dem 11. Jh. bezeugte Familienname
Areobindenos zurück, dessen Träger Zivilfunktionäre in Hauptstadt und
Provinz stellten.
II. BIBLISCHE SZENE
(Frühchristliche) Kreuzigung
Siegelinhaber: Paulos (7. Jh.) (Fig. 8)
Aus Auktion Leu 4, 24.06.2018, Nr. 1496 (unvollständig). Mittelgraues Siegel,

unterer Teil abgebrochenen. Horizontal verlaufender Kanal, dessen rechte Mündung
ausgebrochen ist. Teilweise vom Bleifraß befallen. Allgemein mittelmäßig erhalten.
Unediert.
Gewicht: 10,86 gr. Durchmesser: 21 (tot.), 17 (F.)
Av. Darstellung des frühchristlichen Typus der Kreuzigung. Im

Zentrum ein griechisches Kreuz. Darüber die Büste Jesu Christi, mit gut
erkennbarem Kreuznimbus. Von den Gesichtszügen sind aufgrund des
plattgedrückten Zustandes keine Einzelheiten zu entnehmen. Links und rechts
jeweils als Vollfiguren die beiden Schächer, die mit Jesus gekreuzigt wurden.
Hinter ihrem Kopf der obere Teil des senkrechten Kreuzbalkens sichtbar.
Unter dem Kreuz zwei am Boden sitzende und das Kreuz verehrende Pilger
(einander zugewendet).
Rv. Kreuzmonogramm bestehend aus den Elementen A, U, v, w

und V für ȆĮ઄ȜȠȣ (Nominativ ȆĮ૨ȜȠȢ).
Sigillographisch greifbar ist die frühchristliche Kreuzigung bisher

noch auf einem weiteren zeitgenössischen Stück, dessen Rv. ebenfalls ein
Kreuzmonogramm zeigt, was als ਫȜʌȚį઀Ƞȣ (Nominativ ਫȜʌ઀įȚȠȢ) aufzulösen
ist. N. P. Lichaþev, der das Stück edierte, ließ einerseits das Monogramm auf
dem Rv. unaufgelöst und definierte andererseits die beiden Figuren unter dem
Kreuz als Adam und Eva33.
Die frühchristliche Kreuzigung ist ein äußerst verbreitetes Motiv vor
allem auf Pilgerampullen (mit Öl bzw. Weihwasser) aus dem Heiligen Land,
31
Martindale, J. R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Volume II. A.
D. 395-527. Cambridge, 1980, Areobindus 1.
32
Janin, R. Constantinople byzantine. Paris, 1964, 313.
33
Lichaþev, N. P. Istoriþeskoe znaþenie italo-greþeskoj ikonopisi. Izobraženija
Bogomateri v proizvedenijach italo-greþeskich ikonopiscev i ich vlijanie na kompozicii
nƟkotorych russkich ikon. St. Petersburg 1911, 141, Fig. 325 (auf 5.-7. Jh. datiert).
119
die G. Vikan insbesondere mit der Grabeskirche verbindet34, und findet sich
sehr häufig mit der Auferstehung und der Himmelfahrt des Herrn
kombiniert35; vereinzelt ist sie auch auf Tesserae anzutreffen36. Es ist wohl
anzunehmen, dass die Wahl der frühchristlichen Kreuzigung auf den Siegeln
von Paulos und Elpidios aus ihrem Besuch im Heiligen Land (speziell der
Grabeskirche) resultiert. Biblische Szenen werden überhaupt selten auf
Siegeln dargestellt37. Ähnliches betrifft Persönlichkeiten des Alten
Testaments38.
TAFEL
2
1
1 2
3 4
3 4
34
Vikan, G. Early Byzantine Pilgrimage Art. Washington, 1982, 18-19; 40-41.
35
S. einschlägig Grabar, A. Ampoules de Terre Sainte (Monza-Bobbio). Paris,
1958.
36
Vikan, G. Two Unpublished Pilgrim Tokens in the Benaki Museum and the
Group to Which They Belong, in: ĬȣȝަĮȝĮ ǿǿ (wie A. 27), 197, Abb. 2.
37
Cotsonis, J. Narrative Scenes on Byzantine Lead Seals (Sixth-Twelfth
Centuries): Freguency, Iconography, and Clientele. Gesta, 48/1, (2009), 59; ders.Cult of the
Saints, (wie A. 1), 414.
38
Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. Biblische Reminiszenzen in Bild und Text auf byzan-
tinischen Bleisiegeln, in: Rapp, Cl. – Külzer, A. (eds.), The Bible in Byzantium.
Appropriation, Adaptation, Interpretation. Göttingen, 2019, 128.
120
5 6
7 8
121
ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ
ɈɉɂɌ ɁȺ ɂȾȿɇɌɂɎɂɐɂɊȺɇȿ ɇȺ ɂɆȿɌɈ ɇȺ

ɊȺɇɇɈȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄȺɌȺ ɄɊȿɉɈɋɌ ɄɊȺɃ ȽɊȺȾ ɋȿȼɅɂȿȼɈ
(ǹıȖȓȗȠȣȢ , ਝȖȠȣȡİȓȞȠȣ, Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ, ɂɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ)
Nadezhda Boteva
AN ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY THE NAME OF THE EARLY

BYZANTINE FORTRESS NEAR THE TOWN OF SEVLIEVO
(ǹȈīǴǽȅȊȈ , ਝīȅȊȇǼǴȃȅȊ, AGRIZINUS, IGRIZINUS)
In 2016 two inscriptions found on a limestone wall from the Early Byzantine and
Medieval fortress near the town of Sevlievo were read and interpreted. When it was
discovered in 1980, it was found to have played the role of an altar table at church No. 3 in
the medieval town of Hotalich. One inscription is in Latin and has a commemorative
character.
The other inscription is in Greek. The inscription is secondary, and it is executed in
IV c or later. It is oriented opposite to the Latin inscription. Estimated as: A / C (?) ঃ / Ҽ (?)
I? [.?] Y. Most likely, it is about ਝȖȠȣȡİȓȞȠȣ, that is, phonetic spelling instead of
ǹ੝ȖȠȣȡȓȞȠȣ = the Latin name Augurinus. After reading the name ਝȖȠȣȡİȓȞȠȣ = ǹ੝ȖȠȣȡȓȞȠȣ
= Augurinus, our attention was attracted by the work of Procopius Caesariyski and the
hundreds of castles that are found in Thrace. Among them is the ǹıȖȓȗȠȣȢ Fortress
(Agrizinus by Al-Idrisi). We have already said that the Greek inscription found on Hotalic is
not quite clear, but the coincidence of letters is still great.
According to our assumptions, if Agrinsinus is the fortress near Sevlievo, the
information given by Al Idrisi only confirms the hypothesis we made. Notwithstanding the
various inconsistencies and conventions, the composition of the Arabian traveler al-Idrissi,
and in particular the name ǹıȖȓȗȠȣȢ / Agrizinus, which we find there, is largely an argument
in support of our assumption of the name of the Early Byzantine fortress discovered by the
town of Sevlievo. The discovery of the similarly sounding name from the Greek inscription
on the limestone wall, which served as an altar of church No. 3 of the medieval fortress
Hotalich, allows us to think in that direction.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ ɫɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɰɢ ɢ
ɫɚ ɹ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɣ-ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ. Ȼɟɡ ɞɚ ɢɦɚɦɟ
ɩɪɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɱɟ ɧɢɟ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɩɨ-ɞɨɛɪɟ, ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɧɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɴɤ ɫɬɚɧɚɯɚ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟɫɴɦɧɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɱɢɬ ɢ
ɪɚɡɦɢɫɴɥ. Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɜɚ ɨɬ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɢ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɟ
ɭɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ, ɨɬ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ.
122
Надежда БОТЕВА. ОПИТ ЗА ИДЕНТИФИЦИРАНЕ НА ИМЕТО НА РАННО-ВИЗАНТИЙСКАТА ...
ɉɪɟɡ 2016 ɝ. ɇ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɪɚɡɱɟɬɟ ɢ

ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɜɚɪɨɜɢɤɨɜɚ ɫɬɟɥɚ ɨɬ
ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɤɪɚɣ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ1. ɉɪɢ
ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɡ 1980 ɝ. ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɹ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɥɚ
ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɬ ɧɚ ɨɥɬɚɪɧɚɬɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ʋ 3 ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ.
ȿɞɢɧɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɟ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧɨ
ɩɨɥɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɥɚɬɚ. Ɍɹ ɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɜɢɫ. 77, ɲɢɪ. 87,
ɞɟɛ. 24 ɫɦ. Ɍɨɣ ɢɦɚ ɜɴɡɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɟ ɧɚ Ƚɚɣ Ⱥɧɢɣ,
ɢɦɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ,
ɱɟ ɫɬɟɥɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ ɧɟ ɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟ, ɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ
ɧɚ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɨ ɢɦɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ
ɧɚ ɛɭɥɟɜɬɢ ɫ ɪɢɦɫɤɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. ɇ.
ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȱȱ, ɧɹɤɴɞɟ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȱȱȱ ɜ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɛ-
ɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ
ɜɪɹɡɚɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɦɤɚɬɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɳɚ ɩɨɥɟɬɨ ɫ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ
ɨɬɱɭɩɟɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɤɭɥɩɬɢɪɚɧ ɪɟɥɟɮ. Ƚɪɴɰɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ. ȼɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɟ ɨɬ 3,5 ɞɨ 6
ɫɦ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɱɟɬɥɢɜ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɥɢɱɚɬ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ. Ɋɚɡɱɟɬɟɧ
ɟ ɤɚɬɨ: ǹ ī ȅ Ȋ ȇ(?) ঃ/Ҽ(?) ǿ ? [.?] ȅ Ȋ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɟɧ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ2. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɜ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɧ
ɩɚɞɟɠ, ɧɨ ɱɟɬɟɧɟɬɨ ɟ ɧɟɹɫɧɨ. ɇɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ਝȖȠȣȡİȓȞȠȣ, ɬ.
ɟ. ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ǹ੝ȖȠȣȡȓȞȠȣ = ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ
Augurinus3.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɚ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɟ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɤɪɚɣ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ V ɜ. ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɹɜɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ Vȱ ɜ. ɬɹ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɚ ɨɬɛɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɹɧɬɨɜɢ ɤɴɳɢ, ɫɴɫ ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɢɥɧɢɰɢ4.
1
Ɉɬɤɪɢɜɚɬɟɥɹɬ ɢ ɞɴɥɝɨɝɨɞɢɲɟɧ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɟɤɬ ɋ.
ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɠɢ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɜ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɚɧɴɱɧɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢ ɨɬ ɏV ɞɨ ɏVȱȱ ɜ. Ⱦɧɟɫ ɬɚɡɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɰɢ, ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.
2
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɇ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɟ ɨɬ ȱV ɜ. ɢɥɢ ɟ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɟɧ.
3
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ ɟ ɧɚ ɇ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ. Ɍɨɣ ɞɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ਡȖȠȣıĲȠȢ ɜɦ. ǹ੡ȖȠȣıĲȠȢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɢɡɩɚɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚɬɚ „ȣ”
ɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɡɚ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ.
4
Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ, ɇ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „Ɋɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ” ɤɪɚɣ ɝɪ. ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ. – ȺɈɊ ɩɪɟɡ 2014, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2015,
695-698; Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ, ɇ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „Ɋɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ” ɤɪɚɣ ɝɪ. ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ. – ȺɈɊ ɩɪɟɡ 2015, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2016,
123
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢ

ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ: ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ Ʉɟɫɚɪɢɣɫɤɢ „Ɂɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɠɢɬɟ“ ɢ „Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ“ ɧɚ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ.
ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɰɟɧɟɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ Vȱ ɜ. ɡɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɟɧ, ɚ ɩɨɧɹɤɨɝɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟɧ
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɱɚɫɬ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɬɢɰɢ ɜɴɡɨɛɧɨɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ, ɱɟ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ Ʉɟɫɚɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɡɛɪɨɹɜɚ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɦɚɥɤɢɬɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ, ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɧɚɥ ɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɤɪɚɣ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɹ
ɝɪɚɞ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɤɚɡɚɯɦɟ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɫɚ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɬɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɟ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ. ɋɥɟɞ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ਝȖȠȣȡİȓȞȠȣ = ǹ੝ȖȠȣȡȓȞȠȣ
= Augurinus ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɲɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ Ʉɟɫɚɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɡɛɪɨɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɬɢɰɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ
ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ „ǹıȖȓȗȠȣȢ (Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ).
ȼɟɱɟ ɤɚɡɚɯɦɟ, ɱɟ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ, ɧɟ ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɹɫɟɧ,
ɧɨ ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɟ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ. Ȼɟɡ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱ-
ɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɟɞɧɚɤɜɨ: „ǹıȖȓȗȠȣȢ (ɩɪɢ
ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ) ɢ ਝȖȠȣȡİȓȞȠȣ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɟɥɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ʋ 3 ɧɚ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ.
Ɍɴɪɫɟɣɤɢ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ,
ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɟɥɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ, ɫɟ ɫɛɥɴɫɤɜɚɦɟ ɫ ɟɞɧɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥ-
ɧɨ ɧɟɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ. ȼ ɫɩɢɫɴɤɚ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ǹıȖȓȗȠȣȢ ɟ ɩɨɫɨ-
ɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ ɏɟɦɢɦɨɧɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ɇɢɡɢɹ5.
Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɯɦɟ, ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɬɪɭɞ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɩɪɢ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ, ɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɥ-
ɂɞɪɢɫɢ6. Ɉɬɪɚɡɟɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɹ ɨɛɥɢɤ,
712-715; Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ, ɇ. Ȼɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ

ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ ɤɪɚɣ ɝɪ. ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ. – ȼ: Ʉɴɫɧɨɪɢɦɫɤɢɹɬ ɤɚɫɬɟɥ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɫɤɨ ɤɚɥɟ ɢ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ IV-VI ɜ. Ɍ. I, ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ: Ɏɚɛɟɪ, 2017, ɫ. 158-176; Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ,
ɇ. Ɋɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɬɴɤɚɱɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɢɥɧɢɰɚ. – ȼ: Ʉɴɫɧɨɪɢɦɫɤɢɹɬ ɤɚɫɬɟɥ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɫɤɨ
ɤɚɥɟ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ IV-VI ɜ. Ɍ. II (ɩɨɞ ɩɟɱɚɬ); Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ, ɇ. Ʉɨɫɬɨɪɟɡɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɢɥɧɢɰɚ,ɜ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɩɪɢ ɝɪ. ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ. – ȼ: Ʉɴɫɧɨɪɢɦɫɤɢɹɬ
ɤɚɫɬɟɥ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɫɤɨ ɤɚɥɟ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ IV-VI ɜ. Ɍ. III (ɩɨɞ ɩɟɱɚɬ).
5
ȽɂȻɂ, 1959, 177.
6
Ʉɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɚ, ɋɬ., Ȼ. Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ. Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɜ
ɤɚɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ. ɉɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1990, ɫ. 5. „ɇɭɡɯɚɬ ɚɥ-ɦɭɲɬɚɤ“ ɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɜ. ɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɬɨɣ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ „Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ“. Ⱦɨ ɞɧɟɫ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥɢ ɩɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ „ɇɭɡɯɚɬ ɚɥ-
ɦɭɲɬɚɤ“, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ: ɩɚɪɢɠɤɢ ɨɬ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.,
ɥɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɨɬ ɏȱV ɜ., ɨɤɫɮɨɪɞɫɤɢ ɨɬ 1456, ɰɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɨɬ 1496 ɢ ɫɨɮɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɬ 1556
ɝ.
124
ɫɟɥɢɳɧɚɬɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ, ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɜ

ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɢ. ȼ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɇɟɞɤɨɜ – „Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱ ɜ. ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɂɞɪɢɫɢ“ ɨɬ 1960 ɝ., ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɟ ɜɟɱɟ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹɬ ɬɪɭɞ ɧɚ ɋɬɨɹɧɤɚ Ʉɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɚ ɢ Ȼɨɹɧ Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ
„Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ.
ɉɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ“ ɨɬ 1990 ɝ.7
ɂɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɧɢ, ɱɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɬɟ
Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ8. ɂɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɡɚ
ɫɜɨɹ ɬɪɭɞ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥ ɤɚɪɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɹɜɚɥɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ.
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ ɟ ɡɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ (ɚɥ-Ʉɭɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ, ɚɥ-Ʉɭɫɬɚɧɬɢɣɚ) ɢ ɟɬɧɨɧɢɦɴɬ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɢ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ (Ȼɭɪɞɠɚɧ)9.
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɱɟ ɫɚ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ 500
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɴɤɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɫɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɟɧ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɢ ɞɚɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨ-
ɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɞɚɜɚ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɩɨ-ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɜ
ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ „ɉɴɬɹɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞ Ȼɚɪɧɫ ɞɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɹ ɩɨ ɫɭɲɚ“: „Ɉɬ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɭɛɟɤɬ
Ʉɚɫɬɪɭ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɞ Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ ɢɦɚ 70 ɦɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɞɧɢ ɩɴɬ. Ɉɬ ɝɪɚɞ
Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ ɜ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɞ Ɇɚɫɢɭɧɭɫ ɢɦɚ 40 ɦɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɞɢɧ
ɞɟɧ ɩɴɬ. Ɇɚɫɢɭɧɭɫ ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɸɞɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ <…>“10. ȼ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ ɟ ɪɚɡɱɟɬɟɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɂɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɧɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ ɤɚɪɬɢ – ɩɚɪɢɠɤɚɬɚ. ɇɹɤɨɢ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɫɚ
ɭɞɟɛɟɥɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɪɚɜɹɧɢ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɱɟɬɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɢɦɟ11.
ȼ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɫ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢɦɚ ɬɪɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. ɋɭɛɟɤɬ
Ʉɚɫɬɪɭ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɫɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɫ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɹ ɋɜɢɳɨɜ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɚ
ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ. ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɟ Ɇɢɫɢɨɧɢɫ.
7
ɇɟɞɤɨɜ, Ȼ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱ ɜ. ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɂɞɪɢɫɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1960.
8
Ʉɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɚ, ɋɬ., Ȼ. Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 134; ɇɟɞɤɨɜ. Ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ.
140.
9
Ʉɟɧɞɟɪɨɜ, Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 144.
10
ɇɟɞɤɨɜ, Ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 83.
11
Ʉɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɚ, ɋɬ., Ȼ. Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 72.
125
ɇɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɴɤ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɫ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɤɪɚɣ ɝɪɚɞ

Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɟ12.
Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ
ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ – Ⱥgrizinus,
Agriziyus, A`ranzinus, ɚ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɧɟɳɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɱɟɬɟ. ȿɬɨ ɡɚɳɨ ɟ ɧɟɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ
ɬɨɜɚ ɢɦɟ. ȼ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɥɢɫɬ ɀɨɛɟɪ ɫɬɨɢ Aghranzinos,
ɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɤ ɝɨ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ Oghranzdinos13. Ɍɨɜɚ ɢɦɟ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ
ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢ ȼ. Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɤ ɨɳɟ ɜ
ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɜ14. ɋ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹ ɢ ɨɬ Ȼɨɪɢɫ
ɇɟɞɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɢ ɬɨɣ ɝɨ ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɟɫɴɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ15.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɲɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚɤɨ Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ ɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɤɪɚɣ
ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ, ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɢ ɞɚɜɚ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɬ
ɯɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɫ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɚɦɟ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ: Ɉɬ ɋɜɢɳɨɜ (ɋɭɛɟɤɬ Ʉɚɫɬɪɭ) ɞɨ
ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ (Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ) ɢɦɚ 70 ɦɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɞɧɢ ɩɴɬ. Ɉɬ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ
(Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ) ɜ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɞɨ Ɇɢɫɢɨɧɢɫ (ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ
Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɟ) ɢɦɚ 40 ɦɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɞɟɧ ɩɴɬ. ɉɨɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɬɚ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚɜɚ ɂɞɪɢɫɢ, ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹɬ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɫ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-ɞɴɥɝɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɨ Ɇɢɫɢɨɧɢɫ, ɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɦɟɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ, ɧɟɳɨ
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɡɚ Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞ, ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɝɪɚɞ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ. ȼ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ, ɱɟ ɡɚɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ
Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɴɪɫɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɤɪɚɣ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ
ɤɚɡɚɯɦɟ, ɫɚ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ.
12
Ʉɨɧɚɤɥɢɟɜ, Ⱥ. ɇɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɹɬ Ɇɢɫɢɨɧɢɫ. – ȼ: ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɉɴɪɜɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ „ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɟ ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɹɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɴɦ“. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 8-11.05.2008, Ⱥɛɚɝɚɪ,
2008, 239-245.
13
ɇɟɞɤɨɜ, Ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 139.
14
Tomaschek, W. Zur Kunde der Hamus-Halbinsel, II, Die Handelswege im 12.
Jahrhundert nach den Erkundigungen des Arabers Idrisi. SBAW, Phil-hist. CI., 113 (1887)
285-373.
15
„Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɬɨ „Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ“ ɧɚ ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɧɹɦɚ ɧɢɳɨ ɨɛɳɨ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ
ɏɪɚɡɝɪɚɞ ɢɥɢ Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞ. ɇɢɟ ɧɟ ɛɢɯɦɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɢɦ ɞɚɥɢ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ
ɢɦɟ ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɜɢɡɢɪɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɹ Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ, ɱɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɲɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɟ
ɱɟɪɩɢɥ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɫɬɚɪɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɴɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢ, ɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚɦɟ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɞɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ.” – ɜɠ. ɇɟɞɤɨɜ, Ȼ.
ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 140.
126
ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɟɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ

ɧɚ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɹ ɩɴɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɢ ɩɨ-ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ⱥɡɝɢɡɭɫ/
Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɦɟ ɬɚɦ, ɟ ɞɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɜ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɤɪɚɣ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɡɜɭɱɟɧɟ ɢɦɟ
ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɜɚɪɨɜɢɤɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɥɚ, ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɨɥɬɚɪɧɚ ɦɚɫɚ
ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ʋ 3 ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɦɢɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ.
ɂɦɟɬɨ ǹıȖȓȗȠȣȢ, ਝȖȠȣȡİȓȞȠȣ, Ⱥɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ, ɂɝɪɢɡɢɧɭɫ, ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɨ
ɩɪɟɡ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɪɴɰɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɜɚɱɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɴɥ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɬɨɜɚ
ɞɚ ɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ „ɩɨɪɟɞɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɚ“.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. ɐɴɪɤɜɚ ʋ 3 ɧɚ ɏɨɬɚɥɢɱ ɫ ɩɥɨɱɚɬɚ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ

ɡɚ ɨɥɬɚɪɧɚ ɦɚɫɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 2. ȼɚɪɨɜɢɤɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ࣊ ɩɪɟɡ 1980 ɝ.
127
128
Vera Bulgurlu
A SELECTION OF UNPUBLISHED BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS

FROM THE ADNAN ACI COLLECTION
RELATED TO THE EAST
Introduction
The collection was formed in Samsun and consists of over 200 lead
seals. Thanks are due to Mr. Adnan AcÕ for preserving and allowing the
publication of these seals which are an important source of information
regarding the history of the Eastern themes1. Armeniakon was one of the four
original big themes of Asia Minor, comprising Eastern Anatolia from the
Pontus, across Cappadocia and down to the Euphrates. The capital was
Amaseia (today Amasya). It was of strategic military importance because of
its location on the Eastern border of the Empire where it was vital for
Byzantines to control the area and defend it against neighboring enemy
invasions. The first strategos is attested in 667 2 . It was also an area of
economic importance because of the Trebizond trading harbours and the
Asian trade on the Silk Road. In the ninth century, the theme was divided
into three smaller themes, Armeniakon, Charsianon and Cappadocia, later
Koloneia, and in the tenth century Chaldia and Sebasteia also became
separate themes.
Apart from the eighth century seal of Dometios, episkopos Herak-
leioupolis, (no.8) one seal dated ninth – tenth century (no.1), another tenth
(no.2), and a tenth – eleventh century seal (no.7); eight seals date from the
last half of the eleventh century (nos.3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11). The owners include
high level military, civil and religious officials, such as strategos,
kouropalates, krites epi tou Hippodromou, vestarchos, protonotarios,
episkopos, metropolite. The seals are witness of a strong civil administration,

1
I also thank Werner Seibt and Alexandra-Kyriaki Wassiliou-Seibt at the Institut
für Byzansforschung der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften for their
encouragement, assistance and permission to use their private archive and library; my niece
Esra (Bobbie) Geelmuyden Pertan for taking and filing the photographs; and Firuzan Melike
Sümertaú for her help with the computer.
2
Oikonomides, N. Les Listes De Préséance Byzantines des Ie et Xe Siècles:
Introd., Texte, Traduction, Et Commentaire. Paris, 1972, 345-368; McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt
and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg
Museum of Art, vol. 4: The East, Washington, D. C., 2001, 54-55.
129
Vera BULGURLU. A SELECTION OF UNPUBLISHED BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS FROM THE ADNAN ACI...
necessary for dealing with the presence of many Armenians who settled in
the territories of Sebasteia after their King Senekerim Artsruni was expelled
from the Kingdom of Vaspurakanin 1021. In 1045 King Gagik II of Ani, the
last King of the Bagratuni dynasty, was also forced to abdicate and exiled to
lands near Caeserea (Kayseri) which were awarded to him in return for his
abdication. A seal of Senekerim’s youngest son, Abusahl Senekerim, has
been included in this selection, witness to these historical events (no.11).
After the defeat of the Byzantines by the Seljuks at Manzikert in 1071
and by the beginning of the twelfth century, a series of administrative
reforms took place, and in a detailed article, this period is named by W.Seibt
as “Armenikå Y°mata als terminus technicus der byzantinischen
Verwaltungsgesichte des 11. Jahrhunderts”3.
Noteworthy images on the obverse of the seals are the soldier saints
St. Demetrios and St. Theodoros looking up at the image of Christ in a
medallion between them on the seal of Aposachles Senakerim, kouropalatis
(no.11); St. Athogenes on the seal of Dometios, episkopos Heraklioupolis
(no.8) and the beautiful peacock on the seal of Leonti, strategoston
Armeniakon (no.1).
1. Leonti basilikos protospatharios kai strategos ton Armeniakon

end 9th-10thc.
Adnan AcÕ 358
D:12 mm. th:1 mm. Incomplete print on both sides. Image and letters
in good condition and beautiful style.
Obv.: Elegant peacock, facing right, closed tail in the air. Invocative
inscription on the circumference, starting at 1 o’clock with a cross.
+6K5EBOHYEITV....LV Border of dots.
+ Y(eotÒ)ke ȕȠ੾șİȚ Ĳ૶ [ı૶ įȠ઄]Ȝ૳
Rev.: Border of dots. 5 lines inscription starting with a cross:
+LEON|THb4A4SP|AY4=STRAT|IG2TONA.|MENI9A...
ȁ੼oȞĲૉ ȕ(ĮıȚȜȚț૶) (ʌȡȦĲȠ)ıʌĮș(Įȡ઀૳) (țĮ੿) ıĲȡĮĲȚȖ(૶) ਝ[ȡ]ȝİ-
ȞȚĮ[ț૵Ȟ].
In Byzantine art, the peacock symbolizes eternal life, paradise,
flowing springs, imperial splendor, and is often represented in mosaics, on
early chancel screens in churches and on sarcophagi. The image is not so
common on seals, and when it does appear, the image is usually frontal4.

3
Seibt, W. “ǹȡȝİȞȚțȐ ĬȑȝĮĲĮ” als terminus technicus der byzantinischen
Verwaltungsgeschichte des 11. Jahrhunderts. – Byzantinoslavica Bd. 54, (1993) 134-141.
4
See tenth century seal of Theognostos (or Theoktistos) ȕĮıȚȜȚț૶ ʌȡȦĲȠıʌĮșĮȡ઀૳
țĮ੿ ıĲȡĮĲȚȖ૶ ਝȡȝİȞȚĮț૵Ȟ – McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of
Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 4, 22.50, also with
the image of a peacock on the obverse .
130
The names Leon and Leonti, especially Leon, are often encountered
on seals as officials of the Armeniakon, but no parallel could be found. In the
ninth century, around the time of our seal, Leonti, the strategosof the
Armeniakon would have had 17 fortresses and 9000 troops under his
command and a salary of 40 pounds of gold5.
2. Arsavir, basilikos spatharios & strategos Sebasteias 10th c.

Adnan AcÕ 374
D: 20mm. th.: 1mm. Fine condition.
Obv.: Double-barred cross, with another cross at the intersection, high
fleurons, on three steps, in a circle of dots. Invocative inscription on the
circumference.Border not visible:
..KEbOHYHTVSVDOULV
[+(YeotÒ)]ke boÆyei t“ s“ doÊlƒ.
Rev.: 5 lines inscription starting with a cross. Border not visible:
ARSAb|b2ASPAYA|.HV=STRA|.IG2SEbA|9STHAS
Arsabir ȕ(ĮıȚȜȚț૳) (prvto)spaya[r]઀“) (ka‹) stra[t]ig[૶] Sebas-
t°iaw.
Arsavir (Armenian Arsaber) was best known as an Armenian
aristocrat, quaestor and patrikios, whose daughter Theodosia, married the
Emperor Leon V. (813-820)6. He was involved in a plot against Nikephoros I
(802-811) supported by higher officials in the administration and the church7.
The plot failed and Arsavir was deposed as quaestor.
The name Arsavir appears on the seals of military and civic
functionaries. Nine are published in Zacos8. Among these, he is strategos on
two of them: patrikios and strategos (no.1736); basilikos protospatharios
and strategos Thessalonikis (no: 1739). On the obverse of these seals, there
is a cruciform invocative monogram, typical for the iconoclastic period.
There is also a seal of Arsavir patrikios basilikos protospatharios and komes
of the Opsikion in the Dumbarton Oaks collection 9 . The image on the

5
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York, 1991, ɪ. 177; McGeer, E., J.
Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the
Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 4, 54; Cheynet, J. C. The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military
Function. Aldershot [England], 2006., 181-194.
6
Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals. Basel, 1972, no. 1735; The Oxford
Dictionary of Byzantium, ɪ. 186; Charanis, P. The Armenians in the Byzantine
Empire. Lisboa, 1963, ɪ. 23.
7
Brubaker, L., J.F. Haldon. Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (c. 680-850): The
Sources: an Annotated Survey. Aldershot, Hants, England, 2001, ɪ. 361.
8
Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals II. Bern, 1984, nos. 1731-1739.
9
Nesbitt, J. and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton
Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 3: West, Northwest, and Central Asia Minor and
the Orient, Washington, D. C., 1996, no. 39.23.
131
obverse is also a cruciform monogram. Our seal must be either very end of
the ninth or the beginning of the tenth century, when the cross on steps
became popular on seals. The same type of cross on steps, on the obverse,
appears on the seal where Arsavir is basilikos spatharokandidatos kai
strategos Chersonos 10 . Arsavir as basilikos spatharios and strategos
Sebasteias is not included in the article on the name Arsavir in PMBZ. No
parallel could be found.
Sebasteia (today Sivas) is a city in the northeast of Cappadocia. It was
a metropolis of Armenia I in the early fifth century. It first became a
kleisoura under Leo VI. (886-912) and a separate theme between Tephrike
and Melitene in 91111. By this time, more Armenians had immigrated to the
city. In 986, Sebasteia became an Armenian bishopric. In 1019, Sebasteia
was given to the ex-king of Vaspurakan, Senakerim Arcruni and it was
administered by this family as vassels of the Byzantine Emperor.After
Manzikert, Sebasteia became independent (1074) and was ruled by the
Armenians until the city was taken by the Turks, ca. 109012.
3. N. protospatharios, chartoularios tou genikou (logothesiou) kai

(ana?)grapheus ton Armenikon Thematon – first third of the 11th c.
Adnan AcÕ 133
D: 22 mm. th.: 3mm. The blank is too small for the matrix. On the
obverse, part of the left field and on the reverse, part of the right field is not
stamped.
Obv.: 5 lines of inscription, no visible border:
KEb2|.VSVD|..55ASPA|.XART9.W|WGE.
(YeotÒ)ke b(oÆyei) [t]“ s“ d[oÊlƒ] (prvto)spa[yarȓ«] ȤĮȡĲȠȣ-
[ȜĮȡȓȠȣ] [Ĳ]Ƞ૨ Ȗİ[ȞȚțȠ૨ ȜȠȖȠșeıȓȠȣ].
Rev.: 4 lines of inscription. No visible border:
..RAFE.|.VNAR9M.|NIKON..|MATO.
ȏɀȐɏȽɔɂȏɜȐȏɒȐ«9ɋȴɏɊȏɂȐɋɇɈ«ɋȏɅȐɂɊȐɒvn.
The first two, possibly three letters at the beginning of the third line
on the obverse, where the name of the owner should be, are illegible. W.
Seibt suggests Iohannes13. The end of the fifth line ǮGE Ǥǯ
ȖİȞȚțȠȞ, not ȖİȞȚțȠȞ ȜȠȖȠșeıȓȠȞ. It is possible that the missing first line on
the reverse reads ‘=ANA’: (ka‹) énagrafe›. A broken seal exists of a

10
Alekseenko,A., A. Romanþuk, I. V. Sokolova. Die neuen Funde an Bleisiegeln
aus Cherson. – SBS 4, (1994), 139 – 151, no. 1.
11
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 1861-1862; Oikonomides, N. Les Listes, p.
349.
12
Hild, F., M. Restle. Kappadokien: Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia Und
Lykandos. Wien, 1981, 274-276, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 1861-1862.
13
Seibt, W. “ǹȡȝİȞȚțȐ ĬȑȝĮĲĮ”,p. 137, no. 19.
132
Theodoros ȕĮıȚȜȚț“ prvtospayarȓƒ megãlƒ ȤĮȡĲȠȣȜĮȡȓȠȣ ĲȠ૨ ȖİȞȚțȠ૨

ka‹ ånaɀɏȽɔɂɜ ɒ«n ȴɏɊɂɋɇɈ«ɋ ɅɂɊȐɒvn 14 . There are 4 lines on the
obverse, and 5 on the reverse, the opposite of our seal. The letters look
similar on both seals. The anagrapheus was a fiscal official usually attached
to a theme, as here, whose function was to check that lands were properly
measured and the right amount of tax paid. In DOSeals 4, 40, three of the
seals belong to an anagrapheos of Charsianon; Nicholas (40.1, 10thc.),
another Nicholas (40.2, 11thc.), and an N. Aboukas.
4. Georgios Hexamilites protospatharios, krite epi tou

Hippodromiou kai ton Armeniakon Thematon (1040–1060)
Adnan AcÕ 154
D:25 mm. th.:2mm. Left half of the seal is badly damaged on the
obverse. Left edge of the seal is also damaged.
Parallel seal but different alignment with detailed bibliography15.
Obv.: Bust of the Theotokos, facing, wearing omophorion with cross
on the crown and cross on her left shoulder, and edgesdecorated with
pearls16. Unusually large halo of pearls. Slightly visible medallion of Christ
Child on her chest. Hands not visible. Sigla 6YU on the right. Border of dotsǣ
[M(Æth)r] Y(eo)Ë.
Rev.: 7 Lines of inscription. Border of dots.
+KEb..|GEVRG2A|SPAY2KRIT2|EPITwIPP|DR2=T2ARM..|YEMOEJA|M
H..T2
(YeotÒ)ke b[oÆyei] īİȦȡȖ(ȓ૳) (prvto)spay(arȓ૳) țȡȘĲ(ૌ) ਥʌ੿ ĲȠ૨
ੂʌʌȠįȡ(ȩȝȠȣ) (țĮ੿) Ĳ(૵Ȟ) ਝȡȝ[İȞȚț૵Ȟ] șİȝ(ȐĲȦȞ) ੒ ਬȟĮȝȚ[Ȝȓ]Ĳ(ȘȢ).
The Hexamilites17 are a little-known family, known only from seals
except for one mention in the sources. The name comes from the city of
Hexamilion (BolayÕr in Modern Turkey)18. The family is known between the

14
McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at
Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 4, 56.1.
15
Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. ૎ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠʌȡંıİțĲȠ ȝȠȜȣȕįંȕȠȣȜȜȠ ĲȘȢ ıȣȜȜȠȖ੾Ȣ
Zarnitz: ȅ İʌ઀ıțȠʌȠȢ ǾȡĮțȜİȚȠȣʌંȜİȦȢ ǻȠȝ੼ĲȚȠȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ੺ȖȚȠȢ ǹșȘȞȠȖ੼ȞȘȢ. – Hellenika
55/2, (2005), 239–248, no. 7b.
16
For the different types of Theotokos on lead seals, see: Seibt, W. Die Darstellung
der Theotokos auf Byzantinischen Bleisiegeln, besonders in 11. Jahrhundert. – SBS 1, 1987,
p. 52 with photo A.58. In Wassiliou – Seibt, it is mentioned that the hands of the Theotokos
are in orans around the medallion of Christ. In Seibt’s article, this type of Theotokos is
named as the “Doubleorans” gesture Theotokos. However, on our seal, it is not possible to
distinguish the hands.
17
A comprehensive article has been written on the Hexamilites family by
Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. Die Familie Hexamilites, Ein Beitrag Zur Byzantinischen
Prosopographie. – Hellenika 52, Thessaloniki, (2002), 234-261.
18
A town in the European side of the Dardanelles. In Wassiliou-Seibt, and in
Nesbitt, J. and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in
133
tenth and twelfth centuries, especially in the eleventh. The Hexamilites were
mostly in juridical positions, also in the capital, Constantinople. Some were
judges of themes, especially in Asia Minor, as in our seal. Also in the later
eleventh century, some members of the family appear in various civil
administration offices in the capital. A central figure of the family is Sergios
Hexamilites, who rose to logothetis ton sekreton at the end of his career19.
On an eleventh century seal, an N.Hexamilites is krite epi tou Vilou
kai tou Charsianou20.
According to Wassiliou –Seibt, a Georgios Hexamilites was mentio-
ned in a letter as having a legal function (Kodex Patm. 706, 10th ct.)21. A
second Georgios Hexamilites, spatharokandidatos, protonotarios and krites
Seleukeias, (seal 7a), is dated by Wassiliou-Seibt to 1040 – 1060. The same
Georgios becomes judge of the Armenikon Themes (seal 7b). Our seal is
parallel to seal 7b but with different alignment. In the published list of the
judges in the civil administration of the Armenika Themata, probably
published under Basil II (975-1025), Georgios Hexamilites is not mentioned.
According to Wassiliou-Seibt, he must have followed Michael as
protospatharios, krite epi tou Hippodromou kai ton ArmeniakonThematon22.
5. Leon anthypatos, patrikios, exactor, krite epi tou

Hippodromou kai Derzenes(?) – 11th c.
Adnan AcÕ 147
D: 31mm. th.: 3 mm. Damaged in places, effaced, off center. Double
struck.
Obv.: Bust of Theotokos with large nimbus of pearls. The Christ
Child on her chest is damaged and not evident. Some letters are visible from
the original strike but they are illegible. Border of dots. Siglaǣ 6!Ǧ 6YU
M(Æth)r Y(eo)Ë.
Rev.: Inscription of 7 lines. Border of dots.

the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 1: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea,
Washington, D. C., 1991, 137-138, the town is referred to as Bulayir. But this is the name of
a village in Dolni Çiftlik, Varna, named Bulair in honour of the Bulgarian victory in Bolayir,
Dardanelles, over the Ottomans in the Balkan war, 26 January 1913.
19
A seal of Serge Hexamilites in the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul, shows
that he had reached the highest position of his career as kouropalates: Cheynet, J-Cl., T.
GökyÕldÕrÕm, V. Bulgurlu. Les sceaux byzantins du Musée archéologique d’Istanbul.
Istanbul, 2012, no. 5.44, p. 412.
20
McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at
Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 4, 40.13.
21
Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. Die Familie Hexamilites ,p.244, no. 1.
22
Nesbitt, J. and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton
Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 1, no. 56.5; Seibt, W. “ǹȡȝİȞȚțȐ ĬȑȝĮĲĮ”, p.
135, no. 9. No surname is mentioned for this Michael.
134
YKEb|TVSVDw|LEONT2ANYU|PAT266PR6IEjA|KTORKRITH|EPIT2IP
PDR2|9Mw..9dE|-N2-
Y(eotÒ)ke b(oÆyei) t“ s“ doÊlƒ L°ont(i) ényupãt(ƒ)
p(at)r(ik)iƒ, §jãktvr(i), kritª §p‹ ĲȠ૨ ੂʌʌȠįȡ(ȩ)ȝȠȣ (țĮ੿) Dİ(ȡȗȘ)Ȟ(ȘȢ).
The last two lines are difficult. A seal of Leon anthypatos, patrikios,
exactor, krite epi touhippodromou kai tou Armeniakou, eleventh century, is
very similar, also double struck. The legend is differently aligned but the
same except for the geographical name. The seal is larger, (42mm.) and only
half. It was first published by Nesbitt and then in DOSeals23. On our seal the
last two lines are also not very clear. Derzene seems a more possible
interpretation. Perhaps Leon first officiated in Derzene and later in the
Armeniakon.
Derzene (Tercan) 24 in Eastern Anatolia lies 100 km. away from
Erzincan, on the road to Erzerum. The area was constantly contested by
Persians, Sasanians, Arabs and Seljuks. The theme Derzene is attested from
the second half of the tenth to the eleventh century, when it fell under the
rule of the Daniúmendid Turkish tribe25. Legends on other eleventh century
Derzene seals indicate that the civic officials of Derzene often came from the
larger theme of Chaldia26.
6. Leon vestarche kai symbolos Charsianon – 11th c., third

quarter
Adnan AcÕ 363
D: 25 mm. th.: 2mm.
Ed.27
Obv.: Metrical inscription of 5 lines starting with cross. Border of
dots.
+GHN|XARSIA|NwIYT2NEIN|TETAGM9E|9NOS
G¥n XarsianoË iyÊnein tetagm°now.

23
Nesbitt, J. Overstruck seals in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: reused or
counterstamped? – SBS 2, (1999), 86-87; McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides.
Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 4,
22.16.
24
A beautiful though ruined nineteenth century monastic church Abrenk outside the
city of Tercan is witness to the Armenian heritage of the area.
25
Beihammer, A. D. Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia,
ca. 1040-1130. London; New York, 2017, 376-379
26
See McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals
at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 4, nos. 61-66.
27
ɉɚɧɱɟɧɤɨ, Ȼ. Ⱥ. Ʉɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ Ɋɭɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɟ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɨɜ. – ɂɊȺɂɄ, 9, 1904, 341-396, no. 142;
Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. Corpus Der Byzantinischen Siegel Mit Metrischen Legenden. Wien,
2011, no. 287 (Abb.12), with full bibliography.
135
Rev.: Metrical inscription of 5 lines. Border of dots.

LEON|bESTAR|XHSSUMbO|LONFERE|TODE
L°on bestãrxhw sÊmbolon f°rei tÒde.
According to Wassiliou-Seibt, symvolon is rarely encountered on
metrical seals. Charsianon, an area named after its fortress, was a tourma of
the Armeniakon theme first mentioned in 638. In the ninth century under Leo
VI, after two centuries of fighting against Arab attacks, it became a kleisoura
and a new theme including some land taken from three neighboring themes,
Boukellarion, Armeniakon and Cappadocia28. The landowners were wealthy
aristocrats. In the eleventh century (1045) land in Cappadocia (maybe
Charsianon), already inhabited by many Armenian families29 was ceded to
the former King of Armenia Gagik II in return for his abdication. Charsianon
was taken by the Seljuks after the battle of Manzikert in 107130. The 22 tenth
- eleventh century Charsianon seals recorded in DOSeals 4 (40.1-40.22)
belong to officials of many different administrative functions, including
strategoi (40.17-40.22), are an indication of the importance of this theme.
7. Samona basilikos spatharios kai protonotario Koloneias - 10th c.

Adnan AcÕ 344
D:21 mm. th.: 1mm.A hole was made at the top of the seal so that it
could be used as a medallion.
Obv.: Double-barred cross on three steps, with a large pearl beneath
the steps. Invocative inscription on the circumference starting with a cross.
Border of dots.
+..KEbOHYHTVSVDwLV
Ȁ(ȪȡȚ)İ ǺȠȒșİȚ t“ s“ doÊlƒ.
Rev.: 5 lines inscription starting with a cross. Border of dots.
+SAMO|NAb2SPAY|AR2=ANO|TARIVKO|LONIA.
ȈĮȝȠȞȐ ȕ(ĮıȚȜȚț૳) ıʌĮșĮȡ(઀“) țĮ‹ ʌȡȦĲȠȞȠĲĮȡȓ૳ ȀȠȜȠȞ[İ]ȚĮ[Ȣ].
There are several seals with the name Samonas. A Samona of Arab
origin was made parakoimomenos by Leo VI (886-912)31. In the Istanbul
Archaeological Museum collection there is a tenth century seal of Samonas,
kouboukleisios and protopresbyteros32.

28
Hild, F., M. Restle. Kappadokien: Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia Und
Lykandos. Wien, 1981, p.76.
29
See seal no. 11.
30
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 415; McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt and N.
Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum
of Art, vol. 4, p. 107.
31
Prosopographie Der Mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. Berlin,1998, no. 26973.
32
Cheynet, J-Cl., T. GökyÕldÕrÕm, V. Bulgurlu. Les sceaux, no. 6.92.
136
Oikonomides records a seal archived with its document dated

November 922 belonging to Samonas spatharokandidatos, asecretis and
krites Thessalonikes and on another the same Samonas, still judge of
Thessaloniki but now basilikos protospatharios (927) 33 . Two cities were
named Koloneia in Anatolia, one in interior Pontus (ùebinkarahisar) known
for its strong fortress, and one in Cappadocia (Aksaray). Judging by the
geographical location of this group of seals from the Adnan AcÕ collection,
our seal could be from either, but it is most probably from ùebinkarahisar34.
Koloneia was a theme in the area of Tokat (ancient Eudokia) between Pontus
and Armenia Minor. The fortress was restored by Justinianus I. Koloneia was
attacked by the Arabs in 778 and 940. The first mention of a strategos of
Koloneia appears in 86335. It was a diocese of Nikopolis in Armenia I, the
church was known from the fourth century on36. It became an archbishopric
in the ninth century and a metropolis in the tenth (980-985)37.
The city was taken by the Seljuks after the battle of Manzikert in
1071. In 1106 it was briefly recaptured by the doux of Chaldia, Gregory
Taronites38 and then finally taken by the Danishmendids.
8. Dometios, episkopos Herakleioupolis 8th c.

Adnan AcÕ 130
D: 21 mm. th: 4 mm. Damaged, effaced, piece missing on the upper
left rim, letters large, crude and irregular.
A parallel, slightly larger seal (25mm.) from the Zarnitz Collection
but from a different boulloterion is published by Wassiliou-Seibt with
detailed information39. This seal is now on permanent loan in the August
Kestner Museum40. It is in fine condition and was used to help reconstruct
the legend on our seal.

33
Oikonomides, N. A Collection of Dated Byzantine Lead Seals. Washington,
D.C., 1986, nos. 60-61.
34
Hild, F., M. Restle. Kappadokien, p. 87.
35
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 1138; Oikonomides, N. Les Listes, p.
349.
36
Darrouzès, J. Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae. Paris,
1981, 4; 7; 9-11; 14-15; Metropolis without suffragen 8; 10; 11-19. Koloneia of
Kappadocia: 1-4; 7; 9-10; 13. Koloneia is on the Lequien episcopal list, ‘OC’ col., 429-432.
37
Laurent, V. Le Corpus des sceaux de l'empire byzantin. Tome V: L'eglise, p.1,
Paris, 1963, no. 630 la métropole de Colonée (Armenie première) seal of Thomas,
metropolete Koloneias, dated beginning of the eleventh century.
38
Bryer, A., D. Winfield. The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the
Pontos. Washington, D.C., 1985, 145-151,148 .
39
Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. ૎ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠʌȡંıİțĲȠ ȝȠȜȣȕįંȕȠȣȜȜȠ, 239–248.
40
Seibt, W. Ein Blick in die byzantinische Gesselschaft; die Bleisiegel im Museum
August Kestner, Rahden/Westf. Leidorf, 2011, no. 6.
137
Obv.: Saint Athenogenes, standing facing with pointed beard,

wearing omophorion over himation and chiton. Holds Bible in left hand.
Large cross on either side of the head. Vertical inscription on the left: 9O 9A-
GI-OS followed by vertical inscription barely visible on the right: 9AY-IN-
9O-GE-N.-9S: ੘ ਚȖȚȠȢ ਝșȘȞȠȖ੼ȞȘȢ.
Rev.: Inscription on 5 lines, ending with cross. Wreath border.
.DOM|ETIWEP|ISKO9P..|RAKL.|W9P2+
[+]ǻȠȝİĲ઀Ƞȣ ਥʌȚıțંʌ[Ƞȣ] [਺]ȡĮțȜ[İȚ]Ƞȣʌ(ંȜİȦȢ).
The image of St. Athenogenes is seldom found on seals41. He was
martyred during the persecution of the Christians under Diocletian and
Maximian, in around the year 303. However, he was well known in Armenia,
as his relics were taken there by Gregory the Illuminator of Armenia. Soon
after, in around 315, Gregory persuaded the Armenian King Tiridat III the
Great and his court to convert to Christianity and thus Armenia became the
first country to become Christian in the world42. St. Athenogenes is reputed
to have lived in a monastery in Pedachthoe, (Bedohtun), a small
Cappadocian village 65 km south of Neocaesarea, (Niksar) and 47 km
northwest of Sebasteia, in the province of Armenia II43.
He was allegedly beheaded by order of the Roman governor of
Sebasteia for refusing to refute his Christian faith44. Herakleioupolis on our
seal is the old city of Pedachthoe, renamed Herakleiopoulis in honour of
Emperor Herakleios and his victory over the Persians45. Earlier a bishopric,

41
Seibt, W. Ein Blick, no. 6, p. 35 McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides.
Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, vol. 4,
68.2, p.158. There is a bust of St. Athenogenes holding the martyrs cross on the obverse of a
seal of Myron(?) spatharokandidatos, krites epi tou Hippodromou Melitenes kai kourator
(11th c.). Melitene already became a bishopric in the third century and a metropolis of
Armenia I in the fifth. The choice of St. Athenogenes on this seal indicates the Saint was still
worshipped in this area in the eleventh century.
42
Seibt, W. Ein Blick, p. 36; The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 883-884.
Ševþenko gives this date as 614.
43
A seventh century seal of a Johannes or Michael (unclear which), archbishop of
Pedachthoe, is published by Laurent: Laurent, V. Le Corpus, n. 851, p. 661.
Pedachtoe/Hierakleioupoleos is listed in Darrouzès as suffragen of Armenia II in Notitiae 1-
5, 7-8, 11-12, 14-16 and 18.
44
There is an interesting fable about Athenogenes and a fawn. When Athenogenes
returned from Sebasteia to his monastery in Pedachtoe, where he had asked to be martyred,
he blessed a deer which belonged to the monastery. He prayed that future fawns should not
be killed by hunters, but that a deer should bring a single fawn as an offering to the church.
Thereafter, on the feast day of St. Athenogenes, July 16th, a deer would come to the church,
leave one of its fawns and depart. To this day, the deer is still considered a sacred symbol
by the Alevites in the east.
45
Fedalto, G. Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis: Series Episcoporum Ecclesia-
rum Christianarum Orientalium. Padova, 1988, 1 6.3.3 under Heracliopolis. Athenogenes is
138
at around the year 640 the city became an archbishopric. According to W.

Seibt, Dometios names himself as bishop on his seal out of modesty,
although Herakleiopoleos was an archbishopric. ȉhe name Dometios appears
rarely. One Dometios is mentioned in Laurent, Dometio metropolite
Chalkidonos46.

9. Anthimos, metropolite Kelzenes kai synkellos – 11th c.
Adnan AcÕ 370
D: 20 mm. th.: 2 mm. Fine condition.
Obv.: Bust of Theotokos Nikipoios holding the Christ Child on her
chest with both hands. Nimbus of large pearls. Sigla 6! Ǧ 6YU. M(Æth)r
Y(eo)Ë. Circular inscription starting at top center: YKEbOHYH. Continues
above the sigla 5!, but difficult to read: +9O9L9O9S
Border of dots.
Y(eotÒ)ke boÆyei.
Reverse: +ANYI|MV66M6R6O|9POLIT2KEL|TZHNHS|=SUGKE|LLV
Border of dots.
ǹȞșȓȝȠ [ȝ(ȘĲ)ȡ]ȠʌȠȜȓĲ(ૉ) ȀİȜĲȗȘȞોȢ (țĮ‹) ıȪȞȖİȜȜȠ.
Keltzene-Kelezene (modern Erzincan) is a town on the northern shore
of the Euphrates and bordered on the east of Derzene (modern Tercan)47. It
was a tourma of Mesopotamia. It later listed as a metropolis together with
Kortzene and Taron48. It was combined with Kamacha by Leo VI and formed
the theme of Mesopotamia 49 . Keltzene was a suffragen of Kamachos 50 .
Romanos IV Diogenes on his campaign against the Seljuks is said to have
stopped with his army in Keltzene. He was joined there by his general,
Philaretos Brachamios, who had lost Melitene to the Seljuks and retreated to
Keltzene51.
Keltzene fell to the Seljuks after Manzikert. Philaretos Brachamios,
who was an Armenian, originally from South Cappadocia, continued to fight
the Seljuks together with Armenians. For about 10 years in Cappadocia the
Christians still had power over the territory52.

recorded as bishop of Pedachthoe; Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. ૎ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠʌȡંıİțĲȠ ȝȠȜȣȕįં-
ȕȠȣȜȜȠ, p. 248.
46
Laurent, V. Le Corpus, 403.
47
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 1120; McGeer, E., J. Nesbitt and N.
Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum
of Art, vol. 4, p.156; Oikonomides, N. Les Listes, p. 358.
Darrouzès, J. Notitiae, 8.60; 10.702 714; 11.57.
49
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 1120.
50
Darrouzès, J. Notitiae, 7.661.
51
Hild, F., M. Restle. Kappadokien, p. 101.
52
Ibid., p. 105.
139
10. Basil Episkopos Eirinoupoleos – beg. of 11th c.

Adnan AcÕ 159
D: 24 mm. th.: 1mm. Flan too small for matrix. The canal mouths at
both ends are chipped. Large letters. The obverse is more damaged than the
reverse, which only has a large piece missing in the center, along the canal.
Obv.: Cruciform invocative monogram with inscription in the
quarters: TV – S. | DW -..
Wreath border: Y(eotÒ)ke boÆyeiĲ૶ ı૶ įȠ઄[Ȝ૳]
Rev.: 4 lines inscription. Wreath border:
.aSI|.9IVEPIS|.9OP3..RINO|9POLEO3
[B]asȓ[l]iv §pis[k]Òp(o) Ǽiȡinoupંleow.
There are two cities named Eirinoupolis, one in Cilicia and the other
in Isauria. Eirinopolis Cilicia, it is thought to be a city in ruins, previously
named Neronias, near Harmoneas (Düziçi), 54 km Southwest of
Germanikaia (Maraú). The Hamdanids of Aleppo, Syria, conquered the city.
It was briefly retaken by Justinian II. Around 965, the Byzantines
reconquered the city for good; it became a seat of a theme53 and a strategos
was established.
An eighth century seal of Pavlos, episkopos Eirinopoleos early eighth
century, is listed in Seibt-Zarnitz (5.2.12). A seal dated to the second half of
the tenth century is listed in Cheynet, GökyÕldÕrÕm, Bulgurlu: Leon,
episkopos Eirinopoleos, one of the first bishops of the liberated city (no:
6.30).Our seal is most probably from the Eirinoupolis in Cilicia.
The other city of Eirinoupolis in Isauria / Pamphylia is in the ruins of
the tumulus Çatalbadem, in YukarÕ ørnebol, 16km south of Germanikuopolis
( Ermenek) and 51 km.54 north of Anemurion (Anamur)55.
A third Eirinopolis is in Bulgaria today. Eirene of Athens, the mother
of Konstantine VI, went to Beroe, (Stara Zagora in today’s Bulgaria) with
him and the name of the city Beroe was changed to Eirinopolis in her
honour.
11. Aposachles Senachereim, kouropalates – 11th c.

Adnan AcÕ 142
D: 29 mm. th.: 3 mm. Obverse badly effaced, reverse damaged, flan
too small for the matrix.

53
Oikonomides, N. Les Listes, p. 269.
54
Hild, F., H. Hellenkemper. Tabula Imperii Byzantini: Kilikien Und
Isaurien. Wien, 1990, 245-248.
55
Hild, F., H. Hellenkemper. Tabula Imperii Byzantini, p. 145; Darrouzès, J.
Notitiae, 3,7,10,13. Listed as a suffrage of the metropolis Seleukia in Pamphylia.
140
Parallel seal but different alignment56. This seal is in fine condition

and was used to help reconstruct ours.
Obv.: In the center upper field, a medallion of Christ, with a standing
figure, on the left, and a standing figure on the right, orans, turned towards
the medallion, and looking up to it. Some letters of a vertical inscription are
visible but illegible. According to the legible inscription on the seal in
W.Seibt, the saint on the left is St.Demetrios and on the right a bearded
St.Theodoros.Border of beads. Decoration of lines at the top.
Rev.: Inscription of 6 lines, top line illegible, last line not on the flan.
+ ...|TVSVDw.|APOSAX9LH|KwRPA.9ATH|TVS..A|X...9M
+ [K(Êri)e b(oÆ)y(ei)]t“ s“ doÊ[lƒ] AʌȠıȐȤȜȘ țȠȣȡ[Ƞ]ʌĮ[Ȝ]ȐĲૉ t“
Ȉ[İȞ]ĮȤ[İȡİȚ]ȝ.
W. Seibt’s publication is a detailed study of the Senekerim family and
their seals. They were an aristocratic Armenian family descended from
Senekerim Yovhannes Arcruni, the last King of Vaspourakan, a kingdom
south of Lake Van. After it was taken by the Byzantines in 1021-22,
Senekerim was forced to emigrate to Cappadocia57. The family Senekerim
held its place in the highest level of aristocracy in Constantinople. Witness to
this, is an eleventh century seal of Senekerim Kourtikios; the Kourtikioi were
another wealthy Armenian family. A Konstantinos Kourtikios married the
daughter of Alexios I Comnenos, Theodora58. Senekerim Yovhannes Arcruni
had four sons, David, Atom, Aposachles and Konstantinos. His eldest son
David’s daughter married King Gagik II of Ani. Aposachles was his third
son, named after his grandfather Abusahl Hamazasp King of Vaspurakan.
According to Seibt, Abusachles must have been awarded the title of
kouropalates in the 1070’s by Michael VII Doukas (1071-1978) or
Nikephoros Botaneiates (1078-1081). On another earlier seal, Aposachles
has the title of proedros59. The image on the obverse of this seal is not clear.
On a third seal Aposachles has achieved the highest title of nobellisimus, and
the image on the obverse is almost the same as on ours except that the saints
have changed positions and St. Theodoros stands on the left and St.
Demetrios on the right60.

56
Seibt, W. The Sons of Senekerim Yovhannes, the Last King of Vaspurakan, as
Byzantine Aristocrats. – REArm 37 (2016-2017), p. 123, figure 4.
57
Ibid.
58
Cheynet, J-Cl., T. GökyÕldÕrÕm, V. Bulgurlu. Les sceaux, no. 7.70; Jordanov,
I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria,Volume 2, Seals with Family Names, Sofia,
2006, nos. 379-383. Seals of the Kourtikios family including a seal of Konstantinos
Kourtikios (no.383).
59
Cheynet, J-Cl. The Byzantine Aristocracy and Its Military Function. Aldershot
[England], 2006, p. 222, reproduced by Seibt, W. The Sons, fig. no. 3.
60
Seibt, W. The Sons, fig 4A.
141
LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS
MAP 1: Themes of Byzantine Empire, ca. 1040 (Haldon, J. F. The

Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History. New York: 2005, 60-61)
SEAL IMAGES:
1. Leonti basilikos protospatharios kai strategos ton Armeniakon
Adnan AcÕ 358
2. Arsavir, basilikos spatharios & strategos Sebasteias
Adnan AcÕ 374
3. N. protospatharios, chartoularios tou genikou (logothesiou) kai
(ana?)grapheus ton Armenikon Thematon
Adnan AcÕ 133
4. Georgios Hexamilites protospatharios, krite epi tou Hippodromiou
kai ton Armeniakon Thematon
Adnan AcÕ 154
5. Leon anthypatos, patrikios, exactor, krite epi tou Hippodromou kai
Derzenes(?)
Adnan AcÕ 147
6. Leon vestarche kai symbolos Charsianon 11thc., third quarter
Adnan AcÕ 363
7. Samona basilikos spatharios kai protonotario Koloneias
Adnan AcÕ344
8. Dometios, episkopos Herakleioupolis
Adnan AcÕ 130
9. Antheimos, metropolite Kelzenes kai synkellos
Adnan AcÕ370
10. Basil Episkopos Eirinoupoleos
Adnan AcÕ159
11. Aposachles Senachereim, kuoropalates
Adnan AcÕ 142
142
MAP 1
1
2
3
6
7
143
8 9
10
11
144
Ⱦɨɱɤɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɚ – Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜɚ
ɈɅɈȼɇɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ ȺɇɌɂɑɇȺ ɋȿɊȾɂɄȺ

(ɈȻȿɄɌ “ȼȿɋɅȿɐ” 13)
ɉɪɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2013 ɝ. ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ1 ɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ

ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɛɹɯɚ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɬ
ɫɝɪɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢ. Ⱦɜɟ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ II ɞɨ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ III ɜ., ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɜɟ ɢɦɚ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɱɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
IV ɜ. ɢ ɟɞɧɚ – ɜ V-VI ɜ2. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɯɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ I (527-565) ɢ Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ Ɍɢɛɟɪɢɣ (582-602),
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ3.
ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɥ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ ɟ ɫɢɥɧɨ
ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟɧɨ.
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɉɨɜɪɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ, ɥɢɱɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɢ (?) ɨɬ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ
ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɇɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɥɢɱɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ.
Ɉɥɨɜɨ, 17/20 ɦɦ; 7, 15 ɝ (Ɉɛɪ. 1 ɚ, ɛ).
ȼɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɢɦɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ:
Ʌɢɰɟ: Ȼɸɫɬ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ (ɬɢɩ Nikopoios) ɫ ɧɢɦɛ, ɧɚɫɪɟɳɚ.
ɉɪɟɞ ɝɴɪɞɢɬɟ ࣊ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ ɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ, ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɥɢɱɢ ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɧɢɦɛɚ ɧɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ. Ɉɬ ɥɹɜɨ ɢ ɞɹɫɧɨ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɨɬ
ɥɟɜɢɹ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɱɚɫɬ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɪɚɧɧɢɹ ɬɢɩ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ4.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: Ʉɪɴɫɬɨɜɢɞɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɚɫɬɚ ɜ
ɥɹɜɨ ɫɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɉ, ȿ (ɫɥɚɛɨ ɥɢɱɚɬ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɢɬɟ ࣊ ɯɚɫɬɢ), ɜ ɞɹɫɧɨ – Ɋ,
Ʉ; ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɚɫɬɚ ɝɨɪɟ ܑ, ɞɨɥɭ Ⱥ.
ɑɟɬɟ ɫɟ ɉȿɌɊܑ ɉȺɌɊȱɄȱܑ – ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ.
Ɉɥɨɜɨ, 16/19 ɦɦ; 8, 19 ɝ (Ɉɛɪ. 2 ɚ, ɛ).
1
Ɉɛɟɤɬɴɬ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɴɝɥɚ ɤɭɥɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ.
2
ȼɟɥɢɱɤɨɜ, ɀ. ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ ɍɉɂ IX – 11 ɨɬ ɤɜ. 16,
ɡɨɧɚ Ƚ – 14, ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɪ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɭɥɢɰɚ „ȼɟɫɥɟɰ“ 13. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2013 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2014, 370-371.
3
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɬɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɜɠ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɚ-Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜɚ, Ⱦ.
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɜ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɡ II-III ɜ. (Ɉɛɟɤɬ ȼɟɫɥɟɰ 13). – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ
ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɒɭɦɟɧ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2014, 16, 339-346.
4
Bulgurlu, V., A. Ilash. Seals from the Museum of Afyon (Turkey). – Studies in
Byzantine Sigillography, 8, K.G. Saur München – Leipzig, 2003, 132, no. 1; Seibt, W. Die
Byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich. 1 Tail. Wien, 1978, no. 63.
145
Дочка ВЛАДИМИРОВА – АЛАДЖОВА. ОЛОВНИ ПЕЧАТИ ОТ АНТИЧНА СЕРДИКА (ОБЕКТ “ВЕСЛЕЦ” 13)
ȼ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɢɦɚ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢ, ɧɨ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɯ.
Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɧɚɣ-ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɫ ɬɨɡɢ ɨɬ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɨɪɚɧ5, ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚɬɚ Ɋ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɚɫɬɚ ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɝɨ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɉȿɌɊܑ ɉȺɌɊȱɄȱܑ. ɋɴɳɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɱɢɬ ɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬ
ɫ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɩɪɢ Ɂɚɤɨɫ6.
ɉɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ (patricius) e ɧɚɣ-ɜɢɫɨɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɤɴɫɧɚɬɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ, ɜɴɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɨ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɫ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɢ ɨɬ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ. Ɍɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɴɠɞɚ ɧɚ
ɜɢɫɨɤɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟɜɧɭɫɢɬɟ ɢ ɱɭɠɞɟɫɬɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ
ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ7. ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞɴɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Dumbarton Oaks ɫɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ 52 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ VI-VII ɜ. ɫ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɚɡɢ
ɬɢɬɥɚ8. ȼ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɤɨɫ ɢɦɚ 11 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ, ɪɚɡɱɟɬɟɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ9. Ɉɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɬɪɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɚ ɫ
ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ (VI-VII ɜ.), ɞɜɚ ɫ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɫ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫ10, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɨɬ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ – ɞɜɚ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɢɞɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɫ
ɛɥɨɤɨɜ11.
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɯ, ɱɟ ɛɭɤɜɚɬɚ ȿ ɜ
ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɫɥɚɛɢɬɟ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ ɯɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɞɚɜɚ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɫɴɠɞɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɱɢɬ12 ɛɟɡ ɧɟɹ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɉȺɌɊȱɄȱܑ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɉɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɫɟ
ɹɜɹɜɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ13. ȼ ɩɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ
5
Laurent, V. Documents de sigillographie byzantine. La collection C. Orghidan
(Bibliotheque byzantine – Documents, 1). Paris, 1952, ʋ 598.
6
Zacos, G., Ⱥ. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals. I. Basel, 1972, no. 1193.
7
Kazhdan, D. P. (ed.) The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University
Press, 1991, p. 1600. ɋɴɩɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɹ.
8
<http://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-seals#b_start=15&c4=6th&c15-
operator=or&c15=Patrikios (status 12.11.2019)>. ȼ ɫɛɢɪɤɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ
ɉɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ.
9
Zacos, G., Ⱥ. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals. I. Basel, 1972, Pl. 239, no. no. 360-
370.
10
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals fr om Bulgaria III. Sofia, 2009, ʋ 469-
470.
11
Barnea I. Sigilii byzantine din colec‫܊‬ia Muzeului de istorie al Republicii
Socialiste Rom۲nia. – Studii Юirceta Юi cercetИri de NumismaticИ, VIII, 100, no. 5, 11, 12.
12
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɋɍ ɡɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɨɬɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ.
13
Ȼɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɬ ɩɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ
ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɹ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɹɥɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɜɴɡɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ.
146
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɞɟɫɟɬɤɢ ɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɢɦɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ comes Orientis,

praefectis, honorary consul ɢ ɞɪ.14
ɂ ɜ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɫ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ – ɤɚɬɨ ɬɢɬɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟ, ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ ɜ VI-VII ɜ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɹɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɢɦɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ:
Ʌɢɰɟ: ȼ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɢɞɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ A, N, ܑ,
Ȧ. ɑɟɬɟ ɫɟ ǿȦȐȞȞȠȣ.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: Ʉɪɴɫɬɨɜɢɞɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ A, N, H, ܑ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ
ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ ɟ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ, ɤɚɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢɬɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ
ǿȦȐȞȞȠȣ, ɧɨ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɴɬ ɤɚɤɜɚ ɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɚɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɞɚ
ɢɦɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɢɦɟ, ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɱɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ. ȼɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ, ɱɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɴɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɟ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ Ƀɨɚɧ.
Ɉɥɨɜɨ, 15/20 ɦɦ; 10,21 ɝ (Ɉɛɪ. 3 ɚ, ɛ).
ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɟ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɴɳɟɥɧɨɬɨ. Ɋɨɞɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ
ɝɨɥɹɦ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɜ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ
ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢ ɟɥɢɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ, ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ
ɫɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɬɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɢ15. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɫɹɤɨ ɞɜɚɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɨ ɞɟɬɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɤɪɴɳɚɜɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ƀɨɚɧ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɦɚ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɛɭɥɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ
Ƀɨɚɧ16. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ, ɩɨɧɹɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɹ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ
ɢɥɢ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ
ɥɢɰɟ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ. ɉɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟɡɢ ɫ
ɛɥɨɤɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɟɬɢ ɜɟɤ17, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ VI ɜ. ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɤɪɴɫɬɨ-
14
Martindale, J. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire A. D. 527-641.
Cambridge, 1992, III-ȼ, pp. 971-972.
15
ɋotsonis, J. The Contribution of Byzantine Lead Seals to the Study of the Cult of
the Saints (Sixth-Twelfth Century). – Byzantion, 75, 2005, 383-497.
16
Cheynet, J.-Cl., B. Caseau. Sealing Practices in the Byzantine Administration. –
In: Regulski, I., K. Duistermaat, P. Verkinderen (ed.). Seals and Sealing Practices In the
near East Developments in Administration and magic from Prehistory to the Islamic Period.
Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA, 2012, p. 134, 133-148.
17
Seibt, W. The Use of Monograms on Byzantine Seals in the early Middle-Ages
(6th to 9th centuries). – Parekbolai, 6, 2016, 2 <http://ejournals.lib.auth.gr/parekbolai (status
13.12.2019)>. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɬɢ ɜɟɤ, ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ II (408-
450) ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ –
ɜɠ. Carson, R. A. G., J. P. C. Kent, A. M. Burnett. The Roman Imperial Coinage. The
divided empire and the fall of the western parts A. D. 395-491. ɏ, London, 1994, p. 277, ʋ
462-465; p. 282, ʋ 535-570 (Ɇɚɪɰɢɚɧ); pp. 293-295, ʋ 681-719 (Ʌɴɜ I).
147
Дочка ВЛАДИМИРОВА – АЛАДЖОВА. ОЛОВНИ ПЕЧАТИ ОТ АНТИЧНА СЕРДИКА (ОБЕКТ “ВЕСЛЕЦ” 13)
ɜɢɞɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬ ɡɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥ18.

ɉɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɝɨ
ɢɡɦɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧ-
ɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɤɪɴɫɬɴɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɩɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɧɟɝɨɜ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ. ɇɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ
ɛɭɤɜɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ ɜ ɤɪɚɢɳɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɦ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɢɱɚɬ
ɪɚɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɴɝɥɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɬ ɞɴɥɝɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹ ɧɚ
ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɫ ɢɡɜɴɧɪɟɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
ɉɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɢɤɨɧɨɛɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɢ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɴɬ ɤɴɦ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɢɥɜɚ19. Ɍɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ
ɧɚɜɫɹɤɴɞɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ,
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ, ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɫɤɢ ɞɢɩɬɢɯɢ,
ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ, ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɪ.20 ɇɨ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɬɟ ɫɟ ɜɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɜ
ɩɨɥɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ21.
Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɯ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ, ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɨɛɳɨ ɜ VI-VII ɜ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɤɬ, ɞɚɜɚɬ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ
ɜɴɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ VI ɜ.
Ɉɛɪ.1. Ɉɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ

Ɉɛɪ. 2 ɚ, ɛ. Ɉɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ
Ɉɛɪ. 3 ɚ, ɛ. Ɉɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ
18
Seibt, W. Op. cit., 2.
19
ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɚ, ȿ. ȼ. Ʉ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɹɯ. –
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ, 59 (84), 2000, ɫ. 233.
20
Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ, ɀ. Ʉɪɴɫɬɨɜɢɞɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɚɩɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ. 11, 2015, 179-183.
21
ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɚ, ȿ. ȼ. Ʉ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɹɯ. –
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ, 59 (84), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2000, ɫ. 234.
148
1 2
149
Pantelis Charalampakis
KOVNICCA: A HAPAX TENTH-CENTURY IMPERIAL TITLE?*
A Byzantine style lead seal, formerly part of Ioannes Lampros’ private

collection, later (since January 1890) of the Archaeological Society in Athens
(under no. 3007), was added in 1894-1895 to the collection of the Athens
Epigraphic and Numismatic Museum (at that time called National
Numismatic Museum of Athens), where it is kept until today under no.
K1043 (broken in two pieces along the channel; total diameter: 20/17,5 mm.;
total weight: 5,135 gr.). On the obverse, within a circle of pellets, there is a
maneless lion walking to the left, tail upright and head pointing down. On the
reverse (at a relation of 180o), again within a circle of pellets, at the centre,
there is a cross consisted of four small-size pellets. Above the cross, the
letters KOV, to the left N, to the right IC and below CA, forming the word
KOVNICCA (ȀȠȪȞȚııĮ).
The specimen has been published three times, though not
accompanied by images1. Schlumberger dated the seal in the 8th century,
while Konstantopoulos in the 9th-10th centuries. None of the two scholars
could interpret the word on the reverse, with Schlumberger only noting that it
must be a name (Cunissa) showing a woman of non-Byzantine origin, which
he did not specify.
*
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. George Kakavas, Director of
the Athens Epigraphic and Numismatic Museum, for granting me permission to study and
publish the seal. Many thanks go to Ms. Yorka Nikolaou, of the same Museum, always
helpful and collaborative. The Athens Epigraphic and Numismatic Museum has the rights on
the photos, which were taken by the author. Also, I would like to thank Ms. Ioanna Ninou,
who provided me with information about the acquisition of the specimen by the
Archaeological Society in Athens, as well as Mr. Jani Oravisjärvi for providing me – for
study purposes – with high quality photos of Otto and Theophano’s medallion kept at The
National Museum of Finland in Helsinki. Last, special gratitude goes to Prof. Jean-Claude
Cheynet, Dr. Olga Karagiorgou and Prof. Claudia Sode, for reading various versions of the
manuscript and making useful comments.
1
Schlumberger, G. Sceaux byzantins inedits – Revue des Etudes Grecques, 4
(1891), 139 (no. 91); ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ, Ȁ. ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚĮț੹ ȝȠȜȣȕįȩȕȠȣȜȜĮ ਥȞ Ĳ૶ ਫșȞȚț૶
ȃȠȝȚıȝĮĲȚț૶ ȂȠȣıİȓ૳ ਝșȘȞȫȞ – Journal International d’Archéologie Numismatique, 8-9
(1905-1906), 100 (no. 1043); Idem. ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚĮț‫ ޟ‬ȝȠȜȣȕįȩȕȠȣȜȜĮ ĲȠࠎ ‫݋‬Ȟ ݃șȒȞĮȚȢ ‫ݑ‬șȞȚțȠࠎ
ȃȠȝȚıȝĮĲȚțȠࠎ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ. Athens, 1917, 248 (no. 1043). The specimen was described as being
in excellent condition at that time. See also the entries in Winkelmann, F. et al.
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit. Berlin – New York, 1998-2013, no. 4167
(Kunissa, 9th-10th c.) and the Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire, I, Kounissa 1, 9th-10th
c. (http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/person/p4736, accessed on March 1, 2018).
150
Pantelis CHARALAMPAKIS. KOVNICCA: A HAPAX TENTH-CENTURY IMPERIAL TITLE
ȀȅȊȃǿȈȈǹ: NAME OR NOUN?
Indeed, such a name has not been registered in any prosopographical

dictionary and it is unknown from other sources. Schlumberger himself noted
that he did not find it in Pape (see below). It seems, though, that the French
scholar was looking for a female name exclusively. It is likely that male
names only are registered and that the female equivalent(s) had remained
unknown or unnoticed as yet. We know, for example, the medieval Germanic
male name Cuno, but no female equivalent. Cuno / Kuno (from “Old High
German kuoni 'daring' from Proto-Germanic *kǀniz 'able, knowledgeable,
skillful, clever'”) – which should not be confused with the ancient Greek
ȀȩȞȦȞ – was first attested in literary sources in the early 11th century2. It is
possible, though, that it existed since Roman Times, because in inscriptions
from the Northern Black Sea area one reads names such as ȀȠȣȞȠ૨Ȣ, ȀȩȞȠȢ
and, perhaps, ȀȠ૨ȞȠȢ3. It seems that other Germanic names4 did exist in this
area, in that period. Moreover, the name Kounissa is not related (at least not
directly) to either the female Germanic names Cunigunde / Kunigunde and
Cunihilda / Kunihilda or the male Cunimund / Kunimund, Kunibert etc.5
Is it possible to form a female first name with the Greek ending -ȚııĮ?
This is unlikely, unless we are dealing with other types of names: ethnic,
family, epithets of Theotokos, or appellatives related to titles, professions etc.
We know of ethnic names such as ȀȓȜȚȟ – ȀȓȜȚııĮ, ĭȠȓȞȚȟ – ĭȠȓȞȚııĮ (also
names formed with -ȣııĮ, depending on the syllables), but this does not seem
to be the case here. The ending -(ȓ)ĲȚııĮ was used in epithets of Theotokos
(e.g. ȈʌȘȜĮȚȫĲȚııĮ, ǺĮȡĮȖȖȚȫĲȚııĮ, ȀȣȡȚȫĲȚııĮ, ǺȜĮȤİȡȞȓĲȚııĮ, ǹȖȚȠıȠȡȓ-
ĲȚııĮ), but this is also far from being the case here. As for the family names,
the female ending -ȓĲȚııĮ is formed through a male ending -ȓĲȘȢ (e.g.
ȀĮȞȓĲȚııĮ < ȀĮȞȓĲȘȢ, ȂĮțȡİȝȕȠȜȓĲȚııĮ < ȂĮțȡİȝȕȠȜȓĲȘȢ, ȉĮȡȦȞȓĲȚııĮ <
2
Uckelman, S. L. "Cuno" – Eadem (ed.). The Dictionary of Medieval Names from
European Sources, Edition 2017, no. 1: http://dmnes.org/2017/1/name/Cuno, accessed on
March 1, 2018.
3
Latyschev, B. Inscriptiones Antiquae Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini Graecae
et Latinae. I. Petersburg, 1916 (repr. Hildesheim, 1965), nos. 95, 117, 129; ɋɬɪɭɜɟ, ȼ. (ed.)
Corpus Inscriptionum Regni Bosporani. Moscow – Leningrad, 1965, nos. 1129 (ǹ-ī), 1179.
See also Pape, W. Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache. III. Wörterbuch der
griechischen Eigennamen (A-K), ed. Benseler, G. E. Braunschweig, 1911, 693.
4
See, e.g., Ɍɨɯɬɚɫɺɜ, ɋ. Ɋ. ɂɡ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ. XX:
Ɂɚɦɟɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ – ǼȊȋǹȇǿȈȉǾȇǿȅȃ, Ⱥɧɬɢɤɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ əɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ȼɢɬɚɥɶɟɜɢɱɚ Ⱦɨɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ (1928-2004). Sankt-Peterburg, 2007,
104-105 (no. 4.1.1).
5
On these three names, see: Uckelman, S. L. "Cunigunde", "Cunihilda" and
"Cunimund", in Eadem. Dictionary of Medieval Names: http://dmnes.org/2017/1/
name/Cunigunde, http://dmnes.org/2017/1/name/Cunihilda and http://dmnes.org/2017/1/
name/Cunimund, accessed on March 1, 2018.
151
ȉĮȡȦȞȓĲȘȢ)6, which means that the name should have been *ȀȠȣȞȓĲȚııĮ <
*ȀȠȣȞȓĲȘȢ (the combination ȀȠȪȞȚııĮ < *ȀȠȪȞȘȢ seems rather unlikely
because of the non-existent or non-attested male form). However, the form of
the name on the seal looks correct, because the syllables are well arranged
around the cross, without leaving the impression that there are letters missing.
The only example of a first (baptismal) name ending in -ȚııĮ is, to my
knowledge, ȋȦȞȚȐĲȚııĮ (daughter of Ioannes Makros, in Chalkidike), but it
derived from the family name7. Another interesting case is the family name
૮ȐʌĲȘȢ – ૮ȐʌĲȚııĮ, because it derived from a common noun stating the
profession8.
One should not exclude the option, then, that the word ȀȠȪȞȚııĮ is
not a name, but a noun.
It is very likely that this is a composite word. The first part9 is related
to the German König (sovereign, ruler, the first among many, the supreme
leader, king) < Old High German kuning (8th century), Middle High German
künic, künec, Old Saxon kuning, Old English cyning / cyng / cing, English
king, Old Norwegian konungr, Swedish konung, Old Danish kunung /
konung, Danish konge etc. < Old Germanic *kuningaz (king, although
actually meaning someone of a noble kin, yet always speaking about the
king), from which evolved also the Finnish kuningas (same meaning).
Moreover, we know of the abbreviated form *kuni- in Old High German
(cyne- in Old English), that was used as first component in the formation of
other words, such as the Old High German kunirƯhhi and Old English
6
Cheynet has collected several female names from Byzantine times. See Cheynet,
J.-Cl. Le rôle des femmes de l’aristocratie d’après les sceaux, in Idem. La société byzantine.
L’apport des sceaux. I. Paris, 2008, 179-181, 184-185. For ȀĮȞȓĲȚııĮ, see PmbZ no. 23669.
There are a very few exceptions to this rule, such as ȃİıĲİȖȖȩȞȚııĮ (ȃȠıĲȩȖȖȚııĮ and other
variations): Campagnolo-Pothitou, M., Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux de la collection George
Zacos au Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève. Geneva, 2016, no. 357, with comments, as
well as ȀĮĲĮțĮȜȫȞȚııĮ: Laurent, V. Bulletin de sigillographie byzantine – Byzantion, 6
(1930), 780.
7
Lefort, J. et al. Actes d’Iviron. IV. Paris, 1995, 72 (no. 86, ll. 314-315 – April
1341). See also ȁĮȧȠȣ-ĬȦȝĮįȐțȘ, ǹ. Ǿ ĮȖȡȠĲȚțȒ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ıĲȘȞ ȪıĲİȡȘ ȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȒ İʌȠȤȒ.
Athens, 2001, 154-155.
8
Mentioned in a document of the year 1201 from Messina: Guillou, A. Les actes
grecs de S. Maria de Messina. Palermo, 1963, 151 (no. 19, l. 48). Although ǺĮȖȚĮțȐțȠȢ, ǻ.
ȈȤİįȓĮıȝĮ ʌİȡȓ ĲȦȞ ĲȠʌȦȞȣȝȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ĮȞșȡȦʌȦȞȣȝȚțȫȞ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ İȞ ǼȜȜȐįȚ, 1833-1962.
Athens, 2005, 165, has enlisted this name among surnames formed by female first names,
૮ȐʌĲȘ(Ț)ııĮ, either as the wife of a certain ૮ȐʌĲȘȢ (family name) or the wife of a tailor
(profession), seems to be a surname not related to any first name. Moreover, the context in
such documents does not imply that the word should be conceived as a common noun (i.e.,
hypothetically, “Ioannes, the son of the seamstress”).
9
See Pfeifer, W. Etymological Dictionary, online: https://www.dwds.de
/wb/K%C3%B6nig, accessed on March 16, 2018, as well as Schweizer-Sidler, H.,
Schwyzer, E. Tacitus’ Germania. Halle, 1902, 16, note 7/1 for the type kunis.
152
cynerƯce (kingdom). In any case, the original meaning of the stem, which is
passing to all the derivatives, shows a person of noble or exceptional descent
and the word’s first meaning for the supreme leader contains a geographic
concept. Later, after the establishment and prevalence of the Merovingians,
the term acquired a meaning referring to the exercise of power over the whole
State. The noble or exceptional descent of the supreme leader is also evident
in the Old High German *kunjam, Old Saxon kunni, Middle High German
künne, Middle Dutch conne / cunne, Dutch kunne, Gothic kuni, all related to
the Latin gens and genus and the Greek ȖȑȞȠȢ (and ȖİȞȞȫ etc.) < IE stem
*gen- (to give birth, to reproduce). Similarly, the female in German is
Königin, Old High German kuningin, Middle High German küniginne /
küneginne and so on10.
The second part, the ending, is of Greek origin and it was inspired by
words – common nouns – of similar context, which were in use at that time,
such as ૧ȒȖȚııĮ (from Latin regis < rex for regina; also ૧ȒȖĮȚȞĮ), ȕĮıȓȜȚııĮ
(also ȕĮıȚȜȓȢ), Į੝ĲȠțȡĮĲȩȡȚııĮ, ਕȡȤȩȞĲȚııĮ, țĮȚıȐȡȚııĮ (țĮȓıĮȡ < Lat.
caesar), but also the more archaic ȐȞĮııĮ, all of them meaning queen and/or
empress11. This rule applied to foreign terms as well, for example to the
Arabic-Greek ਕȝȒȡȚııĮ (< ਕȝȚȡȐȢ < Arab. amir, the wife of an emir of the
Arabs or, later, the Ottomans)12. The ending -(Ț)ııĮ was also used – already
in the 6th-7th century yet even more often in the 9th-10th – for inferior titles,
such as ਫ਼ʌȐĲȚııĮ, țĮȞįȚįȐĲȚııĮ and ਕȞșȣʌȐĲȚııĮ, as well as for the
formation of the female version of an office, such as įȠȪțȚııĮ,
ĲȠȣȡȝȐȡȤȚııĮ, ıĲȡĮĲȒȖȚııĮ, and ʌȡİıȕȣĲȑȡȚııĮ13.
10
On kuni- (clan) see also: Schramm, G. Namenschatz und Dichtersprache. Studien
zu den zweigliedrigen Personennamen der Germanen. Göttingen, 1957, 98-99.
11
Also: ʌȡȚȖțȒ(ȓ)ʌȚııĮ and other nouns (ȝȐȖȠȢ – ȝȐȖȚııĮ, ʌȑȞȘȢ – ʌȑȞȘ(Ț)ııĮ,
ȝȐȞĲȚȢ – ȝȐȞĲȚııĮ etc. See also: īȡĮȝȝĮĲȚțȒ ĮʌȜȠİȜȜȘȞȚțȒ. Vienna, 1806, 67-68. It should be
noted that the form “imperatrissa” used in Provence dialect is not directly related to the
Greek ending. For the titles used in Byzantium see also Bensammar, E. La titulature de
l’impératrice et sa signification – Byzantion, 46 (1976), 243-291.
12
It must be noted, though, that in other similar cases – that is a noun coming from a
foreign language and meaning the supreme female ruler – the Byzantines were using endings
much closer to the original. See: ȂĮȡȖȐȡȠȣ, Ǽ. ȉȓĲȜȠȚ țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȐ ȠȞȩȝĮĲĮ ȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞ
ıĲȠ ǺȣȗȐȞĲȚȠ. ȈȣȝȕȠȜȒ ıĲȘ ȝİȜȑĲȘ ȖȚĮ ĲȘ șȑıȘ ĲȘȢ ȖȣȞĮȓțĮȢ ıĲȘ ȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȒ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ.
Thessaloniki, 2000, 23 (ਕȝȒȡȚııĮ), 60-61 (țȞȑȖȚȞĮ < Serb. kneginja), 69-70 (țȡȐȜĮȚȞĮ <
Slav. kralj – originally of Germanic etymology).
13
Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de l’empire byzantin. Paris, 1884, 483 (=
Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. IV, pars XL. Berlin, 1877, 415 (no. 9008); Du Cange, C.
D. F. Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis. III. Paris, 1844, 1275); Theodori Studitae.
Epistulae. Rec. G. Fatouros. I. Berolini et Novi Eboraci, 1992, no. 539; ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ.
ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚĮț‫ ޟ‬ȝȠȜȣȕįȩȕȠȣȜȜĮ ĲȠࠎ ‫݋‬Ȟ ݃șȒȞĮȚȢ ‫ݑ‬șȞȚțȠࠎ ȃȠȝȚıȝĮĲȚțȠࠎ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ, 248-249 (nos.
1042, 1046); inscription from the Crimea, Odessa Archaeological Museum 50449
(http://iospe.kcl.ac.uk/ 5.228.html, accessed on April 25, 2018); Ɇɨɯɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɋ.,
153
This evidence presented above strengthens the view expressed here,

that is, the term ȀȠȪȞ-ȚııĮ is not a name, but the female version of a title. A
reasonable question then would be why the word was not formed as kuning-
issa (the male type kuning being attested already in the 8th century)? It is
possible that either one of the abbreviated forms, such as the Old High
German *kuni- (attested in composite terms and names) was used or,
alternatively, one of the shorter words pointing to the noble / exceptional /
royal descent, such as the Old Saxon kunni or the Gothic kuni (see above).
THE SEAL’S OWNER

If the above interpretation of the word is correct, then we deal with a
person who was calling herself a queen or an empress or at least she was
considered a person of royal descent. Furthermore, although the seal was
issued for Greek speaking addressees, it is obvious that this person was either
of Germanic origin or a foreigner, but in any respect, she was ruling a
Germanic speaking State. The fact, though, that the second component of the
word shows not only good command of Greek language, but also the interest
to put emphasis on the identity (or rather the status) of the person, should,
perhaps, exclude the Frankish queens and empresses, who did not play a key
role (or any role at all) in German / Frankish – Byzantine relations. Yet, we
know of several Frankish princesses who were closely related to the
Byzantine imperial house, as well as Byzantine princesses related to the Holy
Roman Empire.
Could she be the Frankish princess Rotrude (775-810), daughter of
Charlemagne and Hildegard? In Spring 781, empress Irene sent a delegation
to Charlemagne, who was residing in Rome at that time, suggesting a
wedding between her son, Constantine, and Rotrude (presented under the
name Ǽȡȣșȡȫ in Greek sources). The negotiations were in a good way, the
princess started learning Greek from a teacher sent by Irene, and the whole
plan was again under negotiation in 786. That same year, however,
Charlemagne broke the allegiance with Byzantium and moved his army
towards South Italy and, therefore, Irene cancelled the wedding in 78814.
However, since Rotrude did not become a queen, she could not have issued a
Ʉɚɩɫɚɥɵɤɨɜɚ, Ʉ. Ɋ. «ɋɬɪɚɬɢɝɢɫɫɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɥɟɫɤɟ»: ɪɨɥɶ ɡɧɚɬɨɣ

ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɟ – ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ 4, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, 22.5 (2017), 300-310; ȂĮȡȖȐȡȠȣ. ȉȓĲȜȠȚ țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚțȐ ȠȞȩȝĮĲĮ ȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞ
ıĲȠ ǺȣȗȐȞĲȚȠ, passim. Not every title had this ending, cf. e.g. ʌȡȦĲȠıĲȡĮĲȠȡȓȞĮ (Zacos, G.,
Veglery, A. Byzantine Lead Seals. Basel, 1972, no. 2409), as well as ıʌĮșĮȡȑĮ,
țȠȣȕȚțȠȣȜĮȡȑĮ etc.
14
Lounghis, T. Les ambassades byzantines en Occident. Athens, 1980, 153-154.
About such dynastic plans in general, see Jenkins, R. Byzantium. The Imperial Centuries,
A.D. 610-1071. London, 1966, 324.
154
seal with such a title for herself. The same applies to Gisela (757-810),
daughter of Pepin the Short and Bertrada, sister of Charlemagne, who was
supposed to marry Constantine V’s son, Leon, the future emperor Leon IV.
This time the plan did not advance at all. Kunigunde (975-1040), empress of
the Holy Roman Empire, on the other hand, had nothing to do with
Byzantium and, despite her name coming from *kunjam, kunni, kuni etc. (see
above), it is unlikely that she issued the seal presented in this paper.
The last possible candidate is the Byzantine princess Theophano (955-
991), niece15 of emperor Ioannes I Tzimiskes, who successfully married Otto
I the Great’s son, Otto II (955-983) in Rome, in 972 and, therefore,
immediately became empress of the Holy Roman Empire. Theophano (known
in German literature as Theophanu) was Greek speaking, she managed to
become a queen / empress, and she kept a friendly attitude towards
Byzantium. This attitude did not change after her husband’s death and during
her regency on behalf of their son, Otto III (980-1002), who had deep feelings
about Byzantium and, according to some rumours, was supposed to marry a
Byzantine princess, daughter of Constantine VIII, but his sudden, premature
death put an end to this match16.
A COMMENTARY ON THE SEAL’S DATE AND ORIGIN

The lettering of the seal in question, lacking the very characteristic
symbols such as the B/R, the P or the W, does not reveal but approximately
the period when the boulloterion was made. Judging from the lion on the
obverse (about which see below), the seal could be dated either in the 7th or in
15
Although the Latin sources usually credit her as niece of the emperor (see,
however, the Chronica Regia Coloniensis – MGH SS. XVII. Hannover, 1861, 750 (year 975),
where the term filia is used to show her relation to Tzimiskes), there are several theories
regarding her family or her relationship to Tzimiskes. Jenkins, Byzantium, 324 wrote that she
was indeed a Byzantine princess from the side of Basil I and that her son, Otto III, was a first
cousin of Zoe, daughter of Basil II, which seems unlikely. Engels, O. Theophano, the
western empress from the East – Davids, A. (ed) The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and
the West at the Turn of the First Millennium. Cambridge, 1995, 32, suggested that she was
Tzimiskes’ niece, related through her mother to the former emperor Nikephoros II Phokas.
Davids, A. Marriage negotiations between Byzantium and the West and the name of
Theophano in Byzantium (eighth to tenth centuries) – Idem. The Empress Theophano, 120,
believes that, since her name does not appear in the sources before her wedding to Otto II,
she must had changed it when she got married. On the question of her origin in general with
references to the sources, see Leyser, K. Theophanu divina imperatrix augusta – Davids. The
Empress Theophano, 17-18; Wolf, G. Wer war Theophanu? – Von Euw, A., Schreiner, P.
(eds) Kaiserin Theophanu. II. Koln, 1991, 385-396; Kresten, O. Byzantinistiche
Epilegomena zur Frage: Wer war Theophano? – ibidem, 403-410, as well as the table in 424.
See also the entry in PmbZ no. 28127, Theophano / Theophanu and ȆĮȞĮȖȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ, ǹ. ȅȚ
įȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȠȓ ȖȐȝȠȚ ıĲȠ ǺȣȗȐȞĲȚȠ (6ȠȢ-12ȠȢ ĮȚȫȞĮȢ). Athens, 2006, 152-155.
16
Lounghis. Les ambassades, 217, 221-222.
155
the 10th century. Yet the style of some letters does not match the early period.
In the K, for example, the lower oblique bar is slightly curved, a feature more
common in the 10th century than in the 7th when in general both oblique bars
are rather straight and very rarely curved. Moreover, the upper oblique bar
does not end with a vertical line but with a diagonal one, which is also
commonly attested in the 10th c., along with the vertical line. The V in the 7th
c. is usually presented with lines clearly forming something which looks like
a saddleback-roof. This style does not appear either in the 10th c. seals or in
the one presented in this paper. As for the letter’s lower part, it seems that the
V is standing on a base which does not seems to have sharp endings like those
attested in the early period, although the poor condition of the surface in this
part cannot be of much help. [Figs. 3-4: Lettering comparison to specimens
from the Dumbarton Oaks and the Harvard Art Museums collections – all
available online in: https://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-
seals#b_start=0]
The lion on the obverse rather points to the second half of the 10th
century, when the pattern of animals – the lion included – was widespread
throughout the Byzantine Empire17. The lion was used in earlier times as
well, being quite popular in the 6th-7th centuries and rarely attested in the 9th,
yet the type described here does not resemble the early representations in
seals from Turkey (the lion’s head pointing up) and Cyprus (if these are
indeed lions), or those presented in auctions (the mane and hair clearly
visible). A little closer, but still not matching, is another early representation
in a seal from Jerusalem (the mane is visible though).18 Even closer are the
9th-10th century seal from Athens and a 9th century specimen from the ex
Zacos collection, while another one (same collection) from the 10th century
looks more elaborated, imitating similar early depictions of the mane. The
head of the lion presented here is very similar to that of Dionysios’ seal from
Dumbarton Oaks, the body posture though is different19.
17
ȆȑȞȞĮ, Ǻ. ȂȘ șȡȘıțİȣĲȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡĮıĲȐıİȚȢ ıİ ȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȑȢ ȝȠȜȪȕįȚȞİȢ ıĳȡĮȖȓįİȢ
(10ȠȢ ĮȚȫȞĮȢ): țĮĲĮȕȠȜȑȢ țĮȚ İȡȝȘȞİȣĲȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢ – ȄĮȞșȐțȘ-ȀĮȡĮȝȐȞȠȣ, ī. (ed) Ǿ
ʌȡȩıȜȘȥȘ ĲȘȢ ǹȡȤĮȚȩĲȘĲĮȢ ıĲȠ ǺȣȗȐȞĲȚȠ, țȣȡȓȦȢ țĮĲȐ ĲȠȣȢ ȆĮȜĮȚȠȜȩȖİȚȠȣȢ ȤȡȩȞȠȣȢ,
ȆȡĮțĲȚțȐ ǻȚİșȞȠȪȢ ȈȣȞİįȡȓȠȣ (ȈʌȐȡĲȘ 3-5 ȃȠİȝȕȡȓȠȣ 2012). Athens, 2014, 275-303.
18
Turkey: Cheynet, J.-Cl., Erdo÷an, E., Prigent, V. Sceaux des Musées de la
Turquie Orientale: Karaman, Nevúehir, Malatya, Maraú – REB, 74 (2016), 321-322 (no. 28);
Cyprus: Metcalf, D. Byzantine Lead Seals from Cyprus. Nicosia, 2004, 186, 213 (nos. 58,
121); auctions: Pecunem – Gitbud & Naumann 30 [5 April 2015], no. 654 and 32 [7 June
2015], no. 698; Jerusalem: Manns, F. Les sceaux byzantins du Musée de la Flagellation.
Jerusalem, 1976, no. 43;
19
Athens: ȀȠȜĲıȓįĮ-ȂĮțȡȒ, ǿ. ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȐ ȂȠȜȣȕįȩȕȠȣȜȜĮ ȈȣȜȜȠȖȒȢ ȅȡĳĮȞȓįȘ-
ȃȚțȠȜĮȧįȘ ȃȠȝȚıȝĮĲȚțȠȪ ȂȠȣıİȓȠȣ ǹșȘȞȫȞ. Athens, 1996, no. 39; ex Zacos collection:
Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals, ed. Nesbitt, J. Berne, 1984, nos. 919, 933; Dumbarton
Oaks: BZS.1958.106.339 and 441 (available online at: https://www.doaks.org/resources/
156
Apart from being a common decoration motive, the lion is also the
symbol of power, recognizable by both the Holy Roman and the Byzantine
Empire and, thus, it seems that the owner of the boulloterion carefully chose
what to put on the seal which looks very simple at first glance (a lion, a cross,
one word), but the symbolism transmitted through these three objects is very
strong. It is true that Theophano has been described in Western sources as a
woman fond of luxury and excess20, something which does not fit this
unadorned seal, but, perhaps, she was following the Central and Western
European standards (unadorned, simple motives). Besides, the (non-
invocational / monogram) cross consisted of four pellets21 at the centre of the
disc is not typical for Byzantine seals (or coins either), reminding us of the
Western European coins of that time, with the big cross at the centre and the
inscription around it. Yet, no similar cross formed by pellets was in use,
either in Byzantium or in the West at that time, with the exception of the tiny
crosses on the upper or/and lower part of Byzantine seals’ inscriptions (that is
above and below the text)22. In Byzantium, it was common to put names
(especially in the eighth century) and even more common to put invocational
inscriptions in the quarters of a cross. In the West, on the contrary, the
predominant motif consisted of a cross in the middle and the name (or a
longer inscription) running circularly around it. The general style of this seal,
thus, points to a Byzantine and not to a Western European craftsman or rather
to a mixture of the two styles. Carolingian and Ottonian seals were much
different from the one presented in this paper, and so was the lead medallion
seals/ byzantine-seals/BZS.1958.106.339 and https://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/

byzantine-seals/BZS.1958.106.441 respectively).
20
Herrin, J. Theophano: considerations on the education of a Byzantine princess –
Davids. The Empress Theophano, 64, 84.
21
The cross on the reverse consists of four pellets clearly separated from each other.
This particular type is very unusual for both Byzantine and Western European medieval art
and coinage, where one can find crosses formed by pellets connected to each other with
straight lines and/or forming loops, as well as pellets as decorative motives placed in the
cross’ quarters. The origin of the four-pellets cross which appears on the seal presented here
could be, perhaps, traced back to the crosses with pellets at the ends of the arms. Such pellets
were used either as medallions or simply as decorative components and sometimes the
distance between them was so small that the connecting lines were almost invisible
22
These little crosses were very popular in the 11th century (see, for example, Seibt,
W., Zarnitz, M.-L. Das byzantinische Bleisiegel aus Kunstwerk. Wien, 1997, no. 4.1.5).
Larger crosses are also known but they are extremely rare: one such, as a decorative motive
on top of another cross, was found in England and is dated much later (Wiltshire
Archaeological and Natural History Society, no. 88253. See:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: %3FMedieval_lead_cross_(FindID_88253).jpg,
accessed: 2 February 2018). A similar, but not identical cross consisted of four pellets (or two
loops?) was used on the silver coinage of Dirk VII of Holland (†1203). To my knowledge, no
cross of pellets is depicted as the main cross on any other Byzantine seal.
157
of Otto II and Theophano of 982-983 (whose authenticity, though, has been

disputed), today kept at the National Museum in Helsinki23.
The lion was not a popular motive in the Carolingian or the Ottonian
Empire and it does not exist on either seals or coins before the mid-12th
century24. It was included, however, in the official marriage charter (dower)
issued by Otto II on the day of their wedding (April 14, 972), today kept at
the State Archives in Wolfenbüttel, Germany (no. 6 Urk. 11)25, where one
sees lions within medallions, not in parade, but attacking other animals, a
motif probably inspired by Sassanid Persian or other Anatolian examples.
Yet, apart from a symbol of power in general and diachronically, as well as a
motif quite popular in Byzantium in the second half of the 10th century, one
should not forget that exactly in that period the lions were part of the
Byzantine imperial image. Take, for example, the silk fabric with the lions
facing each other and the names of the emperors Romanos Lakapenos and
Christophoros (921-923) from Saint Servatius in Siegburg; those with the
names of the emperors Basileios II and Konstantinos VIII (976-1025) from
Köln and Berlin / Krefeld-Düsseldorf; or the 9th-10th century silk fabric with
the lions in medallions (layout very similar to Theophano’s marriage charter,
as well as to another Sassanid-imitating motif, the 9th-10th century silk fabric
with griffins from the Musées Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire / Koninklyke
Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis, Brussels and a 10th century similar one
from the Museo Nazionale in Florence) from Saint Julian in Rimini (today in
23
About the medallion from Helsinki, as well as a second one from a private
collection in Russia, see Diederich, T. Die Siegel der Kölner Erzbischöfe von Bruno I. bis zu
Hermann II. – Von Euw, Schreiner. Kaiserin Theophanu. I, 105; Gussone, N. Trauung und
Krönung – ibidem. II, 168, 172-173; Wolf, G. Die bildlichen Darstellungen der Kaiserin
Theophanu (ca. 959-991) – Bösel, R., Kresten, O. (eds) Römische Historische Mitteilungen.
Vienna, 1999, 426-427, figs. 5-6; Schramm, P. Die deutschen Kaiser und Könige in Bildern
ihrer Zeit, 751-1190. Munich, 1983, 194-195. Also, see Dölger, F. – Byzantinische
Zeitschrift, 47 (1954), 273, about the reading of the long inscription.
24
It was used, for example, on the coins issued by Heinrich der Löwe (the Lion)
from 1142 to 1195, by Mieszko III the Old, duke of Poland, between 1138 and 1202
(bracteate), by Otto II von Berg, bishop of Freising from 1184 to 1220, by Ekbert von
Andechs, bishop of Bamberg from 1203 to 1237 and his brother Otto I of Andechs, duke of
Merania (1204-1234), by Heinrich I von Schmiedefeld, bishop of Bamberg from 1242 to
1258, by Friedrich II, Holy Roman Emperor, between 1220 and 1250 (bracteate) etc.
25
See e.g. Matthes, D., Deeters, W. Die Heiratsurkunde der Kaiserin Theophanu,
972 April 14, Rom. Eine Ausstellung des Niedersächsischen Staatsarchivs in Wolfenbüttel.
Göttingen, 1972; Georgi, W. Ottonianum und Heiratsurkunde 962/972 – Von Euw,
Schreiner. Kaiserin Theophanu, 135-160; Von Euw, A. Ikonologie der Heiratsurkunde der
Kaiserin Theophanu – ibidem, 175-191; Schulze, H. K. Die Heiratsurkunde der Kaiserin
Theophanu. Die griechische Kaiserin und das römisch-deutsche Reich 972-991. Hannover,
2007. The charter’s text in: MGH, Diplomatum Regum et Imperatorum Germaniae, tomi II.
pars prior. Ottonis II. diplomata. Hannover, 1888, 28-30 (no. 21).
158
the Museo Nazionale, Ravenna)26. Moreover, Liutprand, bishop of Cremona,

was impressed by the mechanical roaring lions in the hall of throne
(Triclinium) in Constantinople, the same lions mentioned by Constantine VII
Porphyrogenitus and the Continuators of Theophanes27. And it was Liutprand
who, in some scholars’ opinion, died during the trip from the Byzantine
capital to Rome, accompanying Theophano for her wedding28. although it is
more likely that he had already departed even before Gero, archbishop of
Cologne, arrived in Constantinople.
Theophano herself appears in or was signing documents as Imperatrix
Augusta, but also as Dominus Imperator and Imperator Augustus (similarly,
Byzantine empress Irene was referred to as ȕĮıȚȜİȪȢ, and it is very likely that
Theophano got inspired from this example), like Otto II did, while others
were addressing to her as Imperatrix Augusta and Domina Augusta (Otto
sometimes refers to her as dilectissima coniux nostra Coimperatrix Augusta29,
dilecta coniux ac consortis Imperii, dilecta coniux Imperatrix Augusta etc.,
but also simply as coniux nostra).30 That Theophano was exercising real
power is clearly evident from the fact that she was issuing documents (as
consors, either together with Otto II or later, when Otto III was still young).
26
See e.g. Lafontaine-Dosogne, J. Die byzantinische Kunst nach dem
Ikonoklasmus bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts – Von Euw, Schreiner. Kaiserin
Theophanu, 81-83, with images 15-16; Galliker, J. Middle Byzantine silk in context:
Integrating the textual and material evidence (Doctoral Thesis). University of Birmingham,
2014, 8; Muthesius, A. Silk, power and diplomacy in Byzantium – Textile Society of
America Symposium Proceedings, 1992, 102; Eadem. Silk, culture and being in Byzantium –
ǻİȜĲȓȠȞ ĲȘȢ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȚțȒȢ ǹȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ǼĲĮȚȡİȓĮȢ, 36 (2015), 353-354, with fig. 6; Dawson,
D., Sumner, T. By the Emperor’s Hand. Barnsley, 2015, 25, fig. 21; Byzantium: An
Oecumenical Empire (Byzantine Hours. Works and Days in Byzantium). Athens, 2002, 158-
161 (no. 68); Wentzel, H. Das byzantinische Erbe der ottonischen Kaiser. Hypothesen über
den Brautschatz der Theophano – Aachener Kunstblätter, 43 (1972), 21, 25-26, 28, figs. 18,
26-27. Note that the Siegburg fabric is not any more in Schloss-Köpenick, Berlin, but it was
returned to the church of St. Servatius. About the griffins-silk in Brussels and Florence, see
Evans, H. C., Wixom, W. D. (eds) The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle
Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261. New York, 1997, no. 148 and Wentzel. Erbe, 36-37, fig. 39.
27
Brett, G. The Automata in the Byzantine “Throne of Solomon” – Speculum, 29.3
(Jul. 1954), 477-478, 485-487.
28
Squatriti, P. The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona. Washington D.C.,
2007, 5-6; ȆĮȞĮȖȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ. ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȠȓ ȖȐȝȠȚ, 155, fn. 204; Leyser. Theophanu divina
imperatrix augusta – Davids, The Empress Theophano, 17, 19.
29
The very interesting term Coimperatrix Augusta is to be found, e.g., in MGH,
ibidem, 92 (no. 76). See also ȆĮȞĮȖȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ. ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȠȓ ȖȐȝȠȚ, 159-160 (with fn. 237),
162 (with fn. 251) and Maclean, S. Ottonian Queenship. Oxford, 2017, 162-166.
30
On the terms used by and for Theophano in general, see Erkens, F. R. Die Frau
als Herrscherin in ottonisch-frühsalischer Zeit – Von Euw, Schreiner. Kaiserin Theophanu,
245-259; Laudage, J. Das Problem der Vormundschaft über Otto III. – idibem, 270-275;
ȆĮȞĮȖȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ. ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮĲȚțȠȓ ȖȐȝȠȚ, 161-162.
159
And she was familiar with Byzantine customs: her capacity as an active ruler
(because women in Western Europe were not exercising real power at that
time, although some of them had some considerable influence in decision
making), her male imperial title, and the style of the seal presented here are
all somehow connected to Byzantium. Moreover, we know of Otto and
Theophano’s imitations of Byzantine representations of rulers: the famous
ivory plaque from Elfenbein (today in the Cluny Museum, in Paris), is
directly following the type of Romanos and Eudokia’s ivory plaque (today
kept at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, in Paris)31. In this plaque from
Elfenbein, Otto is presented as “Imperator Romanorum Augustus”. But the
question is: when addressing to her fellow-patriots, would Theophano make
use of her imperial title?
At the time when she was marrying Otto II, his State was already in
clash with the Byzantines over the use of terms such as “emperor” or
“emperor of the Romans”32. And her husband was not simply “emperor”, but
“Imperator Romanorum Augustus”, a title certainly unaccepted by the
Byzantines. How exactly Theophano herself was signing documents
addressed to the palace in Constantinople it is not known. In some opinion,
she had no contacts with the Byzantine ruler at all33, which is hard to believe,
because she was reigning practically alone from late 983 until 991, when her
underaged son was not yet able to take decisions. The term țȠȪȞȚııĮ depicted
on the seal is a hapax, a hybrid of German and Greek, which, however,
encompasses the meaning of the supreme ruler and at the same time does not
offend the Byzantine supreme ruler or the Byzantine political interests in
general (because she is neither Imperatrix nor Augusta despite the fact that
herself she was co-exercising imperial authority in the powerful Holy Roman
Empire), thus making the choice (or rather the invention) of this term a great
diplomatic move. Additionally, as the ruler of a Germanic-speaking Empire,
Theophano would not use a Greek-Byzantine term such as ȕĮıȓȜȚııĮ: it
would have been useless or unaccepted within her State, and certainly
unaccepted to be used alone in her correspondence with Byzantium.
There is one last question which remains to be answered and it is
connected to the evidence presented above. If the hypothesis expressed in this
study is correct and the seal was indeed issued by Theophano, to whom was
the accompanied letter addressed? In my opinion, this cannot have been an
official imperial sealing, because Theophano was co-reigning but not reigning
the State. Any official high-level diplomatic contact with Byzantium would
have required a different type of sealing, including the image, the name or
31
Schramm. Bildern, 193-194; Byzantium: An Oecumenical Empire, 66-67, fig. 17;
Wolf. Darstellungen, 427-428, fig. 8.
32
Nicol, D. The Byzantine View of Western Europe – GRBS, 8.4 (1967), 318-323.
33
Maclean. Ottonian Queenship, 152.
160
some insignia of either Otto II or Otto III (either alone or together with that of
Theophano). This bulla seems to be a private one which Theophano was
using in her correspondence with individuals inside the Byzantine Empire.
The recipient may have been anyone, from a family member to a court
official and from an intellectual to a craftsman/artist. Let us not forget that the
location where the seal was found is unknown and that the Lampros family
was acquiring objects not only from Athens, but from other areas too.
Collectors and dealers at that time were getting items from Constantinople as
well. It is not impossible that the seal could have been found anywhere. Was
Theophano inviting someone? Was she writing to family? Was she
negotiating for yet another Byzantine princess, this time destined for her son,
Otto III? We know that shortly after her death (991), in 995, Otto sent one of
his trusted men, the archbishop Ioannes Philagathos34, to Constantinople to
look for a suitable wife. Perhaps Theophano had already started her own
research as her son was growing.
Although the interpretation of the word and the identification of the
sender may be well regarded as mere hypothesis, one should keep in mind
that a) no suggestion has been previously published on this seal and b) the
Arabic-Greek word ਕȝȒȡȚııĮ shows that such hybrid terms did exist. If the
proposed interpretation of the word KOVNICCA, as well as the identification
of Theophano as the sender are correct, then the term should be labelled as a
hapax and the seal presented here turns out to be an important contribution to
the study of an exceptional ruler.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS:
Fig.1. © Athens Epigraphic and Numismatic Museum, Byzantine seal

K1043, obverse (photo by the author)
Fig.2. © Athens Epigraphic and Numismatic Museum, Byzantine seal
K1043, reverse (photo by the author)
Fig. 3. Lettering comparison (K)
Fig. 4. lettering comparison (V)
34
PmbZ no. 23486.
161
1 2
4
162
Jean-Claude Cheynet
SAUVÉS DE L’OUBLI PAR LEURS BULLES: LES

MARCHAPSABOI
Les Marchapsaboi étaient presque totalement inconnus il y a quelques

décennies. Le nom n’apparaît pas dans les indices du Corpus de V. Laurent.
Le dédicataire de cet ouvrage, qui a publié des milliers de bulles, n’a jamais
rencontré parmi les sceaux trouvés en Bulgarie un membre de cette famille.
Les Mar ণabšabba, des Syriaques, ne sont pas mentionnés dans les sources
narratives. Depuis une trentaine d’années cependant, des plombs au nom de
cette lignée sont régulièrement publiés ou proposés dans des ventes aux
enchères et l’on connaît aujourd’hui quarante bulles environ portant le nom
Marchapsabos. Werner Seibt et Marie-Luise Zarnitz, les premiers, ont donné
une liste des Marchapsaboi dont ils avaient connaissance et dont la plupart
était encore inédits1. J’avais ajouté des commentaires à propos de leurs bulles
à l’occasion des Mélanges offerts à Alain Ducellier2, puis d’un colloque sur
la périphérie de l’Empire. Depuis, de nouveaux plombs se sont fait connaître
en nombre important, lors de ventes aux enchères et d’acquisitions par des
collectionneurs privés. Il est donc possible d’établir le bilan actuel afin de
préciser le rôle des Marchapsaboi. Je donnerai une reproduction de chaque
bulle à partir de l’exemplaire le mieux conservé.
Comme toujours en sigillographie, il est difficile de distinguer
d’éventuels homonymes. Outre les critères épigraphiques et stylistiques, on
s’appuiera sur les motifs iconographiques en supposant que des motifs
différents correspondent à des personnages distincts, même si l’exemple de
Philarète Brachamios, contemporain, montre que des exceptions à cette règle
sont bien attestées.
Sur leurs sceaux datables du milieu du XIe siècle, les premiers
Marchapsaboi connus étaient titrés protospathaires.
Jean Marchapsabos a laissé au moins deux types différents de sceaux,
l’un où il est simple protospathaire et l’autre où il est de plus préposé au
Chrysotriklinon:

1
Seibt, W., M.-L. Zarnitz. Das byzantinische Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk: Katalog
zur Austellung, Vienne, 1997, p. 150.
2
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Le culte de saint Jean Baptiste en Cilicie et en Syrie, dans
Byzance et ses périphéries (Mondes grec, balkanique et musulman). Hommage à Alain
Ducellier, éd. B. Doumerc et Ch. Picard, Toulouse, 2004, 57-66 ; Id. Le contrôle de la Syrie
du Nord à la fin de la seconde occupation byzantine (seconde moitié du XIe siècle), dans
Bisanzio e le periferie dell’impero, éd. R. Gentile, Catane, 2012, 45-46.
163
Jean-Claude CHEYNET. SAUVÉS DE L’OUBLI PAR LEURS BULLES: LES MARCHAPSABOI
Jean Marchapsabos, protospathaire (fig. 1)3

La bulle, connue par cet unique exemplaire, porte au droit l’effigie de
saint Jean Prodrome de face, en pied, revêtu de sa mélote, la main droite
levée dans le geste de l’allocution, la gauche tenant une longue croix
processionnelle. Dans le champ, de part et d’autre de l’effigie, épigraphe en
colonne, ø|6I5v|9O - .|DR|M|O2: ੘ (ਚȖȚȠȢ) ੉Ȧ(੺ȞȞȘȢ) ੒ [Ȇȡ]ંįȡ(Ƞ)ȝȠ(Ȣ).
Au revers, légende sur cinq lignes :

.KEb2Y2|9TvSvDW2|6I5vASPAYA2|TONMARX2|CAbv|-(-
[+] Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠ઄(Ȝ૳) ੉Ȧ(੺ȞȞૉ) (ʌȡȦĲȠ)ıʌĮșĮ(ȡ઀૳)
ĲઁȞ ȂĮȡȤ(Į)ȥ੺ȕ૳.
La ligature W est encore bouclée, ce qui invite à dater la bulle du
second quart du XIe siècle. Jean Marchapsabos est le plus ancien membre de
la lignée dont un sceau nous soit parvenu.
Ce personnage a laissé un second modèle de sceau, connu selon deux

variantes (fig. 2 et 3):
Jean Marchapsabos, protospathaire, épi tou Chrysotriklinou
Au droit, dans un cercle de gros grènetis, même effigie que sur la

bulle précédente: saint Jean Prodrome en pied, de face, main droite levée,
l’autre tenant une longue croix processionnelle. Dans le champ,ø|6.5v -: ੘
(ਚȖȚȠȢ) [੉]Ȧ(੺ȞȞȘȢ) [੒ ȆȡંįȡȠȝȠȢ].
Au revers, légende sur cinq lignes, précédée d’une croisette:

Variante 1(fig. 2)4,
+KEbY|Tv9SvDw2|6I5vASPAY2|EP2TwrX5G6KL2|T9vMARXA|CAb2
Variante 2 (fig. 3)5,
+KEbY|Tv9SvDw2|6I5vASPAY2|EPITwrXGKL2|NOUTOMAR|XACAb2
Soit, par la lecture combinée des deux textes :
+Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠ઄(Ȝ૳) ੉Ȧ(੺ȞȞૉ) (ʌȡȦĲȠ)ıʌĮș(Įȡ઀૳) ਥʌ੿
ĲȠ૨ Ȥȡ(ȣıȠ)(ĲȡȚ)țȜ(઀)ȞȠȣ Ĳ૶ ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ(૳).

3
Cheynet, J.-Cl., D. Theodoridis. Sceaux byzantins de la collection D.
Theodoridis. Les sceaux patronymiques (Monographies 33), Paris, 2010 (désormais Cheynet
– Theodoridis. Sceaux patronymiques), no 133.
4
Cheynet – Theodoridis. Sceaux patronymiques, no 134 (le second exemplaire
vient de la vente Schulten (18-20 octobre 1989) et no 1223.
5
Cheynet, J.-Cl., E. Erdogan, V. Prigent. Les sceaux byzantins d’AdÕyaman, SBS
12, (2016), 123-124. Un second exemplaire de l’ancienne collection Zarnitz est aujourd’hui
conservé au musée Kestner (Al.-K. Wassiliou et W. Seibt. Der byzantinische Mensch in
seinem Umfeld: weitere Bleisiegel der Sammlung Zarnitz im Museum August Kestner,
Hanovre, 2015, no 58).
164
Ce type est un peu plus tardif, comme en témoigne le w en forme de

fer à cheval, qui se popularise vers 1040.
Deux bulles, un peu plus récentes, d’un Jean, portant la même

titulature que celle gravée sur les deux sceaux précédents, sont à l’effigie de
la Vierge, l’une de type Episkepsis et l’autre de type Hodègètria6. Si l’on
suppose que le même personnage a choisi deux types de Vierge, il doit
cependant être distingué de l’homonyme, fidèle du Prodrome. Peut-être sont-
ils séparés d’une génération, comme un oncle et un neveu.
Jean Marchapsabos, protospathaire, épi tou Chrysotriklinou (fig. 4)
Kofopoulos 1650. Dia.: 25. Inédit7.
Au droit, dans un cercle de perles, Vierge, à mi-corps, voilée et

nimbée, légèrement tournée vers l’Enfant qu’elle porte sur le bras gauche et
désigne de la main droite, levée en geste d’adoration. L’Enfant, tête inclinée,
tend les bras vers la Théotokos. Dans le champ, à droite, entre les deux
nimbes, les sigles, dont seul reste 6Y5U

Au revers, légende sur six lignes:
+YKE9b.|TvSv..|.5vASPA9Y|...TrX5GK2|TvMARX.|CAP9v
+ Ĭ(İȠĲં)țİ ȕ(Ƞ੾)[ș(İȚ)] Ĳ૶ ı૶ [įȠ઄(Ȝ૳) ੉]Ȧ(੺ȞȞૉ) (ʌȡȦĲȠ)-
ıʌĮș(Įȡ઀૳) [ਥʌ੿] Ĳ(Ƞ૨) Ȥȡ(ȣıȠ)(ĲȡȚ)ț(Ȝ઀ȞȠȣ) Ĳ૶ ȂĮȡȤ[Į]ȥ੺ʌ૳.
Troisième quart du XIe siècle. La forme du nom connaît une variante
de sa transcription avec un P très net.
Jean Marchapsabos, protospathaire, épi tou Chrysotriklinou (fig. 5)
Kofopoulos 1797. Dia.: 21. Inédit.
Au droit, dans un cercle de grènetis, Vierge de face, en buste, orante,

avec un très petit médaillon. De part et d’autre de l’effigie, les sigles, 95M – 95Y

96Y6K5E..|6I5v5ASPA|Y2EP2T2rXGK2|Tv9M9ARX|CA.
Ĭ(İȠĲં)țİ [ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ)] ੉Ȧ(੺ȞȞૉ) (ʌȡȦĲȠ)ıʌĮș(Įȡ઀૳) ਥʌ(੿) Ĳ(Ƞ૨)
Ȥȡ(ȣıȠ)(ĲȡȚ)ț(Ȝ઀ȞȠȣ) Ĳ૶ ȂĮȡȤ(Į)ȥ੺[ȕ(૳)].

6
Je remercie vivement le docteur Savvas Kofopoulos de m’avoir autorisé à publier
ces deux sceaux inédits.
7
Un second exemplaire a été proposé à la vente aux enchère Zeus n° 1 (17 nov.
2019), n° 438 (dia.: 29 mm).
165
Milieu du XIe siècle.
Deux types de bulles ont été frappés au nom de Jean, moine et

syncelle. Le premier type est conservé en trois exemplaires8 :
Jean Marchapsabos, moine et syncelle (fig. 6) :
Au droit saint Jean Prodrome de face, en pied, dans sa tenue et son
attitude habituelles. Epigraphe en colonne de part et d’autre, gauche, ø|6Iv: ੘
(ਚȖȚȠȢ)੉Ȧ(੺ȞȞȘȢ) [੒ ȆȡંįȡȠȝȠȢ].

-ʕ-|+KEbO|....6IvAX|......Lv|....RXA|9CAbv
+ Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕȠ[੾șİȚ] ੉Ȧ(੺ȞȞૉ) (ȝȠȞ)ĮȤ(૶) [(țĮ੿) ıȣȖț੼Ȝ]Ȝ૳ [Ĳ૶
ȂĮ]ȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ૳.
Nous possédons un second sceau d’un moine Jean Marchapsabos.

Jean Marchapsabos, moine et syncelle (?) (fig. 7)
DO 58.106.446. Dia.: 28. Inédit.
Au droit, au centre du champ, un saint stylite nimbé, de face en buste,
juché sur une colonne élevée sur trois degrés mal conservés. A la base du
champ, disposés de part et d’autre du stylite, deux personnages nimbés
nettement plus petits, tournés vers l’effigie centrale, esquissant le geste de
l’orante. Au-dessus des petits personnages, traces d’épigraphe en colonne,
mal conservées. La scène pourrait représenter saint Syméon Stylite le Jeune,
populaire dans la région d’Antioche, entouré de sa mère, Marthe, qui fut aussi
l’objet d’une Vie de sainte Marthe, et de son disciple, Conon9. Au pourtour,
inscription commençant à gauche par une croisette,+....9T9v, puis achevée le
long de la bordure à droite, 9SvD9w9L9v6I5v
Au revers, saint Jean Prodrome, de face en pied, revêtu d’une longue
tunique sous une ample mélote couvrant les épaules, tenant haut en main
droite une longue croix processionnelle et en main gauche un cartel déroulé.
De part et d’autre de l’effigie .|. 59v|. - .|D9R|O.|: [੘ (ਚȖȚȠȢ)੉]Ȧ(੺ȞȞȘȢ) [੒
Ȇȡં]įȡȠ[ȝȠȢ]. Au pourtour, suite de l’inscription circulaire:
AX9=9S.....TvMA9R|9XA9CAbv
+[Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕȠ੾șİȚ] Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠ઄Ȝ૳ ੉Ȧ(੺ȞȞૉ) (ȝȠȞ)ĮȤ(૶) (țĮ੿) ı[ȣȖ-
ț੼ȜȜ૳] Ĳ૶ ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ૳.
Bien que l’identification du saint au droit du sceau ne soit pas complè-
tement assurée et la lecture de l’inscription au revers soit incomplète, il

8
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux byzantins des musées d’Antioche et de Tarse, Travaux et
Mémoires 12(1994) (désormais Cheynet. Antioche et Tarse), no 74.
9
On connaît un nombre important d’eulogies datant des Xe et XIe siècle avec une
telle représentation, cf. Sodini, J.-P. Remarques sur l’iconographie de Syméon l’Alépin, le
premier stylite, Monuments et mémoires de la Fondation Eugène Piot, 70, (1989), p. 35.
166
semble bien que cette bulle doive aussi être attribué au syncelle Jean. La
dévotion accordée à saint Syméon le Jeune confirme la foi chalcédonienne du
sigillant. Les deux plombs sont datables de la seconde moitié du XIe siècle,
sans doute des années 1060-1080.
Le titre de syncelle accordé à un simple moine suppose une
dévaluation de cette dignité. La bulle daterait donc des deux décennies qui
précèdent la réforme de ce titre ecclésiastique sous Alexis Comnène. On ne
sait si Jean est à identifier avec le protospathaire qui partage sa dévotion
envers le Prodrome. Ce dernier aurait alors fini sa vie dans un monastère,
attitude très répandue chez les aristocrates byzantins. L’attribution de la
dignité de syncelle suppose une proximité avec les autorités constantino-
politaines.
Un autre Marchapsabos, Cyriaque, fut également titré protospathaire.

Son sceau à légende bilatérale est connu en cinq exemplaires10:
Cyriaque Marchapsabos, protospathaire (fig. 8)
Au droit, dans un cercle de grènetis, légende sur quatre lignes,
précédée d’une croisette ; au sommet du champ, une croisette accostée de
tirets, et à la base une perle cantonnée de tirets :
-+-|SFR9A9G.|MARXA9C2|9bvK9URI|AKOU|-@-
+ ȈĳȡĮȖ[੿(Ȣ)] ȂĮȡȤĮȥ(੺)ȕ૳ ȀȣȡȚĮțȠ૨.
Au revers, suite de la légende sur quatre autres lignes:

-.-|+HTOU|PRvTO|SPAYA|RIOU|-@-
+ ਲ ĲȠ૨ ʌȡȦĲȠıʌĮșĮȡ઀Ƞȣ.
e
XI siècle (milieu).
Cyriaque a laissé une autre bulle dont la légende porte également sa

qualité de protospathaire, sans recherche d’aucun effet métrique. Elle est
11
connue en de nombreux exemplaires, au moins huit (fig. 9) .
Au droit, buste de la Vierge orante, sans le médaillon de l’Enfant. De
part et d’autre de l’effigie, les sigles, 6MR-6Y5U.
Au revers, légende sur six lignes :

+YKEb2Y2|KURIAK2|PROT2SPA|YARIvTv|MARXAC2|bv

10
Musée de Tarse; coll. Theodoridis, inv. 204 et 1067; coll. Kofopoulos, inv. 1128
[provenant de la vente Münz Zentrum 156 (septembre 2010), no 917]; coll. TatÕú, inv. 2600.
Dernière édition, Cheynet, J.-Cl. Les sceaux byzantins de la collection Yavus TatÕú, Izmir (à
paraître) (désormais, Cheynet. Collection TatÕú), no5.82.
11
. DO 58.106.1231, 2590, 4464, 4798; ANS (1954.14.52); Zacos (BnF) 371, tous
inédits. Ermitage M-2351 et M-3791, éd. Šandrovskaja, V. A. Ermitažnaja peþat Kiriaka
Marhasava, Anticnaja drevnost’i srednie veka 37, (2006), 255-259.
167
+ Ĭ(İȠĲં)țİ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) ȀȣȡȚĮț(૶) ʌȡȠĲ(Ƞ)ıʌĮșĮȡ઀૳ Ĳ૶

ȂĮȡȤĮȥ(੺)ȕ૳.
Théodore Marchapsabos
Le représentant le plus remarquable de la lignée s’appelait Théodore.
Il nous a laissé un nombre exceptionnel de bulles, soit bilatérales, soit au
motif de la Vierge.
Théodore Marchapsabos, stratège (fig. 10)
Ce sceau, connu en huit exemplaires12 , a été édité à plusieurs

reprises13.
Au droit, dans un cercle de grènetis, Vierge Hodègètria dexiokratousa
à mi-corps, légèrement inclinée vers l’Enfant au nimbe crucigère, qu’elle
tient sur le bras droit. Dans le champ, de part et d’autre de l’effigie, les sigles,
'&
"
Au revers, légende suppress métrique legénde sur sept lignes:
TONMAR|XACAbO6Yv|9DvR=STRATH|GwNTASvZOIS|SKEPOISAN
A|9SSATwKOS|MwSKEP2
ȉઁȞ ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕȠ(Ȟ) Ĭ(İ)આįȦȡ(ȠȞ)(țĮ੿) ıĲȡĮĲȘȖȠ૨ȞĲĮ,
ıઆȗȠȚȢ, ıț੼ʌȠȚȢ, ਙȞĮııĮ ĲȠ૨ țંıȝȠȣ ıț੼ʌ(Ș).
Théodore Marchapsabos, hypatos et stratège de Tarse14
Connue en un unique exemplaire, la bulle porte au droit l’effigie de la

Vierge Hodègètriaen pied, tenant l’Enfant sur le bras gauche.Dans le champ,
de part et d’autre, sous les sigles ˜6 6hR - 6Y5U, épigraphe en colonne,
HO|DH|GI – T|RI|A : ਺ ੘įȘȖ੾ĲȡȚĮ.
Au revers, légende sur sept lignes:

-+-|YKEb2Y2|TvSvDw2|YEODvRvU|PATv=STRA|THGvTAR|SwTvMAR
|XACAB2
12
Munich, Staatliche Münzsammlung, fonds Zarnitz, inv. 145 ; vente Triton XI
(janvier 2008), no 1180 (ex collection Hecht) ; coll. Theodoridis, inv. 861 et 1170; Zacos
(BnF) 964, inédit ; TatÕú, inv. 2897; coll. Kofopoulos, inv. 1630; vente Naumann 64 (avril
2018) no 627.
13
Seibt – Zarnitz, Bleisiegel, no 4.1.2 (comme n. 1); Nesbitt, J., Al.-K. Wassiliou-
Seibt, W. Seibt. Highlights from the Robert Hecht, Jr. Collection of Byzantine Seals,
(Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Byzantine Research Centre), Thessalonique, 2009,
Hecht Collection, no 18; Cheynet – Theodoridis. Sceaux patronymiques, nos 136 a et b;
Cheynet. Collection TatÕú, no 2.77.
14
Sode, Cl. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in Berlin. 2 (ȆȠȚț઀ȜĮ ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚȞ੺ 14), Bonn, 1997,
o
n 385.
168
+Ĭ(İȠĲં)țİ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠ઄(Ȝ૳) ĬİȠįઆȡ૳ ਫ਼ʌ੺Ĳ૳ (țĮ੿)

ıĲȡĮĲȘȖ૶ ȉĮȡıȠ૨ Ĳ૶ ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ(૳).
Troisième quart du XIe siècle.
Théodore Marchapsabos, stratège d’Anazarbe (Fig. 11)
Le sceau, connu en trois exemplaires 15 , porte au droit une Vierge

Hodègètria à mi-corps, tournée de trois quarts vers l’Enfant qu’elle porte sur
le bras gauche. Dans le champ, entre les nimbes entrecroisés, subsiste à droite
le sigle, 5Y.
Au revers, légende métrique sur six lignes, selon les exemplaires

combinés:
-@-|+STRATI|GEUS2ANv|Y26YUPRONOI2|MARXACAb2|YEOD2R2TA|NAZARb2|-@-
ȈĲȡĮĲȚȖİ઄ı(ĮȢ) ਙȞȦș(İȞ) Ĭ(İȠ)૨ ʌȡȠȞȠ઀(઺)
ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ(ȠȢ) Ĭİંį(Ȧ)ȡ(ȠȢ) Ĳ(ોȢ) ਝȞĮȗ੺ȡȕ(ȘȢ).
Théodore Marchapsabos, vestès, stratège d’Anazarbe et

homme de notre saint empereur (fig. 12)16
Au droit, légende sur six lignes :
+6Y6KEb2Y2|TvSvOIK9E|THYEODvR9v|bESTHSTR9A|THGvANA|
zARbH9S|-@-
+Ĭ(İȠĲં)țİ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ Ƞੁț੼Ĳૉ ĬİȠįઆȡ૳ ȕ੼ıĲૉ ıĲȡĮĲȘȖ૶
ਝȞĮȗ੺ȡȕȘȢ
Au revers, suite de la légende sur six autres lignes :

9-@-|KAIA6N5v|9TwKRATAIw|9KAIAGIOUH|.vNbASILE|9vSTvMAR|9XACAbv|-@-
țĮ੿ ਕȞ(șȡઆʌ)૳ ĲȠ૨ țȡĮĲĮȚȠ૨ țĮ੿ ਖȖ઀Ƞȣ ਲ[ȝ]૵Ȟ ȕĮıȚȜ੼ȦȢ Ĳ૶
ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ૳.
N. (Théodore ?) Marchapsabos, vestès, juge de Séleucie, curateur

de Tarse, stratège d’Adana et de Mopsueste (fig. 13)17
Au droit, légende sur six lignes dont les deux premières sont perdues :
+.. | ... |bEST29K9R9I..|9SELE9U9K9I9A2|9Kw9RA9TvRI|9TA.9Sw
[ ] ȕ੼ıĲ(ૉ) țȡȚ[Ĳૌ] ȈİȜİȣț(İ)઀Į(Ȣ) țȠȣȡ੺ĲȦȡȚ ȉĮ[ȡ]ıȠ૨.

ͳͷColl. Theodoridis, inv. 934 ; vente Gorny 208 (octobre 2012), no 2574; TatÕú, inv.
2921. Editions: Cheynet – Theodoridis. Sceaux patronymiques, no 135; Wassiliou-Seibt,

Metrische Legenden II, no 2278; Cheynet, Collection TatÕú, no 3.8.
ͳ͸TatÕú, inv. 1789; Cheynet, Collection TatÕú. no 3.9. Unique exemplaire connu.
17
Sceau inédit conservé à l’American Numismatic Society. Unique exemplaire
connu.
169
Au revers, suite de la légende sur six autres lignes :

@=STRA@|THGvADA|NHS=MOM|CwESTIA2|TvMA9R9XA|@CA9b9v@
(țĮ੿) ıĲȡĮĲȘȖ૶ ਝį੺ȞȘȢ (țĮ੿) ȂȠȝȥȠȣİıĲ઀Į(Ȣ) Ĳ૶ ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ૳.
Le prénom de ce Marchapsabos est perdu. Il partage cependant avec
Théodore la dignité de vestès, la fonction de stratège et l’usage d’un sceau
bilatéral pourvu d’une longue légende ; en conséquence, on peut avancer
l’hypothèse d’une attribution à Théodore. Si ce n’était pas le cas, il s’agirait
d’un contemporain. Sa titulature est singulière, car sur l’une des faces de la
bulle, il décrit ses charges civiles et sur l’autre, ses fonctions militaires.
D’autres dignitaires ont combiné des fonctions civiles et militaires. Ainsi par
exemple, Basile Machètarios, vestès, juge et catépan de Mélitène et de
18
Lykandos , ou encore Nicéphore Mélissènos, magistre, vestarque, catépan et
juge de Chypre 19 . Ces fonctionnaires exerçaient toutefois leurs diverses
charges dans la même circonscription territoriale. Comme Théodore, s’il
s’agit bien de lui, Mélissènos était un officier de carrière cumulant
exceptionnellement une charge civile. La combinaison qui offre le cumul de
juge de Séleucie et de (grand éventuellement) curateur de Tarse est bien
attestée pour d’autres fonctionnaires20. Selon un ancien fichier de V. Laurent,
un sceau de l’American Numismatic Society (série Newell) fait connaître un
Michel Mar…, vestarque, juge de Séleucie et stratège d’Adana et Mopsueste,
mais aucune photo n’est gardée dans les archives du Père Laurent. Le nom de
famille ne peut donc être vérifié. La légende de cette bulle présente une
même combinaison de charges civiles et militaires dans la même région.
Théodore fut donc l’homme le plus puissant de la famille. Ses bulles
démontrent qu’il domina un temps la Cilicie, notamment grâce à la confiance
de l’empereur dont il se déclarait l’« homme ». Il faut essayer de restreindre
la fourchette chronologique, située entre les années 1060 et 1080, que
donnent ses bulles. Sa titulature comprend de nombreuses fonctions,
principalement militaires: stratège de Tarse, d’Anazarbe, d’Adana, de
Mamistra-Mopsueste.
Théodore a commandé à Tarse, principale forteresse de Cilicie,
capitale d’un ancien émirat. Paradoxalement, nous ne connaissons pas
beaucoup de stratèges de Tarse de la seconde moitié du XIe siècle. Seul
Apelgaripès du Vaspourakan est signalé comme « maître » de Tarse par

4. 53.5.
ͳͺDOSeals
19
Wassiliou-Seibt, ǹl.-K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡ੾ıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚț੺ ȝİ ĲȠȣȢ ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȠ઄Ȣ
ȜİȚĲȠȣȡȖȠ઄Ȣ ĲȘȢ Ȁ઄ʌȡȠȣ țĮĲ੺ ĲȘ ȝİıȠȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞ੾ ʌİȡ઀ȠįȠ țȣȡ઀ȦȢ ȕ੺ıİȚ ıĳȡĮȖȚıĲȚțઆȞ
įİįȠȝ੼ȞȦȞ, ȀȣʌȡȚĮțĮȚ ȈʌȠȣįĮȚ ȅī (2009), Leucosie, 2011, 86-87, no 6 et pl. 31, no 4.
20
Liste dans Cheynet – Theodoridis. Sceaux patronymiques, 12-13.
170
Matthieu d’Edesse, au plus tard vers 1078/107921. Un sceau récemment entré

dans la collection Yavuz Çç, illustré à l’effigie de saint Théodore, a été
gravé pour Apelgaripès Chasanios, qui se dit, entre autres fonctions, stratège
de Tarse22. Et un autre plomb du même Apelgaripès Chasanios, stratège de
Tarse, toujours à l’image de saint Théodore, lui donne le titre de proèdre, ce
qui suppose une présence prolongée à Tarse23. Deux types de sceaux frappés
par un Apnelgaripès contemporain, à l’effigie de saint Georges, lui donnent la
dignité de magistre, mais ne mentionnent aucune fonction officielle24 . Un
élément plaide pour ne faire qu’un des deux personnages dont les noms sont
des variantes de leur nom arménien d’origine. Deux autres caractéristiques
invitent cependant à les distinguer, d’une part la différence des motifs
iconographiques et d’autre part la précision Chasanès sur les bulles du
stratège de Tarse. Mais l’une et l’autre ne sont pas des preuves décisives.
Théodore était titré hypatos, dignité située au-dessus du
protospatharat et inférieure à celles de magistre et proèdre. Nous n’avons pas
de taktikon datant du XIe siècle qui éclairerait sur le rapport hiérarchique entre
hypatos et vestès, mais cette dernière dignité est assez souvent associée à
celles de patrice et de magistre, alors que la première est plutôt associée au
titre de protospathaire. Théodore Marchapsabos fut donc en poste avant
Apelgaripès qui exerça sa fonction à Tarse, si la chronologie de Matthieu
d’Edesse est fiable, sous le règne de Michel VII. Théodore aura pu servir
Romain IV Diogène qui avait nommé duc d’Antioche un autre membre de
l’élite locale, le magistre Pierre Libellisios25, mais cette hypothèse est moins
vraisemblable car Théodore, après 1078, ne semble pas avoir fait partie des
généraux recrutés sous les ordres de Philarète Brachamios, l’un des plus

ʹͳChronicle of Matthiew of Edessa. Translated from the Original Armenian
with a Commentary and Introduction by A. E. Dostourian, New York - Londres, 1993,

ɪ. 144.
22
Cheynet. Coll.TatÕú, no 3.48.
23
Ce plomb a été tout récemment présenté à la vente Naumann Numismatik 64 (1-
4-2018), dans le lot 845. Apelgaripès Chasanios, proèdre et stratège de Tarse et Sousounde.
Ce dernier toponyme, qui ne m’est pas connu, n’est pas cité dans la TIB 5 (Hellenkemper,
H. – F. Hild. Kilikien und Isaurien, Vienne, 1990).
24
Plusieurs exemplaires ont été publiés: premier type: Gray Birch, Catalogue, no
17687 (lecture erronéeȌǢ Cheynet. Collection TatÕúǡ no ͷǤ͸ͶǤ ǣ Zacos II, nos 362 a
et b; Cheynet, Vente Spink 132, no 117; Cheynet, J.-Cl., C. Morrisson, W. Seibt. Les
sceaux byzantins de la collection Henri Seyrig, Paris, 1991, no 40; Cheynet. Antioche et
Tarse, no 18; Metcalf, D. M. Byzantine Lead Seals from Cyprus, Nicosia, 2004, no 227. Les
exemplaires cités dans les trois dernières éditions suggèrent qu’Apnelgaripès, lui aussi, a
séjourné dans le sud-est anatolien.
25
Michaelis Attaliatae Historia, rec. E. Th. Tsolakis (CFHB. Series
Atheniensis 50), Athènes, 2011, 87. Il combinait l’éducation et la science romaines et sa race
saracène.
171
fidèles soutiens de Diogène. On ne peut cependant exclure qu’il ait été

nommé par Constantin X Doukas.
Nous connaissons mal le personnel ayant servi dans les derniers
thèmes d’Adana et Mopsueste, qui semblent avoir été unis sous l’autorité
d’un seul stratège au XIe siècle, puisque, au milieu de ce siècle, les deux
thèmes étaient placés ensemble sous les ordres de Théophylacte Sarônitès,
protospathaire et stratège d’Adana et Mamistra26. Un Arménien, Sympatios,
fut magistre et catépan de Mopsueste, sans doute peu avant ou peu après le
passage de Marchapsabos dans cette ville 27 . Un Théodore, fidèle de
l’archange Michel, fut protospathaire et stratège d’Adana à la même
époque28. On le distinguera donc de son homonyme chez les Marchapsaboi
pour des raisons de chronologie et d’iconographie.
Le thème de Mamistra pouvait se combiner avec d’autres thèmes
comme en témoigne la bulle de Georges – peut-être Mélias – protospathaire
et stratège de Mamistra, Anazarbe et Tzamandos29. De toutes ces forteresses,
Anazarbe est sûrement la plus importante car ce thème en Cilicie a fourni les
plus nombreuses bulles de stratège30: Théognoste, protospathaire impérial et
stratège d’Anazarbe31, Théodore, protospathaire, épi tou Chrysotriklinou et
stratège d’Anazarbe 32 , Jean Antiochitès, protospathaire, épi tou Chryso-
triklinou et stratège d’Anazarbe33, Théodore, patrice et stratège d’Anazarbe34,
Basile Trichinopodès, protospathaire, hypatos et stratège d’Anazarbe35.

26
Vente Munz Zentrum 156 (septembre 2010), no 919. La légende doit se
lire 9YEOFU|9LA9KT5ASP2 |9Y2R2=STR2T2G2|AD2NAS=MA|M2ST2TvSA|R29NIT2, comme l’a
conjecturé Werner Seibt [SBS 12, (2016), 183]. On notera l’omission de la plupart des
voyelles, sauf dans le nom.
27
Cheynet. Antioche et Tarse, no 55. La bulle est conservée au musée de Hatay.
28
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux byzantins de la collection Khoury, Revue numismatique
159, 2003, no 5.
29
Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de l’Empire byzantin, Paris 1884, p. 272. La
lecture est commentée dans Seibt, W. Die byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich,
vol. 1. Kaiserhof (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Byzantinistik 2/1), Vienne, 1978,
261.
30
La liste des stratèges ne s’est pas allongée depuis que je l’ai publiée, à l’exception
de notre Théodore (Cheynet J.-Cl. Sceaux de la collection Zacos (Bibliothèque nationale de
France) se rapportant aux provinces orientales de l’Empire byzantin, Paris, 2001, 16), mais
le nombre d’exemplaires découverts a augmenté.
31
Sceau IFEB 1127, inédit. Le prénom Théognoste, assez peu porté, évoque les
familles Bourtzès et Mélissènos, qui étaient liées par des mariages.
32
Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals, Compiled by J. W. Nesbitt, Berne, 1985, no 737
[aujourd’hui Zacos (BnF) 1754] et connu par deux autres exemplaires : BnF (Toul.) 71 ;
vente Naumann Numismatik 56 (6-8-2017), no 806. Au droit saint Théodore Stratèlatès en
pied, et non saint Nicétas comme dans l’édition du sceau.
33
Wassiliou Al.-K., W. Seibt. Die byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich, vol. 2.
Zentral und Provinzialverwaltung (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Byzantinistik
172
On peut donc construire le scénario suivant. Théodore Marchapsabos,

d’abord stratège de Tarse, abandonna son commandement, peut-être au profit
d’Apelgaripès, alors proèdre, qui commanda sous Michel VII. A Anazarbe,
Théodore fut le successeur ou le prédécesseur immédiat de Trichinopodès.
Théodore n’était pas, semble-t-il, sous les ordres de Philarète Brachamios
lorsque celui-ci tint la Cilicie vers 1078, après le départ d’Isaac Comnène,
duc d’Antioche. Les informations concernant les commandements militaires
dans le sud-est anatolien indiquent que les postes furent systématiquement
pourvus à partir du moment où la menace turque se fit sentir fortement dans
la région. A Edesse et Antioche, il n’y eut jamais de relâchement. Les
aristocrates locaux furent particulièrement sollicités à partir du règne de
Constantin X Doukas.
D’autres bulles au même nom de Théodore sont connues :

Théodore Marchapsabos, protoproèdre (fig. 14)36
Au droit, dans un cercle de perles, légende sur cinq lignes :

6Y6KEb2Y2|TvSvOI|KETHYE|vD9OR|-v-
Ĭ(İȠĲં)țİ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ Ƞੁț੼Ĳૉ ĬİȦįંȡ૳

Au revers, suite de la légende sur quatre autres lignes :
@|5APRO|EDRvTv|PARXA|CAbv
(ʌȡȦĲȠ)ʌȡȠ੼įȡ૳ Ĳ૶ ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ૳.
Dernier tiers du XIe siècle. On attribuera au stratège Théodore cette

bulle bilatérale, qui reprend l’expression assez rare « Ĳ૶ ı૶ Ƞੁț੼Ĳૉ »,
également gravée sur sa bulle de stratège d’Anazarbe. Théodore aura connu
une forte progression dans l’échelle hiérarchique entre vestès et protoproèdre,
peut-être au temps de Nicéphore III Botaneiatès, qui fut si généreux dans
l’octroi des promotions. L’absence de toute charge confirmerait l’hypothèse
d’une activité du stratège qui se placerait antérieurement à ce règne.

2/1), Vienne, 2004, no 300. Il existe un second exemplaire du plomb dans la collection
Zacos.
34
Musée d’Adana, inv. 1187, inédit (sceau bilatéral).
35
Dernière édition avec les références antérieures: Cheynet, J.-Cl., E. Erdogan, V.
Prigent. Les sceaux byzantins d’AdÕyaman (comme n. 4), ɪ. 110.
36
Le sceau est connu en deux exemplaires: coll. TatÕú, inv. 2895, éd. Cheynet.
Collection TatÕú, no 5.78; anc. coll. Utpadel (je remercie Werner Seibt de m’avoir fait
connaître cet exemplaire).
173
Théophylacte ou Théophile(?) Marchapsabos(fig. 15)37
Au droit, dans cercle de perles inséré entre deux lignes de fin grènetis,
Vierge en pied, debout sur un souppédion rectangulaire, portant sur le bras
droit l’Enfant dont on ne voit que les jambes. Dans le champ, subsiste le
sigle, 69Y59U
Au revers, légende accentuée sur six lignes dont la première a disparu
totalement:
.. ..|.. 9Y..|FUL29A...|MARX...|bvTv..|OIKE..
[ĬİȠĲંțİ ȕȠ੾șİȚ] Ĭ[İȠ]ĳ઄Ȝ(૳)[(ȝȠȞ)ĮȤ(૶)] ȂĮȡȤ[ĮȥĮ]ȕ૶ Ĳ૶ [ı૶]
Ƞੁț੼[Ĳૉ]
ou [ĬİȠĲંțİ ȕȠ੾șİȚ] Ĭ[İȠ]ĳȣȜ੺[țĲ૳] ȂĮȡȤ[ĮȥĮ]ȕ૶ Ĳ૶ [ı૶]
Ƞੁț੼[ĲૉȘ].
Seconde moitié du XIe siècle. La reconstruction du début de la légende
est conjecturale. La première hypothèse suppose que le signe placé en
décalage sur le Uest en fait une marque d’abréviation d’un mot de la ligne
supérieure. Le nom présumé pourrait être Théophylacte et il s’agirait d’un
nouveau membre de la lignée sur lequel nous n’avons pas d’information
puisque cette bulle ne donne ni titre, ni fonction. La seconde hypothèse
s’appuie sur la présence d’un accent sur le U et, semble-t-il, un signe
d’abréviation après le L, mais suppose pour le nom un ȣau lieu d’un Ț, ce qui
est tout à fait possible, mais singulier. Si cette hypothèse est juste, alors il
s’agit peut-être du sceau de moine de Théodore stratège d’Anazarbe, adepte
de la formule Ĳ૶ ı૶ Ƞੁț੼Ĳૉ.
38
Théodore Marchapsabos (fig. 16)
Au droit, buste de la Vierge, orante, le médaillon posé sur la poitrine.
De part et d’autre, les sigles,5 M - 6Y5U: Ȃ(੾ĲȘȡ) Ĭ(İȠ)૨.

GRAFA2|SFRAGI|z2MARXA|CAb2YE|ODO
īȡĮĳ੹(Ȣ) ıĳȡĮȖ઀ȗ(Ȧ) ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ(Ƞȣ) ĬİȠįં(ȡȠȣ).
Fin du XIe siècle. Selon W. Seibt et M.-L. Zarnitz 39 , cette bulle
pourrait être attribuée à un homonyme plus jeune que le signataire des sceaux

privée, venant de la vente aux enchères Ares no 3 (20 oct. 2019), no 870. La
͵͹Coll.
bulle est amputée de la partie supérieure du flan, ce qui a laissé hors champ le début de la
légende.
38
Cheynet – Theodoridis. Sceaux patronymiques, no 138. Un second exemplaire
est conservé au Barber Institute à Birmingham et un troisième a été proposé à la vente Münz
Zentrum 154 (janvier 2010) no 690 et le même, à nouveau, à la vente Kölner Münzkabinett
n° 111 (4-5-2019), no 390 et vente no 112 (19-10-2019), no 459. Publication sans image dans
Wassiliou-Seibt. Metrische Legenden I, no 441.
174
précédents, mais les éditeurs hésitent cependant à distinguer deux personnes,

puisque le sceau porte aussi l’effigie de la Vierge, quoique d’un type
différent. Notons que le prénom n’est pas assuré et qu’il pourrait être transcrit
ĬİȠįȠ(ı઀Ƞȣ), ce qui serait plus conforme à l’orthographe, mais ce nom est
rare au XIe siècle, sauf chez les moines, et il comprend une syllabe de plus.
Une autre bulle est bilatérale40,

Au droit, légende à prétention métrique, sur trois lignes :
-(-|+GRA|.9v9NS9FR2|@GIS@|-(-
+ īȡĮ[ĳ]૵Ȟ ıĳȡ(Į)Ȗ઀Ȣ
Au revers, suite de la légende sur trois autres lignes:

-(-|MARXA|9CabvY9E|ODvRv|-(-
ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ૳ ĬİȠįઆȡ૳.
Une nouvelle fois, il est impossible d’attribuer ce sceau à un Théodore
précis.
41
Théodore Marchapsabos (fig. 17)
Au droit, buste de la Vierge, orante, le médaillon posé sur la poitrine.
De part et d’autre, les sigles,5M – 5Y: Ȃ(੾ĲȘȡ) Ĭ(İȠ૨).
Au revers, légende métrique sur quatre lignes :
-+-|SFRAG2|9YEODv|.TwMAR|.A|C2b2
+Ȉĳȡ੺Ȗ(ȚıȝĮ) [Ĭ]İȠįં(ȡȠȣ) ĲȠ૨ ȂĮȡ[Ȥ]Įȥ(੺)ȕ(Ƞȣ)
Dernier tiers du XIe siècle. Il faut rétablir ıĳȡ੺Ȗ(ȚıȝĮ) pour avoir le
bon nombre de pieds. Il s’agit d’une bulle appartenant peut-être au même
sigillant que les précédentes.
42
Théodore Marchapsabos, ostiaire (fig. 18)
Au droit, saint Théodore en buste, armé de la lance et du bouclier. De
part et d’autre de l’effigie, inscription en colonne, .|Y.|9O - D|vR|O2: [੘
(ਚȖȚȠȢ)] Ĭ[İ]ંįȦȡȠ(Ȣ).
Au revers, légende sur quatre lignes:

39
Seibt – Zarnitz. Bleisiegel (comme note 1), ɪ.150.
40
Stavrakos, Ch. Die Byzantinischen Bleisiegel der Sammlung Savvas
Kophopoulos. Eine Siegelsammlung auf der Insel Lesbos. I (ǺȣȗȐȞĲȚȠȢ. Studies in Byzantine
History and Civilization 1), Turnhout, 2010, no 4.1.4. La collection comprend deux
exemplaires.
41
Vente Ares no 7 (21-2-2020) no 836.
42
Cheynet – Theodoridis. Sceaux patronymiques, no 137. La bulle n’est conservée
qu’en un seul exemplaire. J’avais hésité à lire ostiaire, mais Al. Wassiliou-Seibt, dans son
compte rendu concernant ce volume, considère aussi que c’est la bonne lecture [BZ 104/2,
(2011), 749].
175
+6K5Eb25Y2|YEDO5R9OQIA.|.MAX2CA|-b9v-
+Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) Ĭİ(Ƞ)įંȡ(૳) ੑıĲȚĮ[ȡ(઀૳) Ĳ૶] ȂĮ(ȡ)Ȥ(Į)ȥ੺ȕ૳.
Compte tenu de la qualité médiocre de la gravure, la datation est
délicate, mais on peut opter pour la seconde moitié du XIe siècle. Ce Théodore
serait contemporain du stratège homonyme, mais il en est distinct puisqu’il
s’est confié à la protection de saint Théodore. La dignité d’ostiaire, plus
rarement octroyée à cette date, semble-t-il, n’est sans doute plus réservée aux
eunuques, comme d’autres dignités qui leur étaient jadis exclusivement
affectées.
Les derniers Marchapsaboi

Ils vécurent dans le dernier quart du XIe siècle et au début du
e
XII siècle. Nous venons d’évoquer au moins un Théodore, mais deux
nouveaux prénoms apparaissent, ceux de Syméon et d’Elpidios.
Syméon Marchapsabos, protoproèdre (fig. 19)43

Au droit, saint Théodore en pied, tenant la lance et le bouclier.
-+-|SUMEvN|PRvTOPROE|DRvTvMA|RXACA|bv
+Ȉȣȝ੼ȦȞ ʌȡȦĲȠʌȡȠ੼įȡ૳ Ĳ૶ ȂĮȡȤĮȥ੺ȕ૳.
Dernier tiers du XIe siècle. La bulle est contemporaine de celle de
Théodore, protoproèdre. Un plomb conservé au musée d’Antioche, à l’effigie
de saint Théodore en pied, aurait peut-être appartenu à Syméon, mais tout le
début de la légende a été emporté44.
Elpidios Marchapsabos (fig. 20)45

Au droit, légende sur trois lignes:
EL|PIDH|@OS@
ਫȜʌ઀įȚȠȢ.
Au revers, suite de la légende sur trois autres lignes :
MAR|XACA|BON
ȂĮȡȤ੺ȥĮȕȠȞ.
e e
XI / XII siècle.
Après la mention d’Elpidios, les Marchapsaboi disparaissent des
sources.
En conclusion, les sceaux permettent de comprendre le rôle de cette

unique famille d’origine syriaque qui servit l’Empire, au plus haut niveau.

43
Cheynet, J.-Cl., C. Morrisson, W. Seibt. Seyrig (comme note 24), no 55. Le sceau,
acquis à Beyrouth, provenait de la région d’Antioche.
44
Cheynet. Antioche et Tarse, no 75.
45
Sceau inédit Fogg 1993.
176
Les Marchapsaboi ont tenu la Cilicie durant quelques années, au moment où

les raids turcs se faisaient pressants sur la frontière orientale. Ils furent de
bons représentants de cette aristocratie locale que les empereurs mirent à la
tête des provinces d’Orient, sans doute pour stimuler l’esprit de résistance des
autochtones. Bien que nous ne disposions, en effet, d’aucune source narrative
ou documentaire attestant leur enracinement provincial, plusieurs indices
pointent vers une origine cilicienne ou antiochienne des Marchapsaboi. Si le
motif de la Vierge est universel sur les bulles et celui de saint Théodore très
fréquent sur les sceaux des Orientaux, la dévotion envers saint Jean Prodrome
est particulièrement forte dans le sud-est anatolien46. D’autre part, si nous
ignorons le lieu de trouvaille des nombreux sceaux conservés dans les
collections privées ou passés dans les ventes aux enchères, leur répartition
dans les musées turcs provinciaux, qui recueillent presque exclusivement des
bulles trouvées dans leur circonscription, est éclairante. Trois sont conservées
au musée de Tarse, dont l’une provient de la région d’Antioche, une autre se
trouve au musée d’AdÕyaman. La bulle de la collection Seyrig vient aussi de
la région d’Antioche. Enfin, dernier et modeste indice, le nom d’Elpidios, qui
est assez peu fréquent, fut aussi porté au sein de la famille des Brachamioi47.
Un lien matrimonial fut-il établi ? Comme les Brachamioi, les Marchapsaboi,
en dépit de leur origine, étaient chalcédoniens, puisque l’un d’eux fut
syncelle. Une telle union n’est donc pas exclue, mais reste une simple
hypothèse. D’autre part, cet attachement à la Cilicie n’interdisait pas de forts
liens avec le centre de l’Empire puisque Théodore, stratège des villes
ciliciennes, revendiquait sa dépendance directe envers l’empereur 48 . Son
sceau illustre le mode de gouvernement impérial: s’appuyer autant que
possible sur les élites locales qui étaient récompensées par de glorieuses
dignités et plus concrètement par des charges lucratives.
LISTE DES PHOTOS
Fig. 1: Jean Marchapsabos, protospathaire (Theodoridis inv. 500; dia:

32)

46
Cheynet. Mélanges Ducellier (comme n. 2).
47
Cheynet, J.-Cl., J.-Fr. Vannier. Études prosopographiques (Byzantina
Sorbonensia 5), Paris, 1986, 59-60 et 63, repris dans Cheynet, J.-Cl. La société byzantine:
l’apport des sceaux (Bilans de recherche 3), Paris, 2008, 379-381 et 384-386. Skylitzès
rapporte que, lors des troubles à Antioche en 1034, le patrice Elpidios, l’un des plus brillants
notables de la ville, fut arrêté (Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum, rec. I. Thurn (CFHB.
Series Berolinensis 5), Berlin – New York, 1973, ɪ. 395). C’était peut-être un Brachamios.
48
La qualité de la gravure de plusieurs de ses bulles suggère qu’elles sont issues
d’ateliers de Constantinople.
177
Fig. 2: Jean Marchapsabos, protospathaire épi tou Chrysotriklinou

(Tatiš 2631 ; dia: 31)
(Musée Adiyaman ; dia: 29)
(Kofopoulos ; dia: 25)
(Kofopoulos ; dia: 21)
Fig. 6: Jean Marchapsabos, moine et syncelle (DO 58.106.447; dia:
21)
Fig. 7: Jean Marchapsabos, moine et syncelle (?) (DO 58.106.446;
dia: 28)
Fig. 8: Cyriaque Marchapsabos, protospathaire (Theodoridis inv.
1067 ; dia: 20)
Fig. 9: Cyriaque Marchapsabos, protospathaire (Zacos BnF 371; dia:
19)
Fig. 10: Théodore Marchapsabos, stratège (Tatish 2897; dia : 21)
Fig. 11: Théodore, stratège d'Anazarbe (Theodoridis934; dia : 19)
Fig. 12: Théodore Marchapsabos, stratège d’Anazarbe, homme du
basileus (Tatiš 1789; dia: 28)
Fig. 13: N. Marchapsabos, vestès, juge de Séleucie, curateur de Tarse,
stratège d’Adana et Mopsueste (ANS; dia : 30)
Fig. 14: Théodore Marchapsabos protoproèdre (Tatiš 2895; dia: 18)
Fig. 15: Théophilacte ou Théophile ( ?) Marchapsabos (coll. privée ;
dia.: 20)
Fig. 16: Théodore Marchapsabos (Birmingham 84; dia: 21)
Fig. 17: Théodore Marchapsabos (Vente Ares 7 ; dia.: 13,2)
Fig. 18: Théodore Marchapsabos, ostiaire (Theodoridis 1128; dia: 29)
Fig. 19: Syméon Marchapsabos, protoproèdre (Seyrig 55; dia: 24)
Fig. 20: Elpidios (Fogg 1993; dia: 17,5)
1 2
178
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
179
11 12
13 14
15 16
17 18
180
19 20
181
Viktor Chkhaidze and Andrey Vinogradov
THE SEAL OF KONSTANTINOS, THE SON OF THE

PROTOPROEDROS AND EXOUSIOKRATOR OF ALL ALANIA
(ABOUT 1065 – 1075)1
In 2015, during the excavations of the gate tower of Anakopia fortress

in Abkhazia a Byzantine molybdoboullon was discovered, with the
publication appearing soon afterwards2. However, a major error in the
reading and an incorrect interpretation of the historical context make
necessary a re-publication of the seal (Fig. 1); diameter – 27 mm, thickness –
approx. 4 mm, weight – 24,5 grams.
Obverse. Full figure of St. George, with a halo, beardless, with long
wavy hair. The saint is armed and cloaked, with a belt over his right shoulder;
in his right hand he is holding a spear, and his left hand is leaning on a shield
with a sharp elongated umbo. On the sides there is a columnar inscription:
vɠ+Oɠv} Ȫ +=ɠyɠ+Oɠv = ͟ Χ·΍ΓΖ ̆ΉЏΕ·΍Γ(Ζ) – Saint
George.
Reverse. A seven-line inscription in the rim:
ɪQ= ŏRɖJɖ | }/ýɖ | QɅɅdɅU | ýōwyɖ=/yɖ | ǀ=ný}ɖQy |
yɖw}HC | UNOɖ | ˌ ʕ ˌ = † ̍(ϾΕ΍)Ή Ά(Γφ)Ό(Ή΍) | ΘХ ΗХ
ΈΓϾ(ΏУ) | ̍ΝΑ(ΗΘ΅ΑΘϟΑУ) ΘХ Ι(ϡ)Х | ΘΓІ (ΔΕΝΘΓ)ΔΕ(Γ)νΈΕ(ΓΙ)
| (Ύ΅Ϡ) πΒΓΙΗ(΍Γ)ΎΕΣ- | ΘΝΕ(ΓΖ) ΔΣΗ΋Ζ | ̄Ώ΅Αϟ(΅Ζ) — † Lord,
help Your servant Konstantinos, the son of the protoproedros and
exousiokrator of all Alania.
The palaeography of the seal dates it to the 2nd half of the 11th
century. From 1033, due to a conflict over the Georgian throne, Anakopia
passed into the hands of the Empire and remained the centre of the theme of
“Soterioupolis and Anakopia”3, withstanding the Georgian siege in 1044 –
1
The results of the project Cultural Exchange and its paradigms in the Christian
East in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times carried out within the framework of the
Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics
(HSE) in 2019 are presented in this work. The authors are grateful to Maksim Korobov for
re-reading the English text.
2
Ⱥɪɝɭɧ, Ⱥ. Ƚ. ȼɢɫɥɚɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɛɚɲɧɢ Ⱥɧɚɤɨɩɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ. –
ȼ: VI «Ⱥɧɮɢɦɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ» ɩɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɹɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɟ.
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɞɚɪ, 2016. ɫ. 4–8. Ɋɢɫ. 2, 1.
3
Seibt, W., I. Jordanov. ̕ΘΕ΅Θ΋·òΖ ̕ΝΘ΋ΕΓΙΔòΏΉΝΖ Ύ΅Ϡ ̰Α΅ΎΓΙΔϟ΅Ζ. Ein
mittelbyzantinisches Kommando in Abchazien (11. Jahrhundert) – SBS, 9, 2006, 234–235.
182
Viktor CHKHAIDZE and Andrey VINOGRADOV. THE SEAL OF KONSTANTINOS, THE SON OF THE...
1045, until shortly after 1074 it was restored to the Georgian king Giorgi II
(1072 –1089)4. The appearance of an 11th-century Byzantine seal in
Anakopia should be linked to the period of the theme, because afterwards the
fortress lost its political importance and was not mentioned in the sources for
a long time.
In A. Argun’s publication, the word Ι(ϡ)Х “son” (dat.) is omitted, and
the seal is attributed to the exousiokrator of Alania named Konstantinos, that
caused an erroneous historical interpretation of the find by the publisher. Let
us turn to the persons named on the seal: “the protoproedros and
exousiokrator of all Alania” and his son Konstantinos.
Konstantinos of Alania. John Skylitzes mentions in 1045 the
commander of the Byzantine troops at Dvin, the magistros
Konstantinos Alanos 5; in 1047 he was the strategos of the troops stationed
in Iberia6. Apparently, this is the same proedros Konstantinos Alanos whose
name is engraved in a circular inscription († ̍(ϾΕ΍)Ή ΆΓφΌΉ΍
̍ΝΑΗΘ΅ΑΘϟΑУ ΔΕΓνΈΕУ ΘХ ̄Ώ΅ΑХ) on the bottom of the 11th c. silver
bowl from the treasure in Tatar Pazardzhik (Bulgaria) 7. A personal seal
of Konstantinos Alanos, without any title (from the 2nd half of the 11th
century), originates from the fortress of Petrich (modern Asenovgrad in
Bulgaria)8. Furthermore, in the Dumbarton Oaks collection there is another
personal seal of Konstantinos Alanos, without a title, and a seal of a proedros
from the family of Alanoi: both molybdoboulla are dated to the 2nd quarter of
the 11th century9.
4
The Georgian Chronicles of Kartlis Tskhovreba (A History of Georgia). Ed. by R.
Metreveli. Tbilisi, 2014. 154.29–35, 156.5–8, 163.29–30; Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ȼ., Ⱥ. ɘ,
ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. ɏɪɚɦɨɜɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ Ⱥɧɚɤɨɩɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ. – ȼ: ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ
Ⱥɛɯɚɡɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ VIII–XI ɜɟɤɨɜ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ Ⱥɧɚɤɨɩɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɉɛ., 2011, 82–84; Seibt, W. The Byzantine Thema of Soteriupolis–Anakopia in the 11th
century. – Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Scienes, 6, ʋ 2, 2012, 174–176.
5
Ioannis Scylitzae. Synopsis Historiarum. Editio Princeps. Rec. I. Thurn [Corpus
Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Vol. V]. Berlin, 1973. 437.37-38, 439.59; cf.: Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ.
ɇ. Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɇ., 2015, ɫ. 158.
6
Regesten der Kaiserurkunden Oströmisches Reiches von 563–1453. 2. Teil. Bearb.
von F. Dölger. 2 Aufl. München: C.H. Beck, 1995. ʋ 882.
7
Ballian, A., A. Drandaki. A Middle Byzantine silver treasure. – ̏ΓΙΗΉϟΓΙ
̏ΔΉΑΣΎ΋. ̖ϲΐ 3. ̄ΌφΑ΅, 2003. p. 65. Fig. 22.
8
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1–3, Sofia, 2003,
2006, 2009; Addenda et Corrigenda (2). – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ. ɑɚɫɬ 1. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2015, 261–262. ʋ 96 (1811ɚ). Ɉɛɪ. 96
9
Seibt, W. Metropoliten und Herrscher der Alanen auf byzantinischen Siegeln des
10.–12 Jahrhunderts. – ȼ: ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɸɛɢɥɟɸ ȼ.ɋ. ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɨɣ. ɋɉɛ., 2004, S. 56, notes 48–49; Jordanov, I.
183
If our seal belonged to this Konstantinos Alanos, then, judging by the

absence of any title, it should be dated to the early stage of his career, before
1045, but this is not likely for palaeographic and especially historical reasons
(see below). There is also a possibility that Alanos here is not an ethnic, but a
family name, because we know seals of many persons with this name:
̆Ε΋·ϱΕ΋ΓΖ ΙϡϱΖ ̇΅ΙϠΈ (ΘХ ̝Ώ΅ΑХ) – Gregorios Alanos, son of
David (10th century)10;
̕ΉΕ·ϟУ ΘΓІ ̝Ώ΅ΑΓІ – Sergios Alanos, protospatharios (1st half of
the 11 c.)11;
th
̐΍ΎνΘ΅Α ΘϲΑ ̝Ώ΅ΑϲΑ – Niketas Alanos (2nd half of the 11th c.)12;
̆Ε΍·ΓΕϟУ ΘХ ̝ΏΣΑХ – Gregorios Alanos (2nd half of the 11th c.),
whose cursus honorum was as follows: patrikios and strategos13, anthypatos
and katepano14, protoproedros and dux15;
̐΍Ύ΋ΚϱΕУ ΘХ ̝ΏΣΑХ – Nikephoros Alanos, vestarchos and
katepano of Cherson and Chazaria (2nd half of the 11th c.)16;
̎ΉΓΑΘϟУ ΘΓІ ̝Ώ΅ΑΓІ – Leontios Alanos, protospatharios and
hypatos (3rd quarter of the 11th c.)17;
̆ΉΝΕ·ϱΙУ ΘХ ̝Ώ΅ΑХ – Georgios Alanos (last quarter of the 11th
c.)18.
Although the above-mentioned Alanoi or their ancestors were, of
course, of Alanic origin, their large number makes it unlikely that they all
were the children of the Alanian exousiokrator. Therefore, the fact that the
Byzantine military commander Konstantinos Alanos and the son of the
exousiokrator of Alania have the same common name Konstantinos can be a
Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1 – 3, Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda
et Corrigenda (2), ɫ. 262.
10
Jordanov, I. Corpus Of Byzantine Seals From Bulgaria. Vol. 3. Sofia, 2009. pp.
602–603. ʋ 1811.
11
Campagnolo-Pothitou, M., J.-C. Cheynet. Sceaux de la collection George
Zacos au Musée d’art et d’histoire de Genève. Milan, 2016. p. 218. ʋ 193.
12
Jordanov. I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1–3; Addenda et
Corrigenda (2), ɫ. 262. ʋ 97 (1812ɜ). Ɉɛɪ. 97.
13
Jordanov, I. Corpus Of Byzantine Seals From Bulgaria. Vol. 2. Byzantine Seals
with Family Names. Sofia, 2006, pp. 46–47. ʋʋ 21–22.
14
Zacos, p. 102. ʋ 84.
15
Seibt, W. Metropoliten und Herrscher der Alanen, S. 56. Note 47.
16
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɧɤɨ, ɇ. Ⱥ., ɘ. Ⱥ. ɐɟɩɤɨɜ. Ʉɚɬɟɩɚɧɚɬ ɜ Ɍɚɜɪɢɤɟ: ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɟ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ. – ȼ: ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ, XVII, 2012, 8–10.
Ɋɢɫ. 1
17
Zacos, p. 214. ʋ 189.
18
Seibt, W. Metropoliten und Herrscher der Alanen, S. 56. Note 50.
184
coincidence. Also noteworthy is the fact that the latter bore not an Alanic, but
a Christian name: something which is also attested for two of the Alan
exousiokratores: David and Gabriel (see below). The fact that the owner of
the Greek seal is only called a son of the exousiokrator, without a Byzantine
title or rank of his own, shows that he was not in the service of the Empire,
like the Alanian exousiokratores themselves, and presented himself on the
molybdoboullon as a son and possibly an heir of an Alanian ruler
independent of the Byzantine Empire.
“Son of …”. An indication that the owner of the seal was a “son of
...” (ΙϡΓІ ΘΓІ ...; ΘХ ΙϡХ …) on the Byzantine seals is not very common;
however, it occurs, as in our case, in the abbreviated form without iota19.
There are also seals where the owners give no indication of their titles and
positions, but specify their family connections instead; most representative
are the seals of the Komnenoi family20. Particularly noteworthy is the seal of
Ioannes Komnenos, the son of the sebastokrator, dated to 1081–1091 and
originating from Simeiz in Crimea: ̍(ϾΕ΍)Ή ΆΓφΌ(Ή)΍ ΘХ ΗХ Έ(ΓϾ)ΏУ
͑Ν(ΣΑΑϙ) ̍ΓΐΑ΋ΑХ ΘХ Ι(ϡ)У ΘΓІ ΗΉΆ΅ΗΘΓΎΕΣΘΓΕΓΖ21; the owner of the
seal is Ioannes Komnenos (1073 – before 1136), a son of protoproedros and
later sebastokrator Isaak Komnenos and Irene of Alania (see below), and a
nephew of the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118)22.
The closest parallel to our molybdoboullon is the seal of Irene the
protoproedrissa, a daughter of the exousiokrator of Alania, found in Antioch
(̋(ΉΓΘϱ)ΎΉ Ά(Γφ)Ό(Ή΍) ΘϜ ΗϜ ΈΓϾΏϙ ̼ΕφΑϙ (ΔΕΝΘΓ)ΔΕΓΉΈΕϟ(Η)Ηθ, ΘϜ
ΌΙ·΅ΘΕϠ ΘΓІ πΒΓΙΗ΍ΓΎΕΣΘΓΕ(ΓΖ) ̝ΏΏ΅Αϟ΅Ζ). The seal is dated to
1072–1077, because during this time Irene’s husband Isaak Komnenos had
the title of protoproedros and was sent as dux to Antioch. Irene’s seal was
used for a joint letter (second imprint) together with the kouropalates
19
Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals. Vol. I. Basel, 1972, p. 1504. ʋ
2713; Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals. Vol. II. Berne, 1984, p. 442. ʋ 1002; Stavrakos,
Ch. Die byzantinische Bleisiegel mit Familiennamen aus der Sammlung des Numismatschen
Museums Athen. Wiesbaden, 2000, p. 405; Wassiliou, A-K., W. Seibt. Die byzantinische
Bleisiegel in Österreich. 2. Teil. Zentral- und Provinzialverwaltung. Wien, 2004, S. 98, ʋ
73; Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Corpus der byzantinischen Siegel mit metrischen Legenden. Teil
1. Einleitung, Siegellegenden von Alpha bis inclusive My. Wien, 2011, S. 614, ʋ 1462.
20
ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȼ. ɋ. Ɋɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɟɣ –
ȼ: ȂȅɋȋȅǺǿǹ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉ 60-ɥɟɬɢɸ Ȼ. Ʌ.
Ɏɨɧɤɢɱɚ. Ɇ, 2001, 474–478.
21
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɧɤɨ, ɇ. Ⱥ. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɚ ɂɨɚɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɫ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ
Ʉɪɵɦɚ: ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ. – ȼ: Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ɍɚɜɪɢɢ. Ɍɨɦ XVIII. ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ; Ʉɟɪɱɶ, 2013, 405–410. Ɋɢɫ. 1.
22
See: ǺĮȡȗȩȢ, Ȁ. ‫ ݠ‬ȖİȞİĮȜȠȖȓĮ ĲࠛȞ ȀȠȝȞȘȞࠛȞ. ȉȩȝȠȢ I-II. ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ, 1984. Ȉ.
68–71, 174–176.
185
Michael Taronites, the husband of her sister-in-law23. Nikephoros

Bryennios24 says that Irene was a daughter of the “archon of Alania” and a
cousin (πΒ΅ΈΉΏΚφ)25 of Maria of Alania26, the wife of Michael VII Dukas
(1071–1078)27 and Nikephoros III Botaniates (1078–1081)28, and a daughter
of Borena, who was a sister of the Alan ruler Dorgholel; hence, Irene must
have been a daughter of this “great king of the Ossetes”29 (or, less likely, of
23
Theodoridis, D. Ein byzantinisches Bleisiegel mit zwei Prägungen aud dem 11.
Jahrhundert – SBS, 2, 1990, 61–65; Cheynet, J.-C., D. Theodoridis. Sceaux byzantins de la
collection D. Theodoridis. Les sceaux patronymiques. Paris, 2010. pp. 210–211. ʋ 201;
ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȼ. ɋ. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɚɥɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɫɫɵ. – ȼ: Spiclegium Byzantino-Rossicum.
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɤ 80-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɱɥɟɧɚ-ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚ ɊȺɇ ɂ.ɉ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜɚ. Ɇ.; ɋɉɛ.,
2015, ɫ. 339, 342–343. ɂɥ. 2. In the collection of the Fogg Museum of Art, there is one more
seal, made by another pair of matrices, of Irene the protoproedrissa, the daughter of the
exousiokrator [of Alania] (McGeer, E., Nesbitt, J., N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of
Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art. Vol. 5. The East
(continued), Constantinople and Environs, Unknown Locations, Addenda, Uncertain
Readings. Washington, 2005, pp. 151–152. ʋ 116.1).
24
Nicéphore Bryennios. Histoire. Introduction, texte, traduction et notes par P.
Gautier [Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Vol. IX]. Bruxelles: Byzantion, 1975. 143.9–
12, 183.5–14.
25
Irene cannot be her niece (this is another meaning of the word πΒ΅ΈΉΏΚφ),
because Maria’s brother and Bagrat’s son could hardly have become a ruler of the Alans.
Even less probable is such a title for the Georgian king Giorgi II (countrary to
Prosopography of the Byzantine world, Georgios 63); against this assumption speaks also the
marriages of Irene and Maria that took place in the same year. It is also unclear on what basis
W. Seibt (Seibt, W. Metropoliten und Herrscher der Alanen, S. 54) identifies her with the
Alan sebaste, the mistress of Ȁonstantinos IX Monomachos (1042 – 1055) (on her see:
Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ. Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɇ., 2015, 149–153), because seventeen years passed between the latter’s
death and 1072; according to the chronology she is more likely to be a daughter of the
exousiokrator Gabriel.
26
Her seal, dated to 1071 – 1081, is known: ̏΅Εϟ΅ ΉЁΗΉ[Ά΅ΗΘΣΘ΋ ΅Ё·ΓϾΗΘ΅]
(Seibt, W. Zukunftsperspektiven der byzantinischen Siegelkunde – Auf welchen Gebieten
sind die bedeutendsten Wissenszuwächse zu erwarten? // ̀ΔΉ΍ΕϱΑΈΉ. Proceedings of the
10th International Symposium of Byzantine Sigillography (Ioannina, 1.–3. October 2009).
Ioannia, 2011. S. 30. Abb. 8).
27
Their joint seal, dated to 1071–1078, is known (Cheynet, J.-C., T. GökyÕldÕrim,
V. Bulgurlu. Les sceaux byzantins du Musée Archéologique d’Istanbul. østanbul, 2012, 64–
65. ʋ 1.39).
28
On her see: ɇɨɞɢɹ, ɂ. Ɇ. Ƚɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɟ Ɇɚɪɮɟ–Ɇɚɪɢɢ. – ȼ: ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɬɸɞɵ. Ɍɛɢɥɢɫɢ, 1978, 146–
155; ɐɭɥɚɹ, Ƚ. ȼ. Ⱥɛɯɚɡɢɹ ɢ ɚɛɯɚɡɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ. (Ⱦɨɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ). Ɇ., 1995, 129–130; Garland, L., S. Ripp. Mary of “Alania”: woman and empress
between two worlds. – In: Byzantine women: varieties of experience 800 – 1200. London,
2006, pp. 91–124.
29
The Georgian Chronicles of Kartlis Tskhovreba (A History of Georgia), 154.27–
28, 161.37–40.
186
his brother, also a ruler of the Alans)30.

Despite all the similarities of the two seals, up to the pair of titles
“protoproedros and exousiokrator”, we should note one important difference:
if Irene is called a “daughter of the exousiokrator of Alania”, Konstantinos is
referred to as a “son of the protoproedros and exousiokrator of all Alania”,
i.e. their anonymous father (or fathers) had different titles, both Byzantine
and “Alanian”. This observation suggests that either we are dealing here with
two different exousiokratores of Alania, or on Irene's seal the first title was
omitted due to its status (but not date, see below) or lack of space (see also
below).
Exousiokrator of Alania. Exousiokrator is an extraordinary but
persistent Byzantine title of Alanian rulers from the mid-10th to the mid-12th
c., introduced around 950 and first mentioned by Konstantinos
Porphyrogenites31.
David, the exousiokrator of Alania, and Maria the exoussiokratissa
are known from the building inscription of 965 in Senty church in Karachay-
Cherkessia (̇΅(ΙϠ)Έ πΒΓΙΗ΋ΝΎΕΣΘΓΕ(ΓΖ) ̝Ώ΅Αϟ΅Ζ Ύ(΅Ϡ) ̏΅Εϟ΅Ζ
πΒΓΙΗ΋ΝΎΕ΅ΘΓΕϟΗΗ΋Ζ). Both, being apparently a married couple, do not
occur in other sources32.
Long known is the seal of Gabriel, the exousiokrator of Alania, dated
to 1030–1045 († ̆΅ΆΕ΍χΏ πΒΓΙΗ΍ΓΎΕΣΘΓΕ(ΓΖ) ̝Ώ΅Αϟ΅Ζ)33. As the
dating of the seal suggests, Gabriel was a predecessor (father?) of the above
mentioned Dorgholel34.
30
Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ȼ., Ⱥ. ɘ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɵɡ ɢ ɋɟɧɬɵ – ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɟ
ɯɪɚɦɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɥɚɧɢɢ ɢ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ. Ɇ., 2011, ɫ. 56;
cf.: Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ. Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɫ. 82.
31
Konstantinos Porphyrogenitus. De administrando imperio. Ed. G. Moravcsik.
2nd edn. [Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Vol. I = Dumbarton Oaks Texts. Vol. 1].
Washington (D.C.), 1967. 10, 11; Konstantinos VII Porphyrogenete. Le Livre des
ceremonies. (Ch. 1–92). Edited A Vogt. Tome 1–2. Paris, 1935–1939. 48; Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɬɭɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ Ⱥɥɚɧɢɢ. – ȼ: ɋɥɚɜɹɧɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɢ. ɂɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɍɟɡɢɫɵ XIV
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɇ., 1995, 19–20.
32
Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ȼ., Ⱥ. ɘ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɵɡ ɢ ɋɟɧɬɵ, ɫ. 44, 241–
245.
33
Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de l’Empire Byzantin. Paris., 1884, pp. 429–
431; Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ, ɇ. ɉ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɬɚɥɨ-ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɤɨɧɨɩɢɫɢ.
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Ȼɨɝɨɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɬɚɥɨ-ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɤɨɧɨɩɢɫɰɟɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢɤɨɧ. ɋɉɛ., 1911, ɫ. 77. Ɋɢɫ. 162;
Seibt, W. Metropoliten und Herrscher der Alanen, S. 54, Abb. 3; ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȼ. ɋ.
ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɚɥɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɫɫɵ. – ȼ: Spiclegium Byzantino-Rossicum. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɤ 80-
ɥɟɬɢɸ ɱɥɟɧɚ-ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚ ɊȺɇ ɂ. ɉ. Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜɚ. Ɇ.; ɋɉɛ., 2015, 339–340. ɂɥ. 3.
34
Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ, Ⱦ.ȼ., Ⱥ. ɘ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɵɡ ɢ ɋɟɧɬɵ, 54–55.
187
The Alanian exousiokrator Rosmikes (̝Ώ΅ΑϲΖ ͦΝΗΐϟΎ΋Ζ … ΘϲΑ

πΒΓΙΗ΍ΓΎΕΣΘΓΕ΅ ͦΝΗΐϟΎ΋Α) is mentioned by Anna Komnina under
1107/8, when he, as an ally of the Emperor, participated in battles against the
Normans in Epirus35. We know Rosmikes’ seal (of the early 12th c.), where
he prefers to call himself with the high Byzantine title of sebastos († ̍(ϾΕ΍)Ή
Ά(Γφ)Ό(Ή΍) ΘХ ΗХ Έ(ΓϾΏУ) ΗΉΆ΅ΗΘ(Х) ϳ ͦΓΗΐϟΎ΋(Ζ))36. Probably,
Rosmikes’ Christian name was Andreas: on the obverse of the seal an image
of the Apostle Andrew was placed37.
The last mention of the title exousiokrator occurs on the mid-12th c.
seal of Ioannes Chotesitanes, the exousiokrator of Alania (͑Ν(ΣΑΑϙ)
πΒΓΙΗ΍ΓΎΕΣΘΓΕ΍ ̝Ώ΅Αϟ΅Ζ ΘХ ̙ΓΘΉΗ΍ΘΣΑϙ)38. This person can be
identified with Khuddan (Khudadan), the king of the Ossetes, mentioned
under 1153/439, whose daughter Burdukhan (died in 1172) was married to the
Georgian king Giorgi III (1156–1184)40.
̓ΣΗ΋Ζ. An analysis of the use of ΔκΗ΅ (gen. ΔΣΗ΋Ζ) before
toponyms on Byzantine seals shows that throughout the late 10th – the first
half of the 12th c. in the Empire there was a considerable variance in the
designation of territories and regions on the seals of their rulers. On the one
hand, the addition of ΔΣΗ΋Ζ before “West” (ψ ̇ϾΗ΍Ζ), “East” (ψ
̝Α΅ΘΓΏφ) (or both of them – ΔΣΗ΋Ζ ̄Α΅ΘΓΏ΍ΎЗΑ Ύ΅Ϡ ̇ϾΗΉΝΖ), Asia
(ΔΣΗ΋Ζ ̄Ηϟ΅Ζ), Bulgaria (ΔΣΗ΋Ζ ̅ΓΙΏ·΅Εϟ΅Ζ) and Chazaria (ΔΣΗ΋Ζ
̙΅Ί΅Εϟ΅Ζ) was linked to some extraordinary events in these territories that
required not only the appointment of energetic functionaries there, but also
the expansion of their powers, putting all the relevant themes under their
control with the extensive involvement of administrative and military
resources41.
35
Annae Comnenae. Alexias. Editio Princeps. Recensuerunt D.R. Reinch et A.
Kambylis [Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Vol. XL]. Berlin, 2001. 400.41, 53.
36
Seibt, W. Die byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich. 1. Teil. Kaiserhof. Wien,
1978. S. 311–312. ʋ 170; Idem. Metropoliten und Herrscher der Alanen, S. 54–55. Abb. 4;
Seibt, W., M.-L. Zarnitz. Das byzantinischen Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk. Katalog zur
Ausstelung. Wien, 1997. S. 133–135. ʋ 3.2.11.
37
Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ȼ., Ⱥ. ɘ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɵɡ ɢ ɋɟɧɬɵ, 56–57;
Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ. Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɫ. 77.
38
Seibt, W. Metropoliten und Herrscher der Alanen, S. 55, Abb. 5.
39
The Georgian Chronicles of Kartlis Tskhovreba (A History of Georgia), 228.22–
23.
40
Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ȼ., Ⱥ. ɘ ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɵɡ ɢ ɋɟɧɬɵ, 59–60;
Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ. Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɫ. 145.
41
ɑɯɚɢɞɡɟ, ȼ. ɇ. «ɏɚɡɚɪɢɹ» XI ɜɟɤɚ: ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɨɜ). Ɇ., 2016, 17–20.
188
On the other hand, outside the Empire the use of this epithet may
vary. So, the Metropolitan title ΔΣΗ΋Ζ ̒Ё··ΕΓΆΏ΅Λϟ΅Ζ42 simply points to
the power of its bearer over the entire newly established Ugrovalachian
Metropolitan see. On the contrary, the title ΔΣΗ΋Ζ ͦΝΗϟ΅Ζ appears on the
seal of the Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich probably after the collapse of the
“triumvirate of Yaroslav’s sons” and consolidation of his power in Kiev in
107643, and on the seals of the Metropolitans of Kiev from Konstantinos II
(1167–1169), who finally resolved the split of the Russian Church provoked
by the “non-canonical” election of Klim Smolyatich44. In this context, we
should assume that the title of “the exousiokrator of all Alania” indicates a
previous division of Alania at least in two parts, which is indeed visible in
the 12th c.45. The problem, however, is that both before and after the 2nd half
of the 11th c., to which the seal from Anakopia belongs, all Alanian rulers
were titled in their inscriptions and on their seals (until the mid-12th c.)
simply “the exousiokrator of Alania”, without adding the word “all”: David
and Gabriel before it, Rosmikes and Ioannes Chotesitanes after it, and Irene's
father during the same time.
This situation is complicated by two more circumstances. Firstly, in
the acts of the Council of Constantinople of 1347 there is such a signature of
the Metropolitan of Alania: ͟ Θ΅ΔΉ΍ΑϲΖ ΐ΋ΘΕΓΔΓΏϟΘ΋Ζ ΔΣΗ΋Ζ ̝Ώ΅Αϟ΅Ζ
Ύ΅Ϡ ̕ΝΘ΋Ε΍ΓΙΔϱΏΉΝΖ Ύ΅Ϡ ЀΔνΕΘ΍ΐΓΖ ̎΅ΙΕνΑΘ΍ΓΖ “The humble
Metropolitan of all Alania and Soterioupolis and hypertimos Laurentios”46.
42
Das Register des Patriarchats von Konstantinopel. 3. Teil. Edition und
Übersetzung der Urkunden aus den Jahren 1350–1363. Hrsg. von J. Koder, M. Hiterberger,
O. Kresten [Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Vol. XIX/3]. Wien: Österreichische
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2001. 414.59, 416.80.
43
Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals. Vol. I. Basel, 1972, p. 1474. ʋ
2694; Nesbitt, J., N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and
in the Fogg Museum of Art. Vol. 1. Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea.
Washington, 1991, p. 192. ʋ 85.1; əɧɢɧ, ȼ. Ʌ., ɉ. Ƚ. Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɨɜ. Ⱥɤɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ
Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ X – XV ɜɜ. Ɍɨɦ III. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ, ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 1970 – 1996 ɝɝ. Ɇ.,
1998, 20–21, 114. ʋ 22ɚ.
44
Laurent, V. Le Corpus des sceaux de l’Empire Byzantin. Tome V: Lǯéglise. Paris,
1963, 606–607. ʋ 790; əɧɢɧ, ȼ. Ʌ. Ⱥɤɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ X–XV ɜɜ. Ɍɨɦ I.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɏ – ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIII ɜ. Ɇ., 1970, 49–52, 175–176. ʋ 51.1-3; əɧɢɧ, ȼ. Ʌ., ɉ. Ƚ.
Ƚɚɣɞɭɤɨɜ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɫɥɵɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 2000 ɝ. – ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ
ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. 15, 2001, ɫ. 182, ʋ 51.4; Idem.
Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɫɥɵɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 2002 ɝ. – ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ
ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. 17, 2003, ɫ. 354. ʋ 51.5; cf.: Ʉɭɩɪɚɧɢɫ, Ⱥ.
Ⱥ. Ⱦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɨɜ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ (ɞɨɦɨɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ) –
ɐɟɪɤɨɜɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. 4, 1998, ɫ. 155.
45
Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ȼ., Ⱥ. ɘ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɵɡ ɢ ɋɟɧɬɵ, 58–62.
46
Das Register des Patriarchats von Konstantinopel. 2. Teil. Edition und
Übersetzung der Urkunden aus den Jahren 1337–1350. Hrsg. von H. Hunger, O. Kresten, E.
189
However, a continuity from the secular title of the 11th c. is highly doubtful
here; rather than that, the reason for the appearance of a similar titling was
the separation of the Metropolitan see of Kaukasia in 1317, which could be
reattached back exactly in 134747, for in other contemporary acts only “the
Metropolitan of Alania” is mentioned.
Secondly, in the list of the Metropolitans of Bulgaria the mother of
Ioannes-Adrianos Komnenos, the above mentioned Irene, is called ĲોȢ
ΌΙ·΅ΘΕϲΖ ΘΓІ Δ΅ΑΉΙ·ΉΑΉΗΘΣΘΓΙ πΒΓΙΗ΍ΓΎΕΣΘΓΕΓΖ ΔΣΗ΋Ζ ̝Ώ΅Αϟ΅Ζ
“daughter of the most noble exousiokrator of all Alania”48. This unique
naming shows that Irene and Konstantinos were children of the same
exousiokrator of Alania, and the word “all” was omitted on her seal of 1072–
1077 due to some reasons (probably because it was not relevant outside the
Caucasian context). M.V. Bibikov49 believes that in this title “Alania is
represented as a large state entity, perhaps even a political union of various
social units”. S.N. Malakhov50, on the contrary, interprets it in the sense of
the full power of the exousiokrator, but for some reason presupposes the
influence of the church title on the secular, although the first one, as we have
seen, appears only in 134751.
It is important that the unique title of “the exousiokrator of all Alania”
is applied, even twice, only to Dorgholel, and therefore cannot be a
coincidence; it is obvious that he did actually use it. We can only guess what
exactly made Dorgholel accept this title abandoned very soon afterwards
(already in Rosmikes’ time). In any case, through this title Dorgholel and,
after him, Konstantinos were emphasizing the high status of the Alan
exousiokrator and his actual (in the case of Konstantinos – would-be) power
over all Alania complementing it with a high Byzantine title of
protoproedros.
Protoproedros. The title of protoproedros appears in the late 50’s –
early 60’s of the 11th c., and up to the 80’s of that century retains the status of
Kislinger, C. Cupane [Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Vol. XIX/2]. Wien:

Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1995. 382.432–433; Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɧ [Ʉɚɩɭɫɬɢɧ],
ɚɪɯɢɦ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɬɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ
ɧɨɜɨɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ – ɁɈɈɂȾ, VI, 1867, ɫ. 472; cf. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ. ȼ. Ⱥ. Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɚɥɚɧ. ȼɥɚɞɢɤɚɜɤɚɡ, 1992, ɫ. 117.
47
Ʉɚɲɬɚɧɨɜ, Ⱦ. ȼ. Ʉɚɜɤɚɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɹ. – ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ.
Ɍ. 29. Ɇ., 2012, 67–68.
48
Stiernon, L. Notes de titulature et de prosopographie byzantines: Adrien (Jean) et
Constintin Comnène, sébastes – REB, 21, 1963, p. 180.
49
Ȼɢɛɢɤɨɜ, Ɇ. ȼ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ – Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. 1980 ɝɨɞ. Ɇ., 1981, ɫ. 144.
50
Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ. Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, 83–84.
51
Cf.: Seibt, W. Metropoliten und Herrscher der Alanen, 51–54.
190
a very high honorary title, which was assigned to a small number of persons,
mostly close relatives of the emperor, as well as the most high-ranking
dignitaries of the Empire. From the 1080’s, due to Alexios’ reform of the
Byzantine rank hierarchy, the title of protoproedros was gradually
devalued52.
The combination of a Byzantine honorary title with a designation of a
foreign ruler (protoproedros and exousiokrator) on the seal from Anakopia
can be compared with the late 11th century molybdoboullon of Konstantinos,
the protosebastos and exousiastes of Diokleia and Serbia53.
Conclusions. According to palaeography, the seal is to be dated to the
2nd half of the 11th c., but the historical context of its appearance in Anakopia
(the period of the theme) allows us to narrow this dating to the third quarter
of the 11th century. Moreover, the appearance of the title of protoproedros
only in the late 1050’s and its subsequent award to a foreign ruler narrow the
date of the seal to between 1065–1075. Considering the close political and
dynastic ties of the Alanian exousiokratores with both Byzantium and
Georgia, the seal of the son of “the exousiokrator of all Alania” in Anakopia
of 1065–1075 can be cautiously linked to the Byzantine-Georgian conflict
over this city: it may be traced back either to negotiations on returning to the
Georgian king the fortress blocked by him, which the Byzantines found
difficult to hold, especially after catastrophic defeat at Manzikert in 1071 and
the loss of a large part of Asia Minor, or to a desperate attempt of the Empire
to preserve, with the help of the Alans, its key outpost in the Eastern Pontic
region. However, the first option seems to be more plausible due to the
person of this “exousiokrator of all Alania”.
Formally, Konstantinos’ father could be either of the two known
Alanian exousiokratores of the 11th century: Gabriel (mentioned in the 30’s –
early 40’s) and Dorgholel (mentioned in 1068), but the narrow chronology of
the seal speaks rather in favour of the second option, at the same time
excluding the possibility of identifying this Konstantinos with Konstantinos
Alanos (mentioned in 1045–1047). In this case, this Konstantinos probably
appears to be a brother of Irene, the wife of the protoproedros Isaak
Komnenos, and the award of the same high title to his father in 1065–1075
(cf. a similar award of the higher title of sebastos to the Georgian king Bagrat
IV in 1060), turns out to be connected with a certain Byzantine-Alan alliance.
The fruits of this union were obviously the marriage of the Alan
exousiokrator’s daughter Irene with Isaak Komnenos in 1072 and the
participation of 6,000 Alanian horsemen in suppressing the Roussel de
52
Ʉɴɧɟɜ, ɇ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɢɢ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2013, 169–199.
53
Cheynet, J.-C. La Place de la Serbie dans la Diplomatie Byzantine à la fin du XIe
siècle – ɁɊȼɂ, XLV, 2008, 90–96; Cheynet, J.-C., T. GökyÕldÕrim, V. Bulgurlu. Les
sceaux byzantins du Musée Archéologique d’Istanbul. østanbul, 2012, 292–293, ʋ 3.54.
191
Bailleul’s revolt in 1073–107454. The concentration of these events around

1072 may indicate their connection with the accession of Giorgi II in the
same year and of Michael VII a year before, that led to the resumption of the
Byzantine-Georgian alliance too, supported by rewarding the title of
nobelissimos to the new Georgian king55, realisation of the long-conceived
dynastic marriage of his sister with the new Byzantine Emperor56 and
possible returning of Anakopia to the Georgian king few years later.
The unique title of the “exousiokrator of all Alania” mentioned on the
seal and in the list of the Metropolitans of Bulgaria does not have an
unambiguous interpretation. On the one hand, it can emphasize the struggle
of the Alanian exousiokrator against centrifugal tendencies in his state,
realized in the 12th c. and probably manifested as early as the 11th c. On the
other hand, the complete disappearance of this important title after the time of
the seal speaks rather in favour of considering it not so much as a stable unit
in the titles of the Alan exousiokratores, but as a one-time, situational
invention of Dorgholel (like the title of the Metropolitan Laurentios in 1347),
designed to emphasize the status of himself (and – on the seal from Anakopia
– of his son), along with the high Byzantine title of protoproedros (as the title
of sebastos on the seal of his successor Rosmikes)57.
Fig. 1. The seal of Konstantinos, the son of the protoproedros and

exousiokrator of all Alania (about 1065–1075). Museum of the Abkhazian
Kingdom, New Athos (2015).
54
Ȼɟɥɟɰɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ȼ., Ⱥ. ɘ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ Ⱥɪɯɵɡ ɢ ɋɟɧɬɵ, 54–55;
Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ. Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɫ. 93, 161.
55
Ʉɚɩɚɧɚɞɡɟ, Ⱦ. Ƚ. Ƚɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ. Ɇ., 1955, ɫ. 56. Ɍɚɛɥ. III, 45.
56
Seibt, W. Byzantine Imperialism against Georgia in the later 10th and 11th
centuries? – Georgian Diplomacy, 16, 2013, 112–113.
57
After the preparation of this work for print, a new article by S.N. Malakhov was
published (Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ. ɇ. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɪɨɟɞɪɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɭɫɢɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɫɟɣ Ⱥɥɚɧɢɢ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ. – ȼ: Ⱥɥɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ: ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ VI ɋɜɹɬɨ-Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɱɬɟɧɢɣ «ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟ. ɗɬɧɨɫ.
Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ». ȼɥɚɞɢɤɚɜɤɚɡ, 2017, 103–113). The researcher comes to similar conclusions
about the date of the seal (1068–1078), the non-identity of its owner with Konstantinos
Alanos and the meaning of the title “of all Alania”. However, following the editio princeps –
as earlier in the case of the seal of the bishop Theodoros “from Alania” (see: Ɇɚɥɚɯɨɜ, ɋ.
ɇ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɚ ɢɡ Ⱥɥɚɧɢɢ. – ȼ: ̖̖̔̄̊̆̒̕̕. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɜ
ɱɟɫɬɶ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɢɱɚ Ʉɭɱɦɵ. Ⱥɪɦɚɜɢɪ, 2008, 187–190) — he erroneously refers
the name of Konstantinos to the protoproedros and exousiokrator of all Alania himself, and
not to his son, that completely disavows his historical conclusions about the place of this
exousiokrator among the rulers of Alania.
192
193
Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪ ȼɟɥɤɨɜ
ɄɔɋɇɈȺɇɌɂɑɇɂ ɂ ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂ ɆɈɇȿɌɂ ɈɌ

ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂə ȽɊȺȾ ȼȿɊȾɂɐȺ (ɌȼɔɊȾɂɐȺ) ɂ
ɇȿȽɈȼȺɌȺ ɈɄɈɅɇɈɋɌ
Krasimir Velkov
LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL COINS FROM THE MEDIEVAL

TOWN OF VERDITSA /TVARDICA/ AND THE SURROUNDING
AREA
In this publication are presented late antique and medieval coins, found in the
fortress Verditsa-Tvardica and the surrounding area. The fortress is situated 1.5 km north-
east of the contemporary town of Tvarditsa, close to the south exit of the Tvarditsa – Elena
passage. This is one of the shortest ways between the medieval Bulgarian capital Tarnovo
and Constantinople.
The coins date back to the end of IV and beginning of VII century. They belong to
the rule of emperor Arcadius (383-408 AD) and the emperor Focas (602-610). The coin
circulation of the fortress resumed during the rule of Comnenus. The evidence is the
treasures with bilon coins of the emperors Manuel I Comneus and Alexius III Angelus
Comnenus ,found within the fortress, as well as the second in size with golden coins of
today’s Bulgarian territory from the times of Comnenus. The treasure is kept in the museum
of the town of Sliven. The number of the Bulgarian and Latin imitations, cut and serrated,
found during the research in the period 2013-2015. They represent over 80 % of the
medieval coins that have been found so far.
During the research 2013-2015 were found coins of Bulgarian rulers. In a
chronological order the coins belong to: tsar Constantine Asen (1257-1277)-one; tsar Ivan
Alexander and Mihail Asen (1355-1360)-one; three copper coins of tsar Ivan Shishman
(1371-1393). One mangar, from the rule of sultan Murad (1359-1389) was found, as well.
Despite the limited territory of the research within the frame of the fortress an
intensive lifestyle in XIII century was discovered. Judging by the observations and the coins
from XIV the medieval town, we can assume that the medieval town kept its presence, not
with the intensity during XIII, though.
Ƚɪɚɞ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȿɥɟɧɨ-Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɲ-

ɤɢɹ ɞɹɥ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ, ɞɨ ɢɡɥɚɡɚ ɧɚ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɲɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ.
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ 1,5 ɤɦ ɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ,
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ƚɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ.
Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɦ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ ɡɚɟɦɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɨɬ ɪɢɞɚ
Ʉɭɬɪɚ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɭɯɨɡɟɦɧɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ ɫ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɢɞ ɧɚ
ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɤ. Ɉɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ – ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɡɚɩɚɞ ɢ ɸɝ, ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ
ɡɚɝɪɚɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɪ. Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɲɤɚ. ɋɤɥɨɧɨɜɟɬɟ, ɫɩɭɳɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɤɴɦ ɪɟɤɚɬɚ, ɫɚ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɫɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɴɩɧɚ.
194
Красимир ВЕЛКОВ. КЪСНОАНТИЧНИ И СРЕДНОВЕКОВНИ МОНЕТИ ОТ СРЕДНОВЕКОВНИЯ ГРАД ...
Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ. Ɂɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ȼɟɪɞɢɰɚ

ɩɢɲɟ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ɏɢɥ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɟɢɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɠɞɚɧɢ ɨɬ
ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ƚɥɚɜɚ Ɍɚɪɯɚɧɢɨɬ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɜɴɫɬɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɣɥɨ
ɩɪɟɡ 1278 ɝ.1
ɉɪɨɮ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɂɪɟɱɟɤ2 ɢ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼ. Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ3 ɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ, ɱɟ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ɏɢɥ ȼɟɪɞɢɰɚ ɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɢ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ
ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɬ. ɧ. ɫ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫ ɉɨɩɨɜ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ 70-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜ. ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɛɯɨɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɞɟɡɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɫɧɟɦɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɢɬɟ
ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭɦ ɜ ɋɬɚɪɚ
Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ4. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫ ɉɨɩɨɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɨɞɜɚ ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɢɦ. Ⱦɚɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ
ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ. ɉɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ (ɏI-ɏIV ɜ.)5.
ɇɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɢɲɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ VI ɜ. ɢ
ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɜ ɝɥɢɧɟɧ ɫɴɞ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1143-1180), ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ III (1195-1203) ɢ ɞɜɟ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ I Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1081-1118), ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜ ɦɭɡɟɹ
ɜ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ6.
ɉɪɟɡ 1959 ɝ. ɧɚ 20 ɦ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ, ɢɡɜɴɧ ɭɤɪɟɩɟɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɫɚ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɏI-ɏII ɜ.7
Ɂɚ ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢ.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɮɚɤɬ ɟɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɏɏI ɜɟɤ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɜɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɩɨɜɨɞɴɬ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɚɬ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ
ɫɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ8. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɫ
1
Ʌɨɩɚɪɟɜ, ɏɪ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɷɬ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ɏɢɥ. Ʉ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɏIII –
ɏIV ɜɟɤɟ. ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 1891, ɫ. 52.
2
ɂɪɟɱɟɤ, Ʉ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɭ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ɏɢɥ. – ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ,
1898, ɤɧ. 55-56, 259.
3
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ. Ɍ.
ȱȱȱ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1940, ɫ. 563.
4
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɞɴɥɠɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɚɬɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ əɧɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɝɪ. ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ.
ɉɨɥɡɜɚɦ ɫɟ ɨɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ.
5
ɉɨɩɨɜ, Ⱥ. Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ʉɪɴɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1982, 32-40.
6
7
Ȼɚɰɨɜɚ, ȿ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɨ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1960, 2, 48-
49.
8
ȼɟɥɤɨɜ, Ʉɪ., ɇ. Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɨɜ. Ɋɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɜ ɦ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ, ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɝɪ. Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ. – ȺɈɊ ɡɚ 2014, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2015,
694-695.
195
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɡɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɳɚ ɧɚɣ-ɜɢɫɨɤɚɬɚ ɢ

ɧɟɞɨɫɬɴɩɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ – ɰɢɬɚɞɟɥɚɬɚ.
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɹ ɛɢɬ ɢ
ɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɴɬ ɟ
ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɨɬ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ9.
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɱɟɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ10 ɢ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ
ɧɚɣ-ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɨɫɜɟɧ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚ-
ɧɢɹɬɚ, ɟ ɢ ɨɬ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɜ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ, ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨ-
ɪɚ11.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɢ
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ.
Ⱦɨɤɚɬɨ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚɬɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ ɡɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ – ɜɨɟɧɧɢ
ɩɨɯɨɞɢ, ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɹɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥ ɧɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɜ
ɞɚɞɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɯɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɩɚɞɴɤ12.
ȱ. Ʉɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ – ȱV- ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ Vȱȱ ɜɟɤ
1. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ

ȼ ɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɴɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ
ɫɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢ, ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ 4 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ. Ɍɪɢ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ ɤɴɫɧɨɪɢɦɫɤɢɹ ȱV ɜɟɤ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɢɦɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɟ ɨɬ
ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱV, ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ V ɜ. ɢ ɟ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɣ (383-408 ɝ. ɫɥ. ɏɪ.) – Ɉɛɪ. 1.
Ⱦɨɫɟɝɚ ɧɹɦɚɦɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ V
ɢɥɢ ɨɬ Vȱ ɜ., ɦɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɫɝɪɚɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɢɦɚ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ – ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɞɨɥɢɭɦɢ, ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɢ13.
9
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
10
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɀɟɧɹ ɀɟɤɨɜɚ ɨɬ ɊɂɆ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ.
11
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɡɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɨɬɡɢɜɱɢɜɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɬɟ ɑɚɜɞɚɪ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ -
ɊɂɆ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ; ɞ-ɪ Ɇɚɪɢɹɧɚ Ɇɢɧɤɨɜɚ – ɊɂɆ ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ.
12
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
1081 – 1261. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1984, ɫ. 102.
13
Ɋɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɜ ɦ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ,
ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɝɪ. Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ. – ȺɈɊ ɡɚ 2014, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2015, ɫ. 694.
196
2. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ – ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ

Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫ ɉɨɩɨɜ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ Vȱ ɜ.
ɛɟɡ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ14.
Ɉɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ ɦɭɡɟɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɊɂɆ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ
ɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɢɥɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɨɬ Vȱ ɜ. ɨɬ ɦ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɟ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜ
ɮɨɥɢɫ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɘɫɬɢɧ ȱȱ ɢ ɋɨɮɢɹ (565-578)15.
3. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ – ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ

ȼɴɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɢɥɢ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
Vȱ, ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ Vȱȱ ɜ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɮɨɥɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ Ɍɢɛɟɪɢɣ (582-602)16 ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɮɨɥɢɫ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɏɨɤɚ (602-
610)17. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɟ, ɱɟ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ
ɨɬ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ.
Ⱦɚɥɢ ɬɭɤ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ Ƚɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ
Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ, ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɬɨ
ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɧɹɦɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Vȱ ɜ., ɡɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɢɲɟ
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫ ɉɨɩɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ18.
Ɍɚɡɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ࣊ ɟ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɭɢɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɬ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ
Ɍɢɛɟɪɢɣ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ, ɭɤɪɢɬɨ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ
598/99 ɝ.19 ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɹ ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɟɧ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ Ȼɟɪɨɟ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɬɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɟ ɨɬ 614/615 ɝ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ20. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɚɜɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ21.
ȱȱ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɏȱ – ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.

ɀɢɜɨɬɴɬ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɟɝɚɲɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɪɚɠɞɚ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɨ-
ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ȼɟɪɞɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɨɛɧɨɜɹɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɢɬɟ. Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ
14
ɉɨɩɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 40.
15
ɂɧɜ. ʋ 2645.
16
ɂɧɜ. ʋ, ʋ 3790, 3791.
17
ɂɧɜ. ʋ 3792
18
19
ɓɟɪɟɜɚ, ɂ., Ʉ. ȼɚɱɟɜɚ, Ⱦ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɚ-Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜɚ. Ɍɭɢɞɚ – ɋɥɢɜɟɧ I.
ɋɨɮɢɹ: Ƚɚɥ-ɂɤɨ, 2001, ɫ. 93.
20
Ɇɢɧɤɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ȼɟɪɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ VII ɜ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 2009, 5, 124.
21
ɓɟɪɟɜɚ, ɂ., Ʉ. ȼɚɱɟɜɚ, Ⱦ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɚ-Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜɚ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ, ɫ. 93.
197
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɥɨɳ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɥɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɢɬɟ, ɬɨ ɜ

ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɢ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ22.
1. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ – ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɹɦɚ

ɨɬɪɢɬɢ.
2. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ – ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ

Ⱥɬ. ɉɨɩɨɜ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɞɜɟ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ
I Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1081-1118), ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ23, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɡɚ
ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ I Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1143-
1180) ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ III (1195-1203), ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɝɥɢɧɟɧ ɫɴɞ.
Ɉɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɊɂɆ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ ɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɟ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɹɦɚ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ.
ȼ ɊɂɆ ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ ɫɚ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ24 ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ 0,80 ɦ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ Ƚɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɞɟɥɜɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹɬ ɤɴɦ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ I Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ III Ⱥɧɝɟɥ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ
ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɢɲɟ Ⱥɬ. ɉɨɩɨɜ25.

3.1. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɫɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ 1967 ɝ. ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɋɥɚɜɨɜɢ ɥɢɜɚɞɢ. ɇɚ Ɍ.
Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ26 ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɨɬ 130 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɛɪɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɛɪɨɹɬ ɢɦ ɟ 259. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɝɪɟɲɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɛɪɨɣ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɧɚ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɱɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɨɹɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɜ ɧɚɦɟɪɜɚɱɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ ɆȼɊ?
ȼɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ
ɨɛɯɨɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ɉɛɳɢɧɚ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1991-1995 ɝ. ɫɦɟ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɹɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɡɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹ-
ɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɬɨɱɧɢɹɬ ɛɪɨɣ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ-
ɬɨ.
22
23
ɇɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ ɉɨɩɨɜ (ɩɨ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫ ɉɨɩɨɜ).
24
ɂɧɜ. ʋ, ʋ 1845-1847.
25
26
Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ, Ɍ. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1967 ɝ. –
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, ɏɏɏI, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1969, ɫ. 234.
198
ɉɪɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɛɪɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɟ 23127 ɢ

ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ, ɢɧɜɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ ɊɂɆ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ 1984 ɝ. ɩɪɨɮ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɤɴɦ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɨɬ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ I Kɨɦɧɢɧ ɞɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ III, ɤɚɬɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƀɨɚɧ II Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɜɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɩɨ
ɫɬɢɥ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɨɫɟɳɢ ɛɟɥɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɏIII
ɜ.28 ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɝɢ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɤɴɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƀɨɚɧ III Ⱦɭɤɚ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ (1222-1254).
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ29.
ȼ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɱɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɏɟɧɞɢ30 ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɥɨɜɢɬɟ
ɛɟɥɟɡɢ, ɬɨɣ ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ, ɱɟ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ,
ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ʉɚɥɨɹɧ (1195-1207). ɋ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ
ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ, ɱɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. ɍɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɴɪɫɢ ɜɴɜ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɛɥɴɫɴɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ31. Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ – ȼɟɪɞɢɰɚ ɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
ɧɚɣ-ɩɪɟɤɢɬɟ ɩɴɬɢɳɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɢɬɟ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɢ
ɧɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟ32.
3.2. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɤɴɬ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɹ
ɜ ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ – ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ʉɨɣɱɟɜ, ɜ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɤɴɫɧɨ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɩɢɲɟ, ɱɟ ,,ɨɤɨɥɨ 1924 ɝ. ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɨɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɪɨɜɟɧɚ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɨɬ 30 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɦɟɞɧɢ ɤɨɪɭɛɟɫɬɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ
ɤɚɥɴɩɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɟ”33. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɴɳɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɜɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɢ
ɨɬ ɤɪɚɟɜɟɞɚ Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɋɬɨɹɧɨɜ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚ ɡɚ 65 ɤɝ ɦɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ
27
Ȼɚɰɨɜɚ – Ʉɨɫɬɨɜɚ, ȿ. ɇɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ. – Ɇɭɡɟɢ ɢ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ, 1973, 2, 13-14.
28
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
1081 – 1261. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1984, 74-76.
29
30
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɰɚɪ Ʉɚɥɨɹɧ. – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɋɥɢɜɟɧ. Ɍ. ȱ. ɋɥɢɜɟɧ,
2008, ɫ. 125, 132.
31
32
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ.
174.
33
Ʉɨɣɱɟɜ, ɇ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ. ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɬɟ. ɋɬɚɪɚ
Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ, 1997, ɫ. 387.
199
ɏII ɜ., ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɨɬɨ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ, ɧɚ

ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ ɫɟɱɟɧɢ34.
3.3. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. Ɍ. ɋɬɨɹɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɏII ɜ. ɫ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ 20 ɤɝ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ
ɩɨɫɬɴɩɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ, ɢɡɤɨɩɚɧɢ ɜ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨ
Ɇɚɫɥɟɧɤɨɜ35.
Ⱥɤɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ, ɱɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɨ ɞɨ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ
ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ, ɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚɬɚ ɫ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɜ ɇɨɜɚ ɢ
ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ ɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɢɥɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɬɚ ɨɬ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ
(217 ɛɪ. – ɢɧɜ. ʋ 1412), ɚ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɜ ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ (46 ɟɤɡ. – ɢɧɜ. ʋ,
ʋ 3495 – 3498). ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ Ɇɚɣɤɴɥ ɏɟɧɞɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɮ.
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ36.
ȱȱȱ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ – ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏIV ɜ.

1. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 2013/14 ɝ. ɜ
ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɰɢɬɚɞɟɥɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɬɢ 29 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɪɟɞ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɚɬ ɨɪɹɡɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɧɚɪɹɡɚɧɢ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ37. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɚ 82, 85% ɨɬ 35 – ɨɛɳɢɹɬ ɛɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ
ɫɟ, ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ
ɫɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ.
Ɉɬɞɚɜɧɚ ɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɨ, ɱɟ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɜ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɫɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ38.
ɋɩɟɤɭɥɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɚɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɤɨɦɨɞɭɥɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜɨɞɢ
ɞɨ ɨɪɹɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɨɦɨɞɭɥɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɨ-
ɧɚɬɚɬɴɲɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɰɟɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɱɪɟɡ ɧɚɪɹɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ
ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ, ɱɟɬɢɪɢ, ɲɟɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ39. ɉɪɟɡ 5-6
ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɧɚɣ-ɦɚɫɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ ɧɚɪɹɡɚɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ40.
34
ɋɬɨɹɧɨɜ, Ɍ. Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ ɜ ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ. Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ, 2007, ɫ. 41.
35
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
36
Hendy, Ɇ. Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire 1081 – 1261.
Dumbarton Oaks Studies, Washington, 1969, pp. 199-218; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, 213-214.
37
ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɢɥɢɬɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɂɆ ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ ɤɴɦ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɹɦɚɦ ɞɨɫɬɴɩ ɞɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ 2014 ɝ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɨɛɳɚ ɨɬ ȺɈɊ ɡɚ 2014 ɝ.
38
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ.
52, 59-66.
39
40
ɉɟɧɱɟɜ, ȼ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1990, ɫ. 92.
200
ɇɨɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ –

ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ȼɟɪɞɢɰɚ, ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɨɬ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɦɚɧɝɴɪ ɧɚ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧ Ɇɭɪɚɞ (1359-1389).
ȼ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɴɤ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ
ɫɚ: ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ (1257-1277) – 1 ɟɤɡ.; ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɫ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ⱥɫɟɧ (1355-1360) – 1 ɟɤɡ.; 3 ɦɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ
ɂɜɚɧ ɒɢɲɦɚɧ (1371-1393).
Ɇɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ (1257-1277) ɟ ɨɬ ɬɢɩ ȱV,
ɬ. ɟ. ɰɚɪɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧ (Ɉɛɪ. 5). Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɫɚ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ.
Ɉɬɫɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢɹ ɬɢɩ ȱV – ɦɟɞɧɚ ɫɤɢɮɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ
Ⱥɫɟɧ, ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ 1264 ɢɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ 1265 ɝ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ
ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚɣ-ɭɫɩɟɲɟɧ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ
ɩɨɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ ɫɪɟɳɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɜ 1265 ɝ.41 ɇɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɟ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɡɚ
ɧɚɛɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɢɱɧɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɨɣɧɚ. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ
ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɦɭ ɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɞɚ ɟ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɥɨ ɞɨ 1268/69 ɝ.42 Ɇɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɢ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ,
ɱɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɴɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹɬ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɧ. ɋ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ43.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɫ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɟ ɦɚɥɴɤ
ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥ, ɫɤɢɮɚɬɚ, ɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɑɟɪɜɟɧ – ɬɢɩ Vȱ (Ɉɛɪ. 6). Ɉɬɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɟ ɜ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1355-1360 ɝ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɫɟ ɫɱɢɬɚ ɡɚ ɪɹɞɴɤ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɫɥɟɞ
ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɜ 1355 ɝ. ɉɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɞɨ ɬɢɩ V –
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɫ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ, ɫɟɱɟɧ ɫɥɟɞ 1355 ɝ. ɜ ɑɟɪɜɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚ44.
ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɢ 3 ɦɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ
ɂɜɚɧ ɒɢɲɦɚɧ. ɂ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɬɢɩ I ɫ ,,ɞɜɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ”,
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɳɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɂɜɚɧ ɒɢɲɦɚɧ ɢ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɰɚɪ. Ⱦɜɟ ɨɬ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɤɢɮɚɬɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ45, ɚ ɬɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɟ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨ ɹɞɪɨ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚ
ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɟ ɫɬɚɜɚɥɨ ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ
1380 ɝ. ɟ ɩɪɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɤɢɮɚɬɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɫɢɱɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɨ ɹɞɪɨ46.
41
Ⱦɨɱɟɜ, Ʉ. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ (1257 –
1277). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 1982, 2, 10.
42
ɉɟɧɱɟɜ, ȼ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɫ. 90.
43
44
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 147-148.
45
Ɍɚɛɥɨ I, 7-8.
46
Ⱦɨɱɟɜ, Ʉ. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ, 40-41.
201
2. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ – ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ – ɧɹɦɚ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ.

ȼ ɊɂɆ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ƀɨɚɧ III Ⱦɭɤɚ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ (1222-1254). ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɟ, ɱɟ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ȼɚɣɥ ɜ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ47. ȼ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ
Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɫɭɯɨɞɨɥɢɟ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ȼɚɣɥɨɜ ɞɨɥ. Ɍɨɣ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚ
ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɴɯ Ʉɭɬɪɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɪɢɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɪ. Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɲɤɚ,
ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚɳɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɋɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɣɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ: ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱV –
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ Vȱȱ ɜ.; ɏȱ – ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.; ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ – ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ɏIV ɜ., ɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɬɚɩ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ,
ɩɪɚɜɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ ɢ
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏII ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏIII ɜɟɤ.
Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɩɥɨɳ, ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɱɟɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɩɪɟɡ ɏIII ɜ. ɉɨ ɞɨɫɟɝɚɲɧɢ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏIV ɜ. ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɝɪɚɞ ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫ ɬɚɡɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨɫɬ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɏIII ɜ. Ɍɟɡɢ
ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɟɧɢ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ȼɟɪɞɢɰɚ –
Ɍɜɴɪɞɢɰɚ.
Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ 2013 ɝ.
1. ɂɦɩ. Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɣ (383-408 ɝ. ɫɥ. ɏɪ.)

Ʌ. DN ARCADIVS PF AVG
Ȼɸɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ ɫ ɞɢɚɞɟɦɚ ɢ ɪɢɡɧɢɰɚ.
Ɉɩ. VIRTVS EXERCITI
Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɣ ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ. Ʌ. ɤɪɚɤ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɟ ɫɬɴɩɢɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɥɟɧɧɢɤ. ȼ ɞ.
ɪɴɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɡɧɚɦɟ, ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɝɥɨɛɭɫ. ȼ ɨɬɪɟɡɚ THKA.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞɢɚɦ. 21-24 ɦɦ.; ɬɟɝɥɨ – 3,78 ɝɪ. Ȼɪɨɧɡ. ɩɨɥ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ 60. Ɉɛɪ. 1.
2. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɬɢɩ ɋ (1207-1218 ɝ.)

Ʌ. Ʌɢɩɫɜɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ. ɇɟɹɫɧɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɩ. Ʌɢɩɫɜɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ. ɂɦɩ. ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚɫɪɟɳɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɟɦɚ, ɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɢɨɧ ɢ ɥɨɪɨɫ. ȼ
ɞ. ɪɴɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɥɚɛɚɪɭɦ ɫ ɤɴɫɚ ɞɪɴɠɤɚ. ȼɥɹɜɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɜ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɫ
ɧɢɦɛ, ɫɬɟɦɚ, ɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɢɨɧ, ɥɨɪɨɫ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞɢɚɦ. - 20-24 ɦɦ; ɬɟɝɥɨ - 2,38 ɝɪ. Ɉɪɹɡɚɧɚ, ɛɢɥɨɧ, ɩɨɥ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ 54.
Ɉɛɪ. 2.
3. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɬɢɩ ɋ (1207-1218 ɝ.)

Ʌ. Ʌɢɩɫɜɚɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ.
47
ɂɧɜ. ʋ, ʋ 721, 722.
202
Ɉɩ. Ʌɢɩɫɜɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ. ɂɦɩ. ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚɫɪɟɳɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɟɦɚ, ɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɢɨɧ. Ʌɢɱɢ ɞ.
ɪɴɤɚ. ȼ ɞɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɴɬ ɧɟ ɥɢɱɢ. ȼɞɹɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɢɦɩ. ɫɥɚɛɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞɢɚɦ. - 22-24 ɦɦ; ɬɟɝɥɨ - 2,07 ɝɪ. Ȼɢɥɨɧ, ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɫɩɭɤɚɧɚ,
ɩɨɥ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ 95. Ɉɛɪ. 3.
4. ¼ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ – Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ (60-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏIII ɜ. ). ɇɟɹɫɧɚ.

Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢ: 0,87 ɝɪ. ɩɨɥ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ 103. Ɉɛɪ. 4.
5. ɐɚɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ (1257-1277).

Ʌ. ɇɟɹɫɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. ɂɫɭɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ?
Ɉɩ. ɐɚɪɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧ ɜ ɯɨɞ ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ. ɐɚɪɹɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɟɦɚ. ȼ ɞ. ɪ. ɞɴɪɠɢ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɚ ɜ
ɥ. ɪ. ɸɡɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɹ. ɉɨ-ɞɨɛɪɟ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɬɨ ɜɥɹɜɨ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɹ,
ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɥɢɱɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɴɝɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ _
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞɢɚɦ. 25-26 ɦɦ., ɬɟɝɥɨ 1,53 ɝɪ. ɩɨɥ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ 61. Ɉɛɪ. 5
Ɇɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɬɚ, ɧɨɫɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɤɢɬ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɟɧ ɟ ɨɩɢɬ ɡɚ
ɢɡɩɪɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɢɮɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ ɟ ɫɩɭɤɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
Ɍɢɩ ȱV „ɰɚɪɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧ“, ɦɟɞ, ɫɤɢɮɚɬɚ.
6. ɐɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɫ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ⱥɫɟɧ (1355-1360)

Ʌ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɢ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɰɚɪ.
Ɉɩ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ. ɐɚɪɹɬ ɢ ɫɢɧɴɬ ɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɚɫɪɟɳɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɟɦɢ. ɉɨɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɡɧɚɦɟ ɫ ɞɴɥɝɚ ɞɪɴɠɤɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɪɚɡɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɜ ɞɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ.
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɜ ɥ. ɪ. ɞɴɪɠɢ ɫɤɢɩɬɴɪ, ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚɳ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɴɬ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɜ ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɟ ɥɢɱɢ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞɢɚɦ. – 19-20 ɦɦ.; ɬɟɝɥɨ 0,99 ɝɪ. ɩɨɥ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ 94. Ɉɛɪ. 6.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɛɢɬɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ. ɇɟɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ɍɢɩ Vȱ. Ɇɟɞ, ɫɤɢɮɚɬɚ,
ɫɟɱ. ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1355-1360 ɝ. ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɜɟɧ.
7. ɐɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ ɒɢɲɦɚɧ (1371-1393 ɝ.)

Ʌ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɂɜɚɧ ɒɢɲɦɚɧ.
Ɉɩ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ - ɰɚɪ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞɢɚɦ. – 20-21 ɦɦ.; ɬɟɝɥɨ 0,75 ɝɪ. ɩɨɥ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ 27. Ɉɛɪ. 7.
Ɇɟɞ. Ɍɢɩ ȱ, „ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ“, ɫɤɢɮɚɬɚ.
8. ɐɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ ɒɢɲɦɚɧ (1371-1380 ɝ.)

Ʌ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɂɜɚɧ ɒɢɲɦɚɧ.
Ɉɩ. Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ - ɰɚɪ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞɢɚɦ. - 17-18 ɦɦ; ɬɟɝɥɨ - 0,41 ɝɪ. ɉɨɥ. ɢɧɜ. ʋ 75. Ɉɛɪ. 8.
ɇɚɩɪɚɜɟɧ ɟ ɨɩɢɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɫɩɭɤɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ
ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɇɟɞ. Ɍɢɩ ȱ, ,,ɞɜɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ”.
203
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
204
ɉɚɜɟɥ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ
ɇȺȾɉɂɋɔɌ ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN ɁȺ ɂɋɌɈɊɂəɌȺ ɇȺ

ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂə ɒɍɆȿɇ
Pavel Georgiev
THE INSCRIPTION ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN FOR THE HISTORY OF

MEDIEVAL SHUMEN
The monument has been known for a long time but the interpretation is still
unsatisfactory. The Cyrilic character of his letter and the date to and after the end of the 10th
c. contradicts his previous reading as a combination between the personal name Ostro and
the Turkic (?) title bagain, documented before the middle of the same century.
The author suggests to think about it as a Protobulgarian text: îñòðî(ã) áîãî¶í, i. e.
(Ƚòɫɩɨɞɭɜ ɜɪɴɯ (height with fortification of God) and he date sit to the middle or second half
of the 10th century.
The representative and possibly two-tone layout of the inscription, as well as a
number of other peculiarities of it, are the starting point for seeking to consider the
epigraphic combination as the semantic equivalent of the one used by al-Idrissi (1154) an
indication of the Shumen plateau and the city and river located there as MaúƯyǌnus.The
author considers this name to be a sacred toponym with the meaning: altitude (= mountain)
Massis, i. e. the place, which God designated the first wharf of Noah's ark after the Biblical
Flood, which religious communities multiply and situate in different places in the world.
However, it does not exclude the possibility that the term bogoin is indirectly related
to the similar Bulgarian title bagain, but as a remnant in the language of local emigrants from
the Middle East from the 9th or 10th c. This is due to testimony by Arab authors that non-
Muslim expatriates from Khorosan in the Abbasid Caliphate under the rule of al-Mansour
(754-775) were called al-Baghain. They were later displaced along the border with
Byzantium, including in Mopsuestia, whose Arabic name al-MaúƯúah is at the root of the
name used by al-Idrisi in the Shumen Plateau and Shumen. In such a case, the inscription
found at the foot of his fortress could also bear the hypothetical meaning Ostrog, i. e.
fortification of the bogains (see note 48 and 71).
Thus considered, the inscription can be perceived as a new and valuable source for
the history of medieval Shumen and the region before the middle of the 12th c.
ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ

120 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ – ɥɚɤɨɧɢɱɟɧ, ɞɜɭɰɜɟɬɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ
ɫ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɱɟɬɢɦɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ – ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN (ɨɛɪ. 1 ɢ 4).
Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚ-
ɰɢɹ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ IX ɜ. ɢ „ɩɪɨɱɢɬ” ɤɚɬɨ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɢ
(ɩɪɚ)ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ ɟ ɧɚɥɢɰɟ ɹɫɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹ-
ɜɚɦɟ ɫɢ ɬɭɤ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɦ ɧɚɲ ɨɩɢɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ
205
Павел ГЕОРГИЕВ. НАДПИСЪТ ОСТРО БОГОIN ЗА ИСТОРИЯТА НА СРЕДНОВЕКОВНИЯ ШУМЕН
ɢ ɞɚ ɨɛɜɴɪɠɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ

ɒɭɦɟɧ.
ȼ ɩɴɪɜɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ Ʉɚɪɟɥ ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ, ɱɟ ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ
(„ɩɨ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧ”)
ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ „ɤɚɦɴɧɢ” ɜ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɠɢ,
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ „ɧɚ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɏɢɫɚɪ”1. Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɟ
ɢ ȼ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ2.
ɇɚɫɤɨɪɨ Ƚ. Ɇɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ, ɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ. ȼɴɪɯɭ
ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɚ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ
ɡɚɦɚɡɤɢ: ɨɬ „ɛɟɥɢ ɜɚɪɨɜɢ ɧɚɫɥɚɝɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɞɨɛɹɜɚɬ ɳɭɤɚɬɭɪɤɚ”
ɢ „ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɟɬɧɚ ɜ ɬɴɦɧɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨ ɡɟɥɟɧ ɰɜɹɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɞ 1,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɴɰɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɹ”. ȼɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ
ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɟ, ɱɟ „ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɦɚɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚɬ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ
ɢɦɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɹ (ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ʋ 11 – ɉ. Ƚ.), ɧɨ ɩɨ-ɩɪɢɟɦɥɢɜɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ
ɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɹ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ ɢɥɢ
ɞɨɪɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɨɬ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧ”3.
ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ Ʉ. ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ, ɚ ɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɨɛɜɴɪɡ-
ɜɚɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɫ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ʋ 11, ɚ ɫ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɬɹ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ.
ɇɚɦɟɪɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɸɠɟɧ ɜɯɨɞ ɩɥɨɱɚ ɫ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɬ 1415 ɝ.
ɫɨɱɢ, ɱɟ e ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ „ɩɪɟɱɢɫɬɚɬɚ Ȼɨɠɢɹ ɦɚɣɤɚ”4. ȼ ɫɴɫɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚ ɢ „ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɛɚɧɹ”, ɡɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɟɲɟ ɢɡɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ,
ɱɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɠ5. Ɍɚɤɚ ɱɟ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɤɚɦɴɤɴɬ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɧ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɟɠɢ
ɨɬ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ
ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɤɚɦɴɧɢ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ. Ɍɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɬɨ ɟ ɢɝɪɚɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɢ, ɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɏV ɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɴɬ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɨɟɠɢɬɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɟɢɡɹɫɧɟɧ. Ⱦ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɨɬ
1
ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ, Ʉ. ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ Ⱥɛɨɛɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ. – ɂɊȺɂɄ, ɏ,
1905, 439-440, ɬɚɛɥ. ɏɋVȱȱ, 8.
2
Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ, ȼ. ɒɭɦɟɧ ɢ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1995, ɫ. 28. Ɂɚ ɬɨɜɚ
ɜɠ. ɨɳɟ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɇɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɹɬ ɒɭɦɟɧ. Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɞɨ ɡɚɜɥɚɞɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɨɬ
ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2011, ɫ. 91.
3
Ɇɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ, Ƚ. Ɉɬɧɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ „ɈɋɌɊɈ
ȻɈȽɈIN”. – ȼ: Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ (ɩɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ). Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɟɪɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ.
ɒɭɦɟɧ 2013 ɝ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2014, 328-332.
4
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ: Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɚ, ȼ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧ (ɏȱȱ-ɏV
ɜ.). – ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, Vȱȱ, 1983, 3, ɫ. 73; ɋɦɹɞɨɜɫɤɢ, ɋɬ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɚ
ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ȱɏ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1993, ɫ. 207 ɢ 70 ɢ ɫɥ.
5
Ⱦɟɪɦɟɧɞɠɢɟɜ, ȿ. Ȼɚɧɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɞɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɒɭɦɟɧ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ
ɧɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧ, 17, 2017, 77-108.
206
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɚ, ɜɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ,

ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ȱɏ ɜ.6 Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɢɦɚɧɹɪ, ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ, „ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ
ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ”7. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɹɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ – ɲɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ Ʉ.
Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ ɬɨɜɚ. ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɐɜ. Ⱦɪɟɦɫɢɡɨɜɚ
ɢ ȼ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1958 ɝ. ɫɨɱɚɬ, ɱɟ ɫɪɟɞ
ɝɪɚɞɟɠɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɥɨɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɦɴɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɥɧɚ ɫɩɨɣɤɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ „ɞɹɥɚɧɢ
ɜɚɪɨɜɢɤɨɜɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ”, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɬ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɥɚɞɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ8.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ʋ 11 ɫ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɢɹ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɟɹ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɸɬɢɥɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɬɢɹ
ɩɪɟɡ 1388 ɝ. ɨɬ ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞ, ɱɢɹɬɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɟɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ
ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧ ɞɨ 1444 ɝ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɪɟ-
ɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ9 ɩɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɥɚɞɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ.
Ɉɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚ. Ɇɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ, ɱɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɤɚɦɴɤɴɬ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɟ
ɛɢɥ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɡɚɦɚɡɚɧ ɫɴɫ ɡɟɥɟɧɚ ɛɨɹ, ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ. ɉɨ-
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɚ10 ɞɚ ɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧɨ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ
ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ (ɜɠ. ɩɨ-ɞɨɥɭ). ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɨɬ „ɩɨɱɢɫɬɜɚɧɟ
(ɢɡɫɬɴɪɝɜɚɧɟ)”, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɚɬ ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɡɚɦɚɡɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ, ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɬɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɴɤɚ ɜ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɚɬɚ
ɫɛɢɪɤɚ.
ȼɚɪɨɜɢɤɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɥɨɱɚ ɟ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɥɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚ
ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɧɟɫ ɢɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ (0,40 ɯ 0,41 ɯ 0,23 ɦ).
ȼɪɹɡɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɫɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ: ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
6,4 ɢ 13,1 ɫɦ, ɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɜɚɪɢɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ 4 ɢ 9 – ɫ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ɠɥɟɛɨɜɟɬɟ – 0,5-0,8 ɫɦ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɴɥɧɟɧɢ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɤɪɨɹɜɚɬ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ
ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɬɚɛɟɥɚ (ɜɠ.
ɛɟɥ. 90). Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɴɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɫɬɚ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɠɥɟɛɨɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ
6
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 89 ɢ ɫɥ.; ɋɴɳɚɬɚ. ɉɨɞɝɪɚɞɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɧɚ
ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ
ɒɭɦɟɧ, ɏIV, 2008, 116-119.
7
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɫ. 118, ɛɟɥ. 21.
8
Ⱦɪɟɦɫɢɡɨɜɚ, ɐɜ., ȼ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ. ɉɪɢɧɨɫ ɤɴɦ ɧɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧ
ɢ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ. – ȼ: ɒɭɦɟɧ – Ʉɨɥɚɪɨɜɝɪɚɞ, ȱ, 1960, 22-25.
9
ȼɚɱɟɜ, ɏ. Ɋɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɰɴɪɤɜɢ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ
ɏV-ɏVȱȱȱ ɜɟɤ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2012, 83-84.
10
Ɂɚ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɨ ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ ɨɳɟ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ
ɦɚɥɤɢ ɩɟɬɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɢɧɶɨɡɟɥɟɧɚ ɛɨɹ ɢ ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɬɴɦɧɢ ɩɟɬɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɚɬ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɹɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɦɚɡɤɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɦɴɤɚ.
207
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɨɜɚ ɫɦɟɫ ɢ ɫɬɪɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɯ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ

ɦɪɚɦɨɪ11. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ „ɛɨɹɬɚ” ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɪɚɜɟɧ.
Ɍɟɤɫɬɴɬ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɛɳɨ ɜɡɟɬɨ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɧɨɬɨ
ɩɨɥɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɫɚ ɫ ɥɟɤ ɧɚɤɥɨɧ. ɉɨɜɪɟɞɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɬ ɨɬɞɹɫɧɨ, ɧɨ
ɡɚɝɭɛɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɪɟɞ. Ɉɬ „Ɉ” ɬɚɦ ɥɢɱɢ ɱɚɫɬ
ɨɬ ɠɥɟɛɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɞɹɫɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɧɨ
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɤɴɫɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɴɤɚ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɟɬɨ
ɡɚ „ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞ”, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɭɟɦɨ. ɋɥɟɞ „Ɉ” ɧɚ
ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɪɟɞɚ
ɛɢɯɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɲɟɫɬ ɛɭɤɜɢ. Ⱦɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨ-ɬɹɫɧɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɝ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ. ɂ
ɨɳɟ ɧɟɳɨ: „Ɍ” ɩɪɟɞ ɧɟɹ ɟ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ, ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ
ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɬɛɭɤɜɟɧ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɪɟɞ.
ɋ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɫɢ ɬɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢ ɫ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. „ɜɢɫɨɤɨ „Ɍ”, ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ
ɧɹɤɨɢ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɢ12. ɇɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɯɚɫɬɚ ɟ ɫ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɫɦ
ɩɨɞ ɝɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɤɪɚɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɛɭɤɜɢ, ɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɞɥɴɛɧɚɬɢɧɚ
ɧɚɞ ɧɟɹ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ „ɬɢɬɭɥ” (?).
Ⱦɨɥɧɢɹɬ ɪɟɞ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɨ-ɧɚɥɹɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ.
ɋɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɨɬɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɬɨɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɧɨ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɝɴɬ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɝɨ ɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɟɫɬɟɥɢɜ
ɩɪɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɹ. ɉɨ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɫɴɡɧɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɥ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɫ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɧɚ.
ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ. ɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɟɦɚ, ɱɟ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɩɴɪɜɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
(=ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ) ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ.13 Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɫɚ ɦɚɸɫɤɭɥɢ, ɫɯɨɞɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɮɟɦɢ ɜ ɬɹɯ.
Ƚɨɥɹɦɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɴɥɧɟɧɢ „ɫ
ɱɟɪɜɟɧɢɤɚɜɚ ɦɚɡɢɥɤɚ”14. ɋ „ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɢɤɚɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ” ɫɚ ɢɧɤɪɭ-
ɫɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɴɪɜɨ-
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ – ɬɟɡɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɤɚɥɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɪɟɥɟɮ,
ɜɢɞɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟ. Ɂɚ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ
11
Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ. ɇɨɜɢ ɨɬɤɴɫɥɟɰɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ. – ɂȺɂ, ɏɏ, 1955, ɫ. 282, ɛɟɥ. 7.
12
Ⱦɨɛɪɟɜ, ɂɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɰɚ. – ȼ: Ʉɢɪɢɥɨ-Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɟɜɫɤɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. Ɍ. 2.
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1995, ɫ. 305.
13
Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 282, ɨɛɪ. 2,9 ; ɋɴɳɢɹɬ. ɉɴɪɜɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1979, ʋ 70, ɫ. 225; ɉɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ, Ʉ., ȼ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ. ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɏȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɒɭɦɟɧ. – ȼ: ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 4, 1993, ɫ. 354;
ɋɦɹɞɨɜɫɤɢ, ɋɬ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɚ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ȱɏ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1993, ɫ. 127, 176 ɢ
206; ɋɥɚɜɨɜɚ, Ɍ. ȼɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2010, ɫ. 52; Ɇɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ, Ƚ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 329-330.
14
Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ. ɉɴɪɜɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ, ɫ. 37 ɢ 225.
208
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ Ʉ. ɉɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ: „ȼɚɠɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɥɟɝɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɟ ɡɚɩɴɥɧɟɧɨ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ
ɩɚɫɬɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɧɧɢɤ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɢɦ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɮ. ȼ. Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ – ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ., ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ (sic! – ɉ. Ƚ.) ɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ ɢɝɪɚɥɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ”15. Ƚ. Ɇɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɫ
ȼ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ, ɱɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɟ „ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ”, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɨɛɜɴɪɡɜɚɧɟ ɫ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɟ „ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜɟɤ”16. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɬɟɡɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɤɚɠɚɬ, ɱɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɚ ɨɳɟ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɨ – ɨɬɩɪɟɞɢ
ɬɨɜɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ, ɱɟ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɜ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ.17 Ɉɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɥɟɞɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ
ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱɏ, ɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɏ ɜ., ɟ
ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɞɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɦɹɫɬɨ. Ɂɚɫɟɝɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɟɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ɇɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɫ ɬɟɡɢ ɨɬ
ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ. ɉɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ƚ. Ɇɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ
ɨɬ ɏ ɜ. ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɤɴɦ ɩɨ-ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ-
ɧɢɹ18. ɇɹɤɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɹɬ ɢ ɜ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɏȱȱ-ɏIV ɜ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɟ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
„Ȼ”. ɋ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ „ɛɭɤɢ” ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ
1263 ɝ. ɨɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɬɨ ɞɨ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɫ. Ɍɪɨɢɰɚ, ɚ ɞɨɧɹɤɴɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ
ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɨɬ 1230 ɝ. ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. 40 ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢ” ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ19. ɉɪɢ ɬɹɯ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ „Ȼ” ɜ ɧɚɲɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ –
15
ɉɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ, Ʉ., ȼ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 354.
16
Ɇɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ, Ƚ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 330.
17
Ɋɚɛɨɜɹɧɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɂɡɜɴɧɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ (IX - ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ XI ɜɟɤ) (Ⱦɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ 5). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2011, 36, 184-185; Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ,
ɉ. „ɉɥɸɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɞ” ɢ „ɝɪɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ” – ɟɡɢɤɨɜɨ ɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ (ɩɨ
ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ „ɒɭɦɟɧ”). – ȼ: Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ (ɩɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɞɚɧɧɢ). Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ
ɞɟɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɟɪɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ, ɒɭɦɟɧ 2013 ɝ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2014, 484-486.
18
Ɇɟɞɵɧɰɟɜɚ, Ⱥ., Ʉ. ɉɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ Ʉɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɜ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1984, ɬɚɛɥ. ɏVȱȱȱ, 1 ɢ 2. Ȼɥɢɡɴɤ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ ɡɚ ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ „Ȼ” ɨɬ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɧɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ ɨɬ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫ. ɑɟɪɧɨɝɥɚɜɰɢ, ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɜ 959 ɝ.
19
Popkonstantinov, K., O. Kronsteiner. Altbulgarischen Inschriften 2. Salzburg,
1997, S. 147, 166, 179, 181, 183, 189.
209
ɧɚɤɥɨɧɴɬ ɦɭ ɧɚɥɹɜɨ. ȼɚɠɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚ ɱɟɪɬɚ ɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ „ɱɨɜɤɚɬɚ” ɤɴɦ ɯɨɪɢ-

ɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɚɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɞɴɥɠɢɧɚ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɲɢɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɚɬɚ
ɩɟɬɥɢɰɚ20. ɇɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɬ ɢ ɜ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɏ-ɏȱ ɜ.21
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɜɭɤɚ „ɢ” ɫ ɣɨɬɚ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫ „H”. Ƚ.
Ɇɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɨɜɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȿ. Ʉɚɪɫɤɢɣ, ɱɟ ɜ
ɸɠɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ „ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɟɞɢɞɭɳɚ
ɝɥɚɫɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ” ɢɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɜɴɬɪɟ ɜ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ22. Ɍɚɤɴɜ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɬ ɫ „ɣɨɬɚ” ɜ
ɧɹɤɨɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ.
ɋɯɜɚɳɚɧɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN ɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɟɡɢɱɧɨ (ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɨ)
ɫɥɨɜɨɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɥɢɱɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ „Ȼ”
(ɛɭɤɢ). Ʌɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɟɫɥɨɜɟɧ „ɝɨɥɹɦ” ɢɥɢ „ɦɚɥɴɤ ɟɪ” ɟ ɨɛɹɫɧɢɦɚ23. ȼ
ɟɡɢɤɨɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɥɢɱɢ ɢ
ɨɬ ɧɟɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɚ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬ. Ȼɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɬɟ ɡɜɭɰɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ
„Ɉ” ɫɚ ɫ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ „ɜɦɴɤɧɚɬɢ” ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɢ-
ɪɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɧɢ. ɂɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ „ɦɚɥɨɮɨɪɦɚɬɧɨ” „Ɉ” ɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ ɜ
ɩɴɪɜɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ʋʋ 47 ɢ 6924, ɧɨ ɬɚɦ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɨɬ ɧɚɲɢɹ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɧɢɹ ɫɚ ɩɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɨɫ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɡɚ
ɤɚɥɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɨɬ 1230 ɝ. ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. 40
ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢ“ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ ɢ ɨɬ ȼɪɚɰɚ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɜ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.25 Ɍɚɡɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬ ɨɛɚɱɟ
ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɟ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɭɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɠ ɤɴɦ ɩɟɫɬɟɥɢɜɚ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ. Ɍɹ
20
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚ ɫ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟɞɧɚɤɜɚ ɞɴɥɠɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɴɥɛɱɟɬɨ ɢ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɪɬɚ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɡɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ „ɭɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɧɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɜɴɧ ɞɨɥɧɨɬɨ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚɬɚ ...”. (ȼɟɥɱɟɜɚ, Ȼ., ɉ.
ɂɥɱɟɜ. Ȼɭɤɢ. – ȼ: Ʉɢɪɢɥɨ-Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɟɜɫɤɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. Ɍ. 1. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1985, ɫ. 144).
21
ȼɠ. ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ Ɍ. ɋɥɚɜɨɜɚ ɢ ɂɜ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟɜ ɜ Ʉɢɪɢɥɨ-
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɟɜɫɤɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. Ɍ. 1. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1985, ɫ. 663.
22
Ʉɚɪɫɤɢɣ, ȿ. Ɏ. ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɢɪɢɥɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1979, ɫ. 193.
23
Ɋɚɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɨɬɩɚɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɟɫɥɨɜɟɧ ɟɪ ɟ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧ ɜ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɢɹ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɹ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥ ɩɪɢ Ƚɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜ
ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ȼɠ. Georgiev, P. Eine Zweisprachige Grabinschrift aus
Pliska. – Palaeobulgarica, 1978, 3, 32-43; ɋɭɩɪɚɫɴɥɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ Ɋɟɬɤɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ. Ɍ. 1. ɍɜɨɞ ɢ
ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɬ Ƀ. Ɂɚɢɦɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1982, ɫ. 6. Ɂɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ
ɜɠ. ɋɦɹɞɨɜɫɤɢ, ɋɬ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 84-85. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɏ ɜ., ɤɚɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɹɬ
ɨɬ ɬɹɯ – Ëîëèí ïðñëåíú ɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɭɫɩɨɪɟɞɢɰɚ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɟɪɨɜɢɹɬ ɡɧɚɤ ɟ ɢɡɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɫɥɟɞ
ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ʌɨɥɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɭɮɢɤɫ –èí. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ȼ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ
ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɟɬɟ: ïðñëåíú Ëîëèí (ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ-Ɇɚɜɪɨɞɢɧɨɜɚ, ȼ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɱɴɪɝɭɛɢɥɹ
Ɇɨɫɬɢɱ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹɬ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. – ȼ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɱɴɪɝɭɛɢɥɹ Ɇɨɫɬɢɱ.
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1955, ɫ. 80, ɨɛɪ. 21).
24
Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 37, 223-225, ɨɛɪ. 163-164.
25
Popkonstantinov, K., O. Kronsteiner. Op. cit., S. 195, 203.
210
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɧɢɬɟ

ɛɭɤɜɢ26, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɟɡɢ ɡɚ
ɝɥɚɫɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɢ ɪɟɞ, ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɢ.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɞɨɧɹɤɴɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɚɬɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɬɟ ɜ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɜɚɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɜ Ȼɥɢɡɤɢɹ ɢɡɬɨɤ ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɡɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɢɦ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɤɴɦ
ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɚɬ
ɩɥɢɬɤɨ ɜɪɹɡɚɧɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɤ Y. Ɍɟ ɛɢɯɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɹɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɚɬɚ ɛɨɹ
ɨɬ ɮɨɧɚ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɫɦ „ɢɩɫɢɥɨɧ”, ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɜ
ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ N. Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ IX-X ɜ. ɝɪɚɮɟɦɢɬɟ ɡɚ „ɧɸ” ɢ „ɢɩɫɢɥɨɧ” ɫɚ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɴɫ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɧɢɦ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ27.
Ⱦɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɤɴɦ ɏ-ɏI ɜ.,
ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɤɴɦ IX-X ɜ. ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɝɥɟɞɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ
ɡɚɩɴɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɠɥɟɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɪɹɞɤɨ
ɫɪɟɳɚɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬ, ɧɨ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɤɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɚ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɍɚɤɴɜ ɟ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɜɚɪɨɜɢɤɨɜ ɛɥɨɤ ɫ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɉɴɤɭɸɥ ɥɭɣ ɋɨɚɪɟ (ɨɛɪ.
2)28. Ɍɨɣ ɢɦɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɴɥɧɟɧɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɫ
„ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɫɦɟɫ”. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ ɡɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ
ɜ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɪɭɞɠɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ. ɉɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɟ
ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɫɴɫ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ (ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ) ɛɭɤɜɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɬ
ɪɭɦɴɧɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɋȺȼY, ɌɊȺI[ANI],
ȾHMHT[PI]. ɉ. Ⱦɹɤɨɧɭ ɫɱɢɬɚ, ɱɟ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ȱV
ɜ. ɜ Ɇɚɥɤɚ ɋɤɢɬɢɹ. Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ - ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɏ ɜ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ, ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ
„ɫɜɟɬɰɢɬɟ” ɡɚ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɤɪɢɬ ɨɳɟ ɯɪɚɦ29. Ʉ. ɉɟɬɨɥɟɫɤɭ ɫɦɹɬɚ, ɱɟ
26
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ „ɣɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ” ɢ „ɚɤɰɟɧɬ” ɜ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ,
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ
ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. (ɉɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ, Ʉ, Ɋ. Ʉɨɫɬɨɜɚ. Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɴɬ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ,
ɫɢɧɤɟɥ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɨɬ ɏ ɜɟɤ. –
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 7, 2013, ɫ. 49, ɛɟɥ. 12, ɨɛɪ. 5).
27
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. Ʉɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
ɩɪɟɡ ȱɏ-ɏ ɜ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 3/2, 2007, 125-140.
28
Diaconu, P. Une Inscription de Păcuiul lui Soare. – SCIVA, 58, 2007, 1-2, 161-
163; Petolescu, C. C. Une Inscription de Păcuiul lui Soare. – In: ÖÉËÉÁÓ ×ÁÑÉÍ- Mélanges
à Mémoire de Nikolae Conovici. Călăraši, 2008, 173-175. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɛɟɲɟ ɫɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɫ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɚɣ-ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɨɬ ɏɪɢɫɢɦɨɜ, ɇ. ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ. – ȿɩɨɯɢ, ɏɏIII, 2015, 2, 371-372.
29
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, Ƚ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹɬ Ⱦɭɪɨɫɬɨɪɭɦ – Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ. ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2007, ɫ. 176,
ɨɛɪ. 22.
211
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɟ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɟɧ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ., ɚ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ.

Ɍɭɤ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɚɡɥɢɜɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟɦ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ
ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɚɤɨ ɧɚɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɰɢ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢ
ɪɟɥɢɤɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɳɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɟɬɢɤɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɧɚ
Ɇɨɫɬɢɱ30.
ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɨɬ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɟ ɫ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ
ɞɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ
ɥɚɤɨɧɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɢ ɟɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ
ɢɥɢ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɱɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɜ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɋȺȼY ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɟ
„ɨɭɤɴ”. ɂ ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ʉ. ɉɟɬɨɥɟɫɤɭ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ, ɬɹ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɟ (ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ) ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɡɚ „Ⱥ”,
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɟ ɜ ɫɟɞɟɦɥɴɱɟɜɚɬɚ ɪɨɡɟɬɚ-ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ31, ɚ ɢ ɜ „ɪɭɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ”
ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ɋɚɜɧɚ, ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɣɫɤɨ32.
ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɧɤɪɭɫɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɹɧɟ
ɧɚ ɮɨɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɹɜɚ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɪɹɞɤɨ, ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ
ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ33 ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ IX, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɨɬ ɏ-ɏI ɜ.34 Ɍɚɤɴɜ ɟ
30
ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ-Ɇɚɜɪɨɞɢɧɨɜɚ, ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 89 ɢ ɫɥ. ȼ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɬɟ „ɟɬɢɤɟɬɢ”
ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɜ ɢɦ. ɢ ɪɨɞ. ɩɚɞɟɠ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɬɟɡɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ,
ɦɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɬɚɦ ɢɦɚɦɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɢ ɬɨ, ɚɤɨ ɟ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ
„ɨɭɤɴ”, ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɜ ɞɚɬ. ɩɚɞɟɠ.
31
Georgiev, P. The Bronze Rozette from Pliska. On decoding the runic Inscriptions
in Bulgaria. – In: ÓÔÅÖÁÍÏÓ- Studia byzantina ac slavica Vl. VavĜinek (=Byzantinoslavica
LVI (1995), 547-555; Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. Ɂɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 3, 1997, 96-109.
32
ɇɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ „ɉɢɫɚ ɗY”, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɞɜɟ
„ɪɭɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ” ɛɭɤɜɢ, ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɁȺ(ɯɚɪɢ), ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɧɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɫ
ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ. ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɟ „ɢɩɫɢɥɨɧ” ɫɴɫ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ „Ⱥ” (ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭ: ɉɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ, Ʉ. Ɋɭɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɩɪɢ Ɋɚɜɧɚ,
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɣɫɤɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɡɢ. – ȼ: ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 3, 1997, 111-112, ʋ 3). ȼ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɢɹ
ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɟɬɟ ɋȺȼȺ, ɜɠ. ɬɭɤ ɛɟɥ. 31.
33
Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ, Ƚ. ɉɪɟɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɧɧɢɤ. – ȼ:
Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɤɨɧɧɢɤ (ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɟɮɚ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1956, ɫ. 38;
Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɧɧɢɤ. – ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 51-52; Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ, Ɍ.
ɉɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɫɤɚɥɟɧ ɪɟɥɟɮ. – ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɫ. 123, ɛɟɥ. 1. Ɂɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɨ
ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɫɤɚɥɟɧ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɳɟ Ƚ. Ɏɟɯɟɪ
ɢ Ʉɪ. Ɇɢɹɬɟɜ, ɜɠ. Ɇɢɹɬɟɜ, Ʉɪ. Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɤɨɧɧɢɤ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, V, 1928/1929, ɫ. 90, ɛɟɥ. 1 ɢ 2. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɬ
ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɟ. ɋɪɜ. ɇɟɞɤɨɜɚ, ȼ. Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɪɟɥɟɮ. – ȼ:
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɪɬɛɨɪɫɚ, 20. 07. 1996 ɝ. Ɂɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ „ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɦɟɫ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫ
ɜɢɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɨɬɬɟɧɴɤ” ɜ ɠɥɟɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɨɬɤɪɨɹɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɚɡɜɚ
ɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɜɚɧɟ, ɜɠ. Beševliev, V. Les inscription du relief de Madara (nouvelle lecture,
complémɟnts et interpretation). – Byzantinoslavica, XVI, 2, 1955, p. 212, n. 1: ɫɩɨɪɟɞ
212
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɬ ɜ Ⱦɜɨɪɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɜɚɪɨɜɢɤɨɜ ɛɥɨɤ ɫ ɜɩɢɫɚɧ ɜ ɤɪɴɝɥɨ

ɩɨɥɟ ɪɟɥɟɮɟɧ ɪɚɜɧɨɪɚɦɟɧɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɢɡɩɴɤɜɚɳ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɫ
ɱɟɪɜɟɧ ɯɨɪɨɫɚɧ ɜɞɴɥɛɚɧ ɤɪɴɝ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɧɢɤ ɨɬ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɩɨ-ɲɢɪɨɤɢ ɠɥɟɛɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɡɚɩɴɥɜɚɧɢ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧ ɯɨɪɨɫɚɧ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɨɹɜɚɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɛɟɥɨɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ
ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟɬɟ35. ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɫ ɬɚɡɢ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɫɟɱɟɧɢ
ɞɴɥɛɨɤɨ ɢ ɠɥɟɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɤɚ IYI ɜ ɩɥɨɱɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɤɚ ɞɨ ɛɚɧɹ „Ʉ” ɜ
Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɬɚɦ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ ɡɚɩɴɥɜɚɧɟ36. ɋ ɱɟɪɜɟɧ
ɯɨɪɨɫɚɧ ɫɚ ɢɧɤɪɭɫɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɱɢɬɟ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɭɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɴɜɫɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɨɬ
ɮɚɫɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɤɪɚɣ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ɏ ɜ.)37.
ɋɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɨɬ ɫɤɚɥɧɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɨɬ ɏ-ɏȱ ɜ. ɩɪɢ Ɇɭɪɮɚɬɥɚɪ
(Ȼɚɫɚɪɚɛ) ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ ɢɦɚɬ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ
ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɟ ɨɬ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɨɯɪɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɬ ɩɨ-ɛɨɝɚɬɚɬɚ, ɧɨ
ɫɴɳɨ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɧɚ, ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɨɯɪɚ ɜ ɫɤɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɨɬ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɞ-ɪ Ɋ. ɑɚɜɞɚɪɨɜ ɨɬ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɴɬ ɧɚ

ɫɦɟɫɬɚ ɟ ɨɬ ɯɟɦɚɬɢɬ, ɦɚɥɤɨ ɦɚɝɧɟɡɢɬ, ɡɴɪɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɜɚɪɰ, ɡɟɦɹ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɜɢɤ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɢ ɨɬ ɠɥɟɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ
ɨɬ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɟɮɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼɚɥɟɧɬɢɧ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ „ɜɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɱɟɪɜɟɧɨ ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ ɫɥɨɣ”, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɬɨ ɟ „ɨɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɞɨɥɟɧ ɨɬ
ɯɟɦɚɬɢɬ (ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɨɯɪɚ), ɚ ɝɨɪɧɢɹɬ – ɨɬ ɜɚɪ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɭɦ” (Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ, ȼ. Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɞɚ
Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɧɧɢɤ. – ȼ: Ʉɨɪɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɧɚ
ɢɧɬɟɪɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ. ɋɴɫɬ. ɉɟɬɴɪ Ⱦɨɛɪɟɜ. ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ
ɧɚ ɋɍ „ɋɜ. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ”. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2005, 205-212, ɫɧ. 1-23, ɮɢɝ. 1). ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɮ.
Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɴɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɯɪɚ ɟ Fe2O3 ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚ PbO2, ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɚɞ ɬ. ɧɚɪ.
ɦɢɧɢɭɦ ɫɟ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢɟ ɫ ɬɴɦɧɨɤɚɮɹɜ ɰɜɹɬ, ɤɚɤɜɨɬɨ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ.
34
ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɮɢɧ ɱɟɪɜɟɧ ɯɨɪɨɫɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɮɭɝɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɢɞɚɪɢɢ ɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɨ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɟɡ IX ɢ X ɜ. ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ (ɬ. ɧɚɪ.
testae tussae) ɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ. ɋɪɜ.
Mamaloukos, St. Treatment of the Façades with inscribed and painted Architectural Forms
and Decorative Features in Mid-Byzantine Architecture. – In: Ɍɪɭɞɵ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɨɝɨ
ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ LIII: Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ Ɋɭɫɶ IX - XII ɜɜ. ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ,
2010, 74-88, fig. 5.
35
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, ə. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. –
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧ, 9, 1997, 82-101; Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ, Ɍ. Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɩɨ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, 1974 ɝ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 4, 1985, 85,
ɬɚɛɥ. ȱȱ, 1 ɢ 3. ɉɨ ɭɫɬɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɞ-ɪ Ɇɚɪɢɟɥɚ ɂɧɤɨɜɚ ɨɬ ɇɂɆ-ɋɨɮɢɹ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɨ
ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɟɧ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɨɬ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ.
36
ɂɡɜɚɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɫ ɤɴɦ 1980 ɝ., ɬɨɣ ɛɟɲɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ
ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. ɂɧɜ. ʋ 3249. ɋɪɜ. ɉɴɪɜɨɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɧɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ. Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬ
ɧɚ Ɇɚɣɧ, 1999, ʋ 36, ɬɚɛɥ. ȱV, 36.
37
ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ, ȼ. Ɋɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɚɞɚɤɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – Ɋɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ, ȱȱȱ,
1948, ɫ. 30, ɨɛɪ. 26.
213
Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ38. Ɉɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɛɨɹ ɤɪɢɩɬɨ-

ɝɪɚɦɚ ɨɬ V-VI ɜ., ɱɢɹɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɱɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧɟ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɧɨ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɢɟ ɨɬ ɏ-ɏȱ ɜ. ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ.39 ɉɪɨɰɟɫɴɬ ɧɚ
ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɣɧɨɩɢɫ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ, ɧɨ ɫɚ
ɧɚɥɢɰɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɚɳɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɟɡɢɱɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. Ɍɨɜɚ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɹɫɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɜ
ɬɹɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɚɦ, ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ.40
Ɉɬ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɨɜɢɞɟɧ ɤɚɦɴɤ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɟɦɚɬɢɬ
(ɚɧɝɥ. ironstone, ɪɭɫ. ɠɟɥɟɡɧɹɤ) ɟ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɜ
ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɩɥɨɱɤɚ ɫ ɧɟɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɧɨ,
ɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɨ-ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɹ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɨɬ ɋɴɬɜɨɪɟ-
ɧɢɟɬɨ, ɧɨ ɫ ɠɟɡɴɥ-ɤɪɴɫɬ ɜ ɪɴɤɚ41. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
38
Atanasov, G. Influences éthno-culturelles dans l`érmitage rupéstre près de
Murfatlar à Dobrudža. – Byzantinoslavica, LVII, 1996, 118-120.
39
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. Ʉɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, 125-140.
40
Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ. ɇɨɜɢ ɨɬɤɴɫɥɟɰɢ, 283-285; Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 125 ɢ
ɫɥ.; Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. Ʉɨɹ ɟ Ɇɢɪɢɧɚ/ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɟɡɢɱɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɩɪɢ Ɋɚɜɧɚ.
– ȼ: Quadrivium. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ ȼ.
ɉɚɧɚɣɨɬɨɜ. (=In honorem 3) ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2016, 139-155; ɋɴɳɢɹɬ. Ɉɬɧɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɹ
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɴɪ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ,
XL, 2012 (=In honorem prof. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ɉɜɱɚɪɨɜ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2012, 205-214 ɢ ɨɳɟ: Georgiev,
P. Pliska – Das Christliche Zentrum Bulgariens im 9. Jahrundert. – In: Glanz des Ostens.
Christliche Kunst aus Bulgarien. Sofia, 2016, 57-58; ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜ, ɉ. Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ
ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɢɪɢɹ (Ⱥɧɬɢɨɯɢɹ) ɢ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ȼ: Àêû áú÷åëà ëþáîäýëüíà. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ
ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɐɜ. əɧɚɤɢɟɜɚ, ɉ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ ɢ ȼ. Ʉɭɥɟɜ. ɒɭɦɟɧ,
2010, 272 ɢ ɫɥ.; Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ɍ. ȿɞɧɚ ɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɚ. – ȼ:
ɂɧɬɟɪɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1997, 40-49; ɋɴɳɢɹɬ. Ɂɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɪɹɞɴɤ ɤɪɴɫɬ-
ɟɧɤɨɥɩɢɨɧ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ȼ: Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɩɪɢ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. 6, 2004, 118-120. Ɂɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. „ɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɟɧɤɨɥɩɢɨɧɢ” ɜɠ.
ɨɳɟ Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ-ɉɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ʌ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɟ-ɟɧɤɨɥɩɢɨɧɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (IX-XIV
ɜ.). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2011, 76 ɢ ɫɥ. ȼɠ. ɨɳɟ Ɂɚɥɟɫɫɤɚɹ, ȼ. ɇ. ɋɜɹɡɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɚ ɫ
ɋɢɪɢɟɣ ɢ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ ɜ ɏ-ɏI ɜɜ. – ȼɴɜ: ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɢ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ IV-XVI
ɜɜ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ, 1988, 93-104.
41
Georgiev, P. The Shoumen Plate – A Monument of Medieval Christian
Gnosticism. – Archaeologia bulgarica, 2001, 3, 45-55; ɋɴɳɢɹɬ. ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɚ:
Ⱥɞɚɦ ɨɬ ɋɴɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɬɨ. – ȼ: Ɂɥɚɬɨɫɬɪɭɣ. Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟɧ ɚɥɦɚɧɚɯ, 8. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2004, 35-
41. ɋɴɦɧɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɱɟ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɚ ɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɟɧ ɮɚɥɲɢɮɢɤɚɬ – ɜɢɠ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜ, ɇ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɥɢ ɟ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɚ? – ȼ: ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ
ɫɜɹɬ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. Ʉ. ɉɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
2014, 407-412, ɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ
ɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɤɜɢ ɨɬ ɤɴɫɧɚɬɚ
ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ.
214
ɫɴɡɧɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɯɟɦɚɬɢɬɴɬ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧ

ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɚɦɭɥɟɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɦɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɚɦɴɧɢ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɰɜɹɬ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɹ
ɟɡɢɤ(Cxìá) – „ɤɪɴɜ”. Ɍɹ ɟ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹɬɚ (ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɧɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ!) ɧɚ
ɬɹɥɨɬɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɞɚɦ, ɱɢɟɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɟɜɪ. adamah, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ „ɱɟɪɜɟɧɨɡɟɦ”, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɝɥɢɧɚ42. Ɍɚɤɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚɬɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɚ ɟ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɟɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɧɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ „ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɱɨɜɟɤ” ɢ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ „ɠɢɜɨɬɚ”.
ɑɟɪɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɢ
ɉɴɤɭɸɥ ɥɭɣ ɋɨɚɪɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɭɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɜ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɪɢɫɭɜɚɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɢ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚ ɛɨɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ
ɢ ɨɱɚɤɜɚɧɨɬɨ ȼɬɨɪɨ ɩɪɢɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɂɢɫɭɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ43. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɚɥɢɞɧɨ ɢ
ɡɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɢɧɨɜɚɪɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɢ, ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɡɚ
ɡɚɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢ44. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɫɦɟɫ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɨɬ
ɏII ɜ. ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɤɚɬɨ „ɫɜɹɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɢɧɚ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɟɧ ɨɝɴɧ”45. ȼ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɏȱ ɜ. ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɨ ɦɚɫɬɢɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɧɨɜɚɪ (]ðüâåíèì æå
ïèñàí·åìü) ɫɚ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɢ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɞɭɦɢ, ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɧɚ-
42
ɋɪɜ. Voicu, S. J. D`Alexandrie aux Balkans: Le nom d`Ⱥdam dans le livre des
secrets d`Hénoch (Charles 31=Vaillant 11). – In: Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ.
ɐɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ „ɂɜɚɧ Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ” , 97, 16, 2007. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
2011, 11-25 ɢ ɫɩɟɰ. p. 12 (ɜ ɫɥɚɜ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɡɚ ȿɧɨɯ: ïëúò åãî wò çåìë ...).
43
Saliby, N. Die Katakomben von Emesa (Hims). – In: Syria. Von den Aposteln zu
den Kalifen. Ed. E. Ruprechtsberger. Linz, 1993, S. 267, Abb. 10; Daim, F. et al.
Byzantinische Archäologie. – In: Jährbuch das Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.
Mainz, 2011, 3, S. 96.
44
Ⱦɠɭɪɨɜɚ, Ⱥ. 1000 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ. Ɉɪɧɚɦɟɧɬ ɢ
ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1981, 69-70.
45
Ʉɚɪɫɤɢɣ, ȿ. Ɏ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 131. ɉɭɪɩɭɪɧɢɹɬ ɰɜɹɬ ɜɨɞɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ
ɬɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɢɞɚ – |óôñå(é)ïí, ostrum, ɨɬ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɥɢɱɚ (Ɇɟɳɟɪɫɤɚɹ, ȿ. ɂ.
Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨɛ Ⱥɜɝɚɪɟ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1984, ɫ. 58 ɢ ɫɥ.). ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ î“ñòðå¬âû“ (Ʉɨɱɟɜ, ɇ. Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ.
ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1981, ɫ. 201, ɛɟɥ. 55). Ɇɪɚɦɨɪɴɬ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɡɨɜɨ-ɜɢɨɥɟɬɨɜ
ɰɜɹɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɪ. ɋɚɧɝɚɪɢɨɫ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɬɢɧɢɹ, Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ, ɫɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɜ Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɡɚ
ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɜɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢɹ ɛɹɥ ɞɪɨɛ ɢ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɹɜɚ ɫ ɬ. ɧɚɪ.
Ostrite (ɨɬ ostrum). ɋɪɜ. Guillande, R. Le Phiales des Factions. – In: Guillande, R. Études
de Topographie de Constantinople byzantine I. Amsterdam, Berlin, 1969, 214-215.
ɉɭɪɩɭɪɴɬ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɰɜɹɬ ɟ „ɰɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ”, ɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ Ⱥɧɬɪɚɤɫ
(=Ɉɝɧɟɧɢɹɬ), ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɹɬ ɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ (Ʉɨɱɟɜ, ɇ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 282-283).
215
ɬɟɥɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ, ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɢɦɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ46, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ

ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ „ɧɢɡɨɜɨ” ɪɚɜɧɢɳɟ. ɉɨɫɬɢɝɚɧ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ,
ɤɢɧɨɜɚɪɴɬ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɛɨɹ (ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ruber) ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ
ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɹɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɡɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚ
ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨɬɨ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ.
Ɉɬɱɢɬɚɣɤɢ ɤɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ, ɫɱɢɬɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɬɴɥɤɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ
ɜ., ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɫ ɢɦɟ Ɉɫɬɪɨ(ɦɢɪ) ɢɥɢ Ɉɫɬɪɨ(ɫ)47 ɢ ɩɴɪɜɨɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ ɛɨɝɨɢɧ (ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɛɚɝɚɢɧ) ɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ48.
ɇɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɞɚɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɴɤɚ ɢ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹɬ ɫ ɧɢɳɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɚɥɟɧ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ49. Ɉɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ
ɧɟɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɢ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢ ɬɴɪɫɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ (ɜɠ. ɛɟɥ.
90).
ȼɨɞɟɳɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɫ ɟ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ ȻɈȽɈIN. Ɍɹ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɢ ɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɞɚ
ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟɦ, ɱɟ ɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ „Ȼɨɝ”, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɢɪɚɧɨ-ɫɬɚɪɨɬɸɪɤɫɤɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ baãa „Ȼɨɝ”, „Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ”50. ȼ ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɤɨɧɚ
ɧɚ Ʉɟɤɚɜɦɟɧ ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɱ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ ɨɬ ɏȱ ɜ., ɩɪɚɜɢ
ɨɩɢɬ ɞɚ ɨɛɹɫɧɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɹ ɫɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥ, ɱɟ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ „ɛɨɝɚɬ” (âïãÜôïí)
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ „ɛɨɝɨɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ” (èåïåéä\).51 Ɂɚ ɬɸɪɤɨɥɨɡɢ ɤɚɬɨ Ʉ. Ɇɟɧɝɟɫ ɧɟ
46
ɋɬɨɹɧɨɜ, ȼ. Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ (ȼɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1991, 74-75, 96.
47
ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜ, Ȼ. ɉɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɚ. ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, 2008, ɫ. 189.
48
ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ „ɨɫɬɪɨ-ɛɨɝɨɢɧ” ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɟ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɨ (ɩɪɚ)ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ: „ɸɤ-ɛɚɝɚɢɧ”, „ɢɱɢɪɝɭ-ɛɚɝɚɢɧ”, „ɫɟɬɢɬ-
ɛɚɝɚɢɧ”, „ɛɢɪɢ-ɛɚɝɚɢɧ”, „ɛɚɝɚɬɭɪ-ɛɚɝɚɢɧ”, ɱɢɹɬɨ ɩɴɪɜɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɩɨɹɫɧɹɜɚ „ɪɚɧɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɝɚɢɧɚ” (Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 59-60). ȼ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ áîãî¶í ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɟɡɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɸɪɤɨ-
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ baãainɴ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ îñòðî- ɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɢɬɥɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɢɦɟ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ „ɛɚɝɚɢɧ” ɧɟ ɟ ɫɴɩɪɨɜɨɞɟɧɨ ɫ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟ, ɚ ɢ
ɜ ɬɸɪɤɨɟɡɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɨ „ɨɫɬɪɨ” (ȼɠ. ɋɥɚɜɨɜɚ, Ɍ. ɐɢɬ.
ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 58). Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɬɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɤɴɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɫɴɳɨ ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȻɈȽɈIN ɡɚɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ (ɩɪɚ)ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ
„ɛɚɝɚɢɧ”, ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɚ ɧɚɣ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɦɢɪ (831-836).
Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɞɚ ɟ ɧɟɣɧɚ
ɪɟɦɢɧɢɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ ɜɟɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ. ȼɠ. ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɛɟɥ. 71.
49
ɋɪɜ. ɫɴɫ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɭ ɋɦɹɞɨɜɫɤɢ, ɋɬ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 48-61.
50
Moravcsik, G. Byzantinoturcica, II. Berlin, 1958, S. 83; Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ. ɐɢɬ.
ɫɴɱ., 59-60; ɋɥɚɜɨɜɚ, Ɍ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 53.
51
ȽɂȻɂ, Vȱȱ, 1968, ɫ. 12, ɛɟɥ. 3; Miklošic, Fr. Lexikon palaeoslovenico-graeco-
latinum. Vindobonae, 1866, sub verbum.
216
ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɴɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɭɮɢɤɫɴɬ –ɢɧ ɜ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɢɧ/ ɛɨɝɨɢɧ, ɟ ɛɟɥɟɝ, ɱɟ ɟ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɟɡɢɱɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ. ɉɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɫɭɮɢɤɫɴɬ ɢɦɚ
ɩɨɫɟɫɢɜɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɞɨɛɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɚ
ɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚɳɢ ɫ –èíú52. Ɍɹ
„ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɹ ɤɴɦ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɨɬ jo-ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢɥɢ s,ɨɫɧɨɜɚ; ɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɳɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ,
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ”, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ãîñïîäèíú `ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ,
ɫɬɨɩɚɧɢɧ` (ɨɬ Ãîñïîäü), ɢɥɢ ïîãàíèíú `ɟɡɢɱɧɢɤ` – ɨɬ ɫɭɛɫɬɚɧɬɢɪɚɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɨ ïîãàíú (<paganus)53. ȼ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɟ
áîã-. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ Ɋ. ɐɟɣɬɥɢɧ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ áîãú ɟ ɫɪɟɞ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɞɭɦɢ ɜ
ɫɬɚɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɹɦɚɬ ɫɭɮɢɤɫ, ɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɠ. ɪ. ãîïîäûí†è
ɫɟ ɫɴɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɫ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɴɠɤɢɹ ɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ –
ãîñïîäü ɢ ãîñïîäèíú54. ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ – ãîñïîäü, ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɫ „ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ
ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ”, ɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɚɞɟɠ
ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ãîñïîäè, ãîñïîäþ, ãîñïîäåâè ɢ ɪɹɞɤɨ – ãîñïîä¹, ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɚɞɟɠ ɬɹ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚ ɫɴɤɪɚɬɟɧɨ55.
Ɍɚɤɚ ɱɟ ȻɈȽɈIN ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
„Ƚɨɫɩɨɞ” ɞɭɦɚ „Ȼɨɝ”56. Ɍɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ (ɞɜɭɫɴɫɬɚɜɧɨ)
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɨ, ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɪɟɞ.
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɤɚɬɚ –èíú ɜ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ áîãî- „ɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ `ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɤɴɦ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɧɚɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɫ
ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɚɳɚɬɚ ɞɭɦɚ`“57. Ɇɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɥ ÁîÃ- ɫ ɞɜɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɦɟɪɧɚ ɜ
52
Ⱦɟɥɟɜɚ, Ⱥ., ɐɜ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ. Protobulgarica. – ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 1998, 4,
95-96; ɋɥɚɜɨɜɚ, Ɍ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 53-54.
53
Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1991, ɫ. 180.
54
ɐɟɣɬɥɢɧ, Ɋ. Ɇ. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1977, 134-135 ɢ
38–39. ȼɠ. ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ãîñïîæäèíú (äüíú), ɬ. ɟ. „ɜ ɞɟɧɹ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ” (=ɍɫɩɟɧɢɟ)
ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɐɚɪ Ⱥɫɟɧ (ɏ ɜ.) ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɏII ɜ. ɭ: ɋɦɹɞɨɜɫɤɢ, ɋɬ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ.
176.
55
Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ, ɫ. 158.
56
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɫ. 140, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ, ɱɟ áîãú ɜ ɞɚɬ. ɩɚɞ. ɢɦɚ ɞɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɢ: áîã¹
ɢ áîãîâè, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ „ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɹɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɳɢ ɥɢɰɚ (ɨɞɭɲɟɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ)…”, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Àäàìîâè
ɨɬ Àäàìú.
57
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 214-215. ȼɠ. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɟɥ. 23 ɬɭɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ Ëîëèí ïðñëåíú.
217
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɜɚ ɫɚ ɢ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɚɬɚ –î¶í. ɉɨ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɬɨɣ ɟ

ɡɚɝɚɬɧɚɥ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ. Ⱥ ɬɹ ɟ ɫ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ
ɡɚ ɞɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɚɞɟɠ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ: ɜ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫ
ɧɚ ɱɭɞɨ 7 ɨɬ „ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬ” (áãcâè ɫɪɟɳɭ ácó)58, ɜ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ
Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ (áîãîâè)59, ɜɴɜ
ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨ ɠɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɇɚɭɦ (áîãîâû)60. ɉɨ ɫɯɨɞɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ Ȼɨɝɨɣ, Ȼɨɝɨɹ61, ɫɢɪɟɱ
`ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɹɬ/ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢɹɬ Ȼɨɝɭ`62.
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɟ
ɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ Ɉɫɬɪɨɫ ɢɥɢ Ɉɫɬɪɨɧ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɧɨ: „ɨɫɬɪɨɝ”,
„ɨɫɬɪɨɜ”, ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ. ɇɨ ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ „ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɚɳɚɬɚ ɞɭɦɚ” ɜ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ
ɟ „Ȼɨɝ”, ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɧɟɳɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ ɧɟɦɭ.
ɋ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɞɚ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɚɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ „ɨɫɬɪɨ(ɝ)”.
58
ɋɩɚɫɨɜɚ, Ɇ. ȿɡɢɤɨɜɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ „ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬ”. – ȼ:
„ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬ” ɢ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2007, 128-
129, 183.
59
ɉɟɧɤɨɜɚ, ɉ. ɋɜ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢɣ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢɣɫɤɢ (ȼɟɥɢɤɢ). Ɍɪɟɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɚɪɢɚɧɢɬɟ. ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2016, ɜɠ. ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɧɚ ɫ. 452.
60
ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ƀ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢ ɢɡ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1970, ɫ. 312.
61
ȼɠ. ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɜ Ʉɨɤɚɥɹɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɧɧɢɤ: Áîãîÿ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɫɢɧ – Ìèõî Áîãîÿíú
(ÁîãîJà), Áîãå, Áîæà ɭ: ɐɢɛɪɚɧɫɤɚ-Ʉɨɫɬɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ʉɨɤɚɥɹɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɨɦɟɧɧɢɤ (ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ). – ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɏɏɏȱɏ, 2015, 4, ɫ. 38, 53, ɥ. 24ɛ.
62
Ɂɚ ɟɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ ɜɠ. Moravcsik, G. Op. cit.,
S. 92; Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ, ɂɜ. ɇɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɤɴɦ Ʉɟɤɚɜɦɟɧ. – ȼ: ɉɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1981, 193-202. ȼɠ. ɨɳɟ ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɜɵɩ. 2. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1975, 159-161: *bogovc(jɴ), ɫɴɪɛɨɯɴɪɜɚɬ. ɛòɝɨɜ,
ɫɥɚɜɹɧ. *bogodanɴ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɢɪɚɧ. Baga-dƗta `ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɟɧ, ɞɚɞɟɧ ɨɬ Ȼɨɝɚ`.
Ƚɟɪɨɜ, ɇ. Ɋɟɱɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ, 1. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1975, ɫ. 53: ɛóɝɨɜɟɰɶ (ɜ ɧɚɪ. ɩɟɫɧɢ) ɡɚ
ɞɟɬɟ `ɞɚɞɟɧɨ ɨɬ Ȼɨɝɚ`, ɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ Ȼóɝɨɜɵɣ, ɜɴ, ɜɚ, ɜɨ, ɬ. ɟ. `Ƚòɫɩɨɞɨɜ`. ȼɠ. ɨɳɟ:
äàæü Áîãîâè (ɞɚɠɛɚ Ȼɨɝɭ) ɭ Ʉɚɥɨɹɧɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɉɨɫɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɞɨ
ɡɧɚɬɟɧ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧ ɫɢɧ. – ȼ: ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2008, ɫ. 123. ɋɴɳɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɢ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ Ȼɨɝóɣ ɢ Ȼɨɝóÿ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɞɜɭɟɡɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɪɟɫ ɟ ɢɦɟɬɨ
Bogologos (ɚ ɧɟ Théologos) ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ 1339-1342 ɝ. ɋɪɜ. Lefort, J. Toponymie et
antroponymie: Le contact entre Grécs et les Slaves en Macédoine. – In: Castrum 4. Frontière
et peuplement dans le Monde Méditerannéen au Moyen âge. Actes de Colloque en Italie.
1988, éd. par J. M. Poisson. Roma-Madrid, 1992, p. 170. Ɂɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɚɜ ɜɠ.
Ȼɢɥɹɪɫɤɢ, ɂɜ. ɉɨɝɚɧɨɜɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɨɦɟɧɧɢɤ. – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ,
ɐɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ „ɂɜ. Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ”, 84-85, 4, 1990-1991, ɫ. 69.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɟ ɞɚɥɢ „Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɨɜ” ɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟ, ɢɥɢ „ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ” ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟ.
218
Ⱦɭɦɚɬɚ îñòðîãú `ɨɝɪɚɞɚ` ɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɬ îñòðú ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ

ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɚɬɚ – -îãú63. ɉɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɭɦɚ
ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɨɬɨ ÷áñÜêá, ɪɭɫ. `ɱɚɫɬɨɤɨɥ` ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ
ɞɴɪɜɟɧɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɞɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧ ɜɪɴɯ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɚɜɚɬ
ɩɨɞɝɪɚɞɢɟ64. ɇɨ ɬɹ ɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ „ɨɫɬɴɪ” ɢ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ „ɨɫɬɴɪ ɤɨɥ” (ɜ ɤɭɩɚ ɫɟɧɨ), ɧɨ ɨɳɟ ɢ ɧɟɳɨ,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ „ɧɚ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚɬɚ”, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ
ɞɪɟɜɧɨɪɭɫɤɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ.65 ȼ ɫɴɪɛɨɯɴɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚ
ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ. ȼ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ „ɨɫɬɪɨɝ”
ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɡɚ „ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɨɫɬɪɚ ɫɤɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ”66.
Ɍɭɤ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɴɪɧɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɜɥɚɝɚɧɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɪɟɞ ɧɚ
ɧɟɣɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ. Ʉɴɦ ɬɨɜɚ, ɨɫɜɟɧ ɢɡɬɴɤɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ
ɞɚ ɟ ɫɯɜɚɳɚɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ } óôáõñüò, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɟɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
„ɤɪɴɫɬɴɬ”, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɳɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɨɜɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɚɥɢɫɚɞɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ
ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɱɥɟɧ ôü (ɌɈɋɌɊɈ), ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɚ ɜ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɩɪɢ ɫ. ɑɟɪɧɨɝɥɚɜɰɢ, ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ
(ɨɛɪ. 3)67. Ɋɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪ. „ɫɬɚɜɪɨɫ” ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɢ
63
Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ, ɫ. 180.
64
ɋɪɟɡɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɂ. ɂ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ. Ɍ. ȱȱ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1902, ɤɨɥ. 744-745; Ɏɚɫɦɟɪ, Ɇ.
ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɍ. ȱȱȱ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1987, ɫ. 166.
65
ɇɟɪɨɡɧɚɤ, ȼ. ɉ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1983, ɫ. 194 (ɝɪɚɞ
Ɉɫɬɪɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ Ƚɨɪɢɧɹ ɨɬ ȼɨɥɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɜ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɋɩɢɫɴɤ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ɏIV-XV ɜ. ɋɪɜ. ɉɨɞɨɫɢɧɨɜ, Ⱥ. ȼ. Ɉ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ „ɋɩɢɫɤɚ
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɯ”. – ȼ: ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1978, 40-48.
66
Ɂɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɭ: Ɇɭɪɡɚɟɜ, ɗ. Ɇ. ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1984, ɫ. 420 (ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɹɧ, ɗ. Ⱥ. ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. ȿɪɟɜɚɧ, 1975, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɢ
ɛɟɲɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɴɩɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ).
67
Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, Ɍ. Ɂɚ ɫɦɢɫɴɥɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɫ.
ɑɟɪɧɨɝɥɚɜɰɢ, ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ. – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ. Ɍ. 5, 2001 (ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ Ɍɨɬɸ Ɍɨɬɟɜ), 107-112. Ɍɨɱɟɧ ɩɪɨɱɢɬ ɧɚ ɇ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɭ: Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ-ɉɟɬɤɨɜɚ,
Ʌ., ɇ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ. Ʉɚɦɴɤ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɨɬ Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. –
ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 11, 2014, ɫ. 247, ɛɟɥ. 22). ȼɚɠɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɢ, ɱɟ ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɜ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɥɚɜɰɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɬɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɹɜɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧ (ɩɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɛɟɥ. 23), ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ȼ.
Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ ɱɟɬɟ: Êùíóôáí(ôßíïõ) ðüíçìá ôï‡ ÔæåâñéíÞïõ („Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɨ
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɑɟɛɪɢɧ”) ɢ ɝɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜ ɏ ɜ., ɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɑɟɛɪɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɧɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟ
ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ ɑɟɪɜɟɧ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɝɨ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɹ Ɏ. ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɢ (ɜɠ. Bešèvliev, V. Spätgriechische und
spätlateinische Inschriften aus Bulgarien. Berlin, 1964, Nr. 57, Abb. 55).
219
ɢɡɩɪɚɜɹ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɟɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɢɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ: ɫɴɱɟɬɚɜɚɧɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ

ɞɭɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɤ ɡɚ ɫɴɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ. ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɟ ɡɧɚɟɥ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ, ɞɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ
ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ ɢ ɝɪɴɰɤɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ
„ɜɢɫɨɤɨ Ɍ” (ɫ ɬɢɬɥɚ?), ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. „ɬɚɭ-ɤɪɴɫɬ”, ɤɚɬɨ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɩɴɪɜɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ʋ 48. Ɍɚɦ, ɚ ɢ ɜ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɫɥɟɞ VII ɜ., ɡɚ
ɤɪɴɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɬɨ Ɋɚɡɩɹɬɢɟ68.
ɂ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɚ, ɨɳɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ
ɩɨɫɨɱɢɯɦɟ, ɞɭɦɚɬɚ |óôñå(é)ïí, ostrum ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɡɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɢɞɚ, ɨɬ
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɥɢɱɚ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɛɨɹ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɤɨɪɟɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ
îñòðî- ɟ ɦɨɝɴɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɫɨɰɢɢɪɚ ɢ ɫɴɫ „ɩɭɪɩɭɪɟɧ” ( î“ñòðå¬âû“ ɭ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ)
ɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɜɢɡɢɪɚ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ (ɜɠ. ɬɭɤ
ɛɟɥ. 45 ɢ 90).
ɋɴɳɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ îñòðî(ã) ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɧɚ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɡɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ (ɜɪɴɯ, ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ). Ⱥɤɨ ɫɴɞɢɦ
ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɭɩɟɧɨɜɢɞɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɴɦ
ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɯɴɥɦ ɫ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟɦ, ɱɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɹɯ. ȼ ɪɭɫɤɢɬɟ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɝ (ɦɧ. ɱ. ɨɫɬɪɨɝɢ) ɫɟ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɴɪɜɟɧɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɚɜɚɬ ɬ. ɧɚɪ.
ɞɟɬɢɧɟɰ, ɚ ɧɟ Ʉɪɟɦɴɥɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɰɢɬɚɞɟɥɚɬɚ, ɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ
ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɨɤɨɥɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ (ɩɨɞɝɪɚɞɢɟ)69. Ɉɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɥɟɞɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ
ɪɟɡɨɧɧɨ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ
ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɞɢɟ70.
68
Ⱦɨɛɪɟɜ, ɂɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 305; Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. Ʉɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɚɬɚ, ɫ. 134.
ȼɦɴɤɧɚɬɨɬɨ ɢ ɫ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ ɢ ɫ ɩɨ-ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ „Ɍ” ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɡɚ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟ ɨɳɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɢ ɨɬ
ɪɚɧɧɨɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɤɚɬɚɤɨɦɛɢ – ɜɠ. Sulzberger, M. Le Symbole de la Croix et le
Monogrammes de Jésus chèz les premier Chrétiens. – Byzantion, II, 1925, p. 374, 384. ɍ ɧɚɫ
ɫ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɚ „Ɍ” (ɬɚɭ) ɜ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɢ ɨɬ IX-X ɜ. ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɜɠ. Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ-ɉɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ʌ., ɇ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ.
241-242, ɨɛɪ. 3. ȼɠ. ɢ ɛɟɥ. 76 ɬɭɤ.
69
Ɇɨɪɝɭɧɨɜ, ɘ. ɘ. Ⱦɪɟɜɨ-ɡɟɦɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ ɏ-ɏȱȱȱ ɜɜ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2009, ɫ. 232 ɢ ɫɥ.
70
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢɹɬ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏɏ
ɜ. ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ „ɏɨɪɢɹ(ɬ) ɤɚɩɭɫɭ”, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɚ, ɱɪɟɡ
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚɧ ɞɨɫɬɴɩɴɬ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɬɨɬɨ ɤɴɦ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɞɢɟ ɧɚ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ, ɜ ɦ. „ɏɚɪɚɱɢ ɛɨɚɡ”. ɋɪɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɉɨɞɝɪɚɞɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ,
121-122. Ƚɪɴɤɨɟɡɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɨɬ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɞɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ
„ɨɫɬɪɨɝ” ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɞɢɟɬɨ ɜ „ɏɚɪɚɱɢ ɛɨɚɡ”, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ. ȼɴɩɪɨɫɴɬ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚ
ɩɨ-ɡɚɞɴɥɛɨɱɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ȼɟɧɰɟɥ Ȼɪɨɧɢɹɪ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1786 ɝ.
220
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ

ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ Ȼɨɝò(ɜ)ɢɧ (=ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ Ȼɨɝɭ, ɬ. ɟ.
Ƚòɫɩɨɞɟɜ/ Ƚòɫɩɨɞɭɜ)71. ɋ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɬɨɜɚɪɟɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɣ-ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ, ɚ ɨɬ
ɬɚɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɹ ɝɪɚɞ72. Ʉɚɬɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɟɧɚ ɫ ɞɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɬɪɢ
ɫɬɟɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ „ɫɤɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ” ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɡ 1444
ɝ. ɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɰɴɬ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚɫ ɞɟ ɉɚɥɚɰɢɨ73. ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɧɚɫɚɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɹ ɫɨɱɚɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ „ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ” ɢɥɢ „ɯɴɥɦ”,
ɢɦɚɣɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ „ɨɬɪɨɝ” (ɪɭɫ.), ɬ. ɟ. ɧɨɫɨɜɢɞɟɧ
ɯɪɟɛɟɬ ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ74. Ʉɚɪɟɥ ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɹ ɨɩɢɫɜɚ ɬɚɤɚ:
„ɇɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ ɨɬ ɝ. ɒɭɦɥɚ, ɧɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ „Ʉɶɨɲɤɨɜɟ”, ɨɬ
ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ Horu magasine, ɬ. ɟ. ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ

(ɦɢɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ) ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɟ.
71
ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɚɣɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɦɨ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ
ɟɡɢɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɡɚɳɨ, ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ, ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ
ȻɈȽɈIN, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ „Ƚòɫɩɨɞɟɜ/ Ƚòɫɩɨɞɭɜ”? Ⱦɚɥɢ
ɩɴɤ ɬɹ, ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɢɯɦɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɟ (ɩɪɚ)ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ bagain, ɧɟ ɟ
ɢɦɚɥɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ, ɧɨ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɟɣ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ? Ɉɤɚɡɜɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ
Ⱥɛɚɫɢɞɫɤɢɹ ɯɚɥɢɮ ɚɥ-Ɇɚɧɫɭɪ (754-775) ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ Ȼɚɝɞɚɞ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɩɪɨɜɢɰɢɹ ɏɨɪɚɫɚɧ (ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɟɡɢɱɧɢɰɢ) ɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɚɥ-
Ȼɚɝɚɢɣɧ. ɋ ɧɟɝɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɹɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥ ɬɚɦ. ɋɪɜ. ɐɤɢɬɚɲɜɢɥɢ,
Ɉ. ȼ. Ɋɚɧɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɣ Ȼɚɝɞɚɞ (ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ɇɚɲɯɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɂɛɧ ɚɥ-
Ɏɚɤɢɯɚ ɚɥ-ɏɚɦɚɞɚɧɢ). Ɍɛɢɥɢɫɢ, 1986, ɫ. 80, ɛɟɥ. 157. ɇɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɬ
ɫɜɢɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɚɥɢɮɚ, ɤɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ „ɛɚɝɚɢɧɢɬɟ” ɩɪɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ Ɇɚɥɚɦɢɪ
(831-836). ɉɪɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɴɠɞɚɧɟ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɞɚɥɢ ɢ
„ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ” ɛɚɝɚɢɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ
ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ
ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɢɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɧɢɰɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɲɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɨɬ Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢ
Ȼɥɢɡɤɢɹ ɢɡɬɨɤ? ȼ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɬɴɤɧɟ, ɱɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɏɚɥɢɮɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ ɏɨɪɚɫɚɧ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɹɜɚɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɬɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɚɠɧɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɞ
al-MaúƯúah, ɬ. ɟ. Ɇɨɩɫɭɟɫɬɢɹ ( ɜɠ. ɩɨ-ɞɨɥɭ ɛɟɥ. 79). ȼɠ. ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɭ: Haldon, J. F., H.
Kennedy. The Arab – Byzantine Frontier in the Eighty and Ninth Centuries: Military
Organisation and Society in the Borderlands. – ȼ: Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɋɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ, XIX, 1980, 109-110, 112. ȼ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ, ɱɟ ɜ
ɬɚɡɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɢɡɫɟɥɧɢɰɢ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɧɨɫɟɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ
„Ɉɫɬɪɨɝ (ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ) ɧɚ ɛɚɝɚɢɧɢɬɟ”.
72
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ „ɋɜɟɬɢ ɝɪɚɞ” ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɦɟ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɚ ɨɬ 1457
ɝ. ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɭɤɪɟɩɟɧɢɬɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɚɫɬɪɢɨɬɢ – ɋɤɟɧɞɟɪ ɛɟɝ (1405-1468).
(Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂɜ. ȿɞɢɧ Ɉɫɦɨɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ (ɇȻɄɆ 180
(313). – ȼ: ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɋɬ. ȼɚɤɥɢɧɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1978, 64-65. ɂɡɪɚɡɴɬ ɜ
ɧɚɲɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ „Ȼɨɝɨ(ɜ)ɢɧ”, ɬ. ɟ. Ƚòɫɩɨɞɭɜ, ɚ ɬɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɠɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɨɬ ɏ ɢɥɢ XI ɜ.
73
Ɇɢɪɱɟɜ, Ɇ. ɉɢɫɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥ
Ʌɭɞɜɢɤ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚɫ ɞɟ ɉɚɥɚɰɢɨ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɏV, 1964, ɫ. 89.
74
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. „ɉɥɸɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɞ” ɢ „ɝɪɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ”, 479-481.
221
ɩɥɚɬɨɬɨ „ɏɢɫɚɪ-ɞɭɡɭ” ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɫɟ ɜɞɚɜɚ ɬɟɫɟɧ ɨɬɪɨɝ,

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɋɭɥɭ-ɦɚɚɪɚ-ɛɨɚɫ, ɏɢɫɚɪ-ɛɨɚɫ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɦɚɥɴɤ
ɨɜɪɚɝ (ɪɭɫ. ɛɚɥɤɚ), ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ ɏɢɫɚɪ ɛɨɚɫ. ɇɚ ɜɴɪɯɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɨɝɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ, ɧɚɪɢɱɚɧɚ ɞɧɟɫ „ɏɢɫɚɪ” ...
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɴɜɚɬ ɩɨ
ɝɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɫɤɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɴɦɧɢ ɨɛɪɢɜɢ, ɚ ɸɠɧɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɧɚ
ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ”75. ɉɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ, ɱɟ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ îñòðî
áîãî¶í ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɫ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɹ ɒɭɦɟɧ, ɛɟɡ
ɨɛɚɱɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɦ ɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹɥɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ. ȼ ɫɜɟɬɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɦɟ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ
ɩɪɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɟɧ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ „(Ȼɨɝɨ(ɜ)ɢɧ, ɬ. ɟ. Ƚòɫɩɨɞɭɜ ɜɪɴɯ
(ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ)”76. Ɍɨɣ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ ɟ ɞɚɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɯɨɪɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɚɬɚ
ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ, ɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹɬ ɡɚ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ77. Ɍɚɤɢɜɚ ɛɢɯɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɯɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɦɚɥɨɚɡɢɣɫɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɡɚɫɟɥɢɥɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ
ɧɚɣ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ., ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɱɢɹɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢ-
ɪɚɯɦɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ, ɚ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ.
ɂɡɜɨɪɨɜɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɢ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɦɟ ɜ ɢɦɟɬɨ, ɫ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɹɬ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏII ɜ. Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɝɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚɳɚ
ɧɚɛɥɢɡɨ ɪɟɤɚ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ, ɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɨɫɟɥɢ ɨɛɳɨɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ɇɚɫɢɣɭɧɭɫ
75
ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ, Ʉ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɫ. 429, ɬɚɛɥ. XCII, 3,1.
76
Ɉɛɜɴɪɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɴɯ (ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ) ɫ Ȼɨɝɚ ɥɢɱɢ ɨɬ
ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ – „Ɍ”. ȼ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɚɬɚ
„ɬɚɭ” ɟ ɜɢɞ ɤɪɴɫɬ (ɜɠ. ɛɟɥ. 68 ɬɭɤ), ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɋɬɚɪɢɹ Ɂɚɜɟɬ ɟ ɡɧɚɤ ɡɚ ɛɨɝɨɢɡɛɪɚɧɨɫɬ (ɂɡɯɨɞ,
9: 4). ɋɪɜ. Rahner, H. Antenna crucis. „Das mystische Tau”. – In: Zeitschrift für
katholische Theologie, 75, 1953, 386-410 (386-387); DACL I. Paris, 1907, col. 933, fig.
225; Sulzberger, M. Op. cit., p. 427; Vérdier, Ph. Notes sur trios bijoux d`ɨr byzantins de
Walters art Gallery. – Cahièrs archéologiques, XI, 1960, p. 124. ɋ ɬɨɡɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ
Ƀɟɡɟɤɢɥ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥ ɧɚɫɪɟɞ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ ɱɟɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɴɪɛɹɳɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɳɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɡɢ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɟɧ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɬɟɨɥɨɡɢ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ
ɝɪɴɰɤɚɬɚ „ɬɚɭ” ɨɳɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɚ ɧɚ ɇɨɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɴɱɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɢɹ Ȼɨɝ
ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɱɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ (arca Noe qua salvator mundus et miseria) Cf.
Rahner, H. Op. cit., S. 410 (ɜɠ. ɬɭɤ ɩɨ-ɞɨɥɭ) ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɥɨɜɨɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɢ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ „ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢɹɬ Ȼɨɝɭ
ɜɪɴɯ (ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ) ɧɚ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ”.
77
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. „ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɢɹɬ ɜɪɴɯ” ɤɪɚɣ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫ
Ɇɚɞɚɪɚ-Ɇɭɧɞɪɚɝɚ. – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ȱȱȱ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ, ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2012. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2014, 519-520. ȼɠ. ɨɳɟ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ,
ɉ. ɉɥɢɫɤɚ – ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɟ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ Iɏ ɜɟɤ. – ɉɥɢɫɤɚ–ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 13 (ȼ
ɩɚɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. Ɍɨɬɸ Ɍɨɬɟɜ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2018, 45-46.
222
(MaúƯyǌnus), ɫ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɟɧ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɨɱɢɬ: Ɇɢɫɢɨɧɢɫ78. ɇɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ

ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɢɫɤɜɚɧɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ ɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ, ɧɨ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɨɛɪɴɳɚɧɨ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɱɚɫɬ – Ɇɚɫɢ- ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɤɢɥɢɤɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ Ɇɨɩɫɭɟɫɬɢɹ, ɤɨɝɨɬɨ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɫ
ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɬɨ Ɇɚɫɢɫɚ (ɱɥɟɧɭɜɚɧɨ – al-MaúƯúah) „ɜ Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ”, ɞɧ. Ɇɢɫɢɫ ɧɚ
ɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɠɟɣɯɚɧ79. Ⱥ ɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɠɞɚ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɹ ɜɪɴɯ „Ɇɚɫɢɫ” (al-Massisah) (ɜɟɪ. ɞɧ. Ʉɨɪɞɢɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ,
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬ Ɇɟɫɨɩɨɬɚɦɢɹ)80. Ɍɚɦ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɚɤɨɫɬɢɪɚɥ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɉɨɬɨɩɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɜɭɬɢɹɬ „ɤɨɜɱɟɝ ɧɚ ɇɨɣ” ɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɢɧɨɜɟ ɋɢɦ, əɮɟɬ ɢ ɏɚɦ, ɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɬɟɱɢ ɢ ɟɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɢ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢ ɫɚ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ. ɘɞɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ
ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɹ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ, ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɫɟ ɦɭɥɬɢɩɥɢɰɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ81. ɋɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɣɤɢ ɡɚ
ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ, ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɪɟɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ɇɚɫɢɣɭɧɭɫ (MaúƯyǌnus), Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚ „ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ” ɚɧɚɥɨɝ (ɤɨɪɟɥɚɬ) ɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɬɨ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɚ (ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚɬɚ) Ɇɚɫɢɫ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɝɨ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɤɚɬɚ -yǌnus. Ɍɹ ɟ ɫ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɚɜɚɥɚ
ɨɪɨɧɢɦɚ Ɇɚɫɢɫ ɜ ɟɡɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɬ ɝɪɴɤɨɟɡɢɱɟɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢɹ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ. Ɍɹ ɛɟɲɟ ɪɚɡɝɚɞɚɧɚ ɞɨɧɹɤɴɞɟ ɨɬ ȼ. Ⱥɜɪɚɦɨɜ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ
„ɜɪɴɯ”82. Ɍɚɤɚ ɱɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ
ɛɭɤɜɚɥɧɨ „ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ (=ɜɴɪɯɴɬ) Ɇɚɫɢɫ”, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɟɥɢɳɧɨ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɨ ɢɦɟ. Ɂɚ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɪɢ ɨɬ
ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɡɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɰɢ ɞɧɟɫ ɟ ɧɚɥɢɰɟ ɞɢɥɟɦɚɬɚ: ɩɪɢ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɢɥɢ Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ
78
ɇɟɞɤɨɜ, Ȼ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ‫ װ‬ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏII ɜɟɤ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɂɞɪɢɫɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1960, ɫ. 69,75, 83, ɛɟɥ. 221 (ɫ. 130 ɢ 136 (ɤɴɦ ɛɟɥ. 256).
79
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɫ. 61, ɛɟɥ. 183 (ɫ. 126.)
80
ɇɨɜɨɫɟɥɶɰɟɜ, Ⱥ. ɉ. Ɉ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɣ „ɝɨɪɵ Ⱥɪɚɪɚɬ”. – ȼ:
ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1984, 61-
66.
81
Ƚɪɚɛɚɪ, Ⱥ. Ȼɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ⱥɩɚɦɟɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɜ ɫɢɧɚɝɨɝɚɬɚ
ɜ Ⱦɭɪɚ. – ȼ: Ⱥ. Ƚɪɚɛɚɪ. ɂɡɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, 2. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1983, 70-71 ɢ ɰɢɬ. ɬɚɦ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ.
82
Ⱥɜɪɚɦɨɜ, ȼ. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ-ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. Ɍ. I. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1929, 51-52,
235-240; ɬ. III, 162-163 ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȼ. Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɤ
ɡɚ ɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ „ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜ ɜɪɴɯ” ɫ ɒɭɦɟɧ. Ɇɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɚ
ɡɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ „ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɫ” (=ɒɢɦɟɨɧɨɫ),
ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɏIV ɜ. ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɞɨ ɞɧɟɫ
ɨɣɤɨɧɢɦ, ɚ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ XI-XII ɜ. ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ
ɝɪɴɰɤɚ ɞɭɦɚ –âïõíüò, ɡɚ „ɜɪɴɯ, ɦɨɝɢɥɚ, ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ”, ɤɨɹɬɨ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɥ
ɫɴɳɨ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɜ ɚɪɚɛɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ –yǌnus (ɨɬ MaúƯyǌnus).
223
83
ɬɟ . ȼ ɞɨɫɟɝɚɲɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɢɫɤɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɰɟɧɹɜɚ ɜɨɞɟɳɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɨɪɨɧɢɦɚ, ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɢɹ
(ɉɚɪɢɠɤɢ) ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɏIII ɜ. ɫɴɫ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ84.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ɇɚɫɢɣɭɧɭɫ ɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɚɪɚɛɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ85 ɧɚ ɝɪɴɤɨɟɡɢɱɧɨ, ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɨ, ɫɥɨɜɨɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ
*Masibounos/ Masivounos ɫɴɫ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ „ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ (ɯɴɥɦɴɬ) Ɇɚɫɢɫ”86.
Ɉɬ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ
ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ (ɫɴɳɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ) ɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɚ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɤɚɬɨ „ɚɤɪɨɥɨɮɢɹ
(=ɤɪɚɟɯɴɥɦɢɟ) ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɫɢ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ”87. Ɍɚɤɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧ, ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɴɬ ɤɪɢɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɫ
ɉɨɬɨɩɚ – „ɜɴɪɯɴɬ ɧɚ ɋɢɦ” (ɩɴɪɜɨɪɨɞɧɢɹɬ ɇɨɟɜ ɫɢɧ), ɨɬ ɱɢɣɬɨ ɫɢɧ Ɂɢɟɡɢ
ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɧɢɹ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɨɬ 354 ɝ. (ɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ V
ɢɥɢ VI ɜ.) ɢɡɜɟɠɞɚ ɩɨɬɟɤɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ. ȼɡɟɬɢ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ, ɞɜɚɬɚ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢ
83
ɇɟɞɤɨɜ, Ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 69, 75, 83, ɛɟɥ. 221 (=ɫ. 130 ɢ 136 (ɤɴɦ ɛɟɥ. 256) (ɫ
ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ) ɢ Ʉɨɧɚɤɥɢɟɜ, Ⱥ. ɇɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɹɬ Ɇɢɫɢɨɧɢɫ. – ȼ:
ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ,
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2008. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2009, 239-245, ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚɞ
Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɟ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɰɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɡɢ, ɮɢɥɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɚɪɚɛɢɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɟɞɢɧɧɢ ɜ
ɨɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɚɫɢɣɭɧɭɫ ɫ ɒɭɦɟɧ. ȼɠ. ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɭ: Ʉɨɧɨɜɚɥɨɜɚ, ɂ. Ƚ. Ⱥɥ-
ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɍɟɤɫɬ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2006, ɫ. 157, ɛɟɥ. 23 ɢ ɰɢɬ. ɬɚɦ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɴɦ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɢ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɡɢ (Ɋɚɛɨɜɹɧɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 30). Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɹɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ
ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ: ɩɪɢ Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɟ ɢɥɢ ɒɭɦɟɧ (ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ. Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɨɬ Iɏ-ɏII ɜ. – ȼ: Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ, 30, 2015, (ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ȼɚɥɟɪɢ Ƀɨɬɨɜ), 215-
216).
84
Ʉɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɚ, ɋɬ., Ȼ. Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ. Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɢ ɜ
ɤɚɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ. ɉɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ. I. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1990, 75-76.
85
Ʉɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɚ, ɋɬ. ɉɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɜ „Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ” ɧɚ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ (XII ɜ.). – ȼ: Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. ɐɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ „ɂɜ. Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ”, 95, 14, 2006.
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2010, 119-122.
86
Ɂɚ Ɇɚɫɢɫ (Ɇɚɫɢɮɚ) ɢ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɜɨɬ ɜɠ. ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ: wíè æå ñúáðàâ`øåñ âú Ìàñèô¹. Èäå‘ æå á‘øå
êèâîòú ázæè (420ɚ16); è ñúáðàâú âú Ìàñèô¹ íàðîD ìî‘ëøå çà í Áãzú (421ɜ1), ɩɨ:
Ɍɨɬɨɦɚɧɨɜɚ, Ⱥ-Ɇ. ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2008,
ɫ. 61 ɢ 64. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɴɬ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ɇɚɫɢɫ (Ɇɚɫɢɮ) ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ
Ɇɚɫɢɣɭɧɭɫ ɭ ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ.
87
ȽɂȻɂ, VIII, 1971, ɫ. 61; Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. ɉɥɢɫɤɚ – ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɟ, ɫ. 65.
ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɚɤɪɨɥɨɮɢɹ” (ɜɠ. ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɨɪɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɯɴɥɦ (lófos, bounós), Suidas Lexikon, ex recognatione Imm. Bekkeri. Berolini, 1854, p. 57)
ɡɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ, ȼ. Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɥɢɜɨ ɫ „ɤɪɚɟɯɴɥɦɢɟ”, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɨ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɧɚ îñòðîã `ɨɫɬɴɪ, ɫɬɪɴɦɟɧ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɯɴɥɦ ɫ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ`. ȼɠ. ɛɟɥ. 77
ɬɭɤ.
224
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬ ɜ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ

ɨɛɜɴɪɡɚɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɫ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɨɬɨɩɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ.
ɋɦɢɫɥɨɜɚɬɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ *îñòðî(ã) áîãî¶í,
ɛɭɤɜ. „ȼɪɴɯ, (ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ) Ȼɨɝɭ” ɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ *Masi vounos ɧɟ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ. Ɍɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɬɢɱɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ. Ⱥɤɨ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɜɟɤ ɩɨ-
ɪɚɧɟɧ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɭ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ, ɬɨ ɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ, ɱɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɨ ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɝɪɴɤɨɟɡɢɱɧɚ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɤɚ, ɩɨ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚ ɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɏ-
ɏI ɜ. ɞɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ ɞɚɞɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɟɟɳɨ ɜ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟ *Masi vounos (ɜɠ.
ɛɟɥ. 86). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɱɭɠɞɨɟɡɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɢɦɟ ɜ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ áîãî·í, ɫɢɪɟɱ
Ƚòɫɩɨɞɭɜ ɜɪɴɯ.88 Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɟɡɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ
ɧɚ ɏI ɜ. ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɬɴɪɩɹɥɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɫ
Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɤɚɥɢ. Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɝɨ ɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɤɚɬɨ „ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɣ
ɫɢ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ” ɢ ɞɧɟɫ ɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɹ, ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɚ
ɩɪɟɢɧɚɱɢɥɢ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɹ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ („ɜɪɴɯ (ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ) ɧɚ ɋɢɦ” ) ɫɩɨɪɟɞ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ (893-927), ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɦɢɫɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɧɢɤɚ ɬɪɢɭɦɮɚɬɨɪ ɬɚɦ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɏ ɜ.89 Ɍɚɤɚ
ɢ Ⱥɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥ ɦɟɫɬɧɚ ɝɪɴɤɨɟɡɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɟ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɤɚɬɨ MaúƯyǌnus, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɧɟɝɨ ɦɭ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ „ɤɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɣɫɤɢ” ɤɨɪɟɥɚɬ – ɨɣɤɨɧɢɦɚ
al-MaúƯúah.
Ɉɬɱɢɬɚɣɤɢ ɤɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ, ɱɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɦɴɤɴɬ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ
88
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ „Ƚòɫɩɨɞɭɜ”, ɫɢɪɟɱ „ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢɹɬ Ȼɨɝɭ” ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɫɨɰɢɢɪɚ
ɫɴɫ ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɧɢɦ El šaddaj (=ȼɫɟɦɨɝɴɳɢɹɬ Ȼɨɝ). ȿɩɢɬɟɬɴɬ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɠɞɚ
ɨɬ ɚɤɚɞɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ šadû ɢ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɭɦɚ šaddaj, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ „ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ”
(ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɡɚ ɤɭɥɬɨɜɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ). ɋɪɜ. ɒɢɜɚɪɨɜ, ɇ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ „Ȼɨɝ ȼɫɟɞɴɪɠɢɬɟɥ”
(ɉɨɹɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ. ɍɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ
ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ). – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. ɐɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ „ɂɜɚɧ Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ”, 97 16, 2007. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2011, 139-141.
89
Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɥɚɜɹ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɫɦɴɬɧɨ, ɜɴɜ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɟɮɚ ɨɬ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɤɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɡ XIII ɢ XIV ɜ. ɤɚɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɋɢɦ/ ɒɟɦ,
ɧɨ ɨɳɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ, ɢɦɟɧɭɜɚɧ ɜ ɉɨɦɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɚɪɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɒɟɦɝɨɧ/ ɒɟɝɦɨɧ, ɧɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. ȼɠ. ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɲɚɬɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ: Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥ ɥɢ ɟ ɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ⱥɫɩɚɪɭɯ? (ɤɴɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɢɥ I ɒɟɦɝɨɧ (1277-1279). – ȼ: ȼɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ, ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢ. ȼ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɉɥ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ. Ɍɨɦ 2,
ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2020, 426-449. ȼɠ. ɨɳɟ ɛɟɥ. 77 ɬɭɤ.
225
ɧɚ ɬɚɛɟɥɚ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ) ɧɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚɬɚ Ȼɨɝɭ „ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ” Ɇɚɫɢɫ ɜ ɡɟɦɹɬɚ

ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ90.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN. ɋɧɢɦɤɚ Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪ

Ɍɢɯɨɜ.
Ɉɛɪ. 2. ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɉɴɤɭɸɥ ɥɭɣ ɋɨɚɪɟ, Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ. ɉɨ Ƚ.
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ.
Ɉɛɪ. 3. Ɏɚɤɫɢɦɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɫ.
ɑɟɪɧɨɝɥɚɜɰɢ, ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨ. ɉɨ Ɍ. Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ.
90
ɂɡɤɭɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ, ɱɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬ ɤɚɦɴɤ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɟ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɧɨ
ɫɬɴɩɚɥɨ ɨɬ ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ ɜ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɋɨɥɨɦɨɧɨɜɢɹ
ɯɪɚɦ ɜ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ, ɧɚɪɢɱɚɧ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ „Ȼɨɠɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ”, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɬɴɩɚɥɨ ɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ „ɡɟɦɧɢ ɩɨɥɢ”. ɋɪɜ. ɒɢɜɚɪɨɜ, ɇ. Ȼɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1992,
ɫ. 418. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɚ
ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɫɢɧɚɝɨɝɚ. Ɍɨɣ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɩɪɟɞ
Ȼɨɝ-Ɉɬɟɰ. Ɉɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɥɟɞɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɨɩɢɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨɬɨ ɜ Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɫɚɣɚ: „Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɬɴɣ ɤɚɡɜɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞ Ȼɨɝ: ɟɬɨ, Ⱥɡ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɦ
ɧɚ ɋɢɨɧ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɴɤ – ɤɚɦɴɤ ɢɡɩɢɬɚɧ, ɤɪɚɣɴɝɴɥɟɧ ɢ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɟɧ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨ
ɭɬɜɴɪɞɟɧ: ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɹɪɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɪɚɦɢ” (28: 16). ȼ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɰɜɹɬɚ: ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɢ ɛɭɤɜɢ,
ɢɡɩɴɤɜɚɳɢ ɧɚ ɬɴɦɧɨɡɟɥɟɧ (ɫɢɧɶɨɡɟɥɟɧ) ɮɨɧ. ɉɭɪɩɭɪɴɬ, ɚ ɢ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɰɜɹɬ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ, ɟ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ „ɰɚɪɫɤɢ”, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ Ⱥɧɬɪɚɤɫ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɹɬ ɰɜɹɬ ɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ.
ɋɪɜ. Ʉɨɱɟɜ, ɇ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 282-283. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ îñòðî áîãî¶í ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɥ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɫɴɫ
„ɫɜɟɬɢɹ” ɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢ Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ, ɡɚ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹɬ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɭɦɢ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɫɚɣɚ: „ȿɬɨ Ⱥɡ ɳɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɚ ɬɜɨɢɬɟ ɤɚɦɴɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɭɛɢɧ ɢ ɳɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹ
ɬɜɨɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɨɬ ɫɚɩɮɢɪɢ …” (54:11).
Ɍɚɛɟɥɢ, ɩɨɧɹɤɨɝɚ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ tabula ansata ɢ ɫ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ
Anzufungen (ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɡɢɜ) ɤɴɦ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɭɤɪɚɫɹɜɚɧɢ ɫ ɯɪɢɡɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɲɟɫɬɨɥɴɱɟɜɚ
ɪɨɡɟɬɚ, ɫɚ ɫɥɭɠɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɚɩɨɬɪɨɩɟɢ ɧɚɞ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɢ
ɞɨɦɨɜɟ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɨɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɋɢɪɢɹ. ɋɪɜ. Villeneuve, Fr. Wohn- und Siedlungsstrukturen
zur Zeit des Frühen Christentums in Südsyrien. – In: Syria. Von den Aposteln zu den
Khalifen. Ed. E. Ruprechtsberger. Linz, 1993, S. 106-108, Abb. 4. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɩɨɬɪɨɩɟɢɱɧɢ ɬɚɥɢɫɦɚɧɢ (ɦɟɡɭɡɨɬ).
ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ „ɈɋɌɊɈ ȻɈȽɈIN” ɛɢ ɦɨɝɴɥ ɞɚ ɟ ɫ ɪɨɥɹ ɧɚ
„ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɚɦɭɥɟɬ-ɚɩɨɬɪɨɩɟɣ”. ɇɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɜɞɴɯɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ. Ɋɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɢɡɢɝɪɚɥɢ Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɤɚɥɧɢ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ, ɱɢɟɬɨ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɨ ɨɰɜɟɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɟɧ ɲɪɢɮɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ (ɜɠ. ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɛɟɥ.
33) ɫɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɪɟɚɥɟɧ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɡɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɡ
ɜɟɤɨɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɢɡɬɴɤɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɧɚ
Ɇɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɜ ɨɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɨɳɟ
ɩɪɟɡ Iɏ, ɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɏ-XI ɜ.
226
Ɉɛɪ. 4. ɐɜɟɬɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ:

Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ.
1 2
3 4
227
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ƚɟɪɨɜ
ɂɁɈȻɊȺɀȿɇɂȿ ɇȺ ɌȿɌɊȺɆɈɊɎ ɈɌ ɐɔɊɄȼȺɌȺ ȼ

ȾɂȼɈɌɂɇɋɄɂə ɆȺɇȺɋɌɂɊ
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɞɭɦɚ, ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ

Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ „ɋɜ. Ɍɪɨɢɰɚ”. Ɍɨ ɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɧɬɟ-
ɪɟɫɟɧ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɟɧ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɴɥ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɨɫɤɨɪɨ ɛɟɲɟ ɫɤɪɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɴɫɧɢ ɦɚɡɢɥɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɤɪɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɤɢɩ ɫ ɪɴɤɨɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɟɥ ɞɨɰ. ɋɬ. Ɍɴɩɚɧɨɜ ɟɞɜɚ ɧɟɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ, ɫɟɝɚ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ
ɩɨɱɢɫɬɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ.
Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 25 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɜ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ Ʌɸɥɢɧ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ – ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɫ. Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɨ ɢ ɤɜ.
Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɨ ɧɚ ɝɪ. Ȼɚɧɤɹ. ɋɝɭɲɟɧ ɟ ɜ ɦɚɥɴɤ ɞɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱦɟɛɟɥɢ ɪɢɞ,
Ɍɴɧɤɢ ɪɢɞ ɢ Ⱦɪɟɧɨɜɨ ɛɪɢɫɨɟ.
Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɟ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɥ ɫɬɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɧɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɜ. ɂɜɚɧ Ɋɢɥɫɤɢ – ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɟɡ 1046 ɝ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɦɴɠ ɢ ɠɟɧɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɨ
ɧɚɦɟɪɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɜɚ ɫ ɠɴɥɬɢɰɢ. Ɇɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɚ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɬɚ, ɧɨɫɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ „ɂɦɚɧɟɬɨ”. ɋ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɫɟɥɹɧɢɬɟ
ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɜɴɡɞɢɝɧɚɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɚɬɚ Ɍɪɨɢɰɚ,
ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ, ɚ ɨɬ
Ȼɨɝ. Ɂɚɪɟɤɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɬɟɥɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɬɚɦ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɩɪɟ ɦɚɝɚɪɟɬɨ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɚɬɨɜɚɪɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɢɬɟ. Ɍɨ ɩɚɞɧɚɥɨ ɢ ɭɦɪɹɥɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɚ ɛɴɪɡɢ
ɪɭɱɟɹ.
Ⱦɨ XV ɜ. ɫɴɞɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ. Ɋɚɧɧɢ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ. ɂɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɧɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɨɣ ɨɩɭɫɬɹɥ, ɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚɪɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɟɫɤɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢɳɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɳɨɠɟɧɢ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ
ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɬɟ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ
ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɝɨ. ȼ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɟɟ
ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɬɭɤ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɨɛɢɬɟɥ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ XI ɜ. ɢ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ Ɍɪɨɢɰɚ.
Ʉɴɦ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ XV-ɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɴɬ ɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧ.
ɂɡɝɪɚɞɟɧ ɟ ɤɚɦɟɧɟɧ ɯɪɚɦ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɛɢɥ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɨ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧ.
ɋɨɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɟ
ɨɛɢɬɟɥɬɚ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɹɜɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɰɜɟɬ. ɉɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɬɭɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɥɨ
ɤɢɥɢɣɧɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ, ɪɚɡɫɚɞɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɳɢɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ. ɇɹɤɨɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɟ
ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɬɪɨɢɰɤɨɬɨ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɜɡɟɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɬɭɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɳɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɤɪɚɣ
Ⱦɚɦɝɭɪ ɯɚɣɞɭɬ ɛɢɥ ɦɨɧɚɯɴɬ Ƀɟɪɟɦɢɹ. Ɏɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɨɛɢɬɟɥɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɩɨɪɚ
ɧɚ ɠɢɜɟɟɳɨɬɨ ɧɚɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɪɚɜɟɥ ɧɚ
228
Георги ГЕРОВ. ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЕ НА ТЕТРАМОРФ ОТ ЦЪРКВАТА В ДИВОТИНСКИЯ МАНАСТИР
ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ. Ⱦɨ ɏȱɏ ɜ. ɬɹ ɟ ɨɩɨɠɚɪɹɜɚɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɴɬɢ. ɋɩɨɯɨɠɞɚɥɢ ɹ ɢ

ɞɪɭɝɢ ɛɟɞɢ. ɉɪɢɩɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɣɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɜ. ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɬɚɞɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɥɹɱɤɨɫɚɧɨ: Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟɞɟɯɚ
ɤɴɪɞɠɚɥɢɢɬɟ ɜ Ȼɪɟɡɧɢɤ ɜɨ 1806 ɥɟɬɨ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɞɟɤɟɦɜɪɢ, ɲɟɫɬɢ ɞɟɧ. ɇɟ
ɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɨ ɢɦ ɬɨɝɚɣ ɡɨɥɭɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɴɪɞɠɚɥɢɢɬɟ, ɬɚ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɏɚɫɚɧ ɏɨɞɠɚ
ɨɬ Ȼɪɟɡɧɢɤ ɞɨɲɴɥ ɫ ɞɜɚɦɚ ɫɟɣɦɟɧɢ ɬɚ ɜɡɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɞɨɬɨ, ɨɜɰɟ, ɜɨɥɨɜɟ ɢ
ɤɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ. ɉɪɟɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɚ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɱɟ
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ, ɫ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɫɚɤɚɬ ɫɬɚɪɟɰ, ɧɚɩɭɫɧɚɥɢ ɨɛɢɬɟɥɬɚ.
ɇɨ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɦɟɡɞɢɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɴɫɧɹɥɨ – ɩɨ ɩɴɬɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɝɪɴɦ ɭɛɢɥ
ɯɨɞɠɚɬɚ. ɍɩɥɚɲɟɧɢ, ɫɟɣɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɛɹɝɧɚɥɢ, ɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɴɤɴɬ ɫɟ ɜɴɪɧɚɥ.
Ɇɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧ ɏɚɫɚɧ, ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ „ɏɨɞɠɢ ɝɪɨɛ”.
Ⱦɴɥɝɨɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɹɬ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɞɟɟɰ ɨɬ ɋɨɮɢɹ Ʉɨɫɬɚ
Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ ɫɟ ɨɬɬɟɝɥɹ ɫɥɟɞ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ,
ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɜ ɫɯɢɦɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ⱦɚɧɚɢɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɭɤ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɫɢ. ɉɪɟɡ
1902 ɝ. ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɟ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɟɧɚ: ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɹ ɯɪɚɦ ɟ
ɩɪɟɦɚɯɧɚɬɚ, ɚ ɧɨɜɨɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ – ɭɜɟɧɱɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɭɩɨɥ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤ
ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ (ɨɛɪ. 1), Ɂɚ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɴɬ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɟɜɢɱɟɫɤɢ.
Ȼɢɞɟɣɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɟɧ ɥɨɜɟɰ, ɰɚɪ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞ (1887-1918) ɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɜɚ
ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɞɚɪɹɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɝɭɦɟɧɤɚɬɚ – ɦɚɣɤɚ Ʉɥɚɜɞɢɹ, ɞɜɟ
ɤɚɥɹɫɤɢ. ȼɢɡɢɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɧɨɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɢɱɚ ɨɛɢɬɟɥɬɚ „ɐɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ”.
ȼɢɫɨɤɨɬɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɢɬɟ, ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜ
ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ XV – ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ XVI ɜ. ɨɬ ɡɨɝɪɚɮɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢ ɤɴɦ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ
ɝɥɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɢ ɲɤɨɥɢ – Ʉɨɫɬɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ1, ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ. Ɂɚɩɚɡɟɧɢɹɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɴɥ ɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɚ
ɭɦɟɥɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɰɢ, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɳ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɨ-
ɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɬ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɚɣɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ, ɱɢɟɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɢ
1
Ɂɚ Ʉɨɫɬɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜɢɠ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɱɢʄ, ɋɜ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ
ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ – ȼ: Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɇɚɬɢɰɟ ɫɪɛɫɤɟ ɡɚ ɥɢɤɨɜɧɟ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. I, 1965,
69-139 (ɩɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ: Ɋɚɞɨʁɱɢʄ, ɋɜ. Ɉɞɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɱɥɚɧɰɢ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ (1933-1978).
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1982, 258-279); Chatzidakis, M. Aspects de la peiture réligieuse dans les Balkans
(1300-1550) – In: Chatzidakis, M. Études sur la peinture postbyzantine. London, 1976,
177-197; Tsigaridas, E. Monumental painting in Greece Macedonia during the fifteenth
century. – In: Holy Image, Holy space. Icons and frescoes from Greece. Athens, 1988, 54-
60; īİȦȡȖȚĲıȠȖȚȐȞȞȘ, Ǽ. ǲȞĮ İȡȖĮıĲȒȡȚȠ ĮȞȦȞ઄ȝȦȞ ȗȦȖȡȐĳȦȞ ĲȠȣ įİȪĲİȡȠȣ ȝȚıȠȪ ĲȠȣ
15Ƞȣ ĮȚȫȞĮ ıĲĮ ǺĮȜțȐȞȚĮ țĮȚ Ș İʌȓįȡĮıȘ ĲȠȣ ıĲȘ ȝİĲĮȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȒ ĲȑȤȞȘ – ǾʌȚȡȦĲȚțȐ
ȤȡȠȞȚțȐ, 29, 1988-1989, 145-172; ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ, Ƚ. Ʉɨɫɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ. ɇɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ – Ƚɥɚɫ ɋȺɇɍ, CCCLXXXIV. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢjɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɭɤɚ. 10, 1998, 109-139; Valeva, Ts. Sur la question de la soit-dite „École artistique de
Kastoria” – ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȐ, XXVIII, 2008, 181-221; Ʉɭɧɟɜɚ, ɐɜ. Ʉɴɦ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɡɚ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɧɢ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɭɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɤɪɴɝ ɨɬ XV-XVI
ɜɟɤ. – ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ, 2018, 1, 25-35.
229
ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɴɪɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢ. ɋɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɟɞɧɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ,

ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɰɚ.
Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɢɥɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ – ɥɢɩɫɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ
ɱɚɫɬ, ɭɧɢɳɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɟɰɚ ɜ ɩɟɜɧɢɰɚɬɚ. ȼ ɫɢɹɧɢɟ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɟɛɟɫɟɧ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ, ɟ ɧɚɪɢɫɭɜɚɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɨ,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɨɬ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ƚɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ: ɧɚɣ-ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧ ɨɪɟɥ, ɚ ɜɥɹɜɨ ɢ ɞɹɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ – ɩɪɟɞɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɤ ɢ ɥɴɜ.
Ƚɥɚɜɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɫɚ ɭɜɟɧɱɚɧɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɛɨɜɟ. ɑɟɬɜɴɪɬɚɬɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ
ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚɥɚ ɚɧɝɟɥ, ɟ ɭɧɢɳɨɠɟɧɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɥɚɬɚ ɟ
ɧɚɪɢɫɭɜɚɧɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɹɫɧɨ ɤɪɢɥɨ ɧɚ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ ɤɴɦ ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ.
ɂɡɜɨɞɴɬ ɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ – ɜ ɤɨɧɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɰɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ
ɚɧɝɟɥ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ (ɨɛɪ. 2, 3).
ɇɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɬ ɨɬ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɱɨɜɟɲɤɚ, ɛɢɱɚ, ɥɴɜɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɟɥ, ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɬɜɚɬɚ
ɧɚ Ƀɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ. ɉɪɢ ɫɪɟɳɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɫ Ȼɨɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɚ ɏɨɜɚɪ2 ɬɨɣ ɜɢɞɹɥ ɨɛɥɚɤ ɢ
ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɢɹɧɢɟ, ɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ – ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ,
ɜɫɹɤɨ ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɥɢɰɚ. „ɀɢɜɨɬɧɢɬɟ” ɫɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɞɟɬɚɣɥɧɨ:
ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɛɟ: ɥɢɰɟ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨ ɢ ɥɢɰɟ ɥɴɜɫɤɨ ɨɬ ɞɹɫɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ; ɚ ɨɬ ɥɹɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ – ɥɢɰɟ ɬɟɥɟɲɤɨ ɭ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢ ɥɢɰɟ ɨɪɥɨɜɨ ɭ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ. ɇɚɞ ɝɥɚɜɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ, ɧɚɝɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɬ ɤɚɦɴɤ ɫɚɩɮɢɪ. ɇɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ – ɧɟɳɨ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɤ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɛɢɥ Ȼɨɝ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɹɞɚɥ ɩɪɨɪɨɤɴɬ ɞɚ ɫɴɨɛɳɢ
ɫɥɨɜɚɬɚ Ɇɭ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɟɢɬɟ3.
ɓɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɹ, ɱɟ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƀɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ Ȼɨɠɢɹɬ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɜɢɫɹɜɚɥ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɧɢ ɚɧɝɟɥɢ. Ɍɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɥɢ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɧɟɳɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚɥ Ȼɨɝ. ȼ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɢɞ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɟ ɧɚɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɨɝ. ȼɴɪɯɭ ɞɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚ ɝɪɟɞɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚ
ɧɚ „Ȼɚɡɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ“ ɜ Ⱥɥɚɯɚɧ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ (V ɜ.) ɟ
ɫɤɭɥɩɬɢɪɚɧ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ4, ɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ
ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ, ɧɨɫɟɧ ɨɬ ɚɧɝɟɥɢ. Ⱥɥɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɴɧɰɟɬɨ ɢ
ɥɭɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨɬɨ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɴɬ ɫɹɤɚɲ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚ ɦɟɞɚɥɴɨɧɚ ɫ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝ ɨɬɞɨɥɭ (ɨɛɪ. 4). Ʉɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɟɞɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ „ɧɟɛɟɫɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ” ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ
„ȼɴɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ”. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ
2
Ƀɟɡ. 1.
3
Ƀɟɡ. 2.
4
Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ: Alahan. An Early Christian Monastery in Southern
Turkey. Ed. M. Gough, Toronto, 1985. p. 87, 92, pl. 20.
230
ɜ „ȼɴɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ” ɨɬ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ 586 ɝ „ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɧɚ Ɋɚɛɭɥɚ”

(Ȼɢɛɥ. Ʌɚɭɪɟɧɰɢɚɧɚ: Cod. Plut. I,56. Fol. 13). Ɉɜɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɢɹɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɜɴɡɧɚɫɹɳɢɹɬ ɫɟ ɂɢɫɭɫ, ɫɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɨɬ ɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚ ɨɬ
ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ. ȼ ɝɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɤɪɚɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɚɥɟɝɨɪɢɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɫɥɴɧɰɟɬɨ ɢ ɥɭɧɚɬɚ. ɉɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɣɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ ɜ Ⱥɥɚɯɚɧ – ɞɜɚ
ɚɧɝɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɧɚɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɧɚɫɹɳɢɹ ɫɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɢ (ɨɛɪ. 5).
ɉɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢɬɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚɬ ɧɟ ɧɚ
ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ, ɚ ɜɫɬɪɚɧɢ –
ɫɹɤɚɲ ɫɚ Ȼɨɠɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ. ɇɨɜɚɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ
Ɉɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɨɜ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ
ɨɬ Ƀɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ, ɟ „ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ” ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɚɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ,
ɨɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɳɢ ɬɪɨɧɚ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɟɧ5. ɉɪɟɡ ɏ ɜ. ɜɴɜ „ȼɢɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƀɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ” ɨɬ
ɫɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „Ɍɪɢɬɟ ɤɪɴɫɬɚ” ɜ Ƚɸɥɸ ɞɟɪɟ,
Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ ɞɨ ɫɟɞɹɳɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ (ɨɛɪ. 6).
Ɇɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɢɧɢɬɟ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɞɨ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɩɪɟɡ XIV ɜ. ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ
„Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ“ ɧɚ Ʌɟɫɧɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ „ȼɢɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ“ ɟ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɧɢɹ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɴɥ ɜ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɟ ɞɜɨɣɤɢ
ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɜɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɞɧɚɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɚ ɞɴɝɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ
ȿɦɚɧɭɢɥ6 (ɨɛɪ. 7).
ɇɨɜɚɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ȼ
ɤɨɧɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɚɩɫɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɧɚ Ɍɨɤɚɥɴ ɤɢɥɢɫɟ ɟ
ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ. Ɍɨɣ ɫɟɞɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ, ɜ
ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɨɝɧɟɧɢ ɤɪɢɥɚɬɢ ɤɨɥɟɥɚ. ȼ ɧɟɛɟɫɟɧ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɞ
ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɹɳɚɬɚ Ȼɨɠɢɹ ɞɟɫɧɢɰɚ7. Ɉɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɉɚɧɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ ɢ ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦ8. Ɉɳɟ ɩɨ-ɜɥɹɜɨ ɢ
ɜɞɹɫɧɨ – ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢɬɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɢ Ƚɚɜɪɢɢɥ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɴɪɠɚɬ „ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ” ɢ
ɫɤɢɩɬɪɢ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɨɛɥɟɱɟɧɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɤɨɲɧɨ ɞɟɤɨɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɛɥɟɤɥɚ. ɋɰɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɩɨɞɨɛɹɜɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜ
ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɚɥ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɇɟɛɟɫɧɢɹɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ, ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ
ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɡɧɚɱɢɦɢɬɟ ɰɚɪɟɞɜɨɪɰɢ (ɨɛɪ. 8). Ⱦɜɨɣɤɚɬɚ „ɫɬɪɚɠɢ” ɞɨ ɬɪɨɧɚ ɟ
5
ɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ – ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ, ɨɬɩɪɟɞ ɢ ɨɬɡɚɞ ɩɴɥɧɢ
ɫ ɨɱɢ: ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɚɲɟ ɧɚ ɥɴɜ, ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ – ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟ, ɬɪɟɬɨɬɨ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ ɢɦɚɲɟ ɥɢɰɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɨɬɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɚɲɟ ɧɚ ɯɜɴɪɱɚɳ
ɨɪɟɥ. ɂ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɢɦɚɯɚ ɜɫɹɤɨ ɩɨ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɪɢɥɚ ɧɚɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɢ, ɚ ɢɡɜɴɬɪɟ ɛɹɯɚ
ɩɴɥɧɢ ɫ ɨɱɢ, ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɱɢɜɤɚ ɞɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɨɳɟɦ ɜɴɡɤɥɢɰɚɜɚɯɚ: ɫɜɟɬ, ɫɜɟɬ, ɫɜɟɬ ɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞ Ȼɨɝ
ȼɫɟɞɴɪɠɢɬɟɥ, Ʉɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ, Ʉɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɢ Ʉɨɣɬɨ ɢɞɟ (Ɉɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɢ Ƀɨɚɧ
Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɨɜ 4: 6-8).
6
Ƚɚɛɟɥɢʄ, ɋ. Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ʌɟɫɧɨɜɨ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1998, 190-
191.
7
Ɍɹ ɧɟ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ.
8
Warton-Epstein, A. Tokali kilise. Tenth-century Metropolitan Art in Byzantine
Cappadocia. Dumbarton Oaks Studies 22. Washington, 1986, pp. 67-68, Fig. 103.
231
ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ, ɱɟ ɬɹ ɢɦɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɚ ɚɩɨɬɪɨɩɟɣɧɚ

ɫɢɥɚ9. ɋɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ ɳɟ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
ɇɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ
ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɴɬ ɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦ10. ɉɪɟɡ XIV ɜ. ɜ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɧɚɬɚ
ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ” ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɍɛɢɫɢ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɨ
ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɜ Ɍɨɤɚɥɴ ɤɢɥɢɫɟ. ȼ ɤɨɧɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɚɩɫɢɞɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɡɨɝɪɚɮ Ⱦɚɦɢɚɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɜɚ „Ⱦɟɣɫɢɫ”, ɤɚɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɞɨ ɬɪɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɠɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ ɢ ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦ (ɨɛɪ. 9).
ɂɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ „ɋɬɪɚɲɧɢɹ ɫɴɞ” ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢ ɫ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ XIII ɜ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ⱥɯɬɚɥɚ ɟ ɭɤɪɚɫɟɧɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɢ, ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɣɫɢɫɚ ɨɬ
ɋɬɪɚɲɧɢɹ ɫɴɞ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɜɨɣɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɟ
ɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɨɞ ɨɪɟɨɥɚ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ, ɢ ɫɹɤɚɲ ɝɨ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɬ
ɨɬɞɨɥɭ11 (ɨɛɪ. 10). ȼ „ɋɬɪɚɲɧɢɹ ɫɴɞ” ɨɬ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥ”
ɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɢ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ – ɞɜɚɬɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɚ
ɨɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɨɛɤɪɴɠɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɫɢɹɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɢɡɥɴɱɜɚɬ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɬɨ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɟ12 (ɨɛɪ. 11).
ɇɚɪɬɟɤɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɨɬ ɰɴɪɤɜɢ ɜ ɉɟɱɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ: ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɲɚɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧ
ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɹɬ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɧɚ ȼɟɬɯɢɣ ɞɟɧɦɢ, ɫɚ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɞɜɚ ɚɧɝɟɥɚ ɬɟɬɪɚ-
ɦɨɪɮɚ13 (ɨɛɪ. 12).
9
Ɋɟɥɟɮ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɮɚɫɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɬɟɤɫɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ
ɏɢɥɟɧɞɚɪ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɧɹɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɏɪɟɛɟɥɹɧɨɜɢɱ (1371-1389) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ ɢ
ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦ. (ɜɢɠ. Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɏɢɥɚɩɞɚɪ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1998, ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫ. 163). ɂɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧɢ ɬɭɤ ɫ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɞɜɨɣɤɚɬɚ
„ɫɬɪɚɠɢ” ɳɟ ɨɛɟɡɩɟɱɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨɬɨ.
10
ȼ „ɇɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ” ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ: ɋɟɪɚɮɢɦɴɬ, ɜɢɞɹɧ
ɨɬ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ, ɟ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɞɭɲɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬ ɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬ
ɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɨɣ ɢɦɚɥ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɪɢɥɚ, ɩɪɟɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢ ɫ ɨɱɢ; ɢɦɚɥ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ
ɥɢɰɚ, ɝɥɟɞɚɳɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ (ɇɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜ. ɨɬɰɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɨ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɟ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɜ. Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɢɹ, ɢɡ ɟɝɨ 20
ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɣ ɢ 20 ɫɥɨɜ. ɋɥɨɜɨ 59. (ȼ: Ⱦɨɛɪɨɬɨɥɸɛɢɟ. Ɍ. 1 (3 ɢɡɞ.) Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1895, ɫ. 51).
11
Ʌɢɞɨɜ, Ⱥ. Ɇ. Ɋɨɫɩɢɫɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ Ⱥɯɬɚɥɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ,
ɦɚɫɬɟɪɚ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2014, ɫ. 125, ɢɥ. ɧɚ ɫ. 122 ɢ 291.
12
Ⱦɚɜɢɞɨɜ Ɍɟɦɟɪɢɧɫɤɢ, Ⱥ. ɐɢɤɥɭɫ ɋɬɪɚɲɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ. – ȼ: Ɂɢɞɧɨ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɚ. Ƚɪɚɻɚ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ. ɍɪ. ȼ. ȳ. ࣻɭɪɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1995, ɫ. 4; Ɍɨɞɢʄ, Ȼ.,
ɑɚɧɚɤ-Ɇɟɞɢʄ, Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɢ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2005, ɫ. 450, ɢɥ. 368.
13
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ȼ. Ⱦɠɭɪɢɱ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɏVȱ ɜ. ɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ,
ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɨɳɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨ ȱȱ (ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ 1330 ɝ.) (ȼɢɠ. ȭɭɪɢʄ,
ȼ. ȳ., ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ȼ. Ʉɨɪɚʄ. ɉɟʄɤɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɚ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1990, ɫ. 238). Ɇ. Ɋɚɞɭɣɤɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚ, ɱɟ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ „ɋɜ. Ⱥɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ“ ɧɟ ɟ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1330. ɚ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 1346 ɝ. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɴɬ ɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɨɬ 1565 ɝ., ɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɴɬ
ɨɬ ɸɝ – ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɨɬ XIV ɜ. (ȼɢɠ: Ɋɚɞɭʁɤɨ, Ɇ. ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɨɞ
IX ɞɨ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, II, ɝɥɚɜɚ ɉɟʄɤɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɚ – ɩɨɞ ɩɟɱɚɬ).
232
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚɬ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ

„ɇɟɛɟɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ”. Ɉɤɨɥɨ 1335 ɝ. ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɜ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɧɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „Cɜ. Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ Ɉɞɢɝɢɬɪɢɹ“ ɜ ɉɟɱ. Ɍɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɚ14, ɡɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ Ɍ. ɉɚɩɚɦɚɫɬɨɪɚɤɢɫ ɩɢɲɟ,
ɱɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦɢ – ɫ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɪɢɥɚ ɛɟɡ „ɨɱɢ”15. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ
ɫ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɪɢɥɚ ɛɟɡ „ɨɱɢ” ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɢ ɜ „ɇɟɛɟɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ”, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 1346 ɝ. ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɧɚ Ʌɟɫɧɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ16. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧɢ
ɜɴɜ ɮɚɫ, ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɡɩɟɪɟɧɢ ɪɴɰɟ, ɬɟ ɫɹɤɚɲ ɧɟ ɜɡɟɦɚɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɟɥɢɬɟ ɞɹɤɨɧɢ (ɨɛɪ. 13).
Ʉɭɩɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ.
Ɉɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ,
ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɚɧɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ȼ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ „Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɉɟɪɢɜɥɟɩɬɚ” ɜ Ɇɢɫɬɪɚ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ
ɧɚ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɚ17
(ɨɛɪ. 14). Ɂɨɝɪɚɮɢɬɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɱɟɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ
ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɏɨɜɚɪ Ȼɨɝ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɹɜɢɥ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ, ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳ ɫɟ ɧɚɞ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ
ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɚ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢɬɟ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧɚ ɫ ɉɚɧɬɨ-
ɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɚ ɫɴɩɴɬɫɬɜɚɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ
ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢ ɫɢɥɢ – ɯɟɪɭɜɢɦɢ, ɨɝɧɟɧɢ ɤɪɢɥɚɬɢ ɤɨɥɟɥɚ, ɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢ .
Ɍɚɤɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɢɬɟ: „ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ” (ǹȖȚȠȢ ȃȚțȩȜĮȠȢ
ȋĮȜȚįȓȢ) (1180-1200)18, „Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ” ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɉɚɧɨ Ȼɭɥɚɪɢɨɧ,
Ɇɟɫɚ Ɇɚɧɢ (ਡȚ ȈĲȡȐĲȘȖȠ ȂʌȠȣȜĮȡȚ૵Ȟ) (1200-1220)19, „ɍɫɩɟɧɢɟ
Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨ” ɜ Ɇɟɪɛɚɤɚ, Ⱥɪɝɨɥɢɞɚ (ȂȑȡȝʌĮțĮ ਝȡȖȠȜȒįĮȢ)20, „ɋɜ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ” ɜ ɉɥɚɰɚ (ȆȜȐĲıĮ), Ɇɚɧɢ21, „ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ” ɜ
Ʉɨɜɚɥɶɨɜɨ ɤɪɚɣ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ (1380)22, „ɋɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ” ɧɚ Ɍɪɟɫɤɚ (1389)23.
14
ȭɭɪɢʄ, ȼ. ȳ., ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, B. Ʉɨɪɚʄ. ɉɟʄɤɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɚ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ. 1990,
ɫ. 238; ȆĮʌĮȝĮıĲȠȡȐțȘȢ, ȉ. ȅ įȚȐțȠıȝȠȢ ĲȠȣ ĲȡȠȪȜȠȣ ĲȦȞ ȞĮȫȞ ĲȘȢ ʌĮȜĮȚȠȜȩȖİȚĮȢ
ʌİȡȚȩįȠȣ ıĲȘ ǺĮȜțĮȞȚțȒ ȤİȡıȩȞȘıȠ țĮȚ ĲȘȞ ȀȪʌȡ. Ǿ İȞ ǹșȒȞĮȚȢ ǹȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ǼĲĮȚȡİȓĮ.
2001, p. 128.
15
ȼ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɩɚɫɚɠ ɨɬ „ɇɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ”
ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɴɬ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɫɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦ ɫ ɲɟɫɬ ɤɪɢɥɚ.
16
Ƚɚɛɟɥɢʄ, ɋ. Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ʌɟɫɧɨɜɨ, 55-56.
17
Dufrenne, S. Les programmes iconographiques des églises byzantines de Mistra
(Bibliothèque des Cahiers Archéologiques IV). Paris, 1970, p. 14, 21; ȆĮʌĮȝĮıĲȠȡȐțȘȢ, ȉ.
ȅ įȚȐțȠıȝȠȢ, p. 128, Fig. 36, 37, 43, 45, 46).
18
ȆĮʌĮȝĮıĲȠȡȐțȘȢ, ȉ. ȅ įȚȐțȠıȝȠȢ, p. 128.
19
Ibid.
20
Ibid., p. 127. ɋɟɝɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɟ „ɋɜɟɬɚ Ɍɪɨɢɰɚ”
(ǹȖȓĮ ȉȡȚȐįĮ ǹȡȖȠȜȓįĮȢ).
21
ȆĮʌĮȝĮıĲȠȡȐțȘȢ ,ȉ. ȅ įȚȐțȠıȝȠȢ, p. 127.
22
Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɚ, ɋ. Ɉ. Ɏɪɟɫɤɢ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɋɩɚɫɚ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ Ʉɨɜɚɥɺɜɟ ɜ
ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɟ, 1380 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2011, 27-34.
233
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢ ɫɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɩɨɧɹɤɨɝɚ ɫɚ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɍɝɨɬɨɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ (ɏɟɬɢɦɚɫɢɹɬɚ), Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɜ.
Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɪɴɫɬɢɬɟɥ. Ɉɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɬ ɫ ɬɹɯ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɟ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɢɬɟ: „ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɫɬɪɢɹ“ ɜ Ƚɟɪɚɤɢ (ɨɤ.
1360)24 (ɨɛɪ. 15), „ɉɚɧɚɝɢɹ ɏɪɢɫɚɮɢɬɢɫɚ“ (ȆĮȞĮȖȓĮȋȡȣıĮĳȓĲȚııĮ) ɜ
ɏɪɢɫɚɮɚ25, „ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ” ɜ Ɇɨɧɟɦɜɚɫɢɹ26, „ɑɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬ” ɜ ɉɟɥɟɧɞɪɢ
– Ʉɢɩɴɪ (III ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ XIV ɜ.)27, ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢɭ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧ28
(1546/7 ɝ.) (ɢɥ. 16). ȼ ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥ” ɨɛɚɱɟ
ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢɬɟ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɠɚ ɞɨ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ Ɉɪɚɧɬɚ29 (ɨɛɪ. 17).
Ʉɭɩɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ. ȼ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɝɢ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɜ ɩɚɧɞɚɧɬɢɜɢɬɟ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɟ ɜ
ɰɴɪɤɜɢɬɟ „ɋɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ” ɜ Ʌɢɜɚɞɢ, ɨɫɬɪɨɜ Ʉɢɬɟɪɚ (ɏȱ ɜ.)30 ɢ „ɋɜ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ” ɜ ɋɚɧɝɪɢ, ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɇɚɤɫɨɫ (1270)31 (ɨɛɪ. 18, 19). ɍɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɛɚɥɞɚɯɢɧɢ ɧɚɞ ɋɜɟɬɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɩɟɡɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɞɟɹ. ȼ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ȿɥ Ɇɭɚɥɚɤɚ” ɜ Ʉɚɣɪɨ ɜ ɩɚɧɞɚɧɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ
ɛɚɥɞɚɯɢɧ ɨɬ XIII ɜ. ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ ɍɪɢɢɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚ
ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ ɫ ɥɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɉɚɧɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ32 (ɨɛɪ. 20).
ɉɨɦɟɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ ɜ ɩɚɧɞɚɧɬɢɜɢɬɟ
(ɬ.ɟ. ɬɚɦ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ) ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢɱɚɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɡɧɚɤ ɡɚ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɧɢ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɹ. Ⱥɧɝɟɥɴɬ, ɛɢɤɴɬ, ɥɴɜɴɬ ɢ
ɨɪɟɥɴɬ ɫɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟɣ, Ɇɚɪɤɨ, Ʌɭɤɚ ɢ Ƀɨɚɧ, ɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɬɹɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɛɟɥɟɝ ɡɚ ɧɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɢɦ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɬ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ
ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɫɬɢ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɴɥɤɭɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɉɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɨɜ,
23
Proloviü, J. Die Kirche des Heiligen Andreas an der Treska: Geschichte,
Architektur und Malerei einer palaiologenzeitlichen Stiftung des serbischen Prinzen
Andreaš. Wien, 1997, S. 77; ȆĮʌĮȝĮıĲȠȡȐțȘȢ, ȉ. ȅ įȚȐțȠıȝȠȢ, p. 127;
24
ȂȠȣĲıȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ, ȃ. Ȁ., ī. ǻȘȝȘĲȡȠțȐȜȜȘȢ. īİȡȐțȚ. ȅȚ İțțȜȘıȓİȢ ĲȠࠎ ȠȚțȚıȝȠࠎ.
ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ, 1981, 87, 97. ȆȓȞ.168,169, 173, 176.
25
ȆĮʌĮȝĮıĲȠȡȐțȘȢ, ȉ. ȅ įȚȐțȠıȝȠȢ, 127-128.
26
Ibid., p. 127.
27
Stylianou, A., J. Stylianou. The Painted Churches of Cyprus (Treasures of
Byzantine Art. II) ed. Nicozia, 1997, p. 224.
28
ǿİȡȐ ȝȠȞȒ ĮȖȓȠȣ ǻȚȠȞȣıȓȠȣ. ȅ‫ ݨ‬ȉȠȓȤȠȖȡĮĳȓİȢ ĲȠȣ țĮșȠȜȚțȠࠎ. ਟȖȚȠȞ ਗ਼ȡȠȢ, 2003.
Ǽੁț. 10, 16, 18.
29
ȆĮʌĮȝĮıĲȠȡȐțȘȢ ȉ. ȅ įȚȐțȠıȝȠȢ, p. 127. ʌȓȞ. 118.
30
Chatzidakis, M., I. Bitha. The Island of Kythera. Corpus of the Byzantine Wall-
paintings of Greece. Athens, 2003, p. 61, 70. Fig. 13 on p. 37; 23 on p. 70.
31
Zias, N. Hagios Nikolaos at Sangri. – In: Naxos (Byzantine art in Greece.
Mosaics – Wall Paintings). Athens, 1979, p. 81. Il. 4, 10.
32
Ƚɨɪɦɚɬɸɤ, Ⱥ. Ⱥ. Ʉɨɩɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɏɪɚɦ ɗɥɶ-Ɇɨɚɥɥɚɤɚ ɜ Ʉɚɢɪɟ. –
Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. 2005/1, 10, 12-15.
234
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ II ɜɟɤ ɨɬ ɂɪɢɧɟɣ Ʌɢɨɧɫɤɢ, ɥɴɜɴɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɚ Ƀɨɚɧ,

ɬɟɥɟɰɴɬ – Ʌɭɤɚ, ɱɨɜɟɤɴɬ – Ɇɚɬɟɣ, ɚ ɨɪɟɥɴɬ – Ɇɚɪɤɨ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɬ ɫɴɳɨ
Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ ɋɢɧɚɢɬ, Ⱥɪɟɬɚ Ʉɟɫɚɪɢɣɫɤɢ, Ɍɟɨɮɢɥɚɤɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢ. ȼ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ II ɜɟɤ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ: ɥɴɜ ɡɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨ, ɬɟɥɟɰ
ɡɚ Ʌɭɤɚ, ɱɨɜɟɤ ɡɚ Ɇɚɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɪɟɥ ɡɚ Ƀɨɚɧ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɪɟɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ,
ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɧɚ ɨɬ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧ, ɥɴɜɴɬ ɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟɣ, ɬɟɥɟɰɴɬ – ɧɚ Ʌɭɤɚ,
ɱɨɜɟɤɴɬ – ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨ, ɚ ɨɪɟɥɴɬ – ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ. ɇɚɣ-ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɢɹɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧ ɜ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɤɴɦ
Ƀɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ƀɟɪɨɧɢɦ. Ɍɨɣ ɩɢɲɟ, ɱɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟɣ ɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ,
ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɹ;
ɥɴɜɴɬ ɟ ɡɧɚɤɴɬ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ
ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ; ɛɢɤɴɬ – ɧɚ Ʌɭɤɚ, ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ
ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɂɢɫɭɫ ɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɟ; ɨɪɟɥɴɬ – ɧɚ
Ƀɨɚɧ, ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɜɴɡɜɢɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɹɪɚɬɚ ɦɭ.
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ
ɧɚ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ. Ɇɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɚ ɜ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1360 ɝ. ɱɟɬɜɟɪɨ-
ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ33 (ɨɛɪ. 21) ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɥɴɜɚ, ɨɪɟɥɚ ɢ ɛɢɤɚ ɫ ɤɧɢɝɢ (ɛɟɡ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ –
ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɹ) ɜ ɥɚɩɢɬɟ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɟ
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɚɡɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ: ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɟ
ɟɞɧɚ-ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɨɬ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ࣊
ɫɬɪɚɧɢ. ɂɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɩɨ
ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɳɟ ɩɨ-ɹɪɤɨ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɧɨ ɜɴɩɥɴɳɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɠɟɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɝɚɞɚɟɦ
ɞɚɥɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ
ɧɚ Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɯɪɚɦ, ɢɥɢ ɬɹ ɟ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɡɚ
ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ. ɇɟɫɴɦɧɟɧɨ ɟ ɫɚɦɨ, ɱɟ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ
Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɬɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɹɤɚɲ
ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɚɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɬɢɱɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ. Ɋɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɨɟɜɚɧ-
ɝɟɥɢɟɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɜɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɜɚ
ɨɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ, ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɤɨɞɟɤɫɴɬ ɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ.
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ
ɩɪɹɤɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɸɠɧɚɬɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɰɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ
ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɬɚ „Ƚɨɫɬɨɥɸɛɢɟ Ⱥɜɪɚɚɦɨɜɨ”. Ɍɪɢɬɟ ɚɧɝɟɥɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ȼɢɛɥɢɹɬɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɥɢ Ⱥɜɪɚɚɦ, ɛɢɥɢ ɭɝɨɫɬɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɦɭ
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɫɚɚɤ, ɫɚ ɨɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɬɟ ɫ
Ȼɨɝ Ɉɬɟɰ, Ȼɨɝ ɋɢɧ ɢ ɋɜɟɬɢɹ ɞɭɯ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɬɨɜɚ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɹɪɤɢɬɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
33
ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞ. ɑɟɬɜɟɪɨɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ. ɜɢɠ. īĮȜȐȦĮȡȘȢ, ī. ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒ ȉȑȤȞȘ. ǽȦȖȡĮĳȚțȒ
ȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞࠛȞ ȤİȚȡȠȖȡȐĳȦȞ. ǹșȒȞĮ, 1995, p. 260. ȆȓȞ. 219.
235
Ȼɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɬɪɢɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɝɨ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚ, ɧɨɫɢ ɨɳɟ

ɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ – „ɋɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɚ Ɍɪɨɢɰɚ”. ȼ ɨɛɢɬɟɥɬɚ ɬɹ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɚ
ɤɚɬɨ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɧɚ34.
Ɉɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɢ: ɜ ɸɠɧɚɬɚ
ɩɟɜɧɢɰɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢɦɚɳɨ ɜ Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ
ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɳɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ, ɫɱɢɬɚɧɨ ɡɚ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ; ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɳ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɹɬɚ. ɂ ɜ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɟɪɨɢ ɫɚ ɚɧɝɟɥɫɤɢ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɜɚ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚ ɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɹ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢ, ɬɨɣ
ɫɟ ɟ ɜɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥ ɭɦɟɥɨ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ
ɯɪɚɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɟ ɩɨɛɨɹɥ ɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɢɹ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɴɥ ɟɞɧɨ
ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ.
1. ɐɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɨɬ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɤ.

2. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ. Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɤɪ. ɏV - ɧɚɱ. ɧɚ ɏVȱ ɜ.
3. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ (ɫɯɟɦɚ). Ⱦɢɜɨɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɤɪ. ɏV - ɧɚɱ. ɧɚ ɏVȱ ɜ.
4. ɉɨɪɬɚɥ ɧɚ ɬ.ɧ. „Ȼɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɧɚ ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ“. Ⱥɥɚɯɚɧ ɦ-ɪ, V ɜ.
5. ȼɴɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ. ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɧɚ Ɋɚɛɭɥɚ (Cod. Plut. I,56. Fol.
13) , 586 ɝ.
6. ȼɢɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ (ɫɯɟɦɚ). Ƚɸɥɸ ɞɟɪɟ, Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ, ɰɴɪɤɜɚ
„Ɍɪɢɬɟ ɤɪɴɫɬɚ”, ɏ ɜ.
7. ȼɢɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɟɡɟɤɢɢɥ (ɞɟɬɚɣɥ). Ʌɟɫɧɨɜɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, 1348/9 ɝ.
8. ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ, ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ, ɫɟɪɚɮɢɦ, ɚɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɢɬɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɢ
Ƚɚɜɪɢɢɥ. Ʉɚɩɚɞɨɤɢɹ, Ɍɨɤɚɥɴ ɤɢɥɢɫɟ, ɇɨɜɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɏ ɜ.
9. Ⱦɟɣɫɢɫ. ɍɛɢɫɢ, Ʉɪɚɹɬ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜ.
10. Ⱦɟɣɫɢɫ (ɞɟɬɚɣɥ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ „ɋɬɪɚɲɧɢɹ ɫɴɞ”). Ⱥɯɬɚɥɚ.
ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.
11. ɏɟɬɢɦɚɫɢɹ, Ⱥɞɚɦ ɢ ȿɜɚ, ɨɪɴɞɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɬɨ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɨɛɤɪɴɠɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɚɧɝɟɥɢ (ɞɟɬɚɣɥ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ „ɋɬɪɚɲɧɢɹ ɫɴɞ”).
Ⱦɟɱɚɧɢ. ɋɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜ.
12. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. Ⱥɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ”. ɉɟɱ, ɧɚɪɬɟɤɫ.
ɏȱV ɢ ɏVȱ ɜ.
13. ɋɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɢ ɜ Ʉɭɩɨɥɚ. Ɇɢɫɬɪɚ, ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢ;ɰɚ ɉɟɪɢɜɥɟɩɬɚ”.
ɋɪɟɞɚɬɚ – ɬɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜ.
34
ɋɴɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɸɠɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɞɨ ɢɤɨɧɨɫɬɚɫɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɩɚɬɪɨɧɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ: „ɑɭɞɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɦɟɹ” ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ” ɧɚ
Ʉɪɟɦɢɤɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ; „ȼɴɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨ” ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ
ȼɢɬɨɲɤɚ” ɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ: „ɋɜ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ – ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɜɨɟɜɨɞɚ” ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ.
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ” ɧɚ Ȼɨɛɨɲɟɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɢ ɞɪ.
236
14. ɏɟɬɢɦɚɫɢɹ, ɚɧɝɟɥɢ ɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ. Ƚɟɪɚɤɢ, ɰɴɪɤɜɚ

„ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɫɬɪɢɹ”, ɨɤɨɥɨ 1360 ɝ.
15. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ. Ⱥɬɨɧ, ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢɭ, 1546/7 ɝ.
16. Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮɢ. ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ, ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥ”,
ɨɤɨɥɨ 1348 ɝ
17. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɜ Ʉɢɬɟɪɚ, Ʌɢɜɚɞɢ, ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „ɋɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ” , ɏȱ ɜ.
18. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɜ ɇɚɤɫɨɫ, ɋɚɧɝɪɢ, ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ”, 1270
ɝ.
19. Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ ɍɪɢɢɥ ɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ. Ʉɚɣɪɨ, ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „ȿɥ Ɇɭɚɥɚɤɚ”, ɏȱȱȱ
ɜ.
20. ɇɟɛɟɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ (ɞɟɬɚɣɥ). Ʌɟɫɧɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 1346 ɝ.
21. Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɪɮ. Ⱥɬɨɧ, ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞ. ɑɟɬɜɟɪɨɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ (ɋɨd.
937, 129v), ɨɤɨɥɨ 1360 ɝ.
237
2 3
4
5
5
238
10
11
239
13
12
15
14
17 16
240
18 19
20
21
241
ȼɚɫɢɥ Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ
ȉȅ ǻǼUȉǼȇȅȃ ȼ ɐȺɊɂȽɊȺȾ ɂ ɌɊɂȻɍɌȺ,
ɂɁɉɅȺɓȺɇ ɌɍɄ ɇȺ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɋɄɂə ɏȺɇ ɌȿɊȼȿɅ
Ɍɜɴɪɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ 705 ɝ. ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ
(701-721) ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II ɇɨɫɨ-
ɨɬɪɹɡɚɧɢɹ (685-695; 705-711) ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɜɴɡɤɚɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ1. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ Ȼɟɞɚ ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ (673-
735) ɢ ɉɚɜɟɥ Ⱦɹɤɨɧ (720-797), ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢ
Ɍɟɨɮɚɧ ɂɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (760-818) ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ I (806-815)2, ɢɦɚ
ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɢ, ɚɪɦɟɧɫɤɢ, ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ, ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ, ɫɢɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɢ
ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ3, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ
ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧ ɫɜɹɬ. ɋ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɫɦɹɬɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɚɣ-ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɦɢɧɚɥɨ. Ɍɨ ɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɜ ɬɪɢ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢ-
ɬɟɥɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ.
I. ɇɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɢɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ, ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
741-829 ɝ., ɱɢɟɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɨ-ɬɨɱɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɝɥɚɫɢ: „Ɂɚɛɟɥɟ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ 1: Ⱦɨ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɥɚɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞ (ɬɚɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ
ɟɤɫɚɦɨɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ) ɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɥɚɬɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɧɚ
ɤɨɥɟɧɢɱɢɥ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ, ɢ ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɦɭ –
ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɂɜɭɡɢɪ Ƚɥɢɚɜɚɧ; ɬɹ ɛɟ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɦɭ (Ĳò
įİȪĲİȡȠȞ) ɬɢɪɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɛɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ Ɍɢɛɟɪɢɣ-
Ⱥɩɫɢɦɚɪ. Ɍɚɦ, ɧɚ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɞɨ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɥɚɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞ,
1
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɇ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ,
ɬ. I. ɉɴɪɜɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɱ. 1. ȿɩɨɯɚ ɧɚ ɯɭɧɧɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɞɦɨɳɢɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1918, 164-171; Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ, ɂɜ. ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II Ɋɢɧɨɬɦɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥɹ.
– ȼ: ɉɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1945, 5-8; Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ, ȼ.
Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥɟɦ ɨɬ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɚ II ɜ 705 ɝ. – ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ, XVI, 1959, 8-13; Dujþev, Iv. La seconda ascesa di Giustiniano II al trono
imperiale. – In: Studi in onore a Vittorio de Falco. Napoli, 1971, 555-562; Idem. Le
triomphe de l’Empereur Justinien II en 705. – In: Byzance. Hommage à André Stratos.
Ⱥthènes, 1986, 83-91; Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂɜ., ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
VII - XIV ɜɟɤ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2006, 104-107; Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜ, A., ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɏɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ – ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɹɬ
ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2017, 66-73; Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɬ.
I. ȼɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, 2017, 238-241.
2
Ȼɟɞɚ ɉɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ. Ɂɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ. – ɅɂȻɂ, II, 1958, ɫ. 403; ɉɚɜɟɥ Ⱦɹɤɨɧ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɚɧɝɨɛɚɪɞɢɬɟ. – ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɫ. 416; Ɍɟɨɮɚɧ ɂɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. –
ȽɂȻɂ, III, 1960, 266-267; ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ. Ȼɪɟɜɢɚɪɢɣ. – ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 297-298.
3
ȼɠ. ɧɹɤɨɢ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜ ɢ Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 154-199, 203-211.
242
Васил ГЮЗЕЛЕВ. ΤΟ ΔΕUΤΕΡΟΝ В ЦАРИГРАД И ТРИБУТА, ИЗПЛАЩАН ТУК НА БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ...
ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɛɢɥ ɪɚɡɜɟɧɱɚɧ Ɏɢɥɢɩɢɤ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟɞɹɥ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ

Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ, ɫɴɳɨ ɢ Ƚɥɢɚɜɚɧ ɏɚɡɚɪɢɧɚ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɧɟɦɚɥɤɨ
ɬɪɢɛɭɬɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɧɡɢ
ɬɢɪɚɧɢɧ ɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɦɭ“4.
Ɍɨɡɢ ɤɪɚɬɴɤ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟ ɨɬ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧ ɢ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧ.
ɋɴɞɴɪɠɚɳɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ VIII ɜ., ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ
ɯɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɏɚɡɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɚɝɚɧɚɬ. Ɉɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɞɚɜɚ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ, ɚ ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɥɟɤɱɚɜɚ
ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɨɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ.
Ȼɚɡɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɥɚɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „ɋɜ.
Ⱥɧɧɚ“, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɏɪɢɡɨɬɪɢɤɥɢɧɢɹ – ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɜ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ5.
ȿɤɫɚɦɨɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚɥ ɞɜɟ ɫɤɭɥɩɬɢ-
ɪɚɧɢ ɪɴɰɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɞ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɥɢ ɦɹɪɤɚɬɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɦɨɞɢɣ (8, 75 ɥ)6.
ɉɨɡɥɚɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɢ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II ɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɦɭ – ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɧɚ
ɂɜɭɡɢɪ Ƚɥɢɚɜɚɧ, ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɜɴɡɤɚɱɜɚɧɟ
ɩɪɟɡ 705 ɝ. ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɯɚɡɚɪɫɤɢɹ
ɯɚɝɚɧ ɂɡɭɜɢɪ Ƚɥɢɚɜɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɦɴɠɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɩɪɟɡ 698 ɝ. ɬɹ ɩɪɢɟɥɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ7.
Ɍɢɛɟɪɢɣ II Ⱥɩɫɢɦɚɪ (698-707), ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɴɡɤɚɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ ɛɢɥ ɞɪɭɧɝɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II ɜ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ ɩɪɟɡ 705 ɝ. ɧɚɩɭɫɧɚɥ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɜɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɴɪɫɢɥ ɭɛɟɠɢɳɟ ɜ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɚɞɚ (ɞɧ. ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ).
ɉɪɟɫɥɟɞɜɚɧ ɢ ɡɚɥɨɜɟɧ, ɬɨɣ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɛɪɚɬ ɫɢ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ ɛɢɥ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɨɬ
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɫ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɩɴɪɜɟɧɰɢ – ɬɟɯɧɢ ɫɴɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɜ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɬɟ
ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɛɟɫɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ8. ɉɨ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ
ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɚ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ.
Ɏɢɥɢɩɢɤ ȼɚɪɞɚɧ (711-713) ɛɢɥ ɩɪɨɜɴɡɝɥɚɫɟɧ ɡɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɟɠ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɜ ɏɟɪɫɨɧ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɨɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚ-
ɳɚɬɚ ɜ Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɟɠɧɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ, ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɢɥ
4
Th. Preger. Scriptores originum constantinopolitarum. I. Lipsiae, 1901, 39-40.
ɋɪɜ. ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɉ. Ɍɢɜɱɟɜ ɜ ȽɂȻɂ, III, ɫ. 224.
5
Janin, R. Constantinople byzantine. Paris 1950, 155-159.
6
Schilbach, E. Byzantinische Metrologie. München 1970, S. 103-108, 279.
7
Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ, Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1998, 206-
207.
8
Ɍɟɨɮɚɧ ɂɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɫ. 267.
243
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɫ ɬɪɢɯɢɥɹɞɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɹ

ɜɴɡɝɥɚɜɢɥ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ Ɏɢɥɢɩɢɤ ȼɚɪɞɚɧ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɨ-
ɜɨɬɨ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɭɫɩɹɥ ɛɟɡ ɛɨɣ ɞɚ ɜɥɟɡɟ ɜ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ. ȼɟɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ
ɢɡɩɪɚɬɢɥ ɫɜɨɹ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ ɂɥɢɹ ɫ ɬɟɠɤɨɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ. ɋɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɳɚɞɚ ɭɫɩɹɥ ɞɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɢ ɧɚ
ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɨɬɪɹɞ ɨɛɟɳɚɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɡɚɜɴɪɧɟ ɜ ɪɨɞɢɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɢɬɚɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɥ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɜɚɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɢ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II ɛɢɥ ɡɚɥɨɜɟɧ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɝɥɚɜɟɧ9.
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɦɴɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɝɢɛɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɴɸɡɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɢɤ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II,
ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ ɫ ɬɟɠɤɨɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɧɚɯɥɭɥ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥ ɞɨ
ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɹ Ȼɨɫɩɨɪ ɩɪɟɡ 712 ɝ. ɂɡɛɢɬ ɛɢɥ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɟɧ
ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɡɚɝɪɚɛɟɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɟɳɢ.
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɰɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɬɟ Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɬɨ-
ɲɢɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɢ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɥɟ-
ɧɢɟ, ɨɬ ɦɚɥɨɚɡɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ɉɩɫɢɤɢɨɧ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɯɜɴɪɥɟɧɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɫ
ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɹ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ȼɭɪɚɮ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɚ ɜɨɸɜɚɬ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɨɩɫɢɤɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ Ɏɢɥɢɩɢɤ ȼɚɪɞɚɧ ɢ ɧɚ 3
ɸɧɢ 713 ɝ. ɬɨɣ ɛɢɥ ɫɜɚɥɟɧ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɥɟɩɟɧ. Ɂɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɛɢɥ
ɩɪɨɜɴɡɝɥɚɫɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɨɚɫɟɤɪɢɬɚ Ⱥɪɬɟɦɢɣ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɢɟɥ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ II
(713-715)10.
ȼɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ, ɫɴɳɨ ɢ Ƚɥɚɜɢɚɧ ɏɚɡɚɪɢɧɚ
ɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɞɴɥɠɢɦɢɬɟ „ɧɟɦɚɥɤɨ ɬɪɢɛɭɬɢ (ʌȐțĲĮ)“ ɨɬ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II,
ɬ.ɟ. ɟɠɟɝɨɞɟɧ ɞɚɧɴɤ. Ɂɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɹɜɚɬ ɤɚɤɬɨ Ɍɟɨɮɚɧ ɂɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢ
ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ I11, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ „ɋɭɞɚ“ (ɏ ɜ.)12. ȼ ɧɟɹ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ „Ȼɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ“ ɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ
ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ: „Ɂɚɳɨɬɨ ɜ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɡɚɞ Ɇɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɡɥɚɬɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɧɚ
ɭɡɭɪɩɚɬɨɪɚ ɘɫɬɢɧ [ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II] ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɟ... Ɍɚɦ
Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ ɞɴɪɠɚɥ ɪɟɱ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“. ȼ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ
„Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢ“ ɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ: „ɉɪɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ɇɨɫɨɨɬɪɹ-
ɡɚɧɢɹ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɛɢɥ ɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɚ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɢɟɬɨ. ɂ ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ, ɫɢɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ, ɛɢɥɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɢ ɞɚɧɴɤɨɩɥɚɬɰɢ. Ɍɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɥ ɨɛɴɪɧɚɬ ɳɢɬɚ ɫɢ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɨɫɟɥ ɜɴɜ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɢ ɫɜɨɹ ɤɚɦɲɢɤ, ɫ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɲɢɛɚɥ ɤɨɧɹ ɫɢ, ɢ ɫɥɚɝɚɥ ɩɚɪɢ,
ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɹ. ɉɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɥ ɤɨɩɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɹɬɚ ɢ ɞɨ
ɤɪɚɢɳɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɧɚɬɪɭɩɜɚɥ ɤɨɩɪɢɧɟɧɢ ɞɪɟɯɢ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɴɥɜɚɥ ɫɚɧɞɴɱɟɬɚ ɫɴɫ
9
ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ. Ȼɪɟɜɢɚɪɢɣ, ɫ. 299.
10
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɫ. 300; Ɍɟɨɮɚɧ ɂɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɫ. 268.
11
ȽɂȻɂ, III, ɫ. 267, 298. ɂɡɹɫɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ʌȐțĲȠȞ ɜɠ. ɭ
Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ, ɂɜ. ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II Ɋɢɧɨɬɦɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥɹ, ɫ. 7, ɛɟɥ. 5. Ɂɚ
ɯɚɡɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɚɝɚɧ ɜɠ.. Moravcsik, G. Byzantinoturcica, II. Berlin 1958, p. 136.
12
ɋɜɢɞɚɫ. Ⱥɡɛɭɱɧɢɤ. – ȽɂȻɂ, V, 1964, 309-310.
244
Васил ГЮЗЕЛЕВ. ΤΟ ΔΕUΤΕΡΟΝ В ЦАРИГРАД И ТРИБУТА, ИЗПЛАЩАН ТУК НА БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ...
ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɪɚɡɞɚɜɚɥ ɝɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɫɢ, ɩɪɴɫɤɚɣɤɢ ɫ

ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɪɴɤɚ ɡɥɚɬɨ, ɚ ɫ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ – ɫɪɟɛɪɨ.“
Ɉɬɤɚɡɴɬ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɤɚɱɢɥɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɡ 711 ɝ. ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɢɤ ȼɚɪɞɚɧ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɥɚɳɚ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɴɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɞɨɜɟɥ ɞɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ 712 ɝ. Ɉɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧ
ɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɟɡ 705 ɝ.
II. ȼ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɨɬ ɏ ɜ. ɩɨɞ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ
„ɋɬɚɪɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ“ ɪɚɧɧɢɹɬ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɡɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ
ɧɟɹ ɥɢɰɚ ɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɴɤɪɚɬɟɧ: „Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ 1: ȼ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ
ɡɥɚɬɧɨɫɜɨɞɟɫɬɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɡɚɞ Ɇɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɡɥɚɬɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɤ.
Ɍɚɦ ɛɢɥ ɢ ɟɤɡɚɦɨɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɂɪɚɤɥɢɣ ɢ [ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ] ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɧɢ-
ɱɢɥɢɹ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ɭɡɭɪɩɚɬɨɪɚ. ȼ ɧɟɹ [ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ] Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɩɪɟɞ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ“13. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɜɴɬɪɟ ɜ
ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɚɫɹɥ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ. ɋɴɤɪɚɳɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ
ɩɪɟɢɧɚɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɚ ɝɨ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ.
III. Ɍɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɤɪɚɬɴɤ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɫɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɜ ɫɴɱɢɧɟ-
ɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɨɞɢɧ (XIV ɜ.) „Ɉɬɤɴɫɢ ɡɚ
ɰɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢ“. Ɍɹ ɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨ-ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚ ɢ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɢɱɚɥɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɱɢ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɚ ɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ: „ɇɚ ɬɴɣ
ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɟɜɬɟɪɨɧ (Ĳò ȜİȖȩȝİȞȠȞ ǻİȪĲİȡȠȞ) ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɹɥɚ
ɫɬɚɬɭɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ɇɨɫɨɨɬɪɹɡɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟɹ ɫɴɛɨɪɢɥ ɤɟɫɚɪɹɬ ȼɚɪɞɚ,
ɜɭɣɱɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɫɢɧɚ Ɍɟɨɮɢɥɨɜ, ɢ ɹ ɧɚɬɪɨɲɢɥ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɤɚɤɜɚ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɨ Ⱦɟɜɬɟɪɨɧ [ɉɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ]? ɉɚɬɪɢɰɢɹɬ
Ʌɴɜ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɰɚɪɢɥ ɢ ɡɚɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɥ, ɡɚɬɨɱɢɥ ɫɜɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ɜ
ɏɟɪɫɨɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥ ɬɚɦ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɢɡɛɹɝɚɥ ɨɬ ɬɚɦ, ɬɨɣ ɫɟ
ɧɚɫɨɱɢɥ ɢ ɞɨɳɴɥ ɩɪɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ (İੁȢ ȉȑȡȕİȜȚȞ
ਕȡȤȘȖòȞ Ĳ૵Ȟ ǺȠȣȜȖȐȡȦȞ) ɢ ɦɭ ɞɚɥ ɡɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ ɞɴɳɟɪɹ ɫɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ.
ɂ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɡɟɥ ɫɴɫ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, 15 ɯɢɥɹɞɢ ɦɴɠɟ ɜɨɢɧɢ, ɫɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɢɥ ɫɪɟɳɭ
Ƚɪɚɞɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɢ ɜɡɟɦɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ. ɇɟɠɟɥɚɧ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɬɟ, ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɢɥ
ɤɴɦ ɬɴɣ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɜɥɹɡɴɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɟ
ɜɦɴɤɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɚ. ȼɥɹɡɴɥ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɬɨɣ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɚɥ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɂ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɰɚɪɢɥ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ, ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭɤɪɚɫɢɥ ɫɴɫ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɟɤɴɥ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ Ⱦɟɜɬɟɪɨɧ. Ɍɚɦ ɫɟ
ɢɡɞɢɝɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ. Ɂɚɳɨɬɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɜɢɞɹɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɝɪɚɞɢɥ ɡɚ ɧɟɹ ɯɪɚɦ.
Ⱥɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɨɦɨɮɨɪɚ ࣊ ɬɭɤ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɢ.“14
13
Scriptores originum constantinopolitarum. II, edidit Th. Preger. Lipsiae 1907,
171–172. ȼɠ. ɫɴɳɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɉ. Ɍɢɜɱɟɜ ɜ ȽɂȻɂ, V, ɫ. 324.
14
Georgius Codinus. Excerpta de antiquitatibus constantinopolitanis. Bonnae
1843, 97-98.
245
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɢɹɬ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɨɞɢɧ ɞɚɜɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: 1. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɨ ɟ
ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ 705 ɝ. ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɥ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ
ɧɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɫɢ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ; 2. Ɍɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɨ „ɉɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟɬɨ“
(Ⱦɟɜɬɟɪɨɧ), ɡɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɨɜɨ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟ; 3. ɘɫɬɢ-
ɧɢɚɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ (ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɦɭ) ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɨɲɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ III (842-867) ɨɬ
ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɜɭɣɱɨ ɤɟɫɚɪɹ ȼɚɪɞɚ15. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɨɞɢɧ, ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ
705 ɝ. ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɡɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɨɜɚɬɚ
ɞɴɳɟɪɹ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɜɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɦɚɬɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢ Ɍɟɨɮɚɧ ɂɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ II ɨɛɟɳɚɥ ɞɚ
ɞɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɪɨɜɟ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɞɴɳɟɪɹ ɡɚ
ɧɟɝɨɜɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ16. Ɍɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɹɜɚɬ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɬɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɤɚɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ȼ. ɇ. Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ɛɪɚɤɴɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɞɴɳɟɪɹ ɢ ɯɚɧ
Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ „ɧɟ ɳɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɟ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɥ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɧɢɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ“17. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ ɚɩɪɢɨɪɧɨ ɫɟ
ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɱɭɠɞɢ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢ. ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɜ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ
ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɞɚɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɦɹɬɚ, ɱɟ Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ ɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɥ ɡɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɫɚ
Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ – ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɟɧ
ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ.
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɟ, ɱɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɴɬ ɡɚ
Ⱦɟɜɬɟɪɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɴɥɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɥ
ɞɚ ɠɢɜɟɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɫɴɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟ-
ɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ.
15
Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 300-316.
16
Ɍɟɨɮɚɧ ɂɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɫ. 266-267; ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ.
Ȼɪɟɜɢɚɪɢɣ, ɫ. 298.
17
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɇ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, I, 1, ɫ. 167.
246
ɋɬɟɥɚ Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ
ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɋ ɊəȾɄȺ ɂɄɈɇɈȽɊȺɎɂə ɈɌ ɌȿɊɂɌɈɊɂəɌȺ

ɇȺ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɂə
Stella Doncheva
Nikolay Nikolov
SEALS WITH RARE ICONOGRAPHY FROM THE TERRITORY

OF BULGARIA
To the attention of the research interests we present two seals with less known
images of saints found on the territory of Bulgaria. Only single specimens are known,
represented mainly in the large world collections.
The first is a Byzantine seal with the rare image of the prophet Samuel.
1. ȈĮȝȠȣȒȜ ȂĮȣȡȠʌȩįȘȢ ȤĮȡĲȠࢥȪȜĮȗ (1170-1177).
The seal comes from southern Bulgaria and is owned by a private collection. Its
dimensions are: D. core - 34 mm, grain circle - 28-30 mm, thickness - 3-4 mm, weight -
30,60 g. Excellent preserved with a deep and expressive relief (fig. 1).
Avers: St. Samuel stood upright, stepped on a Supendanium, blessing (right hand),
and holding a book (left hand). Caption in two columns with a monogram on the left:
‫|ݪ‬ || ɋȺ | Ɇܑ | ɇȁ |
:[‘O ʌȡȠĳ੾ĲȘȢ] ȈĮȝȠȣȒȜ
Revers: Inscription in five rows.

+ ɈɏȺɊ | ɌɈĭVȁAȄ | CAMOVHȁ | MAVPOɉɈ | ǻɇɋ
+ ‘O ȤĮȡĲȠĳȪȜĮȗ ȈĮȝȠȣȒȜ ɆĮȣȡȠʌੑįȘȢ
It is clear from the above-mentioned research that Samuel Mavropod is the
representative of the Mavropos family, who played an important role in the management of
the Byzantine church during this period. The presented molyvdovul with the rare image of
the Prophet Samuel is the best copy of all, a total of four, known so far, cut with one
bullotyrion and for which there is some information about its origin. The quality of the
images and the level of preservation of the print contribute to the clarification of the overall
composition of the image, including the details of the iconography with accompanying
monogram and inscriptions.
2. ǺĮıȓȜİȚȠȢ ǺȐȡȘȢ (ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ XI-XII ɜ.)
The second seal is also found in southern Bulgaria and is also owned by a private
collection. Its dimensions are: D. core - 25-26 mm, grain circle - 21-22 mm, thickness - 2
mm, weight - 11.92 g. The print is relatively well preserved with a high relief. The core is
slightly curved and has a snap at the top of the cord (fig. 2).
Avers: St. Stephan stands upright, holds a ball away from the body (right hand) and
a censer (left hand).
Inscription in two columns:
247
Стела ДОНЧЕВА и Николай НИКОЛОВ. ПЕЧАТИ С РЯДКА ИКОНОГРАФИЯ ОТ ...
‫ | ݪ‬ɋȯ - ɎȺ – ȯɋ || Ɉ - ɉɊɈ - ɌɈ - ɆȺɊ - Ɍ
[‘‫੺ ݪ‬ȖȓȠȢ] [Ȉ(Ĳ)ȑĳĮ(Ȟ)İȢ]
‘O ੺ȖȓȠȢ ȈĲȑĳĮȞİȢ ɉȡȠĲȠȝȐȡĲȣȡĮȢ
Revers: Inscription in five rows:

+ ࣪ ɉɊɈ | ɌɈɆȺɊȶɋ | CKȯɉȺI RAC | ȁȯIONTON | RAPVC,
+ [‘࣋ ɉȡȠĲȠȝȐȡĲİȢ] [ıțȑʌĮȓ] [ǺĮı(Ț)ȜİȓȠȞ] [ĲંȞ] [ǺȐȡȘȢ],
+ ‘O ɉȡȠĲȠȝȐȡĲİȢ ıțȑʌĮȓ ǺĮıȚȜİȓȠȞ ĲંȞ ǺȐȡȘȢ
Similar seals are not yet found in Bulgaria. We could not find such in the
Dumbarton Oaks collection, too. Several personalities are known with the surname Varis of
the XI century - Leon, Constantine, John (?) and Michael. A person named Vasily Varis is
not known until now, but in all likelihood belongs to the same family. Varis family (with the
nickname "heavy") come from Macedonia (Adrianople) and during the time of Emperor
Alexis I (1081-1118) their representatives reach the rank of protocouropalata. The family
continued to exist throughout the twelfth century, apart from civil servants, ecclesiastical
activists were also exist from its circles. The image of the martyr Stefan and the request to
the saint for protection suggest that the owner of the seal belonged to the class of the church
officials. What was his rank in the church hierarchy is hard to say, but Vasilius Varis was
more likely to have belonged to the higher clergy and had a direct connection with the
ecclesiastical system in the Bulgarian lands during the Byzantine rule in the XI-XII century.
With the publication of the two new perfectly preserved stamps in the present work,
we hope to contribute to the enrichment of the collection of monuments found on Bulgarian
lands and to place in the field of research interest the issues related to their owners and their
relation with the Bulgaria at that time.
ɇɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɦɟ

ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɫ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɰɢ,
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɉɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ
ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɢ ɫ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ.
ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɫ ɪɹɞɤɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ.
1. ȈĮȝȠȣȒȜ ȂĮȣȡȠʌȩįȘȢ ȤĮȡĲȠࢥȪȜĮȗ (1170-1177)

ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɟ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɱɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɚ: D. ɹɞɪɨ - 34 ɦɦ, ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ – 28-
30 ɦɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ – 3-4 ɦɦ. Ɍɟɝɥɨ – 30,60 ɝ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɫ ɞɴɥɛɨɤ ɢ
ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɪɟɥɟɮ (Ɉɛɪ. 1).
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɋɜ. ɋɚɦɭɢɥ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚɫɪɟɳɚ, ɫɬɴɩɢɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɭɩɟɧɞɚɧɟɭɦ,
ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɹɳ (ɞ. ɪɴɤɚ) ɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɳ ɤɧɢɝɚ (ɥ. ɪɴɤɚ).
ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢ ɫ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɜɥɹɜɨ: ‫ݪ‬ | || ɋȺ | Ɇܑ | ɇȁ |
:[‘O ʌȡȠĳ੾ĲȘȢ] ȈĮȝȠȣȒȜ

„ɉɪɨɪɨɤ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ“
248
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɜ ɩɟɬ ɪɟɞɚ.

+ ɈɏȺɊ | ɌɈĭVȁAȄ | CAMOVHȁ | MAVPOɉɈ | ǻɇɋ
+ ‘O ȤĮȡĲȠĳȪȜĮȗ ȈĮȝȠȣȒȜ ɆĮȣȡȠʌੑįȘȢ
„ɏɚɪɬɨɮɢɥɚɤɫ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞ (Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞɢɫ)“
ȼɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɜɚɳɨ ɟ ɩɟɪɮɟɤɬɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ.

Ɏɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤɚ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɚ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ, ɜɴɜ ɮɚɫ, ɨɛɥɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɟɧ ɩɥɚɳ, ɫɬɢɯɚɪ ɢ ɮɟɥɨɧ. ɉɥɚɳɴɬ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰɚ ɢ ɩɚɞɚ ɞɨ ɡɟɦɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɴɧɤɢ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɢ, ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɥɟɤɨɬɨ ɩɨɞɛɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɪɟɥɟɮɚ. Ɉɱɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɚɞɟɦɨɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɢ, ɜɟɠɞɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɝɴɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ, ɧɨɫɴɬ ɟ
ɲɢɪɨɤ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɭɫɬɚɰɢ. Ɉɜɚɥɴɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɫ
ɤɴɫɚ, ɫɴɳɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɚ, ɛɪɚɞɚ. Ʉɨɫɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨ ɞɜɟ ɩɥɴɬɧɢ
ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɞɨ ɪɚɦɟɧɟɬɟ. Ƚɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɚ ɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɴɪɯɚ ɲɚɩɤɚ,
ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚɳɚ ɫ ɲɟɫɬɥɴɱɧɚ ɡɜɟɡɞɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɢɦɛ,
ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɟɹ. Ⱦɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ, ɫɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɚ ɨɬ
ɞɢɩɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɳɚ ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜ. Ʌɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɢɬɚ ɨɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɹ ɪɴɤɚɜ,
ɞɴɪɠɢ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɬɜɚɬɚ. Ⱦɴɥɝɢɹɬ ɩɥɚɳ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɞɨ ɝɥɟɡɟɧɢɬɟ.
Ʌɟɜɢɹɬ ɤɪɚɤ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɢɥ, ɜ ɨɛɭɜɤɚ ɫ ɬɨɤ, ɚ ɞɟɫɧɢɹɬ – ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɝɨɥɹɦ (ɛɨɫ, ɥɢɱɚɬ ɩɪɴɫɬɢɬɟ) ɧɚɫɪɟɳɚ.
Ȼɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɧɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɟɪɢɮɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɬɟɡɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ.
ɉɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ ɜɞɹɫɧɨ ɟ ɜɪɹɡɚɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɫ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɚɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ
ɪɚɡɰɴɮɧɚɥ ɤɪɚɣ ɩɪɢ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɦɨ.
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ, ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɜɞɹɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɧɚɬ ɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɫ
ɜɴɧɲɧɨɬɨ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɹɞɪɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤɚ.
Ɉɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɧɚ Ʉɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣ-
ɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɡ 2006 ɝ.1 ɇɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ-
ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ;
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɞɚɞɟɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. ɋɪɚɜɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɬɹɯ ɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. ɇɚ ɩɴɪɜɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɴɬ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɹɬ ɟ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ 34 (28) ɦɦ, ɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɹɬ – 30-31 (28) ɦɦ,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɧɨɜɢɹɬ ɟ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɹɞɪɨ.
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ
ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɬɟ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬɢ ɤɪɴɝɨɜɟ, ɫɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɬ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɋɚɦɭɢɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɟɬɪɟɞɨɜɢɹ
1
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Vol. 2, Sofia, 2006, pp.
284-285, No 455.
249
ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ

ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɹ
ɩɟɱɚɬ ɜɥɹɜɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ „ɩɪɨɪɨɤ“ [‘O
ʌȡȠĳ੾ĲȘȢ] ȈĮȝȠȣȒȜ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɟ ɱɟɬɹɥɨ.
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɜɞɹɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ ɬɭɤ (ɋȺ | Ɇܑ | ɇȁ) ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɫ
ɜɪɹɡɚɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɥɟɞ ɢɡɝɨɬɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɚ ɟɞɜɚ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɨɫɜɟɧ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ, ɫ ɪɹɞɤɨɬɨ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ. ȼ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹ-
ɜɚɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Dimbarton Oaks – ɞɜɚ. Ⱦɜɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ
ɜ ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɪɨɪɨɤɚ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ
„ɩɪɨɤɪɨɤ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ“. ȼɴɪɯɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ
ɜ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɪɟɞɚ: „ɉɴɪɜɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɢɤ, ɩɪɟɡɪɢ ɦɟ, ɥɟɜɢɬɚ Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞ
(Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɭɫɚ)“. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɴɪɜɨɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɧɚ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɟɧ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥ ɨɬ XI ɜ. Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞ, ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ
ȿɜɯɚɢɬɚ2. ȼ. Ʌɨɪɚɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɡɞɚɜɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɫɴɞɟɣɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɪɹɞɤɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ, ɧɚɫɬɨɹɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɴɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ3. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ
ɧɟɝɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɛɟɡ ɭɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬ, ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɟɫɤɢɹ
ɯɚɪɬɨɮɢɥɚɤɫ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ XII ɜ. (1111 ɝ.) ɋɚɦɭɢɥ Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞ, ɩɨɬɜɴɪ-
ɞɟɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɢɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɹɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇ. Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ, ɟ
ɫɯɨɞɟɧ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɧɨ ɟ ɫ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ (D
– 31 ɦɦ) ɢ ɜ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ4. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚ ɢ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ
ɨɬ Dumbarton Oaks, ɟɞɢɧɢɹɬ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ ɨɬ ȼ. Ʌɨɪɚɧ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɜ
ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XII ɜ., ɤɨɣɬɨ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɜɚ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɩɨɪɴɱɢɬɟɥ –
ɯɚɪɬɨɮɢɥɚɤɫ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞɢɫ5.
Ⱦɜɚɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Dumbarton Oaks ɫɚ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɹ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɚ
ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɫ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ. ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ, ɫ
ɨɛɳɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ (D – 33 ɦɦ) ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ ɢ
ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬɢɹ ɤɪɴɝ, ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɜɴɧ ɧɟɝɨ6. ȼɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ
2
ɉɚɧɱɟɧɤɨ, Ȼ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɨɜ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɟ. – ɂɊȺɂɄ, VIII, 1903, No 106-107; ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȼ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɟɱɚɬɟɣ ɫ ɪɟɞɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. – ȺȾɋȼ, 34, 2003, 219-220, ɪɢɫ. 12.
3
Laurent, V. Le Corpus des Sceaux de L’empire Byzantine. L’Églisse. Vol. V. Part
2, Paris, 1981, No 1615.
4
ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 220-221, ɪɢɫ. 13.
5
Laurent, V. Op. cit., No 1615.
6
Dumbarton Oaks. Research library and collection. Samuel Mauropodes,
chartophylax (1170-1178). BZS.1955.1.5048. <https://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/
byzantine-seals/BZS.1955.1.5048 (status 12.12.2019)>.
250
(D – 35 ɦɦ, ɩɨɥɟ – 29 ɦɦ), ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɫ ɬɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɧɨ ɫ

ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɫɥɚɛɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ, ɨɬ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧ
ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɚɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɝɨ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ7.
Ɉɬ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɟ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɝɪɚɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ8. ɋɚɦɭɢɥ
Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚ ɜ „ɋɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ“, ɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ
ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ȜİȣੂĲȘȢ ɢ țĮȞıĲȡੂıȚȠȢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɯɚɪɬɨɮɢɥɚɤɫ ɨɬ 1170 ɝ.,
ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɪɨɞɧɢɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɡɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɩɨɞ
ɢɦɟɬɨ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ III (1170-1178). ɇɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɨɫɬ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɨ 2. 09. 1177
ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɟ ɫɜɚɥɟɧ ɨɬ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ȼɚɥɫɚɦɨɧ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɫ ɪɹɞɤɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ
ɋɚɦɭɢɥ ɟ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɢɹɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢɬɟ, ɨɛɳɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ
ɞɨɫɟɝɚ, ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɫ ɟɞɢɧ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ ɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɢɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚ-
ɡɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɚɫɹɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɹɫɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɫɪɟɞ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ ɞɟɬɚɣɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭ-
ɠɚɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ.
2. ǺĮıȓȜİȚȠȢ ǺȐȡȘȢ (ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ XI-XII ɜ.)

ȼɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ
ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɚ: D. ɹɞɪɨ – 25-26 ɦɦ,
ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ – 21-22 ɦɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ – 2 ɦɦ. Ɍɟɝɥɨ – 11,92 ɝ. ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɟ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɫ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɪɟɥɟɮ. əɞɪɨɬɨ ɟ ɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɨ ɢ ɢɦɚ
ɨɬɱɭɩɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɲɧɭɪɚ (Ɉɛɪ. 2).
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɫɜ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚɫɪɟɳɚ, ɞɴɪɠɢ ɤɴɥɛɨ ɜɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɬɹɥɨɬɨ
(ɞ. ɪɴɤɚ) ɢ ɤɚɞɢɥɧɢɰɚ (ɥ.ɪɴɤɚ).
ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢ : ‫ | ݪ‬ɋȯ - ɎȺ – ȯɋ || Ɉ - ɉɊɈ - ɌɈ - ɆȺɊ - Ɍ
[‘‫੺ ݪ‬ȖȓȠȢ] [Ȉ(Ĳ)ȑĳĮ(Ȟ)İȢ]
‘O ੺ȖȓȠȢ ȈĲȑĳĮȞİȢ ɉȡȠĲȠȝȐȡĲȣȡĮȢ
„ɋɜ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɉɴɪɜɨɦɴɱɟɧɢɤ“
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɜ ɩɟɬ ɪɟɞɚ9.

+ ࣪ ɉɊɈ | ɌɈɆȺɊȶɋ | CKȯɉȺI RAC | ȁȯIONTON | RAPVC,
(ɥɢɝɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ Ɍ ɢ ɇ)
+ [‘࣋ ɉȡȠĲȠȝȐȡĲİȢ] [ıțȑʌĮȓ] [ǺĮı(Ț)ȜİȓȠȞ] [ĲંȞ] [ǺȐȡȘȢ],
7
Dumbarton Oaks. Samuel Mauropodes, chartophylax (1170-1178).
BZS.1958.106.5453 <https://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-seals/BZS.1958.106.
5453 (status 12.12.2019)>.
8
Jordanov, I. Ɉp. cit., p. 285 ɢ ɩɨɫ. ɥɢɬ.
9
ɂɡɤɚɡɜɚɦɟ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ.
251
+ ‘O ɉȡȠĲȠȝȐȡĲİȢ ıțȑʌĮȓ ǺĮıȚȜİȓȠȞ ĲંȞ ǺȐȡȘȢ

„ɉɴɪɜɨɦɴɱɟɧɢɤɨ, ɡɚɤɪɢɥɹɣ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȼɚɪɢɫ”
ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɫɜ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-

ɜɟɧ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɨ, ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ. Ɉɛɥɟɱɟɧ ɟ ɜ ɞɴɥɝɚ ɬɭɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɫɚɧ ɫ
ɤɪɴɫɬɚɬ ɥɨɪɨɫ, ɟɞɢɧɢɹɬ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɞɹɫɧɨ ɨɬɩɪɟɞ, ɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢɹɬ ɩɚɞɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɥɹɜɨ. ȼ ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɝɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰɴɬ
ɞɴɪɠɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɰɴɮɧɚɥɨ ɰɜɟɬɟ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɴɧɢɬɟ, ɫ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟ
ɭɛɢɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɦɴɪɬ; ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɬɹɥɨɬɨ ɞɴɪɠɢ
ɤɚɞɢɥɧɢɰɚ – ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɞɹɤɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɭ ɫɚɧ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ XI-XII ɜ. ɋɪɟɞ ɬɚɡɢ ɪɹɞɤɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɚɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɫ ɛɸɫɬɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰɚ, ɞɴɪɠɚɳ
ɦɴɱɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɪɴɫɬ. ȿɞɢɧɢɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɧɚ ǹȤȡȚįȠ૨ – Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ,
ɩɪɢɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɚɬɪɨɧ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧ ɜ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ
Ʉɴɪɞɠɚɥɢ10. Ⱦɜɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ɋɭɩɤɢɬɟ, ɋɬɚɪɨɡɚ-
ɝɨɪɫɤɨ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ȼɟɬɪɟɧ11. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɳɢ
ɫɜɟɬɟɰɚ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ XI ɜ. ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɟ
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ ɜ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ – ɩɪɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɨ
Ɇɚɥɟɜɨ, ɏɚɫɤɨɜɫɤɨ12.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɜɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɹɯɦɟ ɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Dumbarton
Oaks. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɚ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɮɚɦɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ȼɚɪɢɫ ɨɬ XI ɜ. –
ɧɚ Ʌɟɨɧ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ, Ƀɨɚɧ (?) ɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ. Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ
ȼɚɪɢɫ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ ɬɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ
ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ. ȼɚɪɢɫɢɬɟ (ɫ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟɬɨ „ɬɟɠɤɢ“) ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ ɨɬ
Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ (Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ) ɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ I (1081-
1118) ɧɟɣɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɪɚɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬɢ13.
ȼɚɪɢɫɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɜ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɨ-ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ. Ɂɧɚɬɧɨɬɨ
ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɰɟɥɢɹ XII ɜ., ɤɚɬɨ ɨɫɜɟɧ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɴɱɜɚɬ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɢ14.
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɨɦɴɱɟɧɢɤ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɢ ɦɨɥɛɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɫɜɟɬɟɰɚ ɡɚ
ɡɚɤɪɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ, ɱɟ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɬɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɤɴɦ
10
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Byzantine Seals
with Geographical Names. Sofia, 2003, p. 42, obr. 13.1; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine
Seals from Bulgaria. Vol. 3, Part 1. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2009, p. 554, No 1677.
11
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Vol. 3, Part 2. Sofia,
2009, p. 712-713, No 2223, 2225.
12
Ibid., p. 712, No 2224; p. 847, No 2790.
13
Ʉɚɠɞɚɧ, Ⱥ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ XI-XII
ɜɜ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1974, ɫ. 110, 126, 166, 178.
14
252
ɫɴɫɥɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ. Ʉɚɤɴɜ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɱɢɧ ɜ

ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɣɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨ-ɜɫɹɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ ȼɚɫɢ-
ɥɢɣ ȼɚɪɢɫ ɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɤɴɦ ɜɢɫɲɢɹ ɤɥɢɪ ɢ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɩɪɹɤɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɰɴɪ-
ɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɭɪɟɞɛɚ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɥɚɞɢ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɡ XI-XII ɜ.
ɋ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɟɪɮɟɤɬɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɹɜɚɦɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɦ ɡɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɬɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɋɚɦɭɢɥ Ɇɚɜɪɨɩɨɞ, ɯɚɪɬɨɮɢɥɚɤɫ.

Ɉɛɪ. 2. ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȼɚɪɢɫ.
2
1
253
Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱦɨɬɤɨɜɚ
ɆɈɇȿɌȺ ɇȺ PRYMNESSUS, PHRYGIA, ɈɌɄɊɂɌȺ ȼ AQUAE

CALIDAE
Miroslava Dotkova
COIN OF PRYMNESSUS, PHRYGIA, FOUND IN AQUAE CALIDAE
In the last few years as a result of intensive archaeological research in Aquae

Calidae (Sanctuary of the Three Nymphs and Roman baths) a large number of coins were
found alongside many other artifacts. The numerous numismatic material covers extremely
broad chronological limits from the mid 4th c. BC to the early 20th c.
From the Roman period one of the most interesting coins is a pseudo autonomous
emission of the town of Prymnessus in the region of Phrygia, Asia Minor. Within the
numismatic material known so far, the emission of the town in question comes from the most
remote area presented in the coin circulation of Aquae Calidae. Coins of Phrygian towns
occur very rarely on the territory of the provinces of Thrace and Moesia as usually their
provenance remains unknown. This is the only piece from the emissions of Prymnessus
found in today’s Bulgaria as well as the only one discovered in the course of regular
archaeological research. This particular coin is dating from the time of the Severians (193-
220), with representation of the Roman Senate on the obverse and enthroned Cybele on the
reverse.
The chances that this coin has entered the circulation flow of Aquae Calidae by
trade route are small. Not so much the remoteness of the region of Phrygia excludes this
possibility as the fact that it is a pseudo autonomous emission. These coins were designed
mainly to meet the needs of the local commodity market by small denominations and
circulated mostly on the territory of the town issuing them. We can explain their presence in
so remote region with movement of troops or veterans coming from Phrygia to settle down in
Thrace. Located nearby the Roman colony of Deultum, the Thermae in Aquae Calidae were
regularly visited by military personnel as many of them were veterans. They gave their
offerings in the form of coins in the sacred Spring of the Nymphs. It seems rather possible
the pseudo autonomous coin of the Phrygian town of Prymnessus came in this way to this
remote area.
ɉɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢɬɟ

ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Aquae Calidae, ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ, ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɢ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬɢɹɬ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡ-
ɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɟɧ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɦɚ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɯɜɚɳɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ IV ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.
ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜ.
Ɉɬ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɩɫɟɜɞɨ-
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Prymnessus ɨɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ ɜ Ɇɚɥɚ
Ⱥɡɢɹ. Prymnessus ɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɜɴɜ Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɱɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ I - ǿǿǿ ɜ. Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ
254
Мирослава ДОТКОВА. МОНЕТА НА PRYMNESSUS, PHRYGIA ОТКРИТА В AQUAE CALIDAE
ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ (27 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. - 14 ɝ. ɫɥ.

ɏɪ.) ɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƚɚɥɢɟɧ (253-
268). ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɚɥɢɟɧ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɹ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɢ
ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɢ ɜ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɜɢɧɰɢɢ.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ, ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ Prymnessus, ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ 2015 ɝ. ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ Ʉɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ
Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ – Ɍɟɪɦɚ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥ (Ɉɛɪ. 1)1. Ɉɬ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ,
ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ, ɟɦɢɫɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢɹ ɜ Aquae Calidae ɩɪɟɡ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɹ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɬɨ ࣊ ɟ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ:
Ʌ. IEPA CVN / KȁNTOC
Ȼɸɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɥɚɞ ɦɴɠ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɫɟɧɚɬ, ɧɚɥɹɜɨ.
Ɉɩ. ɉɊVMN / NȯCȯȍȃ
Ʉɢɛɟɥɚ ɫ ɤɚɥɚɬɨɫ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ, ɫɟɞɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ, ɧɚɥɹɜɨ, ɫ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ
ɪɴɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɢɦɩɚɧ, ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɝɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɥɴɜ, ɫɟɞɧɚɥ
ɞɨɥɭ ɜɥɹɜɨ.
Ⱥȿՠ 24 ɦɦ 4,52 ɝ.2
ȼɴɪɯɭ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɚɬɚ ɬɭɤ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɫɟɧɚɬ, ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɬɢɩ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ, ɫ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɪɹɞɤɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɟɫɬɨɫ3 (RPC II, 360), ɧɟ
ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɜ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ɇɢɡɢɹ. Ɍɨɜɚ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɬɟ
ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ, ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɴɬ ɫɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɢ.
ɉɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɚɜɟɪɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɬɟ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɱɟ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ
ɤɴɦ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɫɟɧɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɫɟɧɚɬ.
ɓɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ, ɬɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɴɬ ɧɚ Ʉɢɛɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɜ Ɇɢɡɢɹ ɢ
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ – ɧɚɩɪ. ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɰɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɢɛɟɥɚ
1
Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ, Ⱦ., Ɇ. Ʉɥɚɫɧɚɤɨɜ, Ɇ. ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ, Ʉ. Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɨɜ, Ɋ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɚ,
ə. Ɋɭɫɟɜ, ɇ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ. ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɨɛɟɤɬ „Ʉɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ – Ɍɟɪɦɚ“, Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɛɚɧɢ, ɤɜ. ȼɟɬɪɟɧ, ɝɪ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ ɩɨ „ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɢɬɟɣɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɩɚɞɴɱɧɢ ɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɢɬɟ Ȼɚɧɟɜɨ,
ȼɟɬɪɟɧ ɢ Ɇɢɧ. Ȼɚɧɢ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ, 2016, ɫ. 771.
2
Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Sammlung von Aulock. Collection of Greek coins
from Asia Minor. Vol. II, Berlin, 1962, 3935.
3
Burnett, A., M. Amandry, I. Carradice. Roman Provincial Coinage. Vol II.
From Vespasian to Domitian (AD 69 - 96). London, 1999, p. 360.
255
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Prymnessus ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɬɨ

ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɬ ɜ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ, ɚ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɧɚ
ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ Ʉɢɛɟɥɚ ɟ ɮɪɢɝɢɣɫɤɚ ɛɨɝɢɧɹ.
Ⱦɚɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɧɢɬɟ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɳɢɹ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ
ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɢɬɟ (193-220), ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɰɜɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ, ɩɪɟɡ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ
ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɛɨɝɚ-
ɬɹɜɚɬ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɹ ɫɢ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪ. ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɬɟ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ. ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɩɫɟɜɞɨ-
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɜɴɜ Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ ɢɦɚɬ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ ɢ ɬɟɝɥɨ. Ɇɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɨɬ Prymnessus ɨɬɝɨ-
ɜɚɪɹɬ ɧɚ II ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹ-
ɪɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɚɡɢɣɫɤɢ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɢɬɟ. ɇɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɇɢɤɟɹ
ɢ ɇɢɤɨɦɟɞɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ ȼɢɬɢɧɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ
ɧɚɣ-ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. ȿɦɢɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɜɴɜ
Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɪɹɞɤɨ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢɬɟ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ⱦɨɥɧɚ Ɇɢɡɢɹ, ɤɚɬɨ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ
ɥɢɩɫɜɚɬ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ.
Ɉɬ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɚ
ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɹɦɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ
Prymnessus. Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɬ ɟɦɢɫɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ
ɮɪɢɝɢɣɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɚɡɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ ɩɨ
ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢ ɩɴɬ ɟ ɦɚɥɤɚ. ɇɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ, ɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ. ɉɫɟɜɞɨɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚ-
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɨɬ
ɦɚɥɤɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɚɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ,
ɢɡɞɚɥ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ. Ɍɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɛɹɫɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ, ɢɞɜɚɳɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ
ɞɨ ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹ Ⱦɟɭɥɬɭɦ, ɛɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ Aquae Calidae ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɹ ɨɛɪɨɤ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɇɢɦɮɢɬɟ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɮɪɢɝɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ
256
Мирослава ДОТКОВА. МОНЕТА НА PRYMNESSUS, PHRYGIA ОТКРИТА В AQUAE CALIDAE
Prymnessus ɞɚ ɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧ ɨɬ

ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ.
257
Esra Guzel Erdogan and Vivien Prigent
BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS FROM SOUTH-EASTERN TURKEY:

NEW AQUISITIONS BY THE MUSEUMS FROM ADANA AND
MARAS
Since 2012, Esra Guzel Erdo÷an endeavoured to publish the seal

collections of various archaeological museums from South-Eastern Turkey in
order to document the local society and administration1. As no one demon-
strated the importance of publishing regional corpus as spectacularly as Prof.
Ivan Jordanov, it seems fitting to offer him the edition of recent acquisitions
(2017) by local museums, in instance those of Adana and Maraú, ancient
Germanikeia. Both modern cities correspond to key-strongholds for the
Imperial domination over the strategically essential Taurus-Cilicia area2. The
victorious campaigns led by Nikephoros II in the 960s made both cities
centres of a military command belonging to the doukaton of Antioch down to
the end of the 11th century when their control was wrestled by the famous
autonomous potentate Philaretos Brachamios whose initial powerbase was
Maraú. All the seals presented here belong to this historical phase.
COMMANDING OFFICERS
1. AARON, PROEDROS AND DOUX (Fig.1)
Inv.: Maraú 2007/50.

Dia.: 2.7.
Edition: unpublished
Parallels: Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals, II. Berne, 1984, 353 (c) (now
Zacos [BnF 3491]), DO 58.106.5616; ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȼ. ɋ., Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɵ ɤɚɤ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ. – Moyenâge bulgare. Recueil bulgaro-soviétique rédigé
en l'honneur du Prof. Ivan Dujþev, Sofia, 1980, p. 147-152, p. 61 no 2 (M-2827).
Date: middle of the 11th century.
1
This research is sponsored by the Marmara University Scientific Research
Foundation (SOS-D- 120418-0-196, project name “Recent Studies on Unpublished
Byzantine Lead Seals From Selected Anatolian Museums”); the research already led to two
publication: Cheynet, J.-Cl. E. Erdo÷an, V. Prigent. Les sceaux byzantins du musée
d’Adiyaman. – Studies in Byzantine Sigillography, 12, 2016, p. 1-48; Sceaux des musées de
la Turquie orientale: Karaman, Nevúehir, Malatya, Maraú. – Revue des Études Byzantines 74,
2016, p. 287–326.
2
For a general presentation, see Kilikien und Isaurien, Fr. Hild, H. Hellenkemper
ed., Wien 1990 (Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 5), p. 154-158 (Adana) and The Oxford
Dictionary of Byzantium, A. Kazhdan (éd.), vol. 1-3, New York-Oxford, 1991, p. 845
(Germanikeia).
258
Esra Guzel ERDOGAN and Vivien PRIGENT. BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS FROM SOUTH-EASTERN ...
OBVERSE: border of tight dots, bust of saint Theodore in military gard

holding a spear in his right hand and a shield ornamented with pellets on the
rim in his left hand. The figure is flanked by two vertical inscriptions whose
letters are arranged in a cross-shaped pattern: ø|YE|O || D|VR|O (૽ȅ ਚȖȚȠȢ)
ĬİંįȦȡȠ(Ȣ).
REVERSE: Greek legend on four lines preceded, followed by an

ornament on an independent line. Over the first line, the right trait is
meaningless, the engraver probably added it for symmetry, missing the value
of its left counterpart as an abbreviation mark. Beautiful engraving.
+6K5E6bOH
YEIAARvN
PROEDRv
=DOUkI
-(-
+Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕȠ੾șİȚૅǹĮȡઅȞ ʌȡȠ੼įȡ૳(țĮ੿) įȠȣț઀
The owner of this seal left various seals displaying identical legends
but there are only three parallels3. Aaron was one of the scions of the
Bulgarian dynasty, who Basil II forcefully integrated to the Byzantine
aristocracy and whose talents were put to use on the Eastern Borders4. His
brilliant career, stretching over the reigns of Constantinos Monomachos,
Michael VI, Isaac I Comnenos, his brother in-law, and Constantine X
Doukas5, with a last diplomatic episode in 1070, probably after he had retired
from active duty, has recently been reconstructed in detail by M.
3
Same legends but varying spelling: Zacos II, 353 (a) and 353 (b), Spink 132 : 215,
Fogg 1075, Koltsida-Makri, I. Ǿ ıȣȜȜȠȖȒ ȝȠȜȣȕįȠȕȠȪȜȜȦȞ ¨ȘȝȘĲȡȓȠȣ ¨ȠȪțĮ. –
Hypermachos. Festschrift für Werner Seibt zum 65. Geburtstag (Wiesbaden, 2008), 139-140,
no. 1 (with all the referenc-es)., p. 139 no 1; Auction Triton, sale 11, January 8-9, 2008, 1176,
Campagnolo-Pothitou, M., Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux de la Collection George Zacos au
Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève, Genève, 2016, no: 91a, 91b, 92; Byzantine seals from
the collection of George Zacos. 3, With ancient and Islamic Coins, London, Tuesday 25 May
1999 (Spink. Auction 135), no 277, Zacos (BnF) 3492 ; Ermitage M-6883 (SBS, 6, 1999, p.
103).
4
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ (1016-1018) ɜɴɜ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 4, 1996, 7-22; Seibt, W. Sigillographische Beiträge zur bul-
garischen Geschichte . – International Symposium Dobrich, Numismatic and Sphragistic
Contributions to Ancient and Medieval History of Dobrich, Dobroudja, 12, 1995.
5
Aaron’s last appearance on the literary sources, when he was sent to Georgia
around 1070 that related to Michael VII Douks’ marriage to daughter of King Bagrat IV,
Maria Alania
259
Campagnolo-Pothitou and J.-Cl. Cheynet6. He held command in the

Vaspourakan, in Iberia and Greater Armenia (Ani), Edessa and Mesopotamia
and reached the rank of protoproedros.
2. PHILARETOS (BRACHAMIOS), SEBASTOS AND DOMESTIKOS OF THE

SCHOLES (Fig.2)
Inv.: Adana 18341.

Dia.: 2.7.
Parallels: none but identical legend on CNG 376 15 VI 2016, no 5917.
Date: ca. 1080
OBVERSE: border of thick pellets, in the field, saint Theodore standing

in military costume, with a beautifully engraved cuirass, holding a spear in
his right hand and shield whose rim is ornamented with pellets with the left.
Inscription in two vertical columns flanking the figure, only the left one being
conserved: .|Y|E|O || .|.|. [(੒ ਚȖȚȠȢ)] Ĭİં[įȦȡ(ȠȢ)].
REVERSE. Double strike. Greek legend on six lines.

.......
......0Z...
...0Tw=T,LOG.
...LARETwTE
..XOLVNdO
MEQIKw
[+īȡ੺ĳĮȢ ıĳȡĮȖ઀]ȗ [Ȧ ıİȕĮı]ĲȠ૨ țĮ੿ Ĳ(ȠઃȢ) ȜંȖ(ȠȣȢ) [ĭȚ]ȜĮȡ੼ĲȠȣ Ĳİ

[Ĳ(૵Ȟ) ı]ȤȠȜ૵Ȟ įȠȝİıĲ઀țȠȣ
While the identification of the owner and his functions is certain, a

good part of the legend is lost. However, a seal sold during an auction in June
2016 displays an identical legend8 while struck with a different boulloterion
(cruder engraving, W, e and ST instead of W, E and Q). As such the reading
is reasonably certain.
Philaretos Brachamios is a well-known figure who left us an
bewildering number of seals displaying a wide range of legends over a very
short time which enable to reconstruct his career quite precisely. The latest
6
Campagnolo-Pothitou, M., Cheynet, J.-Cl., Sceaux de la Collection George
Zacos au Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève, Genève, 2016, no: 91a,91b,92.
7
We thank Jean-Claude Cheynet for drawing our attention upon this seal.
8
CNG 376, 15 June 2016, no 591. At first glance, the first line seems to sport -+-,
but should on the read ...0A0F0A.[+Ȗȡ]੺ĳĮ[Ȣ].
260
attempt at a synthesis has been offered by Ioanna Koltsida-Makre9. The

present seal belong to the penultimate stage of Philaretos’ career, when he
was promoted to sebastos10 and de facto master of a wide territory between
Antioch and the Taurus range11, including such cities as Antioch, Edessa,
Melitene and Tarsos. After Manzikert and the Doukas-Diogenes’ civil war,
Philaretos took command of the remaining Byzantine forces around Antioch
with an official function given variously as domestikos of the East,
domestikos of the scholes, megas domestikos. As such he must not be seen as
the holder of central military office, but as a provincial commander.
The specific metrical legend displayed by our seal and the
combination between sebastos and domestikos ton scholon seems hitherto
unatested. One wonders whether all the seals were used successively or by
lieutenant of Philaretos in various places of his extensive principality. If we
prefer to accept that all matrices were used successively then our seal should
probably be inserted between those mentioning him as sebastos and Megas
domestikos12 and those displaying the legend sebastos and domestikos of the
east13, since both these legends are connected respectively to the previous14
and the successive15 stage of Philaretos’ progression in the imperial
9
Koltsida-Makre, I. Philaretos Brachamios, Portrait of a Byzantine Official: An
Unpublished Lead Seals in the Byzantine Museum of Phthiotis (Greece). – Melanges Jean-
Claude Cheynet, (ed. B. Caseau, V. Prigent and A. Sopracasa), (Travaux et memoires 21/1),
Paris, 2017, p. 325-332, with previous literature.
10
Seibt, W. Der byzantinische Rangtitel Sebastos in vorkomnenischer Zeit. –
Mélanges Cécile Morrisson, Travaux et memoires 16) Paris, 2010, p. 759-764.
11
Amongst the numerous studies dedicated to Philarete, the most complete,
although all sigillographic alevidence was not available to the author, is Dédéyan, G. Les
Arméniens entre Grecs, Musulmans et Croisés : étude sur les pouvoirs arméniens dans le
Proche-Orient méditerranéen (1068-1150), Lisbonne, 2003, p. 5-357.
12
Auction Sternberg 26 (1992) no. 507, auction Münz 81 (March-April 1995) no.
1526, auction Essen (Shenk-Behrens), 4–6.5.1998, no. 636, auction Peuss (29–30.10.2003)
no. 1388, Seibt, Philaretos (quoted n. 7), p. 290. Cheynet&Theodoridis, no. 41.
13
Koltsida-Makre, I. Philaretos Brachamios, p. 326, Cheynet, J-Cl. Les sceaux
byzantins de la collection D. Theodoridis: les sceaux patronymiques, Paris 2010
(Monographies du Centre de recherche d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance, 33), no a-c, J-
ClCheynet, Sceaux byzantins des musées d’Antioche et de Tarse, Travaux et Mémoires 12,
1994, p. 391-478, no 56 (with corrected reading in Id., La société byzantine. L’apport des
sceaux, Paris 2008 [Bilans de recherche 3], vol. 2, p. 401–2), Byzantine seals from the
collection of George Zacos. 2, With ancient and Gaulish coins, London, Tuesday 25 May
1999 (Spink. Auction 132), London 1999 no 123.
14
Sebastos and Megas domestikos from protokouropalates and Megas domestikos,
see Zacos (BnF) 631 // Haluk Perk collection (Istanbul), Cheynet, J-Cl . Les
sceauxbyzantins de la collection D. Theodoridis, no. 39; see Cheynet, J.Cl. La société
byzantine, p. 401.
15
Sebastos and domestikos of the east to protosebastos and domestikos of the East,
see BnF 646, Sofia private collection, Zacos (BnF) 1127, 1128, 1139, Spink Auction 132
261
hierarchy. The ligature, rare for this period, is also present on the seals with
legend sebastos and Megas domestikos16.
3. BASILE APOKAPES, PROTOKOUROPALATES AND DOUX OF EDESSA

(Fig.3)
Inv.: Maraú 2009/124.

Dia.:23.5.
Parallels: none
Date: end of the 1070s
OBVERSE: no visible border, saint Basil standing, blessing with right

hand and holding the Gospel with the left. The figure is flanked by two
vertical inscriptions whose letters are arranged in a cross-shaped pattern:
q|0bA|S || .|..|. ੒ ਚ(ɀɇɍɑȌǺĮı઀Ȝ(İȚȠȢ).
REVERSE: Greek legend on six lines.The disposition of the letters over

the lines betrays a poorly experienced engraver.
..EbO..
.IbASILEI
.5AKwROPA
.ATH=Dwk
.EDESH,TV
APOKA
0P.
[+Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)]İ ȕȠ[੾șİ]Ț ǺĮıȚȜİ઀[૳] (ʌȡȦĲȠ)țȠȣȡȠʌĮ[Ȝ]੺Ĳૉ (țĮ੿) įȠȣț[੿]
ૅǼį੼ııȘ(Ȣ) Ĳ૶ૅǹʌȠț੺ʌ[ૉ]
Basileios belonged to a well-known and powerful family of Iberian

origin, which entered the service of the Empire probably under Basil II17.
Ivan Jordanov has given a thorough reconstruction of Basil’s career based on
sigillographic and textual evidences18, which can be supplemented by recent
(quoted n. 6) nos. 124, 125, 126, auction Sternberg 25 (November 1991) no. 505, Tatis
collection 2804 (Istanbul), Cheynet, Société, pp. 402–5; Cheynet & Theodoridis, no. 42.
16
Cheynet, J-Cl . Les sceaux byzantins de la collection D. Theodoridis, no 41.
17
Grünbart, M. Die Familie Apokapes im Licht neuer Quellen. – Studies in
Byzantine sigillography, 5, 1998, p. 29-41.
18
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɩɨɤɚɩ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏI ɜ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ, IV, 1995-1997. ɫ. 107; Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of
Paradounavon According to the Sphragistic Data. – Studies in Byzantine Sigillography, 8
(2003), p. 66.
262
discoveries in the museums of Eastern Turkey19. He first appears as the

successful defender of Manzikert against the Seljuks in 1054, probably as
vestarches and katepano of Vaspourakan20 and then served in the Balkans.
Probably as doux of Paristrion, he tried without success to keep in check the
Ouzes’ invasion in 1064-106521. He later received the command of Edessa
and after the Doukas-Diogenes civil war he joined Philaretos Brachamios,
controlling Edessa on his behalf. After his master’s death in 1083-84, he
came back into the Imperial fold. During his spell under Philaretos, he
enjoyed a very fast series of promotions, mirroring those of Brachamios
himself, and seals previously known mentioned him as proedros22,
protoproedros23, protonɨbelissimos24 and sebastos25. The present seal from
Maraú seems to be the only one whose legend styles Basil as
protokouropalates, filling the gap between the ranks of protoproedros and
protonobelissimos. As such, our seal should probably be dated to the reign of
Nikephoros III. Basil probably enjoyed the promotion at the same time than
another lieutenant of Philaretos, Gabriel of Melitene26, and, if we take into
account the Norman policy of Michael VII, through his patron27.
4. GREGORIOS, DOUX (Fig.4)
Inv.: Adana 18061.

Dia.: 30.7.
Parallels: Cheynet, J.-Cl., E. Erdo÷an, V. Prigent. Les sceaux byzantins
du musée d’Adiyaman, p. 101-102; Cheynet, J.-Cl. Les sceaux byzantins du musée
de Manisa. – REB 56 (1998) 265, no. 4; Jordanov, I. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals
from Bulgaria. Volume 2. Byzantine Seals with Family Names, Sofia, 2006, no. 199
(= Jordanov, I. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria”, volume 3, part one,
Sofia, 2009, no 1875) ; Erdogan, E. G. A Selection of Unpublished Lead Seals
19
See Cheynet, J.-Cl. E. Erdo÷an, V. Prigent. Sceaux des musées de la Turquie
orientale, p. 96-98.
20
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ⱥɩɨɤɚɩ, ɫ. 107.
21
Michaelis Attaliotae Historia, W. Brunet de Presle and I. Bekker ed., Bonn 1853
(Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae 3, 83.10-14 / 63.1-4.
22
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux de la collection Khoury. – Revue Numismatique, 159,
(2003), no: 7. Can now be supplemented with Cheynet, J.-Cl. E. Erdo÷an, V. Prigent.
Sceaux des musées de la Turquie orientale, p. 96.
23
Ibidem, p. 97-98.
24
Zacos G., A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals, Basel, 1972, no. 1458/4.
25
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux byzantins des musées d’Antioche et de Tarse, no: 53.
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux de la collection Khoury, no. 8.
26
Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals, II, no. 464.
27
Bibicou, H. Une Page d’histoire diplomatique de Byzance au XIe siècle: Michel
VII Doukas, Robert Guiscard et la pension des dignitaires. – Byz. 29-30, (1959-1960), p. 43-
75.
263
From the Gaziantep Archeological Museum : Seals Issued by State Official. – Sanat
Tarihi YÕllÕ÷Õ 27 (2018), p. 83-85; Sode, C. et P. Speck. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in
Berlin, II, Bonn, 1997 (Poikila Byzantina, 14), no : 347, Munich, Staatliche
Münzsammlung, fonds Zarnitz 190 et 216, Ankara Museum 70-10-89; Cheynet, J.-
Cl. E. Erdo÷an, V. Prigent. Sceaux des musées de la Turquie orientale, no 5.
Various specimens in auctions, often spurious (see below).
Date: last third of the 11th century
OBVERSE: border of dots, bust of Saint Theodore holding a spear

decorated with pellets below the blade in his right hand and a shield whose
rim is decorated with a string of pellet in his left hand. The face is rather
emaciated and the hair extremely curly. Inscription on two columns flanking
the head: .|.|.|. || d|v|0R0O0S[(੒ਚȖȚȠȢ) Ĭİં]įȦȡȠȢ.
REVERSE: border of dots, inscription on seven lines, the first letter is

obviously an engraving mistake for sigma, preceded by a small cross.
+SON
GRHGOR8ION
OIKETHNS0V
SONLOG,TON
DwKALIT0A.0S
MARTUR,YE
0O0DV8R0w
+ȈઁȞ īȡȘȖંȡȚȠȞ Ƞੁț੼ĲȘȞ ı૵ıȠȞ, ȁંȖ(İ), ĲઁȞ įȠ઄țĮ ȜȚĲĮ[૙]Ȣ

ȝ੺ȡĲȣȡ(ȠȢ) ĬİȠįઆ[ȡȠȣ]
4BIS. GREGORIOS, DOUX (Fig.4bis)
Inv.: Adana 18062.

Dia. : 27.5.
Parallels: Ʌɢɯɚɱɟɜ, ɇ. ɉ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɵ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ / ɋɨɫɬ. ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɪ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. ɤɚɧɞ. ɢɫɬ. ɧɚɭɤ ȼ. ɋ. ɒɚɧɞɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ // ɇɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ. Ɇ.,
«ɇɚɭɤɚ», 1991, Ɍ. 19, ɫ. 93 et pl. LXII, no 6, with correction by V. S. Šandrovskaja
– ByzSl 54/2, 1993, p. 364 ; Byzantine seals from the collection of George Zacos. 2,
With ancient and Gaulish coins, London, Tuesday 25 May 1999 (Spink. Auction
132), no 216 ; Campagnolo-Pothitou, M., Cheynet, J.-Cl.,Sceaux de la Collection
George Zacos au Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève, Genève, 2016, no. 89 a and
b. Fogg 708 ; coll. Théodoridis, 968.
Date: last third of the 11th century
OBVERSE: bust of saint Theodore holding a spear decorated with two,

maybe three pellets below the blade in his right hand and in the left a shield
264
whose rim is decorated with a string of pellet and the field by a star. The face
is less gaunt and the hair less crudely engraved than on the previous
specimen. Inscription on two columns flanking the head: ø|0YE|O|0Dv ||
.|0O.(੒ਚȖȚȠȢ) ĬİંįȦ[ȡ]Ƞ[Ȣ].
REVERSE: legend on seven lines.

......
.ORIONO.
.ETHNSV
.ONLOG.0TO0N
............
0MARTUROS
YEODVR2
[ȈઁȞ īȡȘȖ]ંȡȚȠȞ Ƞ[ੁț]੼ĲȘȞ ı૵[ı]ȠȞ, ȁંȖ[İ], ĲઁȞ [įȠ઄țĮ ȜȚĲĮ૙Ȣ]

ȝ੺ȡĲȣȡȠȢ ĬİȠįઆȡ(Ƞȣ)
These two seals belong to the same official, more probably a doux
than a member of the Doukas family although this possibility cannot be
totally discarded28. They are part of a quite extensive little corpus with
specimens present in nearly all investigated Anatolian museum (Ankara,
Malatya, Urfa, AdÕyaman, Maraú, Antep and Adana) as well as many
collections outside Turkey (Berlin, Sofia, Munich, Fogg). The two specimen
published here were produced by different matrices29, both for the obverse
and reverse, belonging to two well-attested groups.
Because of their very ubiquity, doubts have been expressed about the
authenticity of the seals belonging to the first group and indeed some
outlandish models have been produced by mixing its reverse with other
obverse30. The specimen conserved in the museum of Malatya led us to
express doubts about the identification of the first group as systematic
forgeries and the material owned by the Museum of Gaziantep seems to
confirm them. Ten specimens were found in the necropolis of Kurtini by a
28
The name Gregorios doesn’t seem in use in the Doukas family, except if we admit
that the rebel Constantinos Doux was indeed a Doukas (Polemis, D. The Doukai, A
Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography, London, 1968, p. 220).
29
On the first one, the legend seems to begin with a E and not a S but the parallels
prove that the latter letter must be read.
30
Kulik, A. Gregorios Dukas, ein bisher unbekannter Byzantiner des 11.
Jahrhunderts. – Geldesch. Nachrichten 130, 1989, p. 93 and Wassiliou, A.-K. Siegel in
Kopie und Falschung. – Kopie und Falschung, ed. Ch. Gastgeber (Graz, 2001), 137-139, no :
41. See also Cheynet, J.-Cl. E. Erdo÷an, V. Prigent. Sceaux des musées de la Turquie
orientale, no 5.
265
collector who later sold them to the local museum31. Considering how
“uneconomic” is decision was32, it is quite difficult to doubt the authenticity
of the find. Producing various boulloteria with the same legend would also
be an overly refined strategy for a forger considering such a low profit.
Considering that nearly all seals come from South-Eastern Anatolia,
with a small archive, found near Gaziantep, most of Gregory’s career
probably took place in this area.
SUBORDINATE OFFICERS
5. ROMANOS, PATRIKIOS AND PROXIMOS (Fig.5)
Inv.: Adana 17916.

Dia.: 20.7.
Parallels: Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals, II, no. 691a-b.
Date: third quarter of the 11th century
OBVERSE: on the left, saint Georges standing with unsheathed sword

born on the right shoulder and sheath along the left leg; on the right, saint
Theodore standing, holding a long staff topped by a cross, shield along the
left leg. Lost in the left field, ø and two inscriptions flanking saint
Theodore’s staff. On the left: .|.|O|R|G2and on the right .|0Y|E|V. [(੒ਚȖȚȠȢ)
īİ]આȡȖȚȠȢ [(੒ਚȖȚȠȢ)] Ĭİઆ(įȠȡȠȢ).
REVERSE: Greek legend on five lines.
.6K5E6b5Y
.vMA
NO6p6Rk0=
PROJ
.MV
[+]Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) [૽ȇ]ȦȝĮȞઁ ʌ(ĮĲ)ȡ(Ț)ț(઀૳) (țĮ੿) ʌȡȠȟ[઀]ȝ૳
The proximos is traditionally a commanding officer, maybe initially

the head of the mandatories, in the tagma of the scholes, the most-famous
31
Erdogan, E. G. A Selection of unpublished lead seals from the Gaziantep
Archaeological Museum: Seals issued by state official. – Sanat Tarihi YÕllÕ÷Õ 27 (2018),
p. 83-85.
32
Sold individually via a platform like ebay the earning would have been
considerably greater.
266
elite regiment of the Empire33 and we know that units of the scholes were
garrisoned in Antioch, the very last mention of the tagma, under Romanos
IV34, referring to these soldiers. Their presence in the region also explains the
titles used by Philaretos Brachamios, as seen before. However, the structure
of the Constantinopolitan units seems to have been replicated for provincial
tagmata. For instance, the colophon of a manuscript copied in 1007 mentions
a John, proximos of the doux Theodorokanos35 and we know from seals that
the staff of the katepano of Antioch included a proximos36. As such, one
should abstain from identifying readily Romanos with an officer of the
scholes37.
The quality of the engraving is slightly scarce for a precise datation,
but the association between thick letters, the patriciate for a low-ranking
commander and the presence of saint Georges with a sword, an iconography
which gained ground with the advent of Constantine IX Monomachos38,
points ideally towards the years 1060s.
6. ABRAMIOS, SPATHAROCANDIDATOS, ASEKRETIS AND

EKPROSOPOU OF ANTIOCH (Fig.6)
Inv.: Adana 18330.

Dia. : 31.3.
Edition: unpublished.
Parallels: Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux de la collection Khoury, no. 12.
Date: first half of the11th century.
Obverse: border of dots, legend on four lines, preceded by an

ornament on a independent line
...
.KEBOH
33
Oikonomidès, N. Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles, Paris,
1972 (Le monde Byzantin, 4), p. 330.
34
Oikonomidès, N. L’évolution de l’organisation administrative de l’Empire
byzantin au XIe siècle (1025-1118). – Travaux et Mémoires, 6, 1976, p. 143.
35
Holmes, C. Basil II and the governance of Empire (976-1025), Oxford, 2005, p.
63, quoting Nersessian, V. Treasures from the Ark: 1700 Years of Armenian Christian Art
(London, 2001), p. 182–3.
36
Wassiliou, A.-K., Seibt, W. Die byzantinischen Bleisiegel in Österreich II,
Zentral- und Provinzialverwaltung, Wien, 2004, no. 281.
37
They were proximoi heading the main schools of the capital (Gouillard, J. Le
procèsofficiel de Jean 1’Italien: les actes et leurssous-entendus. – Travaux et Mémoires 9
(1985), l. 434) but the title of patrikios excludes this reading.
38
The Monomachoi owned the sword of saint Georges, a famous relic. See
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Par saint Georges, par saint Michel. – Mélanges G. Dagron, Travaux et
Mémoires 14, 2002, p. 115-134.
267
TvSvdW
ABRAMI0O
SPAY4
Reverse: border of dots, legends on four lines

DDT
kAN.
SHKRTHK
EK5ASPW
ANTIxO'
[+]Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕȠ੾(șİȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠ઄(Ȝ૳) ૅǹȕȡĮȝ઀Ƞ ıʌĮș(ĮȡȠ) /

țĮȞį(Ț)į(੺)Ĳ(૳) [ਕ]ıȘțȡો(ĲȚȢ) ț(Į੿) ਥț (ʌȡȠ)ıઆʌȠȣ ૅǹȞĲȚȠȤ(İ઀ĮȢ)
On the third line of the obverse, the space seems insufficient for an
omega. The small letters composing the first line first line of the reverse are a
unique form of abbreviation pertaining to the word on the second line. The
fact that they do not respect the order of the spelling vindicates the solution
chosen for the second line. One notice the presence of the double-loop beta
often found on the seals produced on the Eastern border but usually later in
the 11th century.
This specimen, while enabling minor corrections, confirms the
identification proposed by Jean-Claude Cheynet with Abramios Apolethes,
spatharokandidatos and ekprosopou of Antioch39, by providing the last line,
lost on the Khoury seal. As demonstrated by his patronym, the owner of the
seal was from Arabic stock and as such the name Abramios, rare for lay
officials, should be considered as the Greek rendering of Ibrahim. The
function of Abramios identify him as a second-in-command of the doux of
Antioch but the low dignity pleads for a local official with responsibilities
over a limited area of the doukaton40.
DIGNITARY
7. BASILE CHADABALITÈS, PROTONOBELLISSIME (Fig.7)
Inv.: Adana 18343.

Dia.: 25.4.
39
Cheynet, J.-Cl. Sceaux de la collection Zacos (Bibliotheque nationale de France)
se rapportant aux provinces orientales de l’Empire byzantin, Paris, 2001, no. 7.
40
Prigent, V. Ekprosôpou et stratèges, notes sur les subordonnés du catépan d’Italie.
– ArchivioStorico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 70, 2003, p. 5-26.
268
Parallel: Šandrovskaja, V., W. Seibt. Byzantinische Bleisiegel der
Staatlichen Eremitage mit Familiennamen, 1 Teil: Sammlung Lichaþev – Namen
von A bis I. Vienna 2005, nɨ. 55.
Date: end of 11th - beginning of 12th century.
OBVERSE : border of dots, bust of saint Georgios in military garb

holding a spear in the right hand and a shield in the left. The figure is flanked
by an inscription in two columns. ø|G|E|V || .|.|.|.|0S
REVERSE: Greek legend on five lines,preceded by an ornament on an

individual line.
.^.
..FRAGIS
0bASILIw5A
.ObELLIS
.MwT,XADA
.AL.T
[+Ȉ]ĳȡĮȖ੿Ȣ ǺĮıȚȜİ઀Ƞȣ (ʌȡȦĲȠ)[Ȟ]ȠȕİȜȜȚı[઀]ȝȠȣ Ĳ(Ƞ૨)

ȋĮįĮ[ȕ]ĮȜ[઀]ĲȠȣ
The string is still visible in the canal, an exceptional feature. The

Adana specimen is in a much better state than the Ermitage seal. The family
name is obviously or Eastern origin.
Sandrovkaja and Seibt proposed to identify the beginning as marking
Iranian name but a reading based on Ϊ˰˰˰˰˰˰ϴϟϮϨΑ΍Ϯϫ΍άϫ. - this is the son of Walid -
or even the simpler Abd al-Walid would also make sense. As such, the seal
would belong to a representative of a family of Arab origin41.
In March 2006, the auction house Rauch proposed a seal bearing the
legend +ȈĳȡĮȖ੿Ȣ ǺĮıȚȜİ઀Ƞȣ ĲȠ૨ ȋĮįĮȕĮȜ઀ĲȠȣ. It seems slightly later and
displays a standing saint Theodore, so it probably belonged to a descendant
of the owner of the Adana seal42. As such it could hint to the fact that the
family was able to survive the upheaval of the Seldjuk invasion and resettle
in the West.
41
See examples in Cheynet, J.Cl. L’apport arabe à l’aristocratie byzantine des Xe-
XIe siècles. – Byzantinoslavica 56, 1995, p. 137-146.
42
Rauch Bid Sale 10 (2 March 2006), no 954.
269
Fig. 1. Seal of Aaron, proedros and doux

Fig. 2. Seal of Philaretos (Brachamios), sebastos and domestikos of
the Scholes
Fig. 3. Seal of Basile Apokapes, protokouropalates and douxof Edessa
Fig. 4. Seal of Gregorios, doux
Fig. 4bis. Seal of Gregorios, doux
Fig. 5. Seal of Romanos, patrikios and proximos
Fig. 6. Seal of Abramios, spatharocandidatos, asekretis and
ekprosopou of Antioch
Fig.7. Seal of Basile Chadabalitès, protonobellissime
1 2
3
4
4bis 5
6 7
270
ɀɟɧɹ ɀɟɤɨɜɚ
ɉȿɑȺɌ ɇȺ ɃɈȺɇ ɄɈɆɇɂɇ, ȻȺɓȺ ɇȺ ɂɆɉȿɊȺɌɈɊ

ȺɅȿɄɋɂɃ ȱ ɄɈɆɇɂɇ
Zhenya Zhekova
SEAL OF JOHN COMNENUS, FATHER OF EMPEROR ALEXIUS I

COMNENUS
The first seal of John Comnenus (1015-1067), founder of the Comneni dynasty and
father of Emperor Alexius I Comnenus documented from nowadays Bulgaria was found by
a private person in 2018 near Krivina village, Russe district. On the land of Krivina were
registrated a few archaeological sites, the most important of which is the Late Roman
Military Camp identified with the Roman castellum Yatrus. Later on its ruins a medieval
settlement arises lasted until 13th century. Three coin hoards from the end of the 10th
century were found there. The three of them consist of gold Byzantine coins and were buried
during 968-971.
Finding the seal of John Comnenus as kouropalates and domestikos of the Schools
of the West (1057-1059) at that particular place pointed that there existed a Byzantine
garrison which was directly involved in the military campaign against the Pechenegs from
the summer of 1059. Probably here were received orders to coordinate the actions before the
very battle. For the strategical importance of the fort speaks the fact that orders are sent
directly from the kouropalates and domestikos of the Schools of the West, John Comnenus.
Probably immediately after the battle the debatable katepanate of Paradounavon was
established by the emperor Isaac I Comnenus (1057-1059), senior brother of John
Comnenus.
Thus, the information from the seals, supplemented by the data from the written
sources, once again makes it possible to clarify some of the unresolved issues still in the
history of the problematic for the Bulgarian Northeast eleventh century.
ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɏɏIII ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɩɨ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ,

ɩɪɨɜɟɥ ɫɟ ɜ Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ ɩɪɟɡ 2016 ɝ., ɫ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɢɡɧɟɫɨɯɦɟ ɨɛɳ
ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɉɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ (ɚɜɝɭɫɬ
1087 ɝ.). ɉɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ. ɉɪɢɧɨɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢ-
ɤɚɬɚ1. Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɛɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ
ɩɨ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɧɟɫ. Ɂɚɝɥɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɟ: ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɚɞɚɬɚ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ.
1
Jordanov, I., Z. Zhekova. The Defeat of the Byzantines in the Battle of Dristra
(August 1087). A Sigillographic Contribution to the Prosopography of the Participants. – In:
23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies. Round Tables: The Evaluation of
Sigillographic Data for Research on the History of Byzantium. Belgrade, 22-27 August 2016.
271
Женя ЖЕКОВА. ПЕЧАТ НА ЙОАН КОМНИН, БАЩА НА ИМПЕРАТОР АЛЕКСИЙ І КОМНИН
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɢ ɞɨɩɚɞɧɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɢɯɦɟ ɯɪɨɧɨ-

ɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɧɢɹ ɨɛɯɜɚɬ. ȼɤɥɸɱɢɯɦɟ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ, ɜ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɡɜɥɢɱɚɦɟ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ. Ⱦɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɬɨɜɚ
ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɨ. ɂɦɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. ɉɪɟɡ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɭɫɩɹɯɦɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɦɟ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ 63 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɢ ɨɬ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ. Ȼɹɯɚ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɚ2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɟɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ, ɞɚɜɚɳ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ, ɟ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɬɪɭɞ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɛɚɳɚ – Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɚɞɚ3 .
ɇɚɥɢɰɟ ɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ – ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɫ ɟɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ
ɢɡɜɨɪɢ. ɋɪɚɜɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ –
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɢɞɜɚɳ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɬɟ, ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɹ
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɱɪɟɡ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢ, ɫɨɱɚɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɟ ɢ
ɧɚ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɬɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚɬ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɚɬ
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɢɬɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢɦ ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚ
ɬɚɡɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɚɞɚɬɚ: ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɱɪɟɡ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟ,
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɞɟɧɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ, ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɜ ɂɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ,
ɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɬɨ ɤɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɧɨɜɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ ɢɦɟ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɬɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɡɚɟɦɚɬ ɝɟɪɨɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɱɪɟɡ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ ɬɢɬɥɢ ɢ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ ɟ,
ɱɟ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɫɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɤɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɛɹɝɜɚ ɬɟɡɢ
„ɫɤɭɱɧɢ“ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢɦɚɬ ɟɞɧɨ ɧɟɨɰɟɧɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɞɚɜɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. Ɍɚɦ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɞɧɟɫ,
ɧɹɤɨɝɚ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɫɤɪɟɩɟɧɚ ɫ ɬɹɯ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɴɪɫɢɦ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɧɢ ɜɟɱɟ
ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ,
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɦɟ
2
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ., ɀ. ɀɟɤɨɜɚ. ɉɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ
(ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1087 ɝ.). ɉɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ. – ȼ: Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ, 32, 2017; ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ
ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ. 89-110; ɀɟɤɨɜɚ, ɀ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ
ɧɚ ɧɨɦɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ (ɏȱ-ɏȱȱ ɜ.). – ȼɴɜ: ȼɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ, ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ
ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ-ɪ ɉɥɚɦɟɧ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2020, 765-774.
3
Comnenae, Annae. Alexias, rec. D. R. Reinsch – A. Kambylis. I – II. Berlin,
2001.
272
ɞɧɟɫ, ɧɢ ɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ, ɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ

ɪɨɦɚɧ „ɨɠɢɜɹɜɚɬ“ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ.
ȼ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɪɹɞɴɤ
ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ – ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ, ɛɚɳɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɞɟɳɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ. ɂɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɢɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɬ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɬɟɠɴɤ ɡɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɨɬ 1081 ɞɨ 1185 ɝ.
ɂɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɢɡɠɢɜɹɜɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɚɩɨɝɟɣ – ɩɨɫɥɟɞɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɰɜɟɬ ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ࣊ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ.
Ɂɚ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɉɫɟɥ ɫɨɱɢ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ
ȿɪɨɬɢɤ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ – ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱȱ, ɫ
ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɩɨɡɟɦɥɟɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɉɚɮɥɚɝɨɧɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɡɟɦɢ,
ɧɟ ɢɦ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɢɳɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ, ɨɫɜɟɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɪɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ
ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ, ɢ ɬɚɤɚ ɡɚɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɬ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɫɢ ɜ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ ɣɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɛɪɚɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬ ɛɥɹɫɴɤ ɧɚ
ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɹ ɢɡɞɢɝɚɬ ɞɨ ɜɢɫɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɬɪɨɧ.
Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1015-1067) ɟ ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ȿɪɨɬɢɤ ɢ
Ɇɚɪɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞ ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɣɤɚ ɢɦ ɝɪɢɠɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɢ
ɂɫɚɤ ɟ ɩɨɟɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȱȱ. Ⱦɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɚɜɚɧɢ ɜ
ɋɬɭɞɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɜɚ, ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɚ
ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ (ɯɟɬɟɪɢɹɬɚ). ȼɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɛɪɚɬ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ
ɫɬɪɟɦɝɥɚɜɨ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɩɢɬɟɧ ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ. ɉɪɟɡ 1057 ɝ. ɫɥɟɞ
ɜɴɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɉɚɮɥɚɝɨɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɳɭ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Vȱ ɋɬɪɚɬɢɨɤ, ɂɫɚɤ ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɡɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ4. ȿɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɨɞɢ ɂɫɚɤ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɚ
ɤɴɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɤɨɪɭɩɰɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɦɭ
ɫɩɟɱɟɥɜɚ ɜɪɚɝɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɨɟɜɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɉɫɟɥ ɩɪɟɡ 1059 ɝ. ɫɟ ɨɬɬɟɝɥɹ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɡɚ
ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɏ Ⱦɭɤɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɨɧɚɲɜɚ ɜ ɋɬɭɞɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ,
ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɭɦɢɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ. Ɇɥɚɞɢɹɬ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧ
ɨɬɪɚɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɚɬ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ
ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɛɪɚɬ ɦɭ ɂɫɚɤ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ
ɡɚ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ.
Ɉɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɢ.
ɉɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɟ ɫ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1057 ɝ. ȼɴɪɯɭ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɫɜ.
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɫ ɤɨɩɢɟ ɢ ɳɢɬ, ɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ – ɲɟɫɬɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɢ
ɞɚɜɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɢ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ – Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ, ɩɨɦɚɝɚɣ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ,
4
ǺĮȡȗȠı, Ȁ . Ǿ īİȞİĮȜȠȖȚĮ ĲȦȞ ȀȠȝȞȘȞȦȞ. ĬİııĮȜȠȞȚțȘ. 1984, 41-47.
273
ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬ5. ɋɥɟɞɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɧɢ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚ ɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬ –

ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ. ɇɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ, ɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɜ ɨɫɟɦ ɪɟɞɚ – Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ
ɩɨɦɚɝɚɣ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ6.
ȼ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬ ɫ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ, ɧɨ ɬɹ ɧɟ
ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɬɨ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ, ɧɢɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ. Ⱦɨɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ
ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɥ, ɟ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ, ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɦɭ Ⱥɧɧɚ Ⱦɚɥɚɫɢɧɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ ࣊ ɬɢɬɥɚ –
ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬɢɫɚ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤɢɫɚ7.
Ⱦɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ
ɧɟɝɨɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ. ɉɪɟɡ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɚɩɪɢɥ 2018 ɝ., ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɆȼɊ, ɟ ɢɡɡɟɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ
ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɉɨɥɫɤɢ Ɍɪɴɦɛɟɲ8. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɢ ɨɛɟɤɬ
ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ (Ɉɛɪ. 1). ɉɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɫ. Ʉɪɢɜɢɧɚ, Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɨ
ɢ ɢɦɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞ. 28-31 (?) 4 ɦɦ; ɬ. 19.60 ɝ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɴɬ ɟ ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɇɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɟ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ:
Ʌɢɰɟ: Ⱦɨɩɨɹɫɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɫ ɤɴɫɚ ɤɴɞɪɚɜɚ ɤɨɫɚ ɢ
ɧɢɦɛ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ. Ɉɛɥɟɱɟɧ ɟ ɫ ɬɭɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɢɡɧɢɰɚ. ȼ ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ
ɞɴɪɠɢ ɳɢɬ, ɚ ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɤɨɩɢɟ, ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɝɴɪɞɢɬɟ ɧɚɝɨɪɟ ɤɴɦ ɥɹɜɨɬɨ
ɪɚɦɨ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ:
{{ Ã{º{Ï{B: [੘ ਚŒŘŞš\ ĳZŔŭŠ\ŒŘŞš-
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɜ ɨɫɟɦ ɪɟɞɚ:
+ Q=RvHJ |}/þU |. QþyvwU.|./v\=.OQ
|.d}vUd |.H}/}.v} | .Qv\..|.
ĺ'ŬŠŘ(Ŕ őŞōŗ'ŔŘ( ţ૶ Ţ૶ œŞŬŚ૳ Z੉\Ũ'ŋŜŜૉ( řŞŤŠŞşŐŚ'ŋ(ţ'ૉ(
Z'řŐ੿(\ œŞśŔ'Ţ(ţŎř૳ 'ţ(૵Ŝ ŢŦŞŚ૵Ŝ 'ţ(ોš ĴŬŢ'Ŕ(Şš 'ţ(૶ ĺŞś'ŜŖŜ(૶.
ȼ ɡɟɦɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫ. Ʉɪɢɜɢɧɚ, Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɨ ɫɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɟɤɬɚ, ɧɚɣ-ɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟ ɤɴɫɧɨɪɢɦɫɤɢɹɬ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ
ɥɚɝɟɪ, ɨɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɫ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɤɚɫɬɟɥ əɬɪɭɫ9. ȼɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɩɨ-
5
Zacos, G., A. Vegleri. Byzantine Lead Seals. Vol. I, Part 1-2. Basel, 1972, 1454,
no. 2681.
6
Ibid., 1454, no. 2681 bis b; Nesbitt, J. 9, no. 1.18. Nesbitt, J., N. Oikonomides.
Catalogue of the Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and at the Fogg Museum of Art, Vol.
1: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea. Washington, D.C., 1991, no. 1.18.
7
Zacos, G., A. Vegleri. Byzantine Lead Seals, 1455.
8
ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɦɢ ɛɟɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɟ ɨɬ ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ,
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɉɨɥɫɤɢ Ɍɪɴɦɛɟɲ. ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɡɚ
ɢɡɱɟɪɩɚɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɫɴɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɳɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɮɨɬɨɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ.
9
Schönert-Geiss, E. Iatrus – Krivina. Berlin, 1979.
274
ɤɴɫɧɨ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ, ɩɪɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɨ ɞɨ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ.10 Ɉɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ

əɬɪɭɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ
ɠɢɥɢɳɟ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɹɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ. ɂ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ
ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɚ ɭɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ 968-971 ɝ.
ɉɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɟɜɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɹɡ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬ 968-969 ɝ.,
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɬɚ ɢ ɥɹɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ 971 ɝ., ɨɛɫɚɞɚɬɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɜɡɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɬɴɪɫɜɚɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɤ. ɋ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɟ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɂɪɢɧɟɣ,
ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɣɤɢɚɤɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɳ ɫɴɳɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɪɢɜɢɧɚ11. ɋɬɪɭɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ
ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɲ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɜ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ əɬɪɭɫ
ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɫɩɨɪɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɨɬɨ ɜ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɜɢɞɟɧ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ – Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ, ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ
(1050 ɝ.)12. ɂ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢ ɫ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ ɢ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɹɦɚɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɬ ɜ ɫɴɳɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɜɢ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ – 50-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏȱ
ɜ.
Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ ɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɟɧɢɝɦɚ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɧɟ
ɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟɧ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ cursus
honorum, ɞɚɜɚɳ ɞɧɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɧɝɨɜɚɬɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɣɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ
ɚɧɬɢɩɚɬ, ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧ ɧɚ ɉɚɪɚɞɭɧɚɜɨɧ (1050 ɝ.), ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɜɟɫɬ, ɚɧɬɢɩɚɬ, ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧ (1050-1060)13. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɡ
ɰɟɥɢɹ ɫɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪ ɧɚ ɚɪɦɢɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɡɟɦɢ, ɞɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɴɬ ɦɭ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ14.
10
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɤɚɪɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ. – ȼ: ɉɥɢɫɤɚ–
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 7, 1995, ɫ. 223.
11
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. I. Jordanov. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1
– 3, Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (2). – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ. ɑ. 1. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɑɟɬɜɴɪɬɚɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɬɭɪɢɡɴɦ „ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɟ ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ“. –
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 14 - 16. 05. 2014 ɝ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2015, ɫ. 232, ʋ 25.
12
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 3, Sofia, 2009,
no. 1530-31.
13
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Byzantine Seals with
Family Names. Volume 2, Sofia, 2006, no. 302-304.
14
Jordanov, I. Op. cit., 199-200.
275
ɉɟɬɞɟɫɟɬɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɨɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ

ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɚ
ɦɚɫɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɠɤɢ ɧɚɯɥɭɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɚɜɚɬ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɥɸɞɹɜɚɬ
ɧɹɤɨɝɚɲɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ɋɤɨɪɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɧɚ
ɬɟɡɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɡɢɬɟ. ɇɟ ɟ ɹɫɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɢ. ɇɟɹɫɧɚ ɟ ɢ ɫɴɞɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɤɴɦ
50-ɬɟ ɝ. ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. – ɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɮɨɪɬɩɨɫɬ,
ɢɥɢ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ. ɇɨ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧ ɧɚ ɉɚɪɚɞɭɧɚɜɨɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɟ ɥɢ ɜɨɞɢ ɤɴɦ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɪɴɰɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ
ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɟ ɨɬ 1067 ɝ., ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɴɬ
ɟ ɟɜɚɤɭɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɨɬ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ15. ȼ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɢɦɚ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞ 1067 ɝ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ, ɱɟ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɴɬ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɩɨɧɟ ɞɨ 1087 ɝ., ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɴɬ ɧɚ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɩɢɪɚ. Ɋɚɡɝɪɨɦɴɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɤɪɚɣ Ⱦɪɴɫɬɴɪ ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɩɴɥɧɨ
ɨɛɟɡɥɸɞɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ.
ɇɚ ɮɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɤɴɞɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ
ɛɴɞɚɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ? ɂ ɢɦɚ
ɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢɬɟ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ʉɪɢɜɢɧɚ?
Ɉɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɦɚ ɜɢɫɲɢ ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɰɢ ɜ ɟɞɧɨ
ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ, ɩɪɨɜɨɤɢɪɚɥɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ. Ⱦɨ ɤɨɝɨ ɜ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɨɬɨ ɬɭɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɫɚ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤɴɬ ɧɚ
ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɴɬ Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ? Ɇɨɠɟ ɥɢ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ
ɢɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɠɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ?
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɫɚɤ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɢɦɚ ɟɞɧɚ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɦɚɳɚɛɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɴɬ ɦɭ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɥɹɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ 1059 ɝ.
ɏɪɨɧɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɢ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ ɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɴɪɫɟɧɟ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ
Ⱥɬɚɥɢɚɬ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɉɫɟɥ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɢ ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ-Ʉɟɞɪɢɧ ɨɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ
ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɚɤ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ ɨɬ 1059 ɝ.: <…> ɉɨɧɟɠɟ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɢ ɫɟ ɜɴɥɧɭɜɚɥɢ, ɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɬɹɯ ɢ ɫɤɢɬɢɬɟ ɤɪɚɣ
ɂɫɬɴɪɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɴɬ ɧɚɪɢɱɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢ, ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɞɚ
ɢɡɩɪɚɬɢ ɪɨɦɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɬɹɯ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɬɢɝɧɚɥ ɞɨ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ ɢ
ɭɩɥɚɲɢɥ ɫɚɜɪɨɦɚɬɢɬɟ, ɬɨɣ ɝɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɥ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ.
ɋɤɪɟɩɢɥ ɫ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɥ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɫɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɢɧɨɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɢɬɢɬɟ; <…> Ʉɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɬɚɧɚ ɫɢ ɜ
15
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (971-
1118). ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2019, ɫ. 238.
276
ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɚ Ʌɨɜɟɱ, ɨɬɤɪɢɥ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ

ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ16.
ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ-Ʉɟɞɪɢɧ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚ ɢ ɤɴɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢ-
ɪɚɣɤɢ: <...> ɇɨ ɧɚ 24 ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ, ɜ ɞɟɧɹ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɬɟ ɱɟɫɬɜɚɬ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɚ Ɍɟɤɥɚ, ɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɟɧ ɞɴɠɞ ɫ
ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɧ ɫɧɹɝ ɢ ɞɨɧɟɫɴɥ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɡɥɢɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ17.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ 1059 ɝ. ɭɧɝɚɪɰɢɬɟ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚɬ ɞɴɥɝɨ-
ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɬɟ ɦɢɪɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɬɹɯɧɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɭɧɬɭɜɚɬ ɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ. Ɍɟɯɧɢ ɨɬɪɹɞɢ ɧɚɯɥɭɜɚɬ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɧɨ
ɜɟɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɂɫɚɤ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɟɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɬɟɝɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɨɬ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ. ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɫ ɭɧɝɚɪɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɝɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɫ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɴɩɪɨɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɟɧɢ18.
ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɱɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɴɬ ɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɨɬ
ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢɬɟ, ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɬɚɟ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɬɚ. ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ,
ɤɪɚɣ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɠɞɚɧɢ ɨɬ
ɧɹɤɨɣ ɫɢ ɋɟɥɬɟ: <…> ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɋɟɥɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɥ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɞɟ ɪɴɤɚ
(ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ – ɛ. ɦ.), ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɥ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɫɬɴɪ, ɜ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɤɪɢɥ, ɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɦ ɫɬɪɴɦɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɚ <…>
ɍɛɟɠɢɳɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɨ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ. Ⱥ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ,
ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɥ ɢ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɭɧɢɳɨɠɢɥ, ɜɴɪɧɚɥ ɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ
ɥɚɝɟɪɚ ɫɢ ɜ Ʌɨɜɟɱ, ɩɪɢ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚɬɚ19.
ɋɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢ, ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɜɨɞɚɱ, ɫɚ
ɧɚɫɟɥɹɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɤɪɚɣ
Ʉɪɢɜɢɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɢ ɨɛɹɫɧɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɨɬ
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɧɟɦɚɥɤɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ
ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɪɢɜɢɧɚ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɢɦ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɚɧɝɚɠɢɪɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɬɭɤ ɫɚ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɪɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɚɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɢ
ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɬɩɨɫɬɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ
ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɢ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɳɢɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ
Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ.
16
Attaleiatae, M. Historia. – ȼ: ȽɂȻɂ, ɏȱ (Vȱ), 1965, ɫ. 174.
17
Scylitzae, I., G. Cedreni. Historarium Compendium. – ȼ: ȽɂȻɂ, ɏȱ (Vȱ), 1965,
ɫ. 329.
18
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍ. 3. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1982, ɫ. 65.
19
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
277
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɳɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɚɬɚ ɉɚɪɚɞɭ-

ɧɚɜɨɧ20, ɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ ɩɨ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜ
ɩɪɴɜ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧ – ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ. ȼɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ
ɧɹɤɨɣ ɫɢ Ⱦɪɚɡɢɦɢɪ, ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɢɩɚɬ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɫ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ21. ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ
ɫ. Ʉɴɪɧɚɪɟ, ɨɬɤɴɞɟ ɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɧɚɣ-ɩɪɟɤɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɡɚ Ʌɨɜɟɱ ɢ ɫɬɨɢ ɜ ɩɪɹɤɚ
ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ 1059 ɝ.
ɋɤɨɪɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɂɫɚɤ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɟɧ ɞɚ
ɚɛɞɢɤɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɬɪɨɧ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɟɧ terminus post quem ɡɚ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ – ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɛɪɚɬ. ȼ ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɏ Ⱦɭɤɚ (1059-1067) ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɧɟ ɟ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɨ ɜ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɛɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ,
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɏ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɡɩɚɞɚ ɜ
ɧɟɦɢɥɨɫɬ22. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɨɜɚɬɚ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɜ ɬɢɩɢɤɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ „ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ Ɏɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɫ“.
Ɉɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɚɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɫɢ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ
ɭɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɨɛɢɬɟɥ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɢɡɠɢɜɹɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɞɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɦɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɴɯɧɟ ɧɚ 12 ɸɥɢ 1067 ɝ.
ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ
ɤɚɬɨ ɤɭɪɨɩɚɥɚɬ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɟ ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɇɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜ ɞɧɟɲɧɨɬɨ
ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɪɢɜɢɧɚ ɫɬɨɢ ɜ ɩɪɹɤɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1059 ɝ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ,
ɞɨɩɴɥɧɟɧɚ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɡɚ ɩɨɪɟɞɟɧ ɩɴɬ ɞɚɜɚ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɹɫɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ ɨɬ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɤ ɟɞɢɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɢ ɜɟɤ.
1
20
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ ɢ ɧ ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɤɚɬɟɩɚɧɚɬɴɬ
ɉɚɪɚɞɭɧɚɜɨɧ ɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɟɧ ɫɥɟɞ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɚɞɢɬɟ, ɚ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ 70-ɬɟ ɝ. ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ȼɠ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ, 232-233.
21
Jordanov, I. Family names, no. 208. ȼɴɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɡɢɦɢɪ ɫɴɳɨ ɤɚɤɬɨ
ɩɪɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ.
22
ǺĮȡȗȠı, Ȁ. Ǿ īİȞİĮȜȠȖȚĮ, 50.
278
ɂɥɢɹ Ƚ. ɂɥɢɟɜ
ɘȽɈɁȺɉȺȾɇɂɌȿ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɋɄɂ ɁȿɆɂ ȼ ɈȽɅȿȾȺɅɈɌɈ ɇȺ

Iliya G. Iliev
THE SOUTHWEST BULGARIAN LANDS IN THE MIRROR OF

After the victorious battle at Klokotnitsa on March 9, 1230, Bulgaria rose to the
position of a first-rate military and political power on the Balkan Peninsula. This facilitated
the intentions of the Bulgarian ruler John II Asen to carry out some changes in the
organization of the Church of those lands: Bulgarian bishops superseded the local Byzantine
high clergy. In accordance with the ancient custom of the Byzantine basilei the Bulgarian
Tsar visited in person the spiritual capital of the Balkan Peninsula – Mount Athos, made
generous donations to some of the monasteries there and invited Bulgarian monks to take
cathedrae of bishops and metropolitans in the recaptured Bulgarian territory at the Southwest
of Balkan Peninsula. These actions of John Asen were part of his policy aimed at the return
of the Bulgarian Church to the Orthodox community of the Eastern Churches and the
restoration of its patriarchal status. Some details about these events are contained in an
uncertain written source originating from Mount Athos monasteries – the so-called Narratio
Athonensis ad Annum MCCXXXV.
ȼɴɩɪɨɫɴɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢ ɧɚ „ɰɹɥɚ

Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ“ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ ȱȱ Ⱥɫɟɧ
(1218 – 1241) ɢ ɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪ-
ɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ (ɨɬ 1235 ɝ. – ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ) ɫɬɚɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɟɧ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡ-
ɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ ɏɨɦɚ-
ɬɢɚɧ (ɨɤ. 1216-ɨɤ. 1236) ɢ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɹ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɞɜɚɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɨɬɨ ɢ ɬɪɢɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɨɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ1. Ɍɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɟ ɬɹɫɧɨ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ
ɢɡɜɨɸɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨ-
ɹɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɢ ɧɢɤɟɣɫ-
ɤɢɹ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ Ƀɨɚɧ ȱȱȱ Ⱦɭɤɚ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ (1222 – 1254), ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɢ ɬɟɡɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ ɏɨɦɚɬɢɚɧ ɢ ɧɢɤɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ (ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢ
ɜ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟ) ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɫɢ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ ȱ ɋɚɪɚɧɞɢɧ (1217 – 1222) ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧ ȱȱ
(1222 – 1240).
Ʌɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɤɚɪɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɩɪɟɞɩɚɡɥɢɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɛɹɝɜɚɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
1
ɂɥɢɟɜ, ɂ. Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɹɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ ɏɨɦɚɬɢɚɧ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ. ɋɨ-
ɮɢɹ, 2010. Gjuzelev, V. Das Erzbistum-Patriarchat von Tărnovo und das Erzbistumvon Ochrid
in den Jahren 1230-1246 und später. – Proceedings of the 23rd international congress of
Byzantine studies Belgrade, 22-27 august 2016. Thematic sessions of free communications,
270-276.
279
Илия Г. ИЛИЕВ. ЮГОЗАПАДНИТЕ БЪЛГАРСКИ ЗЕМИ В ОГЛЕДАЛОТО НА NARRATIO ATHONENSIS ...
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ ȱȱ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɢ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ-

ɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɰɴɪɤɜɢ „ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ” – Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɂɜɚɧ ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ Ʉɚɥɨɹɧ
(1197 – 1207) ɩɪɟɞɢ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɭɧɢɳɨɠɢɥ ɚɜɬɨɤɟɮɚɥɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɟɥ ɧɟɣɧɢ ɟɩɚɪɯɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɡɚ ɧɚ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɟ-
ɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ2. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɧɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨ-ɩɴɥɟɧ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɟɦɢ ɢ
ɩɨ-ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɡɚ ɢɡɞɢɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɡɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɋɨɥɭɧ – Ɇɢɯɚ-
ɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ (1230 – 1233?) ɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ
ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ, ɫɴɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚ ɫɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ3, ɫ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɜɴɪ-
ɠɞɚɜɚ ɤɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ (1375 – 1393) ɜ ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ ɠɢ-
ɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɉɟɬɤɚ:
„ɉɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɱɟɫɬɢɜɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ <...> ɫɟ ɜɞɢɝɧɚ
ɯɪɚɛɪɨ ɢ ɩɨɤɨɪɢ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ, ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɋɹɪ ɢ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ Ⱥɬɨɧ-
ɫɤɚ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɚ – ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ; ɨɫɜɟɧ ɬɹɯ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɨɥɭɧ ɢ
ɰɹɥɚ Ɍɟɫɚɥɢɹ ɢ Ɍɪɢɜɚɥɢɹ, ɫɢɪɟɱ ɋɴɪɛɢɹ, ɢ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢɹ, ɳɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɚ Ⱥɪ-
ɜɚɧɢɬɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ, ɬɚ ɱɚɤ ɞɨ Ⱦɪɚɱ. ȼ ɬɹɯ ɬɨɣ ɬɴɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɱɟɫɬɢ-
ɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɢ ɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫ ɹɫɧɢɹ ɫɢ ɥɢɤ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ
ɫɜɟɬɥɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭɥɢ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ Ʌɚɜɪɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ ɢ ɜ ɉɪɨɬɚɬɚ“4.
ȼ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɚ ɤɴɦ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɤɚɬɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɢ-
ɲɟ, ɱɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɦɹɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɢɬɟ ɭɧɢɚɬɢ
ɜ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ Ʉɥɨɤɨɬɧɢɰɚ ɡɟɦɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɹɬɚ ɫ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɩɨɞɦɟɧɢɥ ɫ ɧɨɜɢ.
Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɨɬ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɟɦɨ ɩɪɟ-
ɦɴɥɱɚɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɩɚ ɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɧɚɪɢɱɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɫɚ ɭɧɢ-
ɚɬ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ (1186 – 1234) „ɜɫɟɱɟɫɬɧɢɹɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɤɢɪ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɟ“.
2
ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ, ɂ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ. Ɍ. 1, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1995, ɫ.
89 ɫɥ., ɫ. 142 ɫɥ.
3
Iliev, I. Narratrio Athonensis ad annum MCCXXXV, 74-81, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧ
ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢɹɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧ ɫ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ, ɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ.
4
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ ɠɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɬ ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ. ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ
ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ – ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ, Kɥ. – ȼ: ɋɬɚɪɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ɍ. 4. ɀɢɬɢɟɩɢɫɧɢ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ.
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1986, ɫ. 198 ɢ ɛɟɥ. 29 ɧɚ ɫ. 580. ɉɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɜɠ. ɢ ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɥɟɞɚɪɨɜ, ɉ. Ʉɨɝɚ ɢ ɡɚɳɨ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ ɏɨɦɚɬɢɚɧ ɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɬɨ ɠɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ? – Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚ ɦɢɫɴɥ, 1983, 3, ɫ. 96 ɢ ɛɟɥ. 46.
280
ȼɚɫɢɥ Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ5 ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚ, ɱɟ ɦɨ-

ɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɉɟɬɤɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢ-
ɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɛɚɪɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1231 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɧɚ Ȼɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɧɚɥ ɀɚɧ ɞɶɨ Ȼɪɢɟɧ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɸɡɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ-
ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɉɚɩɫɬ-
ɜɨɬɨ, ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɢ, ɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɭɧɢɹ – ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɟɧɚ. ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɡɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɢ ɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢ ɩɴɤ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɠɢɬɢ-
ɟɩɢɫɟɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɢɰɚɬɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɳɟ ɪɟɱɟ, ɱɟ
ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ, ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧɢ ɧɟɩɨɫ-
ɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɦɚɪɬ 1230 ɝ., ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɢ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ (ɡɚ ɤɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɜɩɪɨ-
ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɦ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ), ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɬɢ ɱɚɤ ɫɥɟɞ
ɫɤɴɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɹɬɚ ɫ Ɋɢɦ ɢ ɜɴɡɨɛɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜ-
ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɤɴɫɟɧ
ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɀɢɬɢɟɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ, ɱɟ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɥ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɥɚɬɢɧɰɢɬɟ.
ɋɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹɬ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ „Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ, ɨɬɧɚɫɹɳ ɫɟ ɞɨ 1235 ɝ.“
(Narratio Athonensis ad annum MCCXXXV), ɯɜɴɪɥɹ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɫɜɟɬ-
ɥɢɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ
ɫɥɟɞ ɦɚɪɬ 1230 ɝ. ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɟɦɢ. ɑɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ
ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɏV ɜ. ɢ ɨɬ ɏVȱ ɜ., ɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ
ɩɴɥɟɧ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ 1520 ɝ. ɢ ɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧ ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɥɚɜɪɚ
ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ. Ⱦɧɟɫ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɴɬ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɫɟ
ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɜ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞ ɍɪɛɚɧɚ, ɳɚɬɚ ɂɥɢɧɨɣ,
ɋȺɓ, ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ Codex Urbanensis graecus 2, ɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɟ ɩɨ-
ɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɬɪ. 9-106.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɛɟɲɟ ɞɚɞɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȼɚɫɢɥ
Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɴɬ ɜ ɩɢɫɦɟɧ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɨɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɟɲɟ ɡɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɨ-
ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɫɤɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɬɜɨɪɛɚɬɚ. ɉɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ, ɱɟ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɟ
ɛɢɥ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɞɚ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɩɨɫɟɝɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɣɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɜ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɨɬ ɱɢɢɬɨ
ɫɬɚɪ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɟɧ ɬɢɩɢɤ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧ (ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɚ) ɧɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢɹɬ ɡɚ-
ɩɚɡɟɧ ɞɨ ɞɧɟɫ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ – ɬɨɡɢ ɨɬ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɂɜɢɪɨɧ (ɨɬ
ɏV ɜ.), ɧɟ ɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɬɨ, ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ
ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɧɟɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ (ɛɟɡ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ), ɤɨɢɬɨ
5
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ. Ɍ. 3.
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1972, ɫ. 344 ɢ ɛɟɥ. 1 ɧɚ ɫ. 345.
6
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, Stemma codicum ɢ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɢ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɜɠ. ɜ Iliev, I.
Narratio Athonensis, 74-77.
281
ɫɟ ɨɛɥɚɝɨɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɳɟɞɪɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ

ɦɭ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧ ɫɥɟɞ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ Ʉɥɨɤɨɬɧɢɰɚ – ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞ, ȼɟɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɥɚɜɪɚ,
ɉɪɨɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɂɜɢɪɨɧ7.
ȼ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɨɪɛɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɜ ɤɚɬɟ-
ɝɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɢ – „ɬɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ“8. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ ɢɡɫɥɟ-
ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ
Ɇɢɥɢɹɧɚ Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜ. ɫɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɠɚɧɪ, ɤɨɟɬɨ, ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ-
ɳɚɬɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ, ɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤɴɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ „ɠɢɜɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɩɚɦɟɬ“ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɢ.
Ɍɨɱɧɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɨɡɨɜɚɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ
Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ, ɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɦɭ (1261
– 1282 ɝ.)9, ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Narratio Athonensis ad annum
MCCXXXV ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɨɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɟ-
ɬɢɟ10.
ɇɚɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɟ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ
ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɜɚɥ ɩɪɟɞ ɇɢɤɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫ-
ɤɢɹɬ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɟɧ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬ ɜ ɪɚɧɝ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɣɧɨ ɫɴɝɥɚ-
ɫɢɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ. ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɴɬ, ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɡɚ
ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɋɨɥɭɧ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɚɠɟ ɨɬ
7
Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1230 ɝ. ɜɠ. Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ, ɂ.
ɉɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ȱȱ. – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1972, ɫ.
295-301; Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ. Ɏɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɫɟɧɨɜɰɢ (1186-1460). Ƚɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1986, ɫ. 86.
8
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1990, ɫ. 26-
27.
9
ɇɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɴɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɢ ɞɚ ɨɬɧɟɫɚɬ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɤɴɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ 60-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ȼɠ. Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥ. ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɡɥɟɡɥɢɬɟ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏɏȱ ɜ. ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɜɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɢ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ:
ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ, Ⱥ. Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɢɹ: Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɣ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ / ɉ. ɂ. ɀɚɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɜ, ɩɟɪ., ɜɫɬɭɩ.
ɫɬ., ɤɨɦɦ., Ƚ. Ƚ. Ʌɢɬɚɜɪɢɧ, ɪɟɞ. ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ: Ⱥɥɟɬɟɣɹ, 2005 (ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɹ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ); George Akropolites. The History. Translated by R. Macrides.
Oxford, 2007. – ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɋɜɹɬɨ-Ɍɢɯɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɋɟɪ. I. Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2009. ȼɵɩ. 1 (25), 108-113.
10
ɐɚɧɤɨɜɚ-ɉɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ƚ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ 1235 ɝ.
ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. – ȼȼɪ, 1968, 8, 143-144
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ȿɞɢɧ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ
ɮɚɥɲɢɮɢɤɚɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. – Byzantinoslavica, II, 1930,
231-258, ɱɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɴɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɟɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜ. ȼɫɟ ɩɚɤ
ɧɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɜɹ, ɱɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɜɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ
ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɟ ɫɚɦɨ terminus post quem ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟ.
282
ɩɪɚɜɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɧɚɞ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ, ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɫɬɚ-

ɜɟɧ ɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɞɢɤɚ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɥ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɟ
ɨɩɥɚɤɚɥ ɩɪɟɞ ɰɚɪɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɬɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɦɭ ɛɢɥ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧ. ȼ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɥɢ, ɱɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɢ
ɧɢɤɟɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƀɨɚɧ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɛɪɚɥɢ ɜ Ʉɚɥɢɭɩɨɥ, ɢɡɩɪɚɬɢ-
ɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɦɨɥɛɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɚɧɚɫ-
ɬɢɪɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ, ɧɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɣ,
ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɝɪɚɦɨ-
ɬɚ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ
ɫɴɛɨɪɚ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɥɚ ɫɢɥɧɚ ɫɴɩɪɨɬɢɜɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɢ ɧɟɝɨ-
ɜɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɰɢ ɜ ɋɨɥɭɧ ɢ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɢ ɧɨɜɨɭɱɪɟɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ
ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ, ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɫɟ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɢɥ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɧɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɢɹɬ
ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɴɬ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ, ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ. ɇɚ ɬɹɯɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ
ɋɴɛɨɪɴɬ ɢɡɛɪɚɥ, ɚ ɧɢɤɟɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɫɜɚɬ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɦɨɧɚɲɟɫɤɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ.
ȼ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɚ ɢɦɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɪɤɚɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢɡɦɢɫɥɟɧɢ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ – ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɢ-
ɞɹɯɦɟ – ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɬɜɴɪɞɹɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ
ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɞɚɪɟɧɚ ɢɦ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɫ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɫɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɞɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɰɚɪɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɜɢɡɢɪɚɧɢɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ
ɰɴɪɤɨɜɟɧ ɫɴɛɨɪ ɟ ɨɧɡɢ ɨɬ 1235 ɝ. ɜ Ʌɚɦɩɫɚɤ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɜɴɡɨɛɧɨɜɹɜɚ-
ɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ ɛɢɥ ɨɬɩɪɚɡɧɭɜɚɧ ɢ ɝɨɞɟ-
ɠɴɬ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ-Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɚɬɚ ɞɴɳɟɪɹ Ɇɚɪɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɇɢ-
ɤɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫ (ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɟ ɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɛɢɥ ɫɜɢɤɚɧ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɴɛɨɪ, ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ „ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥ ɜ Ʉɚɥɢɭɩɨɥ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɭɜɚɥ ɫɜɚɬɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɴɳɟɪɹ ɫɢ
ȿɥɟɧɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɨɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɹ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ Ƀɨɚɧ Ⱦɭɤɚ ȼɚ-
ɬɚɰɢ“). Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɨɩɥɚɤɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ ɢ
ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ
ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ
ɫɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɢ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ, ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɢɹɬ
ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɨɜɚɜɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ. ɇɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɜɹ ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɱɟ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɱɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɧɢɟ ɞɧɟɫ
ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɦɟ ɫɴɤɪɚɬɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɪɴɤɨɩɢ-
ɫɢɬɟ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɨ-ɩɴɥɟɧ ɩɴɪɜɨɨɛɪɚɡ11. Ɇɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ
11
Meyer, Ph. Die Haupturkunden für die Geschichte der Athosklöster. Leipzig,
1894, 187-189.
283
ɡɚɝɭɛɟɧ ɩɴɥɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɱɟɪɩɢɥ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɲɢɹɬ ɚɧɨɧɢ-

ɦɟɧ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɧ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɡɚ 1235 ɝ.
Ʉɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɢ ɮɚɥɲɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɹɫɧɨ ɥɢɱɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɪɤɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɂɜɚɧ
Ⱥɫɟɧ ɜɡɟɥ ɡɚ ɭɪɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɥɚ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢ-
ɫɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɦɚɪɬ 1230 ɝ. ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ12. Ɍɟ ɛɢɥɢ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɡɟɦɢ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ – ɩɨ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ –
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɜɴɡɧɚɦɟɪɹɜɚɥ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɬɟɯɟɧ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɦɚɯɧɟ
ɪɨɦɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ. ɉɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɴɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɹ:
„ȼ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɭɫɩɹɥ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɬɟɝɥɢɥ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɬɹɯ,
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɜɚɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɪɴɜɨɩɪɨɥɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɩɚɞɧɚɥ
Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ Ⱦɢɦɨɬɢɤɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɰɟɥɢɹɬ ȼɨɥɟɪɨɧ, ɋɟɪɟɫ,
ɉɟɥɚɝɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɉɪɢɥɟɩ ɢ ɡɟɦɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɹɯ. Ɍɨɣ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɢɥ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ȼɥɚ-
ɯɢɹ, ɡɚɜɥɚɞɹɥ ɢ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɨɧ ɢ ɩɥɹɱɤɨɫɜɚɥ ɱɚɤ ɞɨ ɂɥɢɪɢɤ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɡɩɴɥ-
ɧɢɥ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɫɢ ɢ ɭɪɟɞɢɥ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɠɟɥɚɟɥ, ɬɨɣ
ɫɟ ɜɴɪɧɚɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɨɦɟɢɬɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɥ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɜ ɬɹɯ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢ ɢ
ɫɴɛɢɪɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɞɚɧɴɰɢ“13.
Ⱥɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɧɟ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɨ-
ɧɢɦɧɢɹ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ, ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɬɚɥ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ ɩɨɞ
ɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɢɠɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɬɚɦɨɲɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ. Ɂɚ ɰɟɥɬɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɬɨɡɢ
ɜɥɚɞɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɥ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɩɨɞɨɩɟɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɢ
ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɟ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɟɩɚɪɯɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɞɢɨɰɟɡɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ (Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ, ɨɬ 1235 ɝ. – ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪ-
ɲɢɹ). Ɍɨɜɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ
ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ (ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɧɚɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɤɚɡɜɚɥ Ɇɢ-
ɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɨ ɜ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ), ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɴɡɪɚɡɹ-
ɜɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɨɬɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ (ɦɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ
Ɋɚɡɤɚɡɚ ɞɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɬɨ). ɉɨɞɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɢ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɢɹɬ ɧɨɜɨɪɴ-
ɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ ɛɢɥ ɥɨɹɥɟɧ ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ.
ȼɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɚ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɢɧɬɟ-
ɪɟɫɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬ, ɤɨɹɬɨ, ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɩɪɚɜɢ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɩɨ-
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧ ɢ, ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɞɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɨɛɹɫɧɹɜɚ ɡɚɳɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧ ɱɨ-
ɜɟɤ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɞɢɤɚ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɴɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɱɧɢ
ɞɚɧɧɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɜ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ, ɫɟɥɢɳɟ-
12
Gjuzelev, V. Op. cit., p. 62.
13
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɝɥ. 25 – Georgii Acropolitae Opera, ed. A.
Heisenberg, I, Lipsiae, 1903, 42-43 (= Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, Vȱȱȱ, ɫ.
162). Ɂɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɤɴɦ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɜɠ. Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɉ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢɬɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1999, ɫ. 242-246.
284
ɬɨ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ „ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, ɜ

ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɫɬɜɚɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ“14, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɜ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ.
ɇɟ ɟ ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɩɨɧɢ-
ɦɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɢ, ɫɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɞɨɤɭ-
ɦɟɧɬɢ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɧɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɂɜɢɪɨɧ. ȼɟɞɧɚɝɚ
ɫɟ ɧɚɛɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɱɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɜɟɬɨ-
ɝɨɪɫɤɚ ɨɛɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɨɬ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ
ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ15.
ɂ ɬɚɤɚ, ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɫɥɟɞ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɟɩɢɪɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ (ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ)
Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɨɬ 9 ɦɚɪɬ 1230 ɝ. ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢ-
ɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɡɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞ ɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥ. Ɏɚɤɬ ɟ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɰɟɥɢɹɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɳ ɢ ɏɚɥɤɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ, ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɩɨ-ɥɟɫɧɨ ɨɛɹɫɧɢɦɢ ɳɟɞɪɢɬɟ ɞɚɪɨɜɟ, ɨɫ-
ɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɡɚ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ, ɫɪɟɳɭ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɢ ɟ ɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɢ ɜɴɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɦɨ-
ɧɚɲɟɫɤɨ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ16. ɉɪɨɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɹɤɚɲ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɫɧɹɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɇɢɤɟɹ, ɡɚ-
ɳɨɬɨ ɧɟɣɧɢɹɬ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɨɬ ɨɧɚɡɢ ɟɩɨɯɚ – Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ, ɜ
ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɢ ɜ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɜɴɪɞɢ, ɱɟ ɡɚ
ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɨɜɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ, ɚ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɤɨɧɸɧɤ-
ɬɭɪɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɢ ɢ ɬɴɥɤɭɜɚɧɢɹ) ɫɟ ɢɡɤɚɡɜɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɨ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫ-
ɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ Ʉɥɨɤɨɬɧɢɰɚ,
Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɩɢɲɟ:
„ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɴɥ ɤɴɦ ɩɥɟɧɟɧɨɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ (ɜɪɚɝɨɜɟ, ɩɨ-
ɩɚɞɧɚɥɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɪɴɰɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ – ɛɟɥ. ɦɨɹ, ɂ. ɂ.) ɱɨɜɟɤɨɥɸ-
ɛɢɜɨ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɚ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɛɢɪ-
ɳɢɧɚɬɚ, ɢ ɝɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɬɢɥ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɢɦ. ɋ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚɥ
ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɱɨɜɟɤɨɥɸɛɢɟ, ɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɬɴɪɫɟɥ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɡɚ. Ɂɚɳɨɬɨ ɢɫ-
ɤɚɥ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɬɟɯɟɧ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɦɚɯɧɟ ɪɨɦɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ <…> ɂ
14
Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ. Cɨɮɢɹ, 1995, ɫ. 45 ɢ
ɛɟɥ. 298, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ: Brunet, F. (Sur
l’hellénisation des toponymes slaves en Macédoine byzantine. – TM, 9, 1985, 235-265). ɉɪɢ
ɫɜɨɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɂɜɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ ɜɡɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɢ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɥɢɱɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɉɨɥ
Ʌɶɨɦɟɪɥ, Ɇɚɤɫ Ɏɚɫɦɟɪ, ɂɜɚɧ Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ ɢ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧ ɂɜɚɧɨɜ (ɩɚɤ ɬɚɦ, ɫ. 34-37).
15
ȼɠ. ɬɭɤ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ.
16
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ, ɫ. 347-348; Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ, ɂ.
ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 294-295; Ⱦɚɧɱɟɜɚ–ȼɚɫɢɥɟɜɚ, Ⱥ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ (1204-
1261). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1985, ɫ. 132.
285
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɯɢɳɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɠɚɜɚɥɢ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɹɜɚɥ

ɨɪɴɠɢɟ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɟɬɧɹɜɚɥ ɫ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɟɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɧɟɝɨ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɛɢɥ ɨɛɢɱɚɧ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ
ɪɨɦɟɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ“17.
ɉɪɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɥɟ-
ɬɨɩɢɫɟɧ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ, ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɩɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ. ɂɦɟ-
ɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɭɧɢɹɬɚ ɫ Ɋɢɦ ɟ Ƀɨɚɤɢɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨɬɨ ɬɭɤ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, ɛɢɜɲ ɮɢɥɢɩɢɣɫ-
ɤɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ18. ɂɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɜ ɢɡɝ-
ɧɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɇɢɤɟɹ – Ƚɟɪɦɚɧ ȱȱ (1226 – 1240), ɟ ɫɛɴɪɤɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ-
ɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ ȱ (1215 – 1221), ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɦɭ ɧɚ
ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɟɫɤɢɹ ɬɪɨɧ – Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ ȱȱ (1244 – 1254). ɉɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɡɚ ɦɢɬɪɨ-
ɩɨɥɢɬ ɜ ɋɨɥɭɧ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ
ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɡɚɟɦɚɥ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1230 – 1233 ɝ.19. Ɂɚɦɟɫɬɢɥɢ-
ɹɬ ɝɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ⱦɢɫɢɩɚɬ ɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬ ɜ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɜɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ20.
ɉɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɴɪɧɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɝɪɚɦɨɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ȱ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ ɧɟ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ. ȼ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫ-
ɬɢɪɢ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɧɟɣɧɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ21. Ɍɜɴɪɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ ɛɢɥ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɡɚ ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɨɜɨɜɴɡ-
ɞɢɝɧɚɬɢɹ ɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢ (Ɂɚɝɨɪɫɤɢ) ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɴɪ-
ɜɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ɉɪɟɡ 1230 ɝ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ ɟ
ɦɨɠɟɥ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɚɫɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ, ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚɧ
ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɟɧ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ22.
17
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɝɥ. 25 – Georgii Acropolitae Opera, I, 41-43 (=
Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, Vȱȱȱ, 161-162).
18
ɂɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɤɢɦ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɠɢɬɢɟ, ɜ „Ɋɚɡɤɚɡ ɡɚ
ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ“, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ Ȼɨɪɢɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɢɧɨɞɢɤ, ɢ ɜ
„Ɋɚɡɤɚɡ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɉɟɬɤɚ ɨɬ Ʉɚɥɢɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ“. Ɂɚ ɬɟɡɢ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɜɠ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1987, ɫ. 57-
58, 112-114, 216-218 ɢ 239-240.
19
Gjuzelev, V. Op.cit., p. 62.
20
Georgii Acropolitae Opera, I, 178-179.
21
Actes du Prôtaton, ed. D. Papachryssanthou. Paris, 1975, 265-266. ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜ Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ȿɞɢɧ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɮɚɥɲɢɮɢɤɚɬ, ɫ. 239.
22
Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ, ɂ., ɉɪɟɩɢɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɩɚ ɂɧɨɤɟɧɬɢɣ ȱȱȱ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ. – Ƚɋɍ ɎɂɎ, 38,
1942; Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ. Ɏɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ, 47-48; Ⱦɚɧɱɟɜɚ-ȼɚɫɢɥɟɜɚ, Ⱥ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ.,
ɫ. 47.
286
ȺɌɈɇɋɄɂ ɊȺɁɄȺɁ, ɈɌɇȺɋəɓ ɋȿ ȾɈ 1235 ɝ.

(Narratio Athonensis ad annum MCCXXXV)
ɋɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɬɭɤ, ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɭ-

ɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɹ Ƀɨɚɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɥ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ ɢ
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɥɚɞɹɥ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ. Ɍɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟɥɚɟɥ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ
ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɜɚɥ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɐɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ, ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɜ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɩɚɬ-
ɪɢɚɪɯ. ɂ ɬɚɤɚ ɞɨɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɢɹɬ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɢ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, ɛɢɥ
ɢɧɬɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɡɚ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ [ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ] Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɝɪɚɞ. Ⱥ
ɬɨɡɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ [ɧɨɜ] ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɋɨɥɭɧ ɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɩɨ ɫɢɥɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɞɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢ ɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɬɧɟɥ ɨɬ ɞɢɨɰɟɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ (Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ – ɛɟɥ. ɦɨɹ, ɂ. ɂ.). ɇɨ
ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɴɬ, ɡɚɝɪɢɠɟɧ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ [ɟɩɚɪɯɢɹ] ɨɬɢɲɴɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɟ ɧɚ
ɰɚɪɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ. Ⱥ ɩɴɤ ɦɨɧɚɫɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɠɢɜɟɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚɬɚ Ⱥɬɨɧ-
ɫɤɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɪɢ ɯɢɥɹɞɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɣ, ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ Ȼɨɝɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɜ-
ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɜɚɳɢ ɜ ɇɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɜ ɨɬɲɟɥɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɚɫɤɟɬɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ, ɧɢɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ
ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɨɥɭɧ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ ɢ ɨɫ-
ɜɟɳɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ȼɪɚɬɚɧ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɴɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɰɚɪɹ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥ ɜ Ʉɚɥɢɭɩɨɥ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɭɜɚɥ
ɫɜɚɬɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɴɳɟɪɹ ɫɢ ȿɥɟɧɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɨɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɹ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ Ƀɨɚɧ Ⱦɭɤɚ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ. Ɍɚɦ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ɚɪɯ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ, ɛɢɜɲ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ ȿɮɟɫ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɬɹɯ
ɦɨɧɚɫɢɬɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɨɩɥɚɤɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɰɚɪɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ɚɪɯ ɬɟ ɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɢɥɧɢ ɞɭɦɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ-
ɬɢɹ ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɚ ɫ ɜɨɫɴɱɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ
ɨɬ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɨɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɚɪɟɬɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ. ɇɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɚɫɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɹɜɢɥɢ ɢ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɞɨɤɚ-
ɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫɴɫ
ɫɢɧɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɢ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɩɨ-
ɦɟɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɚ, ɱɟ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɴɬ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ ɧɹɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɢ ɤɚɧɨ-
ɧɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ. ɓɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ,
ɛɢɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɧɹɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɫɜɚ ɜ ɞɟɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɦɭ, ɧɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨ-
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɬɹɯ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɢ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɴɬ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɚɞɟɥɮɢɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ Ɏɨɤɚ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟ-
ɧɚ ɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɩɥɟɞɢɪɚɥ ɡɚ ɞɟɬɪɨɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ
ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɡɜɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟɝɨ-
287
ɜɢɹɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɢ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɫɢ, ɫɴɝɥɚɫɹɜɚɣɤɢ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɦɢɬ-

ɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫ-
ɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɬɨɜɚ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢ-
ɹɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɰɚɪɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɥ ɝɥɚɫɭɜɚɧɟ [ɧɚ
ɫɜɨɹ ɫɢɧɨɞ] ɢ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ [ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɹ] ɡɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɡɚ ɋɨɥɭɧ ɝɨɫɩɨ-
ɞɢɧ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ⱦɢɫɢɩɚɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɚɥ ɢ ɢɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ. ɋɜɟɬɢɹɬ ɫɢ-
ɧɨɞ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ, ɱɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ [ɦɨɧɚɫɢ] ɧɟ
ɛɢɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɤɨɣ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɴɬ ɧɚ Ƀɟɪɢɫɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɭɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ
ɛɴɞɟ ɥɢɲɚɜɚɧ ɬɨɣ (ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɴɬ – ɛɟɥ. ɦɨɹ, ɂ. ɂ.) ɨɬ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ
ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɚ ɩɴɤ ɣɟɪɢɫɨɜɫɤɢɹɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ
ɜɥɚɞɢɲɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ ɩɨɱɢɬɚ-
ɟɦɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɩɴɤ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɢ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨ-
ɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦ, ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɫ-
ɬɢɝɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɧɚ [ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ], ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚ-
ɠɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɫɩɚɡɜɚɳ ɬɟɡɢ ɜɡɟɬɢ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɢɹ
ɫɢɧɨɞ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɠɟ, ɱɟ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɚɡɜɚɬ, ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɫɜɟ-
ɳɟɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɪɟɣ, ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɫɜɟɬɟɣ-
ɲɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɬ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ ɪɟɲɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɧɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɥɢ ɬɨɣ (ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɴɬ ɧɚ Ƀɟ-
ɪɢɫɨ – ɛɟɥ. ɦɨɹ, ɂ. ɂ.) ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢ ɞɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɪɟɠɞɚ ɫ
ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɪɨɝɚɬɢɜɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ ɳɟ
ɛɴɞɚɬ ɫɦɹɬɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɢ ɢ ɳɟ ɞɨɜɟɞɚɬ ɞɨ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɬɨ
ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ – ɫɜɚɥɹɧɟ ɨɬ
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ ɨɬ ɋɜɟɬɢɹ ɫɢɧɨɞ. ɋɥɟɞɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɥɚɯɢ ɡɚ ɨɬɥɴɱɜɚɧɟ
ɨɬ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɬɟɦɢ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟɳɨ ɨɬ ɭɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɨɬɨ ɫ
ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɟ-
ɪɟɢ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɧɚɬɨ. ɉɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢ ɰɚɪɟ
ɩɴɤ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɥɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫ ɱɟɪɜɟɧɢ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɹɞɚɥɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɩɚɡɜɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɱɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɹɪɧɨ ɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɜ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɜɫɟɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɬɧɢɹɬ ȼɟɥɢɤ ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬ Ⱥɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ – ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɳɚ
ɫ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɨɬ ɥɚɬɢɧɰɢɬɟ.
288
Janja Dora Ivanþiü
BYZANTIUM AND BULGARIA – A STUDY OF THE

ADMINISTRATION OF BULGARIA 1018 – 1081
Introduction
Bulgaria – once a rival empire to Byzantium and an effective ruler of
the Balkans, had by 1018 been reduced to several Byzantine provinces. Its
affairs remain revealed to the present day audience through foreign writings,
archaeology and sigillography. The present study has collected those in an
attempt to shed more light on the history of Bulgaria, and with it the Balkans
in the eleventh century1.
It is the aim of this study to answer the question of which offices of
Byzantine, primarily military, administration were introduced in two of the
largest districts into which the former Bulgarian empire had been divided,
namely the themes2 of Bulgaria and Paradounavon covering the greater part
of the former Bulgarian territory under Samuil (997 – 1014), until the coming
to power of a new dynasty of Komnenoi in 1081, and the subsequent changes
in administration. The importance of the study of the period under scrutiny
also lies in the paucity of the sources, especially the Bulgarian ones, for this
period of Bulgarian history3. The themes presented, and the particular cases
of smaller units within them are also not meant to review all the territories
held within a certain theme, but rather to enable inner-thematic reflections on
administration. Furthermore, seals are of special interest to this analysis, as
1
This paper was in its original form a master thesis, defenden in July 2018 at the
Univeristy of Vienna. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Univ.-
Prof. Dr. Oliver Schmitt, for his kind guidance, unequivocal support, understanding and
patience for all of my questions. His encouragement and advice, as well as emendations have
been of great contribution. I would also like to extend my appreciation and recognition to
PDoz. Dr. Alexandra-Kyriaki Wassiliou-Seibt for her remarks and corrections, as well as
valuable bibliographical directions.
2
The term used here is meant to apply to a wider spectrum of Byzantine administra-
tive units.
3
As hinted above, the Bulgarian sources for Bulgarian medieval history are reduced
to ‘six original royal charters, several scores of laconic stone inscriptions, a hundred or so
even shorter graffiti, a couple of concise historical accounts, less than a handful of
apocryphal works, two dozen saint’s lives and eulogies, two notary records and as many
adaptations of Byzantine legal codes (!), and a good amount of casual scribal and marginal
notes’, as quoted from: Petkov, K. The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh – Fifteenth
Century. The Records of a Bygone Culture (Leiden, Boston 2008), xi.
289
Janja Dora IVANČIĆ. BYZANTIUM AND BULGARIA – A STUDY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF BULGARIA ...
they are often the only sources preserved for this thematic organization. It is
not the intent of this thesis to provide a catalogue of all Byzantine seals found
in the defined time-span and geographical region, but rather to offer a cross-
section of the titles present in each theme. The vast number of seals retrieved
from the Bulgarian territory witnesses an enormous loss of documents
attached to those, but also allows one to see who was in charge of which
portions of land and based on their place of discovery, with whom they
interacted.
Byzantine Thematic System

It is only after the conquests of John Tzimiskes (969 – 976), that the
Escorial Taktikon mentions doukes of Thessaloniki and Adrianople 4 , and
with it presents a transition from strategiai as heads of administrative units.
The Balkans were originally divided into three doukates or katepanats:
Mesopotamia (of the West)5, Adrianople, in charge of territories in Thrace,
and Thessaloniki as defense of Aegean area in the late tenth century6. Small
strategiai made up a larger unit under a doux or a katepano7. In Escorial
4
Oikonomides, N. Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles. Paris,
1972, ɪ. 262.
5
Although Kühn writes it was responsible for the lower Danube, Wassiliou-Seibt
has proven Mesopotamia pertained to the administrative unit in the vicinity of
Simeonovgrad, on the Maritsa river, quoted from: Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Das byzantinische
Verteidigungssystem an der Balkangrenze (Ende 10. – Ende 11. Jh.). Neue Erkentnisse aus
der systematischen Nachlese der narrativen Quellen und dem Siegelbefund. –
Byzantinoslavica 75/1 – 2 (2017), 164 – 190, here 168.
6
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert. Studien zur
Organisation der Tagmata. Wien 1991, ɪ. 167.
7
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ( 1018-1092). – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɮɪɚ-
ɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 7, 2011, ɫ. 177. This would actually fit into the picture of another
way themes could be organized – in the eastern part of the Empire one sees armenika
themata or small border themes, quoted from: Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in
Change (on the Threshold between the 10th and the 11th Century). Belgrade, Athens 2008, ɪ.
5, 86; Maksimoviü, L. Organizacija vizantijske vlasti u novoosvojenim oblastima posle
1018. godine. – ɁɊȼɂ 36 (1997), 31 – 43, here 32. Strategides on the territory of the former
Bulgarian Empire were, according to Krsmanoviü, simply adopted territorially from former
Bulgarian provinces, quoted from: Krsmanoviü, B. Das Problem der sogennanten
zusammengesetzten Bezirke auf dem Balkan im 11. Jahrhundert – Zwei Fallbeispiele. –
ɁɊȼɂ 46 (2009), 65–87, here 67; cf. Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, ɪ.
5. Therefore, one should not take it for granted that the Balkan themes were of the same
structure like the older themes; now, a theme could mean a fortress or a city with its
surrounding, quoted from: Maksimoviü, L. Verwaltungsstrukturen in Byzanz und in den
Balkanländern. – In: Byzanz und seine Nachbarn, (ed.) Armin Hohlweg, 1996, ɪ. 53 f.
Additionally, (as seen further below in case of Patzinakia) administration of the border could
feature smaller, administratively more independent units, without these necessarily being
their own separate themes, quoted from: Ferluga, J. Militärisch-administrative Einheiten
geringeren Ranges der Themenverfassung. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der älteren
290
Taktikon, (historically closest to the here presented time frame), a doux or a

katepano is primarily linked with the Empire’s provinces8 . The two titles
were synonymous inasmuch that their presence meant they had under them a
professional army of imperial regiments or tagmata, instead of local troops9.
At first, doukates or katepanats functioned parallel to the strategiai, until
they eventually replaced them; by the end of the eleventh century, doux also
began to squeeze out the katepano10. As far as the commando goes, ‘it is
utterly difficult to see through the usage of expressions, that may come in
several combinations and meanings, for example ਙȡȤȦȞ, įȠȝȑıĲȚțȠȢ, įȠȪȟ or
įȡȠȣȖȖȐȡȚȠȢ’; the terms such as strategos could simply imply a commander
in a theme in general, referring more specifically to a domestikos, doux or a
katepano, or it could mean the highest dignitary of a theme, making the
interpretation of the sources difficult11. Also, the alternation of the commands
katepano and archon is present in written sources, while the same people
appear on seals only in their capacity as katepanoi; as such, “archon” in
chronicles was a licentia poetica of the writers12. Archon was, however, used
often, and for different Byzantine and foreign dignitaries, because it was
rather vague13.
Therefore, normally, themes were split into military and civil
administration with doux/katepano or strategos in charge of the military, and
praetor or krites in charge of the civil administration 14 . In the eleventh
century, a praetor came to denote a civil office of a krites or a judge in a
theme, also in charge of some civil dealings; this effectively made them civil
governors of them15. The civil/fiscal officials also include the kommerkiarioi.
Themenordnung (VII. – X. Jahrh.). – In: Byzantium on the Balkans. Studies on the Byzantine
Administration and the Southern Slavs from the VIIth to the XIIth Centuries, Amsterdam,
1976, 21–70, here 27.
8
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th – 12th Centu-
ries. Leiden, Boston, 2013, ɪ. 39; see also Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in
Change, ɪ. 178.
9
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, ɪ. 121; Kühn, H-J. Die
byzantinische Armee, ɪ. 123 f.
10
Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, ɪ. 77, 97; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 177.
11
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, ɪ. 35.
12
Mărcule‫܊‬, V. “The archontate of the Paristrion cities” or “of the cities from the
Istros” – a thema with a single name in the Byzantine literary sources. – Istros 17 (2011), 55
– 68, here 57.
13
Ferluga, J. Militärisch-administrative Einheiten, ɪ. 62, 65 f. However, Ferluga
based here presented observations on Taktikon Uspenskij’s, describing the situation of in the
ninth century; see also Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, ɪ. 35.
14
Krsmanoviü, B. Das Problem, ɪ. 66; The Byzantine Province in Change, ɪ. 79.
15
Seibt, W. Ein Blick in die byzantinische Gesellschaft. Die Bleisiegel im Museum
August Kestner. Rahden/Westf. 2011, ɪ. 65; Seibt, W., M. L. Zarnitz. Das Byzantinische
291
These sat in the important trading centers and were in charge of the troop
supplies and trade taxation, often in kind, commanding over the economy of
a theme16.
Historical Background and Contextualization

There is no evidence to assume Basil II introduced Byzantine civil or
financial administration to Bulgaria already in 1018, nor that the theme of
Paristrion was established already then17. It would seem ‘that after 1018/1019
in the Balkans, there were three command centers of the highest rank:
Thessalonike, Adrianople and Skopje’18. This would mean that the theme of
Bulgaria, with the center in Skopje, included the region by the
Danube/Paradounavon as well. With Svyatoslav’s murder of three hundred
Bulgarian boyars 19 and the rest of the nobility deported after the 1018
conquest, it is evident it was primarily the Byzantine officials ruling former
Bulgarian lands, apparently according to the Bulgarian customs.
Bulgaria 1018 – 1081

Theme of Bulgaria
Although Bulgaria has so far been referred to as a theme in a broader
meaning of a Byzantine administrative unit, sources suggest doukate/katapa-
nate would be a more appropriate term. Yahya of Antioch certainly calls it
the katepanate of Bulgaria 20 . This is not surprising, since such structures
were usually established on the frontiers and could command over several
themes 21 . As a katepanate, Bulgaria served to protect other Byzantine
territories, namely, Thrace and Greece22. The year 1018 is taken as a terminus
post quem for the establishment of the theme. Although KÜHN’s definition of
the territorial scope of the theme of Bulgaria could be subject of debate, the
Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk. Katalog zur Ausstellung . Wien, 1997, p. 80 f.; Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ., ȼ.
Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍ. 1: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (Vȱȱ – ɏȱV
ɜɟɤ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1999, ɫ. 349; cf. Oikonomides, N. L’évolution de l’organisation administrative
de l’empire byzantine au XIe siècle (1025 – 1118). – Travaux et Mémoires 6 (1976), p. 148;
cf. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 178. Interestingly, Ahrweiler comments that
such a service of a judge was considered an exile, even if the theme was a prestigious one,
quoted from: Ahrweiler, H. Recherches sur la société byzantine au XIe siècle: nouvelles
hierarchies et nouvelles solidarités. – Travaux et Mémoires 6 (1976), 99–124, here 102 f.
16
Seibt, W. Ein Blick in die byzantinische Gesellschaft, p. 22 f.; cf. Seibt, W., M.
L. Zarnitz. Das Byzantinische Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk, 58.
17
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern
Balkans, 900 – 1204. Cambridge, 2004, p. 80.
18
Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, p. 191 f.
19
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 55.
20
Ibid., p. 77.
21
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 40, 123 f.
22
Threadgold, W. A History of Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, 1997, p. 539.
292
general outline can be traced along the theme of Adrianople in the East, the
theme of Thessaloniki in the Southeast, the theme of Nikopolis in the
Southwest, Serbian principality of Zeta in the Northwest, and in the North
along the river Danube 23 . For Stephenson, “Bulgaria” at the time had a
narrower territorial connotation (denoting ‘lands around Ohrid, Prespa and
Skopje’) – according to him, only when the term ‘the whole of Bulgaria’
(pases Boulgarias) is applied should one understand it to mean the
abovementioned territories24. Zlatarski suggested this phrase in administra-
tive sense meant ‘the totality of the traditional Bulgarian territories (including
Paristrion)’25.
If after his victory of 1018 Basil really did secure his position by
gaining favour of regional aristocracy26, one might expect more Slavic names
appearing on seals found in Bulgaria. On the other hand, once they have
received the titles, these men were posted to more remote regions of the
Empire27. The highest positions in the most important cities were taken by
the Byzantines – one such example is ‘of the patrikios David Arianites as
strategos autokrator in Skopje. This last command was surely the senior
position in all the lands north of Thessaloniki and Dyrrachion, with authority
over strategoi of many kastra and districts once subject to Samuil’28. The
title of strategos autokrator was an unofficial one, given in dire political
situations29. As such, strategos autokrator was not a provincial commander –
he was appointed as a direct representative of the Emperor, answerable only
to him 30 . Skylitzes describes David Arianites’ investiture with the title 31 ,
23
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 227. The exact borders of Byzantine
themes are sometimes harder to trace than the date of their establishment. The Byzantines
themselves left little what could classify as maps, and none of it pertaining to the eleventh
century, quoted from: Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 3.
24
25
Nesbitt, J., N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks
and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Vol. I. Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea.
Washington D.C. 1991, p. 93; for the ecclesiastical meaning see Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s
Balkan Frontier, p. 78; Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, p. 193; for
organization of the conquered Bulgarian lands after 1018, see also Jordanov, I. The
Katepanate of Paradounavon According to the Sphragistic Data. – Studies in Byzantine
Sigillography 8, (2003), 63–74, here 73.
26
27
Ibid., p. 77.
28
Ibid., p. 74, 78.
29
Seibt, W. Ein Blick in die byzantinische Gesellschaft, p. 58, footnote 71: ‘A
commander-in-chief for a particular war or campaign, with quasi-imperial authority’;
30
cf. Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, p. 55 f.
31
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 228; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 179.
293
although he found his power limited to the theme of Bulgaria, and due to lack
of other written sources or seals, it remains unknown what his career while in
power in Skopje looked like32. Besides serving there in the aforementioned
position, David Arianites was previously doux of Thessaloniki 33 , and was
made katepano of Bulgaria, possibly at the same time when he was strategos
autokrator in Skopje; this dual title could date to the time of the very creation
of the theme of Bulgaria, with strategos autokrator being a temporary
investiture34.
After him, Constantine Diogenes, having served in Sirmium and
Thessaloniki, came to Skopje in 1026 as doux and patrikios of Bulgaria35.
Alternatively, he served on both posts simultaneously, as archon of Sirmium
and doux of Bulgaria36 . However, the term archon must be viewed as a
periphrasis for strategos. In the eleventh century, strategoi were in charge of
cities, and carried a military role 37 . Constantine is also known from the
narrative sources 38 . The same Constantine Diogenes will be sent back to
Thessaloniki a year later as a patrikios, from where he served as the doux of
Bulgaria39. Other estimates place him there in 1022/102540. He was also in
charge of dealing with the Pecheneg raids south of Danube41. According to
Skylitzes, by 1028, he was reposted to the theme of Thrakesion42. The new
katepano of Bulgaria was likely protospatharios Christopher Bulgaros, a man
of possible Bulgarian origin; according to Božilov, this functionary was a
commander of the joint unit of Bulgaria and Thessaloniki, with his seat in
Thessaloniki43. Attested by sigillographic evidence, the commander of Bulga-
rian theme after Bulgaros was Bardas, a protospatharios and strategos of
Bulgaria, who was also anagrapheus, and served sometime between 1028
32
Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, 55–57.
33
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 55.
34
35
Mihajlovski, R. A Collection of Medieval Seals from the Fortress Kale in
Skopje, excavated between 2007 and 2012. – Byzantion 86 (2016), 261–316, here 265.
36
Maksimoviü, L. Organizacija vizantijske vlasti u novoosvojenim oblastima posle
1018. godine. – ɁɊȼɂ 36 (1997), ɫ. 39; cf. Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Das byzantinische
Verteidigungssystem, p. 183 f.
37
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 140. Strategoi could be in
charge of city-themes as well, quoted from: Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, 157–
187, here 179.
38
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 229.
39
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 124; cf. Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K.
Das byzantinische Verteidigungssystem, p. 183 f.
40
41
42
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 180.
43
Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ., ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 344.
294
and 103044. An (imperial) protospatharios or the first sword-bearer was a

function originally referring to the commander of the spatharioi (imperial
bodyguards)45. Bardas is unknown to the narrative sources, but his seal can
be dated to 1020s46. Alternatively, this Bardas followed David Arianites47.
Interestingly, anagrapheus would usually be in charge of measuring the land,
a task sometimes performed by a krites, but also could issue tax notices, and
was essentially a member of financial administration48. According to Krsma-
noviü, anagrapheus was a standard office of a judge or a praetor49. David
Arianites is one of the few known strategoi of the theme of Bulgaria,
although it is unclear whether as such he represents an anomaly or whether
the lack of this title in the theme of Bulgaria has to do with the status of the
theme50.
However, Byzantines had problems in asserting their dominance in
the Balkans. The 1040 – 1041 rebellion of self-proclaimed grandson of
Samuil, Peter II Delyan managed to inconvenience lands up to Thessaloniki
and mobilize local populations and former Bulgarian nobles, such as Alusian,
an alleged son of Ivan Vladislav, who was made a co-ruler to Peter 51 .
Delyan’s forces were helped by a Bulgarian officer in service of the
Byzantines, Tihomir, who was also proclaimed tsar by the Bulgarian troops
44
Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ., ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 344 ɫɥ.; Zacos, G.
Byzantine Lead Seals, Vol. II, Bern, 1984, no. 370.
45
Seibt, W. Ein Blick in die byzantinische Gesellschaft, p. 45, footnote 41; Seibt,
W., M. L. Zarnitz. Das Byzantinische Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk, p. 70, 73.
46
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 158 ɫɥ.
47
Mihajlovski, R. A Collection of Medieval Seals, p. 265; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ
ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 159.
48
Seibt, W., M. L. Zarnitz. Das Byzantinische Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk, p. 81;
Dölger, F. Beiträge zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Finanzverwaltung besonderes des 10.
und 11. Jahrhunderts. Darmstadt, 1960, p. 83. Additionally, an anagrapheus served as a
fiscal administrator, to report on the land utilization and determine the taxes accordingly; his
duty would be limited to no more than a few themes, and could be shared with another
anagrapheus, quoted from: Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 176.
49
Krsmanoviü, B. Das Problem der sogenannten Zusammengesetzten Bezirke, p.
65.
50
51
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 130; Threadgold, W. A History
of Byzantine State, p. 588 f; Popoviü, M. Der Balkan vom Ende des Ersten bulgarischen
Reiches bis zum Beginn des Zweiten bulgarischen Reiches. Version 1.0, in: Online-
Handbuch zur Geschichte Südosteuropas. Volume 1: Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa
bis 1800, ed. by Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung, 24.6.2016, URL:
http://www.hgsoe.ios-regensburg.de/themen/herrschaft-politik-und-staatlichkeit.html, 8f; cf.
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Centrifugal Movements in the Balkans in the 11th Century. – In: Association
Internationale d’Études du Sud-Est Européen. Bulletin, 35-39, 2005 – 2009 (2010), 21–28,
here 24–26. See also Cheynet, J-C. Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963 – 1210). Paris,
1990.
295
in Byzantine service52. Although the revolt was unsuccessful, ‘the Bulgarian

uprising of 1040 – 41 revealed how weakly based Byzantine provincial
administration was in other parts of the Balkans’53.
‘After 1042 an official known as the pronoetes of all Bulgaria was
settled in Skopje’; Basil synkellos was the first one filling this function; on
his seals he is monachos, synkellos and anagrapheus of Bulgaria; he was also
at the head of the campaign of 1048 against the Pechenegs, and died fighting
them 105354. This would mean it was Basil, the pronoetes of all Bulgaria
who was sent, together with the doux of Adrianople to assist the commander
“of the cities from Istros”/Paradounavon, when Tyrach crossed the frozen
river with his men in 104855. ‘Pronoetai “of all Bulgaria” were stewards of
church estates’; alternatively, the function of pronoetes was somewhat
specific to Byzantine Bulgaria, and in the twelfth century denoted a man who
had certain rights, such as tax collection, in exchange for duty, usually a
military one 56 . Similarly, pronoetai could also serve as anagrapheis in
provinces in the eleventh century 57 , and were not only involved in fiscal
administration, but also acted as representative of the emperor58. Basil is one
of the three known pronoetai of Bulgaria; additionally, he is referred to as
hegemon, archon and satrapes59. As Jordanov points out, archon, satrapes
and hegemon were most likely anachronisms (alternatively, periphrases)60 .
On his other seals, Basil is a monachos, synkellos and anagrapheus of
Bulgaria 61 . Apparently, Basil’s incapability to deal with the nomads
prompted Constantine IX Monomachos (1042 – 1055) to a treaty with the
Pechenegs in 1053, settling them in the “Hundred Hills” region and
establishing Patzinakia, a semi-autonomous territory under command of the
52
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Centrifugal Movements, p. 24; Threadgold, W. A History of
Byzantine State, p. 588.
53
Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, 1025 – 1204. A Political History. London,
1997, p. 40; cf. Threadgold, W. A History of Byzantine State, p. 589.
54
Mihajlovski, R. A Collection of Medieval Seals, ɪ. 265 f.; Stephenson, P.
Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, ɪ. 137; Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals, Vol. II, no. 959;
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 3. Part One – Part Two.
Sofia 2009, here part 1, no. 1144.
55
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 159 ɫɥ.
56
Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, ɪ. 193; cf. Wassiliou-Seibt,
A-K. Der Terminus ȆȡȠȞȠȘĲȘȢ in der byzantinischen Verwaltung. – ɁɊȼɂ 50 (2013), 149–
162, here 149 f.
57
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Der Terminus ȆȡȠȞȠȘĲȘȢ, ɪ. 149.
58
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1: Byzantine
Seals with Geographical Names. Sofia, 2003, ɪ. 50.
59
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Der Terminus ȆȡȠȞȠȘĲȘȢ, 157.
60
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 161; cf. Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Der
Terminus ȆȡȠȞȠȘĲȘȢ, ɪ. 157.
61
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 1, no. 19.1.
296
Pechenegs62. Mihajlovski’s supposition, that by 1060 ‘Constantine patrikios,

anthypatos and vestes, logariastes and anagrapheus of the whole of
Bulgaria’63 replaced the katepano of Bulgaria seems rather impossible, since
this Constantine belongs to the civil administration of the theme. The
mention of “all Bulgaria” on his seals could refer to the entire theme, or
similar to pronoetes, this could denote the area of the archbishopric of
Bulgaria 64 . Logariastai as accountants were a part of the financial
administration and the office was particularly widespread in the eleventh
century 65 . Civil offices show Byzantium introduced the usual thematic
structures at the frontier as well – as a matter of fact, STEPHENSON argues this
is evidence of absorption of these territories to ‘internal frontier’66.Therefore,
by 1040s the theme of Bulgaria received its civilian administration with
pronoetes and praetor, and a financial one with anagrapheus67. Furthermore,
by 1060, with tax reforms in place, administration in the theme of Bulgaria
was divided into military and civil one, therefore resulting in two heads of a
theme, a doux/katepano and a praetor68.
The 1072 rebellion in the theme of Bulgaria, aimed at restoring the
Bulgarian Empire, broke out69 when Georgi Voyteh, helped by the troops of
Constantine Bodin, son of Zeta’s ruler, coincided with the recent Byzantine
defeat at Manzikert and the loss of Bari, as well as the Pecheneg revolt in
Paradounavon, therefore highlighting once again the precarious situation at
Byzantine borderlands 70 . After reestablishment of Byzantine power in
Bulgaria, one can witness a series of commanders who served briefly as
doukes71. The seals of civil servants are also found in the area in 1070s. One
62
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, ɪ. 92 ff. For details on Patzinakia,
see the chapter further below.
63
Mihajlovski, R. A Collection of Medieval Seals, p. 266; Stephenson, P.
Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, ɪ. 136; cf. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 164;
Nesbitt, J., N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, no. 29.1; Wassiliou, A-
K, W. Seibt. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in Österreich. 2. Teil. Zentral- und
Provinzialverwaltung. Vienna 2004, no. 112, 130.
64
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 176. For other seals of Constantine,
see Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals, Vol. II, no. 409, 422-423; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, 164–167, 181 f.; Wassiliou, A-K, W. Seibt. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in
Österreich, no. 220.
65
Seibt, W., M. L. Zarnitz. Das Byzantinische Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk, p. 145.
66
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, ɪ. 137.
67
Ibid., , p. 136 f.
68
Mihajlovski, R. A Collection of Medieval Seals, p. 266; Stephenson, P.
Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 137.
69
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Centrifugal Movements, 21–23.
70
Popoviü, M. Der Balkan, p. 9 f.
71
Mihajlovski, R. A Collection of Medieval Seals, p. 267; Madgearu, Ⱥ.
Byzantine Military Organization, p. 96; Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ., ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ,
297
such example are seals of John, proedros, krites of the velon and pronoetes of
Bulgaria, attested around 107572. Pronoetai as civil officials in the provinces
were under jurisdiction of krites or strategos of a thema.73 What is more, the
theme of Bulgaria seems to have existed until the establishment of the
Second Bulgarian Empire, although there is a mention of a doux of Skopje as
late as 119374.
Just like in the East, where ‘most doukes were appointed on an ad hoc
basis in response to a variety of constantly changing internal and external
political and military pressures’, which is why they would sometimes not be
replaced once the circumstances that lead to their appointment passed75, the
sigillographic evidence, or better said, lack thereof, suggests the same about
the Balkans. Similarly, such provisionary solutions led to a complicated,
debased, and ultimately unstable system of hierarchy76. Such a view shows
that the belief Byzantium ruled through the existing local power-structures, at
least militarily, but also when it comes to civilian administration is applicable
only to an extend – it is more plausible Byzantium ruled through the adapted,
rather than adopted structures.
Analysis of cities and fortresses reveals that from the middle of the
eleventh century, the commander of Bulgaria appears more frequently as
doux of Skopje (Skopje being the capital of the theme)77, and as Skylitzes
writes, doux of Skopje could be used interchangeably with doux of
Bulgaria78. Therefore, there is no reason to suppose, as Madgearu does, that
p. 346; cf. Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 232; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 172 f.; Nesbitt, J., N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, no.
29.3; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 2: Byzantine Seals with
Family Names. Sofia, 2006, no. 96–98; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from
Bulgaria. Volume 3, part 1, no. 1146; For further details on the doukes, see Kühn, H-J. Die
byzantinische Armee, p. 231; Mihajlovski, R. A Collection of Medieval Seals, p. 267;
Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ., ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 346; Threadgold, W. A History of
Byzantine State, p. 594 f. An ethnarch was a commander of the foreign mercenary armies, as
quoted from Oikonomides, N. L’évolution, p. 143.
72
Mihajlovski, R. A Collection of Medieval Seals, p. 278; Zacos, G. Byzantine
Lead Seals, Vol. II, no. 988; Wassiliou, A-K, W. Seibt. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in
Österreich, p. 219 f.
73
Wassiliou, A-K, W. Seibt. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in Österreich, p. 220.
74
75
Holmes, C. Byzantium’s Eastern Frontier in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. –
In: Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices, (ed.) David Abulafia, Nora Berend.
Aldershot, 2002, p. 91.
76
Maksimoviü, L. Verwaltungsstrukturen in Byzanz und in den Balkanländern, p.
54.
77
Maksimoviü, L. Organizacija vizantijske vlasti, p. 42; WASSILIOU-SEIBT, Das
byzantinische Verteidigungssystem, 178.
78
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Das byzantinische Verteidigungssystem, p. 178. ‘In the
Empire’s west, the importance (of the capital cities) of each doukate or katepanate as a well
298
the mention of the doux of Skopje meant the theme of Bulgaria was split into
two, with centers in Skopje and Belgrade 79 or, as JORDANOV writes, that it
remains unclear if doux of Skopje was also a commander of the theme of
Bulgaria80.
The alleged composite character81 of the Bulgarian theme is reflected
in the subordinance of commanders of smaller units, such as, according to
Skylitzes, strategos of Ochrid, strategos of Kastoria and patrikios and
anthypatos of Devol to Nikephoros Karantenos, the doux of Skopje82. The
doukate of Serdica was formed in 1059/1067.83. Dyrrachion (Durrës) became
a katepanate (1042), as did Beroe (Stara Zagora) in the last third of the
eleventh century; from the second half of the eleventh century, the former
seat of a strategos, Mesembria (Nesebar), could have also gotten its
katepano84. Within the theme of Bulgaria, ‘homogenisation, at least in the
military respect, was carried out through the position of the doux of
Bulgaria/Skopje’85.
Theme of Paradounavon
Paradounavon was a military unit attested to have been under the
command of a katepano, most likely from 1043 until 1091 – 109586. The
fortified points of defence, military reservoir of troops and a foothold for some undertakings,
has showed itself sometimes even clearer than in the eastern part of the Empire’, as quoted
from Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 167. The identification of a doux of a capital
city with the doux of the theme is found in the Eastern parts of the empire as well – so the
doux of Theodosioupolis stands for doux or katepano of Iberia from the middle of the
eleventh century, as quoted from Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, p.
182.
79
80
81
Other examples of these composite administrative units include Voleron-
Strymon-Thessaloniki, Thrace-Macedonia and Peloponnes-Hellas; the most important
constituent part was named last, as quoted from Krsmanoviü, ȼ. Das Problem der
sogenannten Zusammengesetzten Bezirke, 70. For further details and examples, see
Krsmanoviü, ȼ. Das Problem der sogenannten Zusammengesetzten Bezirke, p. 69, 76; cf.
82
Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, p. 192.
83
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 99; Mihajlovski, R. A
Collection of Medieval Seals, p. 266.
84
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Das byzantinische Verteidigungssystem, 167–170.
85
86
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ ĲȠȣ șȑȝĮĲȠȢ
ȆĮȡĮįȠȣȞȐȕȠȣ țĮȚ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȞȫĲĮĲȠȣȢ ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲȚțȠȪȢ įȚȠțȘĲȑȢ ĲȘȢ [Bemerkungen zur
Einrichtung der militärischen Verwaltungseinheit Paradunabon (ȆĮȡĮįȠȪȞĮȕȠȞ) und
Kommandanten]. - In: Holokotinon. Studies in Byzantine Numismatics and Sigillography in
Memory of Petros Protonotarios (Bibliotheca of the Hellenic Numismatic Society 10).
(Athens 2013), 181-195, here 181.
299
borders of the theme could roughly be defined by Danube and the Balkan
Mountains, the Black Sea and probably Vidin, yielding over a thousand
Byzantine seals found in that area87. ‘The forms ʌĮȡ‫ ޟ‬ĲާȞ ‫ݳ‬ıĲȡȠȞ ʌȩȜİȚȢ, Ĳ‫ޟ‬
ȆĮȡȓıĲȡȚĮ, ȆĮȡĮįȠȪȞĮȕȠȞ and ȆĮȡĮįȠȪȞĮȕȚȢ seem to have not only a
general geographical meaning, but also seem to have been used entirely as a
denomination for the administrative unit on Lower Danube’ 88 . “Paradou-
navon” or “near the Danube” used a slavic-based term for the Istros river89.
Paradounavon was the official name of the theme, whereas the written
sources use the term Paristrion90. The commanders of the region are referred
to as ‫݋‬ʌȐȡȤȠȞĲȠȢ țĮĲ‫ ޟ‬ĲާȞ ‫ݳ‬ıĲȡȠȞ ʌȩȜİȦȞ in the primary literature91, using
the Byzantine name for the river. As with the titles in the theme of Bulgaria,
‘the gulf between ‘rhetoric’ and ‘reality’ in Byzantine literature’92 was often a
significant one. The first capital of the theme was Dristra93.
There are various speculations on the exact date of its establishment,
ranging from as early as 971, mostly in Romanian historiography94, to 1019
and 1020s, to as late as 1050s95. As Wassiliou-Seibt argues, the strategia of
Dristra could also have been placed hierarchically under the new theme of
Bulgaria – it is most likely the entire territory of former Bulgarian Empire
was organized into a theme of Bulgaria under a katepano or a doux, and
smaller centers were under the jurisdiction of this commander 96 . For
87
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 72; cf. Kühn, H-J. Die
byzantinische Armee, p. 224; Mărcule‫܊‬, V. The archontate of the Paristrion cities, p. 56;
Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Military Organization of Paradunavon. – Byzantinoslavica 60 (1999), 2,
421–446, here 422 f.
88
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 223; cf. Mărcule‫܊‬, V. The archontate of
the Paristrion cities, p. 56 f.
89
90
Ibid.
91
Ibid.
92
93
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 72 f.
94
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 72. Božilov states researchers
such as Bănescu were driven primarily by nationalistic tendencies, as quoted from Božilov,
I. L’administration byzantine en Bulgarie (1018 – 1186): le cas de Paristrion – Paradounavon
(Paradounavis). - In: Byzantium and the Bulgarians (1018 – 1185), (ed.) Katerina Nikolaou,
Kostas Tsiknakis (Athens 2008), 91–97, here 92.
95
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, p. 181. For further
dating see also Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 167; Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische
Armee, p. 63; Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Das byzantinische Verteidigungssystem, 190; cf.
96
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, 192; Wassiliou-
Seibt, A-K. Das byzantinische Verteidigungssystem, 177. Also, since ‘the territorial extend
and the capital city of the civil and ecclesiastical administrative structures – usually
coincided’ and the archbishopric of Bulgaria had under its ecclesiastical jurisdiction the
territory of the former Bulgarian state, there is no reason to suppose Paradounavon did not
300
Wassiliou-Seibt, 1043 is a definite terminus post quem for the existence of

Paradounavon as a military administrative unit97. However, the actual name
of Paradounavon as an administrative unit is attested sigillographically only
after 105098. Jordanov agrees the sigillographic evidence supports the thesis
that Paradounavon came into existence after being separated from the theme
of Bulgaria in composition of which it was included until late 1050s; this
establishment of another administrative unit occurred most probably due to
the difficulties of leading a defense against the Pechenegs from Skopje in a
theme as large as Bulgaria; namely, now the North of the theme would be
ruled from smaller centers like Preslav, Dristra or Preslavitsa99 . Sphragis-
tically, the existence of the katepanate is attested until 1070s.100 However,
there is a general decline in sources for the administration of this region in
the twelfth century, and KÜHN is of the opinion Paradounavon existed until
1185101.
The Pecheneg raids of 1036 managed to capture five strategoi of
unknown cities, presumably along Danube, suggesting a developed (if
inefficient) defense system at the frontier102. The Archaeological excavations
reveal destruction in strongholds like Noviodounos, Capidava, Dervent,
Garvăn and others; even the fortresses in the inland, such as Tsar Asen,
Rujno, or Odărci were not restored103. This forced Michael IV Paphlagonian
(1034 – 1041) to reconsider arming the fortresses on the Danube, in order to
avoid the moving of the defense line to the Haemus Mountains104. Although
this supposition that a strip of uninhabited “no man’s land” would repulse
attacks due to no readily available provisions or booty105, both in the East and
in the West this tactic was its own vital flaw – namely, it created a space
vacuum, making it de facto easier for the nomads to settle these regions.
Similarly, archaeological evidence from Dobrudja suggests a lively urban life
in the eleventh century106. John the Orphanotrophos, the chief minister, and
originally belong to the theme of Bulgaria, as quoted from: Jordanov, I. Corpus of

Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, p. 136; The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 73.
97
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Das byzantinische Verteidigungssystem, p. 179.
98
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 73.
99
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, 73. See also Wassiliou-Seibt, A-
K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, 183; Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in
Change, p. 196.
100
101
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 224 f.
102
103
Ibid., p. 117 f.
104
105
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 169 f.
106
Mărcule‫܊‬, V. The archontate of the Paristrion cities, p. 62.
301
Michael IV Paphlagonian’s brother, tried appeasing the Pechenegs by a treaty

(1036) as well, so as to avoid further nomadic attacks107.
Madgearu interprets Skylitzes’ mention of Katakalon Kekaumenos as
“archon of the towns and lands along Ister” ((ȕȑıĲȘȢ țĮȚ) ܿȡȤȠȞ ‫ޑ‬Ȟ ĲࠛȞ ʌĮȡ‫ޟ‬
ĲާȞ ‫ݳ‬ıĲȡȠȞ ʌȩȜİȦȞ țĮ‫ ޥ‬ȤȦȡȓȦȞ) as evidence for a commander of this theme
in 1042/1043108. As seen in the case of Bulgaria, an archon could denote any
commander. Jordanov suggested Kekaumenos was present in the region, as a
commander of a tagma, but is not sigillographically relatable to
administration of the theme since the seals on which he is anthypatos,
patrikios and katepano bear no toponyms109. He sent word to Constantinople
of a pending Pecheneg crossing of the Danube – due to the Uzes’ pressure,
two of the Pecheneg chieftains, Tyrach and Kegen clashed over power, with
Kegen being a popular usurper110; however, having lost the power-struggle,
around 1045/1046 Kegen had to flee to Byzantium111. He was received by the
commander of Paradounavon who sent him to the capital to be baptized,
invested with the rank of patrikios and put in charge of three unidentified
fortresses on the Danube112. His men were to serve as defense of the border
region, expended by the former raids113. The said commander who received
him was patrikios Michael, son of Anastasios logothetes; Michael was,
according to Skylitzes, also a “ruler of the Paristrian cities” (ܿȡȤȦȞ ĲࠛȞ
ȆĮȡȚıĲȡȓȦȞ ʌȩȜİȦȞ) sometime between 1045 and 1048114. A group of seals
107
108
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 64, cf. Wassiliou-Seibt, A-
K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, 183; Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, p. 225;
Jordanov, I. The Byzantine administration in Dobrudja (10th – 12th century) according to
sphragistic data. – Dobrudža 12 (1995), 204–223, here 210 f.; see also John Skylitzes. A
Synopsis of Byzantine History. 811-1057, (ed.) John Wortley. Cambridge, 2010, p. 21.6.
109
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 64; The Byzantine
administration in Dobroudja, p. 211.
110
Meško, M. Pecheneg Groups in the Balkans (ca. 1053-1091) according to the
Byzantine Sources. – In: The Steppe Lands and the World Beyond Them. Studies in Honor of
Victor Spinei on his 70th Birthday, (ed.) Florin Curta, Bogdan-Petru Maleon. Iaúi, 2013,
179–205, here 181.
111
112
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 89 f.; Angold, M. The
Byzantine Empire, p. 38; Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Pechenegs in the Byzantine army, p. 209.
113
Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Pechenegs in the Byzantine army, p. 210 f.
114
Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, p. 38; Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee,
p. 225; Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 64 f.; Jordanov, I. The
Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 64; Wasilewski, T. L’administration byzantine dans la
vallée du bas Danube au Xe et XIe siècles selon la sigillographie. – Dobrudža 12 (1995),
190–203, here 198: Wasilewski identifies Michael with Michael Akolouthos. The exact date
of Kegen’s crossing, Michael’s command over Paradounavon and subsequent Tyrach’s
crossing of the Danube can be placed in the time-frame of 1045 – 1048, but the scholarly
302
clearly mentions a certain Michael as vestarches and katepano of

Paradounavon, and yet, Jordanov warns one can not with absolute certainty
claim this is the same Michael, the son of Anastasios115. Also, ‘inflation of
honours’ was caused by the enlargement of the state apparatus under
Constantine IX Monomachos (1042 – 1055)116.
In 1047/1048 the Pecheneg Tyrach crossed the frozen Danube117, but
his pillaging campaign was cut somewhat short by pestilence118. Avoiding
Kegen’s retribution – Kegen having demanded Tyrach and his men be
executed, Tyrach too was baptized, together with his men, and awarded high
ranks 119 . He was given lands between Serdica (Sofia), Nisos (Niš) and
Eutzapolis (Ovþe Pole)120. The episode shows how ‘the imperial power was
no more able to maintain the entire system of fortifications, and preferred
instead to grant them to various warlords who had the capability and the
interest to take care of them, even though, at least theoretically, the emperor
was still in charge of these forts’, a practice already seen in the Eastern
opinions on the matter differ. For more on this debate, see Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military
Organization, p. 65; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, c. 159, ɛɟɥ. 1.
115
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, ɪ. 64 f.; cf. Jordanov, I. The
Byzantine administration in Dobroudja, ɪ. 211.
116
Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, ɪ. 95. For other effects, see Threadgold, W.
A History of Byzantine State, ɪ. 591; Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, ɪ. 58. The reforms
of Constantine IX Monomachos (1042 – 1055) did initiate reforms in 1043 – 1047 to make
the themes more civilian; however, this did not apply to the frontier themes (quoted from:
Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, ɪ. 61 f.). Also, The reforms were meant to be exercised
in peaceful times, which could not be afforded, at the periphery of the Balkans (quoted from:
Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, ɪ. 69.).
117
The reasons for this are manifold: he could have been provoked by Kegen’s
incursions north of the Danube (quoted from: Spinei, V. The Romanians and the Turkic
Nomads North of the Danube Delta From the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. Leiden,
Boston, 2009, p. 109; Curta, F. The image and archaeology of the Pechenegs. – Banatica 23
(2013), 152; Schmitt, O. Die Petschenegen auf dem Balkan von 1046 bis 1072. – In: Pontos
Euxeinos. Beiträge zur Archäologie und Geschichte des Antiken Schwarzmeer - und
Balkanraumes, (ed.) Sven Conrad et alii. Langenweißbach, 2006, p. 478.); it could have been
in accordance with the Byzantine emperor (quoted from: Schmitt, O. Die Petschenegen,
473–490, here 479.); the move certainly had to do with the Uzes’ move westwards due to
Cuman incusions into their territory (quoted from: Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Pechenegs in the
Byzantine army, p. 210; Spinei, V. The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads, p. 110, 113.).
Since the Pechenegs took their women and children with them, this move is seen as a
migrational one by Attaleiates, and this is not contradicted by Skylitzes (quoted from:
Schmitt, O. Die Petschenegen, p. 478).
118
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 90; Angold, M. The Byzantine
Empire, ɪ. 38.
119
120
Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, ɪ. 38; CURTA, The image and archaeology,
148.
303
frontier121 . The reconstruction of the command of Paradounavon in 1050s

must rely heavily on sigillographic evidence 122 : Michael’s successor was
Leon Drimys, anthypatos, patrikios and katepano of Dristra123 or Constan-
tine, patrikios and katepano of Dristra (1030 – 1040/ 1047 – ); the patronym
of Constantine can not be read in its entirety, and alternatively, the toponym
could be reconstructed as Paristrion 124 . Ultimately, Dristra was used as a
synonym for Paradounavon, as it was its capital.
Romanos IV Diogenes (1068 – 1071), the future emperor who,
according to the narrative sources, had the function of the archon of
Paristrian cities (in the usual periphrasis by the Byzantine authors) succeeded
this position of katepano sometime before 1067125. Mărcule‫ ܊‬dates this post to
1053, dating it from Michael Attaleiates, who calls Romanos vestarches and
archon of the cities from the Istros126. While the written sources attribute the
role of ܿȡȤȦȞ ĲࠛȞ ʌİȡ‫ ޥ‬ĲާȞ ‫ݳ‬ıĲȡȠȞ ʌȩȜİȦȞ to the man in question, the seals
most likely belonging to him identify him as a ʌĮĲȡíțȚȠȢ țĮì ıĲȡĮĲȘȖóȢ
(1050s), ʌĮĲȡíțȚȠȢ ܻȞșȪʌĮĲȠȢ, ȕȑıĲȘȢ țĮì ıĲȡĮĲȘȖóȢ (1050s and 1060s), and
ȕİıĲȐȡȤȘȢ țĮì țĮĲİʌȐȞȦ (before 1067), albeit omitting ‘a definite military or
administrative unit’, making it more likely ‘he was at the emperor’s disposal
and was sent at the head of the tagma in a region where it was necessary’127.
The five found seals of Demetrios Katakalon, dated to 1050s, refer to
him as anthypatos, patrikios and katepano of Paradounavon128, making him
‘the first commander to be called katepano of Paradunavon’129 and tell of a
121
Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Pechenegs in the Byzantine army, 211 f.
122
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, p. 192.
123
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, p. 186, 192.
124
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 65; Nesbitt, J., N.
Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, no. 65.1.
125
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 65; Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine
Military Organization, p. 66; Jordanov, I. The Byzantine administration in Dobroudja, p.
212.
126
Mărcule‫܊‬, V. The archontate of the Paristrion cities, p. 59; Michael Attaleiates.
The History. (ed.) Anthony Kaldellis, Dimitris Krallis. London, 2012, p. 16.8; cf. Madgearu,
Ⱥ. The Military Organization of Paradunavon, p. 225.
127
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 65; see also Jordanov, I. The
Byzantine administration in Dobroudja, p. 212.
128
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 67; ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, ɋɬ.
ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. – ȼ: ɋɛ. 100
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞ-ɪ ȼɚɫɢɥ ɏɚɪɚɥɚɧɨɜ (1907-2007). ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2008, 137–146,
here 140; Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, ɪ. 68; Nesbitt, J., N.
Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, no. 67.1; Jordanov, I. Corpus of
Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, no. 58.1; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 2, no. 302–
303, cf. no. 304; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 3, part 1, no. 1373–1375, cf.
no. 1462.
129
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, ɪ. 67.
304
new administrative unit on the Danube frontier130. According to the seals the
actual katepanate of Paradounavon was established in 1050s, possibly as a
response of Isaac Komnenos (1057 – 1059), to the Pecheneg and Hungarian
pressure 131 , albeit with little success 132 . His titles anthypatos and vestes,
which were bestowed upon him while in service in Paradounavon133 seem to
suggest his long tenure, which in turn must indicate his service in
Paradounavon after 1055, following Romanos Diogenes134. He is not known
from narrative sources135.
It has been ‘proposed that in 1065 the theme of Paradunavon (sic) had
been divided into two smaller provinces – Western and Eastern Paristrion’;
the division also possibly dates to 1059, with a certain Basil Apokapes as
commander of Western Paristrion136. Although such division is unlikely, this
theory is based on the Attaleiates’ remark about Basil Apokapes and
Nikephoros Botaneiates as “rulers of the Danubian cities” or “ਥʌĮȡȤȩȞĲȦȞ
Ĳ૵Ȟ țĮĲ੹ ĲઁȞ ੍ıĲȡȠȞ ʌȩȜİȦȞ”137. Similar mention is to be found in Ioannes
Zonaras (‫݋‬ʌȐȡȤȠȞĲȠȢ ĲࠛȞ țĮĲ‫ ޟ‬ĲާȞ ‫ݳ‬ıĲȡȠȞ ʌȩȜİȦȞ), while Skylitzes refers to
them as having “commanded the territories near the river of Istros”138. It
does remain a fact, that the seals of Basil Apokapes discovered in the Balkans
witness him to be a magistros, vestes and doux, but none of them so far
mention the geographical domain under his command139. If Basil Apokapes
was in command of troops from several provinces, as suggested in the
Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, sent to Paradounavon to deal with the Uzes
in 1065, it should be of little surprise his seals bear no specific regional
marks140. As already mentioned, a possible commander of Paradounavon for
1063 – 1065 was Nikephoros Botaneiates, since he served as commander of
130
Ibid., p. 68.
131
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 68; cf. Jordanov, I. The
Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 73.
132
133
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 67; Jordanov, I. Corpus of
Byzantine Seals, Vol. 2, no. 302–303, cf. no. 304.
134
135
136
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 69; cf. with cursus honorum
in Wasilewski, T. L’administration byzantine dans la vallée du bas Danube, p. 199;
137
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 69; Michael Attaleiates. The
History, p. 14.6.
138
Mărcule‫܊‬, V. The archontate of the Paristrion cities, p. 59.
139
Military Organization, p. 71; cf. Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 2, no. 43–45;
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 3, part 1, no. 1449–1451. For further details on
Basil Apokapes see Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 66; cf. Kühn, H-J.
Die byzantinische Armee, p. 225 f.; Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 70 f.
140
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, 71–73, 129 f.
305
Thessaloniki until 1063 and from 1065 as commander of Cyprus141. Howe-

ver, ‘it is possible that parts of the theme of Bulgaria were re-shuffled in
1059 to form a separate province based on Serdica, as a measure against
Hungary’142. Therefore, it was not Paradounavon that was divided, but rather
the theme of Bulgaria that had to cede territory to the new theme of Serdica,
encompassing the region from Philippoupolis to Nisos143. Consequently, the
aforementioned Basil Apokapes was sent to the region from Vaspurakan to
aid the official commander of Paradounavon and the titles granted to Basil
discussed above were given to him on temporary basis, therefore serving in
full capacity, but only for the duration of the campaign – hence, the theme of
Paradounavon did have only one commander, separate from the military aid
he received. 144 Lastly, since after 1050s only tourmarch and ek prosopou
appear on seals of the cities in Paradounavon, instead of strategoi, it could be
interpreted as an administratively unified katepanate, with no divisions
within it145. “Ek prosopou” meant they were appointed by the emperor to
either represent or even replace a commander of a theme.146 However, the
one seal of a “Basileios ek prospopou tou Paradounavon” can not be
unequivocally linked to Basil Apokapes147.
There seems to be a gap in the available sources for the mid 1060s
until 1072/3 for the command of Paradounavon148. In 1072, parallel to the
one of Georgi Voyteh in Bulgaria, a rebellion broke out in Paradounavon and
the local populace in Dristra turned to the Pecheneg Tatuos, possibly the
archon of Patzinakia, and named him their ruler149. This was problematic,
because Byzantium relied on local populace for loyalty, and help in
defending the mountain passes150. Therefore, since the Pechenegs in Paradou-
navon did not receive tribute anymore, they moved south in search of it,
raiding Thrace.151 As a matter of fact, ‘Tatuos represented a new generation
141
Ibid., p. 76.
142
Ibid., p. 76 f.
143
Ibid., p. 77.
144
Ibid., p. 75.
145
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 73; cf. Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K.
ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, p. 193.
146
147
148
Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Military Organization of Paradunavon, p. 428.
149
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 79; cf. Madgearu, Ⱥ.
Centrifugal Movements, p. 21 f.; Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Pechenegs in the Byzantine army, p.
216.
150
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 143 f.; A similar scenario is
to be observed in Armenia, where Byzantium preferred to keep control through some local
forts and loyalty of the locals (as seen in both instances – this policy failed), quoted from:
Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, ɪ. 42.
151
306
of Pecheneg leaders (…) who were ready to question the loose Byzantine
supremacy over the whole province’152. Consequently, a certain Nestor was
sent to the region to reinstate order153 . Being mentioned by Skylitzes and
Attaleiates, he became the commander of the theme of Paristrion around
1071 – 1072154. ‘In this case too, no seals of Nestor as katepano of Dristra or
doux of Paristrion have come down to us’. 155 According to the narrative
sources, instead of subduing the rebellion, Nestor, a man native to the
Balkans (as Attaleiates puts it: Ĳࠜ ‫ݸ‬ȝȠĲȓȝ࠙ ĲȠࠎ ȖȑȞȠȣȢ), joined the insurgents
instead156. Since a doukate or a katepanate got its name from the main city,
and Nestor is present as doux Paristrion and katepano Dristras, both phrases
refer to the same function 157 . Although this alliance fell apart 158 , it is an
example of how Byzantium could effectively exert control only in Northern
Dobrudja, therefore making Noviodounos (Isaccea) a new center of
Paradounavon 159 . As a matter of fact, one could argue Byzantium only
managed to keep control over Noviodounos, Carsium (Hâr‫܈‬ova), Axiopolis
(Cernavodă) and Dristra 160 . For the period of 1072 – 1091, it seems
Paradounavon was not under the control of Constantinople, but instead local
control 161 . This premise is fortified by the fact that there are no seals of
commanders of Paradounavon retrieved for the period 1072 – 1081, therefore
possibly calling into question the existence of the katepanate of
Paradounavon during this time162. However, once again, one needs to look at
other available sources to reach a conclusion. SPINEI, for example, contradicts
this premise by mentioning archaeological finds such as seals and coins from
152
Meško, M. Pecheneg Groups, p. 189.
153
Military Organization, p. 80; Spinei, V. The Great Migrations in the East and South East of
Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century. Cluj-Napoca, 2003, p. 137.
154
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, p. 67; Michael Attaleiates. The
History, p. 26.2.
155
156
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 81; Madgearu, Ⱥ. The
Periphery against the Centre: The Case of Paradunavon. – ɁɊȼɂ 40 (2003), 49–57, here 50;
Michael Attaleiates. The History, ɪ. 26.2.
157
Kühn, H-J. Die byzantinische Armee, ɪ. 166. For further details on this episode
see Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, ɪ. 81; cf. Jordanov, I. The Byzantine
administration in Dobroudja, ɪ. 213; Threadgold, W. A History of Byzantine State, ɪ. 607;
Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Periphery against the centre, ɪ. 51.
158
159
Ibid., ɪ. 131.
160
Ibid., ɪ. 168.
161
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Das byzantinische Verteidigungssystem, ɪ. 181.
162
307
the area as evidence that at least some parts of Paradounavon stayed under
Byzantine control post 1072163.
Therefore, the written records tell of the commanders of the cities of
Ister164, but there is no sigillographic evidence to support such mentions; the
seals corresponding to the persons mentioned refer to them as katepano or
doux, in charge of regional tagma, and therefore most probably there due to
specific military tasks165. Vice versa, not one person attested as katepano or
doux of Paradounavon through sigillographic evidence, is mentioned as such
in written sources166. The military offices directly linked with Paradounavon
were katepano/doux, ek prosopou and tourmarches167.
The city of Dristra (Silistra) had a katepano or as strategos; the third
group of seals testifies to the existence of kommerkiarios in Dristra.168 As
seen, katepano of Dristra is synonymous with the katepano of Paradounavon.
Right after the establishment of the theme of Bulgaria, the strategos of
Dristra would have been under command of the doux of the theme of
Bulgaria 169 . According to Jordanov, the establishment of the office of
kommerkiarios in Dristra dates to the earliest years of the eleventh century,
when the Byzantine border on Danube was reestablished170 . Although the
exact site of Preslavitsa remains uncertain171, ironically many of the seals of
163
Spinei, V. The Great Migrations, ɪ. 142; As a comparison, in the East in 1050s
the defence system was kept by few troops in key positions, and it relied on the loyalty of the
local populace, as quoted from Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, ɪ. 41 f.
164
The claim that the phrase “of the cities (/territories) of” is not found in any other
sources for Byzantine themes of the eleventh and twelfth century is simply not true if one
looks at ‘the foundation of the theme of “the poleis on the Euphrates” ’, with the commander
possibly being a doux/katepano, who was referred to by Skylitzes as strategos, quoted from:
Mărcule‫܊‬, V. The archontate of the Paristrion cities, ɪ. 65 f.; Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine
Province in Change, ɪ. 183 f. Moreover, the fact that it is Skylitzes who uses the same
phrase, leads to the conclusion he was referring to at least very similar administrative units.
165
Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of Paradounavon, ɪ. 68.
166
Ibid., ɪ. 71.
167
Jordanov, I. The Byzantine administration in Dobroudja, ɪ. 207. For the details
on ek prosopou and tourmarches in Paradounavon, see Jordanov, I. The Katepanate of
Paradounavon, ɪ. 73; cf. Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, ɪ.
193. Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ., ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 354.
168
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, ɪ. 62 f.
169
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. ȆĮȡĮĲȘȡȒıİȚȢ ıȤİĲȚțȐ ȝİ ĲȘȞ ȓįȡȣıȘ, ɪ. 192.
170
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, 64. Many seals of
kommerkiarioi of Dristra found paint a picture of the town as a commercial hot-spot from the
onset of the eleventh century, strengthened later by the trade with the Pechenegs. For
examples of kommerkiarioi of Dristra, see Nesbitt, J., N. Oikonomides. Catalogue of
Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, no. 65.2; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, nos. 23.6,
23.7, 23.8.
171
For details on possible locations, see Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military
Organization, p. 92; Jordanov, I. Dobrudža (491 – 1092) – selon les donnés de la
308
strategoi of Preslavitsa remain preserved172. Since three kommerkiarioi sat in

Preslavitsa173, the city must have been geographically close to the border174.
Kommerkiarioi in Preslavitsa, and in Dristra, were meant to regulate trade
with the Pechengs, North of the Lower Danube175. Preslavitsa therefore had a
strategos as military administrator, and a kommerkiarios as an office of a
financial functionary in the eleventh century176. However, this is no evidence
of civil administration in Paradounavon. As far other cities are concerned,
Paradounavon had a strategos in each of the following: Preslav177, Pliska,
Varna, Noviodounos, Preslavitsa, Garvăn, Krivina and Vetren, with a
possibility that additionally, strategoi were appointed to significant keeps as
well 178 . Since no contemporary evidence for the existence of civil
administration had been retrieved so far from Paradounavon, possibly due to
the Pecheneg settlement south of Danube – despite reports of existence of
large cities, the theme could have been a strictly military theme, or
alternatively, could have, in terms of civil authority, been under the authority
of judge/pronoetes of the theme of Bulgaria179.
Patzinakia
The only available source for Patzinakia in the eleventh century is
sigillography180. As seen, the Pechenegs were used by the Byzantine Empire
as allies when it suited Byzantine needs181. The territory was not split from
Paradounavon – instead, it is to be viewed as a part of it182, as a smaller unit
with higher degree of administrative independence183. It is also referred to as
numismatique et la sphragistique. – In: Dobrudža. Études (1987), 182–207, here 200f.;

Madgearu, Ⱥ. Rethinking the Byzantine Balkans, , p. 206; for Nufăru also see Stephenson,
P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 56 f.; for overview of the sources and debate see also
Oikonomides, N. Presthlavitza, the little Preslav. – Südost-Forschungen 42 (1983), 1–9.
172
For a detailed list, see Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 90 f.;
Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Gelesenes und Geschriebenes, ɪ. 134 f.; Nesbitt, J., N.
Oikonomides. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, Vol. 1, no. 78.4; Jordanov, I. Corpus
of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 3, part 1, ; nos. 1406, 1414–1422.
173
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 91; see also Oikonomides,
N. Presthlavitza, 1–9.
174
Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Military Organization of Paradunavon, p. 429: However, it
needs to be said that at this point Madgearu equates Preslav and Preslavitsa.
175
176
Jordanov, I. The Byzantine administration in Dobroudja, p. 205 f.
177
For examples of strategoi of Preslav see Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (971-1118). ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2019, ɫ. 106 ɫɥ.
178
179
Krsmanoviü, ȼ. The Byzantine Province in Change, ɪ. 198, 209.
180
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1, ɪ. 138.
181
Spinei, V. The Great Migrations, ɪ. 137.
182
Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Periphery against the centre, ɪ. 51.
183
Ferluga, J. Militärisch-administrative Einheiten, 2 –70, here 27.
309
The Hundred Hills or Hekaton Bounoi.184. In other words, Patzinakia was a

territory in Southern Dobrudja, granted to the Pechenegs sometime after
1053. 185 Constantine Monomachos’ grant of the lands of Patzinakia as a
move to stunt ‘an independent colonization of Paristrion’ 186 was nothing
more than throwing a stamp of Byzantine approval over events that would
have taken place in any case. It also served as a buffer zone against the
nomads beyond Danube187. It also was a “permeable frontier” – a transition
zone of mixobarbaroi, or half-barbarians 188 . Borders at both ends of the
Empire were therefore not absolutely demarcated, and served as a space for
diplomacy, with important fiscal roles, and yet were never far removed from
possible conflict189.
‘Two seals with the inscription Ioánnes magistros kaì archon
Patzinakias (…) most certainly have belonged to [John Kegenos] (…). That
territory remained under imperial control, for the [office] of archon was only
given to rulers of autonomous regions on the periphery. It is obvious that the
Pechenegs from that territory could operate within the Empire only as
stratiotai’190. ‘Byzantine influence in the northern and central Balkans was
now very largely exercised through a series of local communities, enjoying a
greater or a lesser degree of autonomy from the central government’ 191 .
However, the Pecheneg assimilation, with their unwillingness to integrate
and change their way of life, failed192.
Therefore, the Empire also found it increasingly hard to control their
nomadic neighbours, even with bribes and trade. One could argue that trade
only strengthened Pechenegs, turning them into the mixobarbaroi.
Conclusion
After 1018, Byzantium organized the (re)conquered Bulgarian lands
into one theme, namely Bulgaria, with the theme of Paradounavon being
184
Meško, M. Pecheneg Groups, p. 182. Jordanov thinks this territory did not use to
belong to the Bulgarian empire, as quoted from Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol.
1, p. 138. Although much earlier, Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (913 – 959) reports that
‘Patzinakia stretched from the bank opposite Distra (modern Silistra) to Sarkel on the Don’,
as quoted from Spinei, V. The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads, p. 94.
185
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Centrifugal Movements, p. 24.
186
187
Ibid., p. 96.
188
Madgearu, Ⱥ. Byzantine Military Organization, p. 125 and footnote 115.
189
Holmes, C. Byzantium’s Eastern Frontier, 101–103.
190
Madgearu, Ⱥ. The Pechenegs in the Byzantine army, p. 211; Jordanov has also
suggested that a man from the seal is a son or a grandson of Kegen from the sources, where
Kegenos is a new patronym, as quoted from Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals, Vol. 1,
p. 142.
191
Angold, M. The Byzantine Empire, ɪ. 39.
192
Ibid., p. 40, 47.
310
created a quarter of a century later. The administration of the two themes

echoes the late tenth century transition from being ruled by a strategos, to a
doux or a katepano. One difference necessary to emphasize is the
establishment of Paradounavon as a military district, whereas Bulgaria bears
some marks of civil administrators. This difference is linked with the
nomadic incursions from the north. Therefore, while Bulgaria was to repulse
attacks from Hungary and possibly Duklja, but was exempt from being on a
constant war footing, Paradounavon had the same task with the Pechenegs,
and later Uzes on the Danube, serving as a permanent buffer zone.
Byzantium sought to harvest the military as well as monetary potential of
their enemies by trying to assert its authority over nomadic groups, which
settled within the Empire’s borders. As far as the centers of Byzantine
authority in the themes of Bulgaria and Paradounavon are concerned, these
did comply with the essential functions of Byzantine provincial centers –
they served a protective function, reflected in the titles of their commanders –
therefore making them the strongholds of Byzantine authority in those lands.
When viewed in the context of the time, none of the title and office
combinations one encounters in the themes of Bulgaria and Paradounavon
were unusual for a thematic system. The evidence of military administrators,
whether appointed on temporary or permanent basis, demonstrated the
themes of Bulgaria and Paradounavon fell under what one might call
standard Byzantine militarized borders. However, as examples of
neighbouring themes show193, the civil administration of other themes in the
eleventh century was much more developed than one sees in the themes of
Bulgaria and especially Paradounavon; this is possibly due not only to the
different political predicaments the themes found themselves in, but also to
the distance from Constantinople, and therefore the amount of authority
Byzantium was able to assert194. As for the the exercise of control over these
territories – border as a concept is hardly applicable – it was fortress, which
enabled control over neighbouring territory, whereas larger areas were more
difficult to control, especially in time of foreign incursions. Danube, the
“natural” border of the Empire195 that the emperors strived to maintain, was
difficult to hold, and despite all efforts extremely porous to the nomads
beyond it.
193
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ. – 100 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ, 2002, 80–90; Jordanov, I. Byzantine Lead Seals from the
Village of Melnitsa (district of Elkhovo, Bulgaria). – Studies in Byzantine Sigillography 7,
2002, 21–57, here 23 ff.
194
Cf. with territory generally depicted as Byzantine on maps by Ostrogorsky, G.
Byzantinische Geschichte (324 – 1453). Munich, 1996, p. 258 f.
195
Stephenson, P. Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier, p. 5, 82, 155.
311
The flexibility of the honours awarded to the men in charge of a

theme certainly would have helped to adjust more quickly to constantly
changing conditions on the frontier. Perhaps as seen in the themes of Thrace
and Macedonia in previous centuries, ‘the terminological inaccuracies
certainly contributed to the lack of a clear picture of the territorial and
administrative division of these themes’196. This is reflected in the discre-
pancies between sigillographic and textual evidence. Of course, the lack of
contemporary understanding of the subject could be due to incomplete
sources available. One needs to consider that ‘it is highly likely, also, that in
these districts not all the important administrative units have yet been
identified’, with the greatest odds of this happening lying in ‘finding new
sigillographic material’197. The posts in the (military) administration open to
former enemies – both Bulgarian and Pecheneg, speaks of the Empire’s
willingness to integrate, but also, where necessary, decisiveness to displace
the unstable elements from their domestic territories.
Therefore, despite its flaws, the Byzantine administrative model has
also shown its resilience when put into practice – enduring conflicts with the
former Bulgarian Empire in the tenth and eleventh centuries, the nomadic
attacks in the eleventh century, as well as reforms, ultimately managing to
assert itself in an adapted form, and with it ensure the Byzantine rule in the
themes of Paradounavon and Bulgaria.
196
197
Maksimoviü, L. Organizacija vizantijske vlasti, p. 42.
312
Ɇɢɥɢɹɧɚ Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ
ɁȺɓɈ ɐȺɊ ɋɂɆȿɈɇ (893-927) ɂ ɉɊȿɋɅȺȼɋɄɂɌȿ

ɄɇɂɀɈȼɇɂɐɂ ɋȺ ɉɊɈəȼəȼȺɅɂ ɂɇɌȿɊȿɋ ɄɔɆ
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂɌȿ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋȺɅɇɂ ɏɊɈɇɂɄɂ?
ȼ ɬɴɪɫɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɢɦ ɫ

ɞɴɥɛɨɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɥɟɞ ɉɨɤɪɴɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ 865 ɝ. Ɍɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹ-
ɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ IX-X ɜ. ɩɨɞ ɫɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɬɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ – ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɬɜɚɪɹɬ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ1.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɧɨɜɢɞɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ I Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ-
ɉɨɤɪɴɫɬɢɬɟɥ (852-889 † 907) ɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɢɹ ɦɭ ɫɢɧ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ
ɞɚ ɹ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢ, ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜɟɱɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɫɴɫ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɟɧ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɢɪɢɥɨ-Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɟɜɢɬɟ
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ, ɇɚɭɦ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɤɚɬɨ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ, ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ
ɏɪɚɛɴɪ, ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, ɱɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ Ɍɭɞɨɪ Ⱦɨɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɨɡɢ
ɟɥɢɬɟɧ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɟɧ ɤɪɴɝ ɛɢɥ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɞɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ, ɢɦɚɳɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɳɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɜ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɢ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɐɟɧɧɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ, ɪɚɡɝɴɪɧɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɜ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɢ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɹ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɞɚɜɚɬ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ ɠɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ɍɟɨɮɢɥɚɤɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ (1089-
1126?)2. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɢ ɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ.
Ɉɬɝɨɜɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɧɢ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɤɴɦ
ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ, ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX-X ɜ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ
ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɨɬɫɬɴɩɜɚ
ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɫɴɫ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɢ ɢ
ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɢ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢ
1
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜɠ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ȼ.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ. – ɋɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ȻȺɇ, CXIX,
5, 2006, ɫ. 5.
2
ȽɂȻɂ, ȱɏ/2, 30-35, 49-66; ɂɥɢɟɜ, ɂ. Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɹɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ
ɏɨɦɚɬɢɚɧ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2010, 34-44.
313
Милияна КАЙМАКАМОВА. ЗАЩО ЦАР СИМЕОН (893 – 927) И ПРЕСЛАВСКИТЕ КНИЖОВНИЦИ ...
ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɬɨ, ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɫɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ

ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ3.
Ɇɨɠɟɦ ɫ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɢɡɬɴɤɧɟɦ, ɨɩɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ
ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ, ɱɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɚɧɨɜɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɥɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ ɞɨ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ IX ɜ., ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ʉɪɭɦɨɜɚɬɚ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ, ɤɨɣɬɨ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ „ɩɪɚɨɬɰɢ ɢ ɨɬɰɢ“, ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɫɢɥɧɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɥ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤɴɦ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɞɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ
Ɇɢɫɬɢɤ ɬɨɣ ɡɚɹɜɹɜɚ: „ɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɨɬɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɬɰɢɬɟ ɫɟ
ɩɨɥɡɜɚɦɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɢɦ“4. ɇɨ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ, ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɰɟɧɢɬɟɥ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɚɥ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɱɢɣɬɨ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥ ɩɨɞ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ5.
Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɬɭɤ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɩɢɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɴɪɫɹɬ ɢ ɨɛɹɫɧɹɬ
ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨ ɨɛɤɪɴɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɩɪɟɪɚɡɤɚɡɚɧɚ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ,
ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ ɩɪɟɡ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX - ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ X ɜ.
Ɉɬɝɨɜɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɟ ɨɬ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɹɫɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ „Ɂɥɚɬɧɢɹ ɜɟɤ“ ɢ
ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɜɨɞɟɳɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ.
ɋɴɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ: 1) ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ; 2)
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ6. ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɫɴɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɹɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɢ, ɜ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɹɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɴɥɛɨɤɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ (ɨɤ. 491-578) ɢ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ (ȱɏ ɜ.). ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɟɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜ
3
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ (ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ VII-
ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ XV ɜ.). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1990, 42-43.
4
Nicholas I Patriarch of Constantinople. Letters. Greek text and English
translation by R. J. H. Jenkins and L. G. Westerink. Washington, D.C., 1973, ʋ25.76-78, ɪ.
176; ȽɂȻɂ, IV, ɫ. 276.
5
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (VII-XIV ɜɟɤ).
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2011, 115-129.
6
ɋɪɜ. Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX-XIV ɜ.
(ȼɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ). – ȼ: Ɉɛɳɨɬɨ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɜ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɜ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼ. Ɍɴɩɤɨɜɚ-
Ɂɚɢɦɨɜɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1997, 124-127.
314
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɢɹɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ

Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ7, ɚ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹɬ ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ, ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɳ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɞɨ 948 ɝ., ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ X ɜɟɤ8.
ɐɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɡɧɚɟɥ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ
ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɨɳɟ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɐɚɪɢ-
ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɩɨɪɴɱɚɥ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ࣊ ɡɚ ɧɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɚɡɢ
ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ. ɉɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ ɧɚ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ ɝɪɢɠɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɢ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɥɢɬɚ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ. Ȼɴɪɡɚɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɩɪɨɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɢɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ (ɩɨ ɋɜɟɬɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɨɬ 1073 ɝ.). ɇɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɝɪɚɮ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ
ɢ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ ɋɢɧɚɢɬ (VI-VII ɜ.). Ɉɬ ɧɟɹ ɫɚ
ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ 4 ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ X ɜ. ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɨɬ 912 ɝ., ɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧ
ɩɪɟɡ 20-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ X ɜ. ɩɨ ɩɨɪɴɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ9.
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢ Ʉɪɚɬɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ
(758-828)10. Ʉɴɦ ɬɹɯ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɨɬ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ. (ɫɥɟɞ 815 ɝ.), ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɫɤɨɪɨ ɨɬ Ɇ.
Ɍɨɬɨɦɚɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɤɫɬ ɘɥɢɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚɧ (ɨɤ. 180 - ɨɤ. 250) ɢ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ, ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɯɪɨɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɮɚɧ ɂɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ (ɨɤ. 760-818). ɇɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɢɦɚ
7
ɋɪɜ. Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ. Ɇ. ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 124-127.
8
ɋɪɜ. ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜ, Ɋ. Ʉ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɹ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥɚ. – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ. Ɍ. 7, ɒɭɦɟɧ,
2004, 57-72; ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜ, Ɋ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɹ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥɚ ɜ
ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ. – ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, 39-40, 2008, 49-
51.
9
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ. ɉ. ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. – Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚ ɦɢɫɴɥ, ɏɏɏ,
1990, 7, ɫ. 6; ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜ ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ (ɩɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɨɬ 1073 ɝ.). Ɍ. 1.
ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1991, 20-21;
10
ɉɨ-ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɜɠ.
Weingart, Ɇ. Byzantské kroniky v literatuĜe církevnČ-slovenské. Prehled a rasbor
filologisky. T. 1, Bratislave, 1922; T. 2, 1923, 10-283; Ɍɪɢɮɨɧɨɜ. ɘ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ, Vȱ, 1924-1926, 163-181; ɉɢɨɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȿ. Ʉ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ „Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɰɚ
ɜɫɤɨɪɟ”. – ɌɈȾɊɅ. Ɍ. 29, 1974, 170-177; ɉɢɨɬɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ, ȿ. Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪɚ ɢ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɋɜɹɬɨɫɥɚɜɚ 1073. – ȼ:
ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɋɜɹɬɨɫɥɚɜɚ 1073. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1977, 317-333; Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ,
Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ, 163-181;
315
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɫ ɟɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ, ɤɨɟɬɨ

ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɣ, ɬɨ ɩɨɧɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɤɪɴɝ ɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɥ ɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ11. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɟɧ ɬɪɭɞ ɩɨɬɜɴɪ-
ɞɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ, ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɱɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɏ ɜɟɤ12.
ɇɨɜɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ
ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɨɪɟɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɟ Ɍɴɥɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɥɟɹ, ɱɢɣɬɨ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɛɟ
ɩɪɨɭɱɟɧ ɨɛɫɬɨɣɧɨ ɨɬ Ɍ. ɋɥɚɜɨɜɚ. Ɍɪɭɞɴɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɚɧ ɨɬ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ
ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɉɟɬɴɪ (927-969),
ɬ. ɟ. ɦɟɠɞɭ 919-948 ɝ.13 ȼ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɚɳɚɛɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢɡɥɚɝɚɳɨ ɫɬɚɪɨ-
ɡɚɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ,
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɥɟɣɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɤɚɬɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ, ɱɟ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɉɚɫɯɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ (VII ɜ.)14 ɜ Ɍɴɥɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɥɟɹ „ɫɚ ɟɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɰɟɥɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ (ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ) ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɬ
ɧɟɹ”. ɋɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȼ. Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ
ɢ ɂɜ. Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ, ɱɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚ-
ɮɢɹ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX-
X ɜ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɥɢɱɢ ɨɬ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ
ɢ ɨɬ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɢɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ (ɩɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜɨɜ
ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɨɬ 1073 ɝ.)15.
ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɨ
ɬɪɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ. ɇɚɣ-ɧɚɩɪɟɞ
11
Ɍɨɬɨɦɚɧɨɜɚ, Ɇ. ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ.
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2008, ɫ. 9-10, 31, 590-675.
12
Ɍɪɢɮɨɧɨɜ, ɘ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ,
169-170; Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ, ɫ. 172;
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX-XIV ɜ., ɫ. 198;
Ɍɪɟɧɞɚɮɢɥɨɜ, ɏɪ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ
ɋɢɧɤɟɥ. – Palaebulgarica/ ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, XIV, 1990, 4, 100-110.
13
ɋɥɚɜɨɜɚ, Ɍ. Ɍɴɥɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɥɟɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2002, ɫ. 9-10, 225, 343-347.
14
ɋɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɟ ɨɬ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɚ ɮɪɟɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɭɱɟɧ ɒɚɪɥ Ⱦɸɤɚɧɠ (1610-
1668) ɹ ɧɚɡɨɜɚɜɚ „ɉɚɫɯɚɥɧɚ” ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɩɚɫɯɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɢ, ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɜ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫ. ȼɠ. ɉɚɫɯɚɥɧɚɹ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ
ɫ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɚɝɨ, ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ Ʌ. Ⱥ. ɋɚɦɭɬɤɢɧɚ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ,
2004, ɫ. 5, 173-174.
15
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɇɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢɹɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɪɭɞ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ.
– ɋɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ȻȺɇ, ɏɏɏVȱȱ, 1923, ɫ. 154; ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ (ɩɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ
ɨɬ 1073). Ɍ. I, ɫ. 202; Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ, ɂ. ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ. Ɍ. I, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1940,
217-218.
316
ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɞɜɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɚ

1) „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ ɡɚ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɳɢ ɧɚɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɞɨ
ɩɪɢɲɟɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ ɢ ɩɚɤ ɨɬ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɚɲɧɢɹ 12-ɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɬ”
(ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ), ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ (ȱɏ-
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ.) ɜ 894 ɝ.16; 2) „Ʉɪɚɬɴɤ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰ ɨɬ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ ɞɨ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɢ Ɂɨɹ, ɰɚɪɟ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ” (Ʉɪɚɬɴɤ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰ), ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɨɬ
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ 914-
919 ɝ.17 ȼ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɜɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɱɪɟɡ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɞɢɢ,
ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɫɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ.
ȼ 921 ɝ. ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɨɛɲɢɪɟɧ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɚɣ-
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ. Ɍɪɭɞɴɬ
ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɜɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɛɪɨɣ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ: III-ɬɚ ɢ IV-ɬɚ
ɤɧɢɝɚ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ȼɟɬɯɢɹ Ɂɚɜɟɬ, ɂɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɚɧɨɜɟ;
ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ; ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɫɟɜɞɨɤɚ-
ɥɢɫɬɟɧ, ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ ɢ ɘɞɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɫɢɮ
Ɏɥɚɜɢɣ18. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɹɥɨɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɜ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɥɨ ɨɬ
ɫɴɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɨ ɞɨ ɜɴɡɰɚɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ɋɨɦɚɧ Ʌɚɤɚɩɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɚ ɦɭ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ (17 ɞɟɤɟɦɜɪɢ 920 ɝ.). ȼ
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɱɪɟɡ
ɜɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɚɧɨɜɟ, ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ,
ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɢ ɡɚ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ. Ɂɚ
ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɴɬ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ
ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɏɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦɭ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ,
ɫɴɳɨ ɧɟ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ19.
ɇɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ, ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɳɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɛɳ ɠɚɧɪ ɭɧɢɜɟɪ-
ɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ (chronicon universale, chronicon mundi), ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɡ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚɬ ɨɳɟ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɢ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɢɬɟ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɛɥɢɡɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɨ-ɞɚɥɟɱɧɨ ɪɨɞɧɨ ɦɢɧɚɥɨ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
16
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɇɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢɹɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɪɭɞ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ,
132-182.
17
Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, Ȼ. ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɪɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɴɛɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1967, 75-88.
18
Ƚɨɪɢɧɚ, Ʌ. Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɯɪɨɧɝɪɚɮ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2005, 32-43.
19
ɉɨ-ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɜɠ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, ɉ.
ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, 11-12; Ƚɨɪɢɧɚ, Ʌ. Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɧɚ
Ɋɭɫɢ, 5-85.
317
ɜ: ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɍɭɞɨɪ Ⱦɨɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, ɜ „ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ

ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬ”, ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɳɨ ɜ ɨɛɳ ɰɢɤɴɥ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɱɭɞɟɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ, „Ɂɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ” ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ20.
ȼɨɞɟɳɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɰɚɪɭ-
ɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɫɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɜɨɪɛɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɬ. ɋɩɪɚɜɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɯɪɨɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɹɬ ɠɚɧɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɥ ɨɫɟɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢ ɢ
ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ, ɫɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɟ
ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɞɨɫɬɚ
ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɜ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. Ⱦɨɪɢ
ɧɟɳɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ! ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɠɚɧɪ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ
ɜɚɠɧɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɞ
ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɬɨ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɍɱɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ (894 ɝ.), ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ
ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ (ɇɨɦɨɤɚɧɨɧ XIV ɬɢɬɭɥɚ; 912 ɝ.), ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɢɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ (20-ɬɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ X ɜ.), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɳɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ „Ɂɥɚɬɧɢɹ ɜɟɤ”.
ɂɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞ, ɫɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ, ɱɟ ɜɫɟɤɢ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɥɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɱɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɝɪɢɠɢ ɡɚ
ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ, ɫɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɧɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ 21.
Ɉɬ ɝɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɞɜɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ: 1) ɰɚɪ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɝɪɢɠɢ ɡɚ ɫɧɚɛɞɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ; 2) ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɬɹ ɟ
ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɫɛɢɪɤɚ ɨɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ; 3) ɜ
ɬɨɡɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ; 4)
ɛɪɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɬ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ࣊, ɟ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɴɬɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚɥɢ ɤɴɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ.
20
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ, 42-43, 101-102,
106-110; Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, Ȼ. ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬ. – ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, I,
1971, 121-155; Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ȼ. Ⱥɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2004, 78-80; Ⱥɧɱɟɜ,
Ⱥ., Ɇ. ɋɩɚɫɨɜɚ, Ɍ. Ɇɨɥɥɨɜ. „ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬ” ɢ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2007, 173-191.
21
Krüger, K. H. Die Universalchroniken. – In: Typologie des sources du Moyen
âge occidental. Fasc. 16. A-I.2*. Éd. Brepols Turnhout (Belgique), 1976, S. 56.
318
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɜɢɠɞɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɬɟ

ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɧɟ ɛɢɯɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ

ɪɚɡɛɟɪɚɬ ɢ ɨɛɹɫɧɹɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɡɟɦɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨ-
ɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɜɢɠɞɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɋɭɦɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢɬɟ ɜ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ, ɳɟ ɢɡɬɴɤɧɟɦ, ɱɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɞɚɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɇɟɣɧɚɬɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢɹ ɪɨɞ ɨɬ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɝɥɟɞɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ22. ɉɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ
ɜɫɟɤɢ ɟ ɡɧɚɟɥ, ɱɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɥɹ Ȼɨɠɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɤɚɠɟ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɢɥ Ȼɨɝ,
gesta Dei, ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɬɹ ɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɢ. ɍɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ
ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɫɟ, ɫɥɭɱɜɚɳɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɢ ɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ
Ȼɨɠɢɹɬɚ ɜɨɥɹ, ɤɚɪɚɥɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɝɥɟɞɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ
ɟɞɧɚɤɜɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɫɴɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ23.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɳɚ ɟ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ȿɜɫɟɜɢɣ Ʉɟɫɚɪɢɣɫɤɢ (ɨɤ.
260-339), ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚ. Ɍɚɡɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɜ „ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ” ɢ „ɐɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ”, ɟ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ, ɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɢɞɟɚɥ ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ24. ȿɜɫɟɜɢɣ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɧɨɜ
ɬɢɩ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɥɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɴɳɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ
ɤɴɦ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɨɬɨ ɦɢɧɚɥɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɹɥɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɞɟɳɟɬɨ25. ȼ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ȿɜɫɟɜɢɣ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɢɫɬɪɹ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɸɡɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ – ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɢɞɟɢ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɴɸɡ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɬɹɫɧɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɡɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ „ɧɚɪɨɞɚ Ȼɨɠɢ” – ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɢɞɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɸɞɟɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ „ɛɨɝɨɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɧɚɪɨɞ” ɢ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚɳɢɹ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜɴɡɝɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȿɜɫɟɜɢɣ
ɪɚɡɲɢɪɹɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɞɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ
22
ȼɚɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ, Ɉ. Ʌ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1964, ɫ. 23, 33; Guenée, ȼ. Histoire et culture historique dans l’Occident
médiéval. Paris, 1980, p. 148.
23
Guenée, ȼ. Histoire et culture historique dans l’Occident médiéval, p. 29, 148-
149.
24
Smalley, B. Historians in the Middle Ages. New York, 1974, pp. 41-42.
25
Momigliano, A. Pagan and Christian Historiography in the Fourth Century A. D.
– In: The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century. Essays ed. by
A. Momigliano. Oxford, 1964, p. 117.
319
ɦɚɳɚɛɢ. ɇɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ

ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢɬɟ ɢɞɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ. ɉɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɨɬɜɚɪɹɥɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ. ɋɴɞɛɚɬɚ
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚ ɸɞɟɣɫɤɢɹ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɨɬ Ȼɨɝ
ɱɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɪɨɰɢ26.
Ɉɬ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɬ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɜɢɠɞɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ
ɹɫɧɨ ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɹ ɢ Ȼɢɛɥɢɹɬɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɹ ɢ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ27.
Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ, ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟɬɨ – „ɰɚɪɢɰɚɬɚ” ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɢɬɟ. Ɍɹ ɛɢɥɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɐɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɠ-
ɞɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɡɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɪ, ɡɚ ɧɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɡɚ ɛɨɪɛɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ, ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ.
ȼ ɫɜɟɬɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɮɚɤɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɨɛɨɛɳɢɦ, ɱɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɭɛɟɞɟɧ ɜɴɜ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɥ ɬɟɠɟɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟ ɦɨɝɴɥ ɞɚ
ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɝɥɴɛɢɧɢ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɚɥ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ, ɪɚɡɤɚɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɡɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ
ɰɚɪɟ ɢ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɜɴɡɜɟɫɬɹɬ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɹɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬ.
ȼɫɟɨɛɯɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɟɧ ɛɟɥɟɝ ɧɚ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɬ
ɫɴɜɤɭɩɧɚɬɚ, ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ
ɢɦɚɬ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɜ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ
ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɴɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɱɚɤ ɞɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɚ
ɫɴɳɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɹɜɚɬ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ. ɉɨɤɨɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɰɟɧɹɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. ȿɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɬ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ. ɍɫɢɥɢɟɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɞɟ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟɧ ɠɚɧɪɨɜ ɛɟɥɟɝ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ. ɇɚɣ-ɜɚɠɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɟɞɹɬ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɫɴɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɜɪɚɦ ɧɚɫɚɦ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ
ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɴɬ ɜ ɋɬɚɪɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɬ.
ɉɪɨɬɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢɬɟ (regna), ɱɪɟɡ ɭɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ
ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢ ɟɞɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ
26
Ȼɚɤɚɥɨɜ. Ƚ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. Ʌɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɧ ɤɭɪɫ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2006, 66-69.
27
Guenée. B. Histoire et culture historique dans l’Occident médiéval, p. 130.
320
ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ Ⱦɚɧɢɢɥ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɢ

(aetates). ȼɚɠɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ, ɱɟ ɦɚɤɚɪ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɪɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɚɧɢɢɥ, ɧɟɣɧɢɹɬ ɮɨɧ ɟ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ,
ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɢ28. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɬɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɨɬ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɬɴɣ
ɤɚɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɥɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɩɪɢɤɚɱɢ” ɤɴɦ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ „ɜɟɱɧɚɬɚ” Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ29. ȼɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɫɟ ɨɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɫ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ30. Ɍɚɡɢ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
ɋɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚ ɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ⱥɜɪɟɥɢɣ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɜ ɭɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɡɚ
ɞɜɚɬɚ „ɝɪɚɞɚ” ɢ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ (DCD, 11, V, Vȱ; 12, ɏ, ɏȱɏ). Ɍɹ ɟ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢɡɴɦ: ɲɟɫɬ ɞɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɴɬɜɨ-
ɪɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɲɟɫɬ ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬ (ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɞɟɬɫɬɜɨ,
ɨɬɪɨɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɸɧɨɲɟɫɬɜɨ, ɡɪɹɥɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬ) ɢ ɲɟɫɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɩɨɯɢ 31.
Ƚɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɱɪɟɡ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ. ɑɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɬɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɴɪɞɹɬ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɫɬɤɢɹ ɜɴɡɝɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ – ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɹɬ ɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɉɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ
ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ, ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɟɩ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ
ɢɡɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɱɟɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɚɫɯɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ɬɜɨɪɛɚɬɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ
Ʉɪɚɬɴɤ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰ, ɜ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. Ɉɬ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɟ ɧɚɣ-
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɡaɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɬɢɱɚɳɚ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ Ⱦɚɧɢɢɥ ɡɚ „ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ”32.
28
Krüger, K. H. Die Universalchroniken, 13-18, 30-33; Hunger, H. Die
Hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner. Bd. 1, München, 1978, 258-278; Guenée,
B. Histoire et culture historique dans l’Occident médiéval, 148-149, p. 178.
29
ɋɪɜ. ȼɚɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ, Ɉ. Ʌ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ,
11-12, 41-42; Ⱥɥɩɚɬɨɜ, Ɇ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ XII-XVII ɜɜ.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1973, 110-111.
30
ɋɪɜ. Podskalsky, G. Byzantinische Reichseschatologie. Die Periodisierung der
Weltgeschichte in den vier Grossreichen (Diniel. 2 und 7) und dem tausendjährigen
Friedensreiche (Apok. 20). Eine motivgeschichtliche Untersuchung (= Münchener
Universitäts. Schriften. Reihe der Philosophischen Fakultät, 9). München, 1972, 4-6.
31
Ȼɥɚɠɟɧɧɵ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧ. Ɉ Ƚɪɚɞɟ Ȼɨɠɢɟɦ. Ɍ. ȱȱ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1994, 180-183; 251-
253; 270-371, Ɍ. IV, 403-404; Krüger, K. H. Die Universalchroniken, 26-27; Guenée, B.
Histoire et culture historique dans l’Occident médiéval, p. 148-149.
32
ɋɪɜ. Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 137-138.
321
ɉɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɜɚɱɢɬɟ (ɤɨɩɢɫɬɢɬɟ), ɪɟɫɩɟɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɢɬɟ, ɫɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬ ɤɴɦ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɰɟɥ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɨ
„ɩɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɨ ɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ” ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɩɴɪɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɰɢ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢ, ɱɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢ,
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢ, ɢɝɭɦɟɧɢ, ɭɱɟɧɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ, ɤɚɧɨɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɨɬ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɢ ɥɸɞɟ33.
Ɍɚɤɢɜɚ ɫɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɢ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ,
ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ: Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ,
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ, ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɢɹɬ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ „Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰ
ɜɤɪɚɬɰɟ”, ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɋɜɟɬɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ:
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɹɬ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɩɟɱɚɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ, ɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ, ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɛɨɪɢ ɢ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ; ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɡɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɬɟ; ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ ɡɚ ɧɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɟɬɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ
ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɟɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɴɤ ɫɚ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ
ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨ34.
ɋɴɳɚɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɦɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ. Te ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɥɢ ɜ ɛɟɡɰɟɧɟɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.
ɐɟɧɧɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɰɚɪ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɴɪɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ
ɩɢɫɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ
ɧɚ IX-X ɜ., ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɭ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ. ɇɚ
ɩɴɪɜɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɳɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɚɬɚ/ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ, ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɫɤɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɨɬ
XV-XVI ɜ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ: „Ʉɧɢɝɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢɹ ɋɬɚɪ
ɡɚɜɟɬ, ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɳɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɬ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɢ,
ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɹɡ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ,
ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫ, ɨɬ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɯ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɤɧɢɝɨɥɸɛɟɰ ɤɧɹɡ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɩɨ-
ɞɨɛɪɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɟ ɛɨɝɨɥɸɛɟɰ”35. ɉɨɞ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ ɟ ɛɢɥ
33
Krüger, K. H. Die Universalchroniken, S. 54.
34
Ibid., 56-57.
35
ɋɪɜ. ɏɪɢɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1974, ɫ. 142.
ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜɚ, ɋɜ. ɇɹɤɨɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɜ ɩɚɧɟɝɢɪɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ
Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ „ɉɨɯɜɚɥɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɥɢɹ”). – ȼ: Ʉɢɪɢɥɨ-
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɟɜɫɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɢɢ. Ɍ. 1, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1984, ɫ. 116 - ɚɜɬɨɪɤɚɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ
322
ɨɛɫɴɞɟɧ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɴɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ

ɩɪɢ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɚ: ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ, ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢɬɟ
ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ ɢ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ, ɂɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɚɧɨɜɟ,
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɫɟɜɞɨɤɚɥɢɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɘɞɟɣɫɤɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɫɢɮ Ɏɥɚɜɢɣ36.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɫ
„ɬɪɭɞɨɥɸɛɢɜɚ ɩɱɟɥɚ”, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɹ,
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɜɥɹɡɚɬ ɜ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɡɚɦɢɫɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɬ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ, ɫɩɨɥɭɱɥɢɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ
ɤɚɬɨ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ37.
Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥ ɢɡɜɥɢɱɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɚ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟ-
ɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ɇɢɫɬɢɤ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɞɨ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ, ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 921-924 ɝ. ɜ ɪɚɡɝɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɭɛɨɣ38. ȼ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɴɬ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ: „Ɉɫɜɟɧ
ɬɨɜɚ ɧɢɟ ɦɢɫɥɢɦ, ɱɟ ɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɟɲ ɡɚ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɬɢ ɩɢɲɟɦ, ɞɨɪɢ ɧɟɳɨ
ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɲɢɬɟ
ɞɭɦɢ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɬɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɢ ɭɫɴɪɞɟɧ, ɫɩɚɡɢɥ ɫɢ ɬɨɜɚ
ɭɫɴɪɞɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ”. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ
Ɇɢɫɬɢɤ ɢɡɬɴɤɜɚ: „ɉɢɫɦɨɬɨ ɬɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɱɟɫɬɢɜɢ ɫɢɧɟ, ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɹ
Ɇɨɣɫɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ, ɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɩɨɦɟɧ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ. ɇɨ ɤɚɤɜɨ
ɨɛɳɨ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ Ɇɨɣɫɟɣ? Ʉɚɤɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɬɢ ɫɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɨɬ
Ȼɨɝɚ? Ƚɞɟ ɫɢ ɬɢ ɜɢɞɹɥ Ȼɨɠɢɹɬɚ ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɹɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɲ
ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɞɟɥɚ, ɤɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɲ? Ɉɬ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɪɨɛɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɡɥɨ ɫɢ
ɢɡɛɚɜɢɥ Ȼɨɠɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ?” ȼ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɞɟɧ ɨɬ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ɇɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɟ ɩɢɬɚ: „Ʉɚɤɜɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɚ ɡɚ
ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɟɪɫɢ, ɡɚ ɚɝɚɪɹɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɲɧɢ [ɧɚɪɨɞɢ], ɧɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɢɦ ɛɟɲɟ ɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ? Ɍɟ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢ,
ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɫɴɠɞɚɜɚɣɤɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɢ ɩɨ
ɰɚɪɫɤɢ, ɭɞɴɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɢɞɢ”. ȼ ɬɪɟɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɬɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ: „Ⱥɡ ɡɧɚɹ, ɦɢɥɢ ɦɢ ɫɢɧɟ, ɱɟ ɢ ɬɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥ
ɧɚ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɲ ɡɚ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɩɢɲɟɦ”. ȼ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɨ
ɩɢɫɦɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɴɪɜɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɤ ɫɴɜɟɬɜɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ:
„ɉɪɨɱɟɬɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɯ, ɚ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɢ ɤɴɦ
ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ; Ɍɨɦɨɜɚ, ȿ. ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɫ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ

Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɉɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ. – Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚ ɦɢɫɴɥ. 1991, 3, 137-138; Ƚɨɪɢɧɚ. Ʌ. Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɣ
ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ, ɫ. 33-34.
36
ɋɪɜ. Ƚɨɪɢɧɚ, Ʌ. Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ, 32-43.
37
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, ɉ. ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɫ.14.
38
Ɂɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɨɣ ɜɠ. Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ., ȼ., Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ
ɬɪɢ ɬɨɦɚ. Ɍ. 1. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ VII-XIV ɜɟɤ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1999, 246-
260; ɒɟɩɚɪɞ, Ⱦɠ. ɇɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɢ ɫɴɫɟɞɢ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɮɪɨɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɢ
ɫɴɠɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2007, 89-139.
323
ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɚɡ ɡɧɚɹ, ɱɟ ɬɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɚɲ ɫ ɧɟɹ”39. Ɉɬ ɬɟɡɢ

ɧɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ: 1) ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɱɟɥ ɢ
ɩɨɥɡɜɚɥ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɧɚ
ɰɚɪɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɨɩɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɹ; 2) ɤɴɦ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ; 3) ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɫɚ
ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɹ ɱɟɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɡɜɚ.
ȼ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɛɢɯɦɟ ɢɫɤɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɨɱɢɦ ɟɞɢɧ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ
ɮɚɤɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɬɟɠɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. ȼ „ɉɨɭɱɢɬɟɥɧɢ
ɝɥɚɜɢ”, ɩɪɢɩɢɫɜɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ I (867-886) ɤɚɬɨ ɫɴɜɟɬɢ ɤɴɦ
ɫɢɧɚ ɦɭ Ʌɴɜ VI, ɬɨɣ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɴɱɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɫ
ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɚ „ɱɟɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ”: „ɇɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ
ɫ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɳɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɲ ɜ
ɧɟɹ ɬɨɜɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɦɧɨɡɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɫ ɬɪɭɞ”. ȼɢɞɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ-ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɧɟ ɤɴɦ
ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ40. ɐɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɤ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɬɟ-
ɠɚɜɚɥ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɹɜɚɥ ɬɨɜɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ.
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɟ ɰɚɪ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɱɟɥ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɧɹɤɨɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɰɢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɨ
ɧɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɨɬ 923 ɝ. ɞɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɋɨɦɚɧ ȱ Ʌɚɤɚɩɢɧ (920-944).
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɢɥ ɢ ɢɞɟɟɧ ɡɚɦɢɫɴɥ ɬɨ ɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ
„ɂɡɜɚɞɤɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɬɟɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɬɚ” (Excerpta de legationibus) ɧɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɨɬ Vȱ ɜ. Ɇɟɧɚɧɞɴɪ ɉɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪ41.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɚ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ: 1)
„ɧɨɜɢɹɬ Ⱥɞɚɦ”, „Ȼɨɝɨɥɸɛɟɰɴɬ”, „ɜɟɥɢɤɢɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɚɪɟɬɟ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɜɫɟ-
ɦɨɝɴɳɢɹɬ ɩɨɜɟɥɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ”, „ɧɨɜɢɹɬ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟɣ” ɟ ɭɦɟɟɥ ɞɚ
ɢɡɜɥɢɱɚ ɩɨɥɡɚ ɨɬ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɨɬɨ ɦɢɧɚɥɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɜɥɚɫɬ; 2)
ɬɨɣ ɟ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟ ɦɨɝɴɥ ɞɚ
ɱɟɪɩɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ; 3) ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɫ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɡɚ
ɩɪɚɜɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɡɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɴɳɚɥɢ ɜ
ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɨɬɨ ɦɢɧɚɥɨ, ɨɬɧɚɫɹɳɨ ɫɟ ɞɨ ȼɟɬɯɢɹ ɢ
ɇɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɬ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ
39
ɋɪɜ. Nicholas I Patriarch of Constantinople. Letters, ʋ 20, 92-93, 135; ʋ 25,
67-74, ɪ. 176; ʋ 26, 64-66, ɪ. 184; ʋ 31, 67-68, ɪ. 210 (ȽɂȻɂ, ȱV, ɫ. 253, 276-277, 280,
295) .
40
Patr. Gr. T. 107, XLIX; Ȼɚɤɚɥɨɜ, Ƚ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, 300-301.
41
Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɉ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2004, ɫ. 156-
157.
324
ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɴɡɤɢɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ

ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɬɚɤɚ. ɉɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚɥɢ
ɩɪɢɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɬɟ, ɦɚɫɤɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɬɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ
ɫɜɟɬɴɬ, ɩɪɨɜɴɡɝɥɚɫɹɜɚɣɤɢ, ɧɚɣ-ɦɚɥɤɨɬɨ, ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɪɨɞɹɬ ɞɨɛɪɢɬɟ
ɫɬɚɪɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɤɴɫɚ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɬɨ ɦɢɧɚɥɨ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɢɜɚ42.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ
ɇɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɬɭɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɰɚɪ

ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɥ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ,
ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɹɜɚɳɚ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ࣊ ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ ɩɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɢ ɤɚɪɚ ɞɚ
ɨɛɹɫɧɢɦ ɩɨ-ɡɚɞɴɥɛɨɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɚɥɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ ɞɚ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ.
Ɍɭɤ ɟ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɞɚ ɨɛɴɪɧɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɧɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɴɬ
ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɴɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧ ɨɬ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɂ. Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ
ɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ „ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥ ɫɟ ɟ ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥ ɫ ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɱɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ. ȿɞɧɚɤɜɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɟ ɭɥɟɫɧɹɜɚɥɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɚ
ɩɨɞɬɢɤɜɚɥɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɧɟɡɢ ɩɚɫɚɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ“. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ „ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɟɰ ɤɴɦ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɜɨɸɜɚɥɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɹɯɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɴɦ ɬɹɯ“43.
ɇɚ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɟɧ ɟɬɚɩ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɢɡɪɚɡɢɯɦɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ, ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɬɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɫɚ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ
ɪɚɡɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɞɴɪɠɚɜɢɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɬɨɡɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɢ ɜ
42
Guenée, B. Histoire et culture historique dans l’Occident médiéval, 346-347.
43
Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ. – ȼ: ɋɬɚɪɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ɍ. 3. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɂ. Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1983, 33-34.
325
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ

ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ44. Ɍɭɤ ɳɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɜɨɹ ɬɟɡɚ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɨɫɨɱɚ ɨɳɟ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɬɟ
ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ, Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ ɢ ɧɚ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ɇɨɧɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɨ ɞɚ
ɡɚɩɨɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɬɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɟɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɱɟɬɟɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹɥɢ ɧɚ
ɜɤɭɫɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥ – ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɟɰ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɠɞɟɧɟɰ. ɉɪɟɞɢ
ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɤɴɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɬɚ „ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ”, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, ɚ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢ ɧɚ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ. Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ (ɨɤ. 491-578)
ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚ ɬɪɭɞ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚ ɫ ɨɛɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɛɟɡɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɝɟɪɨɢɬɟ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɳɢ ɜ ɬɹɯ45. ȼ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ
ɰɹɥɨɫɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɬɪɭɞ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ
ɜ ɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɬɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɛɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢɹɬɚ ɧɚɦɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɚɜɚɧɫɰɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ
ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɟɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ
ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚɥɚ „ɩɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɨ” ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ
ɫɬɢɥ. Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ ɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɬ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɜ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ
ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɫ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɬɟ,
ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ 46. ɂɡɛɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɭɞ ɟ
ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚɥɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɝɪɴɤɨ-ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɢ ɜ ɩɪɹɤɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɚɬɚ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ47.
Ɂɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɜ
ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ V ɤɧɢɝɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ɍɪɨɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ
ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬ Ⱥɯɢɥ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɢɥ ɤɴɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ Ɍɪɨɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɨɬ
Ⱥɝɚɦɟɦɧɨɧ ɢ Ɇɟɧɟɥɚɣ, ɫ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɨɬ „ɬɪɢ ɯɢɥɹɞɢ ɦɢɪɦɢɞɨɧɰɢ –
ɧɚɡɨɜɚɜɚɧɢ ɬɚɤɚ ɧɹɤɨɝɚ, ɚ ɫɟɝɚ ɧɚɡɨɜɚɜɚɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ“48. ȼ ɫɬɚɪɨ-
44
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX-XIV ɜ., 203-205.
45
Studies in John Malalas. Ed. E. Jeffreys, B. Croke and R. Skott. Sydney, 1990,
pp. 27-29, 55-66; Ʌɸɛɚɪɫɤɢɣ, ə. ɇ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ. ɋɚɧɤɬ
ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 1999, ɫ10-15, 26-27, 83.
46
Studies in John Malalas, pp. 67-86; Ʌɸɛɚɪɫɤɢɣ, ə. ɇ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫ. 80; ɒɭɫɬɨɪɨɜɢɱ, ȿ. Ɇ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɂɨɚɧɧɚ Ɇɚɥɚɥɵ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧeɜɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. – ɌɈȾɊɅ. Ɍ. 23. 1968, 62-70; Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ,
Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ, 164-168.
47
ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɢɫɴɥ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ,
2006, 166-167.
48
ȽɂȻɂ, II, ɫ. 206.
326
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɦɢɪɦɢɞɨɧɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ

ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɯɭɧɢ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɢ
ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɞɚ
ɢɡɬɴɤɧɚɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ49.
ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ (IX - ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ X ɜ.) ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɞɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɨɤɥɟɬɢɚɧ. Ɍɹ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ „ɭɱɟɧɚɬɚ” ɥɢɧɢɹ ɜɴɜ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɡɚɩɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ ɢ ɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɧɚ
ɪɚɧɧɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɋɢɧɤɟɥ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ50.
ɋɦɢɫɴɥɴɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ – ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɹ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ:
ɨɬ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɞɨ ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɥɟɧ; ɨɬ ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɥɟɧ ɞɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ; ɨɬ
ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɞɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɢ ɨɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ. ɋ ɞɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɞɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ III ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɴɪɲɟɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ51. Ɍɨɡɢ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ ɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ, ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɥ
ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ࣊, ɞɚ ɹ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢ ɫ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɍɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚɬ ɜ: ɡɚɦɹɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ǺȠȪȜȖĮȡȓĮ ɫ „Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɡɟɦɹ”,
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɯɟɥɨɣ ɤɚɬɨ Ɍɭɬɯɨɧ, ɜɴɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɬɧɨɧɢɦɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɛɳɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɟɬɧɨɧɢɦɢ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɴɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ. Ɍɜɴɪɞɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɫɟ
ɹɜɹɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟɬɨ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ I Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɫɟ ɫɞɨɛɢɥ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɧ,
ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. Ɇɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɚɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɬɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɢ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ
ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ52.
ɇɚɣ-ɜɚɠɧɚɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɫɴɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɳɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɧɚɣ-ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɱɪɟɡ
ɸɞɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ – ɱɪɟɡ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ.
Ɍɟɡɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ ɫɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. Ɂɚɫɬɴɩɟɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɬɹɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚ
49
ɋɪɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɢɫɴɥ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ,
168-169.
Ʌɸɛɚɪɫɤɢɣ, ə. ɇ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ, 81-82.
50
51
Ⱥɮɢɧɨɝɟɧɨɜ, Ⱦ. ȿ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɹ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥɚ. –
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ. Ɍ. 52, 1991, 102-112.
52
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, M. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ, 168-171; ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜ,
Ɋ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɛɨɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɹ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥɚ. ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, 61-62.
327
ɢɞɟɹ53. Ɍɨɣ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɥ, ɱɟ ɦɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɫ

Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɳɟ ɢɦɚɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɢɬɟ, ɜɡɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ-
ɬɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɢɦ ɟ ɧɚɬɟɠɚɥ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɜ ɬɹɯ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɟ ɫɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɫ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ V ɜ. ɧɚɫɟɬɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɥɢ
ɞɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɡɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɬɟɠɟɫɬ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɢ ɟ ɩɨɪɴɱɚɥ. ɇɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɬɚɤɚ. ȿɞɧɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ, ɨɬ ɩɚɩɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɴɱɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ,
ɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɬɹ ɫɟ
ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ, ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɴɱɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ54. ȼ ɧɚɲɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɬɚɡɢ ɪɨɥɹ ɰɚɪ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɨɬɪɟɞɢɥ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ. Ɍɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɫ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɡ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɢ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɞɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɞɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚɧɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɍɫɩɟɯɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɟɥɢɤ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ, ɫɩɟɱɟɥɢɥ
ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɨɛɟɞɢ ɧɚɞ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɛɥɹɫɤɚɜɚ ɟ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢ ɪ.
Ⱥɯɟɥɨɣ ɩɪɟɡ 917 ɝ., ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɞɚɬ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ (ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ) ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ȼɨɞɟɧ ɨɬ
ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ
„ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ” ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɮɚɤɬ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ȱ Ƚɟɧɢɤ (802-811) ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ55. ɉɪɟɜɨɞɚɱɴɬ ɧɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɛɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ, ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɡɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɢ ɡɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ.
Ɋɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ
ɰɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɟɧ ɜɢɞ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɝ-
ɧɚɥɢɹ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɥɨ ɨɳɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɱɚɫɬ, ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ
ɜɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ. ȼ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɋɥɨɜɨ ɩɴɪɜɨ ɫɟ
ɤɚɡɜɚ: „Ɍɨɣ [Ƚɨɫɩɨɞ] ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɟ ɧɟɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɟɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɫɢɥɚ, ɧɟɫɪɚɜɧɢɦ
ɭɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɟɰ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɫɜɹɬ. ɇɟɤɚ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɨɫɜɟɬɢ ɬɜɨɟɬɨ ɫɴɪɰɟ,
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɸ ɢ ɰɚɪɸ ɦɨɣ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɥɸɛɱɟ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɟ, ɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢɬɟ ɬɜɨɢ
53
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜa, M. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX-XIV ɜ., 201-203.
54
Guenée, B. Histoire et culture historique dans l’Occident médiéval, 129-133.
55
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɇɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢɹɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɪɭɞ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ,
ɫ. 18.
328
ɦɴɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢ, ɞɨɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ, ɦɴɞɪɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ

ɩɨɪɹɞɴɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɲ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɨɫɜɟɳɚɜɚɬ ɨɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɢɲ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɞɨɛɪɨɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ”56. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɟ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɜ ɋɥɨɜɨ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɨ: „<...> ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ – ɰɚɪɟ, ɤɧɹɡɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɥɟ, ɛɢɜɚɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ
ɧɚ ɡɨɞɢɚɱɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɤ, ɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɜɟɡɞɢɬɟ, ɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɬ. ɟ.
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ, ɪɟɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɪɨɞɧɢɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ. ɋɢɧɴɬ ɢɞɜɚ ɧɚ
ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɳɚ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɛɪɚɬ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ
ɩɪɢ Ⱦɚɜɢɞ. Ɂɚɩɨɱɜɚɣɤɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɪɨɞɴɬ ɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɜ
ɘɞɟɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɴɫɧɚɬɨ ɱɚɤ ɞɨ Ɂɚɪɨɜɚɜɟɥ. ɋɴɳɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɫɢɬɟ, ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɥɢɞɢɣɰɢɬɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɣɤɢ ɨɬ Ʉɢɪ ɢ Ⱦɚɪɢɣ ɪɨɞɴɬ ɦɭ ɫɟ
ɡɚɞɴɪɠɚɥ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ [ɬ. ɟ. ɞɨ ɞɢɚɞɨɯɢɬɟ], ɚ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɞɢɣɰɢɬɟ – ɨɬ
Ʉɚɧɞɚɜɥɚ, ɬɚ ɱɚɤ ɞɨ Ƚɭɝɚ. ɂ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɨɬ Ƚɭɝɚ, ɬɚ ɞɨ Ʉɪɢɫɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ
ɰɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɴɪɠɚɥɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳɢ ɪɨɞ. ɂ ɩɪɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ
ɨɬɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɧɹɡɟɬɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ – ɫɢɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɚɳɚ, ɢ ɛɪɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ. ɇɚɭɱɚɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɬɚɤɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɯɚɡɚɪɢɬɟ”57. ɋ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ. ɇɨɜɨ
ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɩɪɨɱɭɬɨɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ,
ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ58.
ɇɚɱɟɬɟɧɢɹɬ ɜ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɟ ɞɚɥ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɤɧɢɝɢ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ III-IV ɤɧɢɝɚ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɢ ɫɴɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɫ ɂɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɯɚɧɨɜɟ. ɉɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɟɞ IV-
ɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɚɫɢɪɨ-ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɚɪɟ, ɜɡɟɬ ɨɬ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱥɦɚɪɬɨɥ, ɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟ ɨɬ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ59. ɋɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ-
ɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɨɯɜɚɬ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɢɞɟɣɧɢ
ɜɧɭɲɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ,
ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɴɬ ɜ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɂɦɟɧɧɢɤ, ɫɟ ɩɪɟɨɫɦɢɫɥɢɥɚ ɜ ɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɟɧɰɢɚɥɢɡɴɦ; 2) ɨɬ ɧɟɹ ɫɟ ɪɚɠɞɚ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ
ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞ Ȼɨɠɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬ; 3) ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɚɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɚɪɟ
ɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɹɜɚɥɢ ɫ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ
56
Aitzetmüler, R. Das Hexaemeron des Exarchen Johannes. I-VII. Graz 1958-
1975. Ɍ. I; ɫ. 70; Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ. ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ. ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɫɥɨɜ ɢ
ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɇ. ɐɜ. Ʉɨɱɟɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1981, ɫ. 70.
57
58
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 231-232.
59
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ. M. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX-XIV ɜ., ɫ. 201.
329
ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɫɢ ɫ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɚɪɟ;

ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚɥɨ, ɱɟ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɜɴɧ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ60; 4) ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɫ ɧɚɣ-
ɞɪɟɜɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ61. Ɍɚɤɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɪɴɱɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ
ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ, ɞɚɜɚɥ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɩɨɪɜɚɥ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɥɟɧɫɤɨ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ
ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ, ɫɥɟɞɜɚɣɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ „ɜɟɱɧɚɬɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ”, ɫɴɟɞɢɧɹɜɚ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚ ɢɞɟɹ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɴɞɟɳɟɬɨ. ɋɴɫ
ɫɜɨɹ ɬɪɭɞ ɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɜɚ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɡɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɝɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ
ɡɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚ ɢɞɟɹ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɟɞɧɨ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɜɥɢɡɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɜ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɰɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ
ɩɪɟɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ
ɝɪɭɩɢ. ɉɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɨɛɳ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɨ-ɟɬɢɱɟɧ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɧɭɠɞɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɭɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɚ
ɨɫɢɝɭɪɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɨɩɨɤɪɴɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɚɳɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɐɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ
ɫ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɥɟɞ ɜ ɫɴɡɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɢ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ. ȼ ɬɹɯ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɥ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ. ɋ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ-ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɫɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɉɚɫɯɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɢ „Ʉɪɚɬɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ” ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ ɢ ɫɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɞɜɟ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ – „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ” ɢ
„Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰ ɜɤɪɚɬɰɟ”. ɇɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɡɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɞɚ
ɫɴɡɞɚɞɚɬ ɟɞɢɧɧɨ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɯɚɥɢɢɬɟ. ȼ
ɥɚɬɢɧɨɟɡɢɱɧɢɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚ-
60
. Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ. ɂɜ. „ɂɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɚɧɨɜɟ” ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ. – ȼɟɤɨɜɟ, 1, 1973, 7-10; Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, M. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ, 64-65.
61
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, M. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ. – ȼ: Ɍɚɧɝɪɚ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 70-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɚɞ.
ȼɚɫɢɥ Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2006, ɫ. 74.
330
ɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɢ ɧɭɠɞɢ, ɨɬ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ

ɤɚɬɨ „Schulchronistik”62.
ɉɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɬɭɤ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɛɢɯɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɞɪɭɝ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢɬɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹ-
ɜɚɥɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ,
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɠɢɜɹɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɢ „ɡɥɚɬɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ”63.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ
ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɞɜɚɦɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɰɚɪɟ.
Ɍɚɡɢ ɜɬɨɪɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋɢɥɧɨ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜɴɪɜɢ ɭɫɩɨɪɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɭɛɨɣ
ɡɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ64. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɏ. ɏɭɧɝɟɪ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɫɪɟɞ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ ɢ ɫɴɪɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɢɥɜɚɥɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɬɟ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɬɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɣ-
ɨɫɬɴɪ ɫɛɥɴɫɴɤ ɫ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ65. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɡɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ, ɱɟ ɟ ɪɨɠɛɚ ɧɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ, ɩɪɟɪɚɫɧɚɥ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱɏ - ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ
ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɜ „ɛɭɧɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ”66. Ɍɨɣ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ
ɜɚɠɧɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ, ɰɟɥɹɳɚ
ɭɧɢɳɨɠɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ – pax
Byzantina ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɜ „ɬɚɤɫɢɫ” ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬ –
pax Symeonica67. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɟɦɟ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ
ɦɢɫɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ, ɪɚɡɲɢɪɹɜɚɣɤɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬ ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ. ȼ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɬɚɡɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ
Ɇɚɥɚɥɚ, ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ɇɨɧɚɯ, ɧɚ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ IX
62
von den Brincken, Ⱥ. Studien zur lateinischen Weltchronistik bis in das Zeitalter
Ottos von Freising. Düsseldorf, 1957, 211-219.
63
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX- XIV ɜ., 204-205.
64
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 202-203.
65
Hunger, H. Byzanz in der Weltpolitik von Bildersturm bis 1453. – In: Historia
mundi, VI. Hohes und spëters Mittelalter. Basel, 1958, 443-444.
66
ɋɪɜ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ȼ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ. –
ȼ: ɋɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ȻȺɇ, ɋɏȱɏ, 5, 2006, 4-6. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɟɧ ɟɬɚɩ, ɫɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɚ ɢ ɜ Ɋɭɫɢɹ. ɋɪɜ. Ʌɨɬɦɚɧ, ɘ. Ɇ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ. – ȼɴɜ: ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɶ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,
1989, 232-235.
67
Božilov. I. L`idéologie politique du tzar Syméon: Pax Symeonica. – BBg., VIII,
1986, 73-88; ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ, Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɢɫɴɥ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, 151-
230.
331
ɜ., ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ

ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɢ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɹ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ. ȼ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
913-927 ɝ. ȼ ɬɹɯ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɬɢɬɭɥɭɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɢɪɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ („ɇɚ
ɦɢɪɨɬɜɨɪɧɢɹ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɦɧɨɝɚɹ ɥɟɬɚ”, „ɇɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɦɧɨɝɚɹ ɥɟɬɚ”)
ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɟɢɬɟ („ɇɚ ɉɨɛɟɞɨɬɜɨɪɟɰɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɦɧɨɝɚɹ ɥɟɬɚ”,
„ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɜ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɟɢɬɟ”)68. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɧɢɥ ȼ.
Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ɬɨɜɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɭɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ „ɧɟ ɟ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɫɭɟɬɧɚ ɩɪɢɳɹɜɤɚ, ɚ
ɬɢɬɭɥɚɬɭɪɟɧ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɠɢ ɞɚ ɭɡɭɪɩɢɪɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ɜ „ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢɬɟ” ɢ ɞɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟ
ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ69.
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɢɞ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɴɪɩɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɚɦ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ
ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɹɯ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɜ
ɬɨɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ70. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ Vȱȱ ɜ., ɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨ-
ɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɨɥɢɧɝɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ ȱɏ ɜ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ
ɩɪɨɜɴɡɝɥɚɫɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɥ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɡɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɡ 800 ɝ. ɫɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ
ɫɢɥɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɦɢɧɚɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɢɟɬɨ. ɉɪɟɡ ɰɟɥɢɹ ȱɏ ɜ. ɫɟ ɩɢɲɚɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɤɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɥ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɜɩɢɫɜɚɬ Ɏɪɚɧɤɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɟɞɜɚ ɨɬ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɧɚɫɟɬɧɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɢ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɧɚɣ-ɫɢɥɟɧ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɨ ɏV ɜ., ɜɚɪɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɦɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ71.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɹɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɢ, ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɹɧɢ72.
68
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2001,
46-53.
69
Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ȼ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ (VII-XIV ɜ.). –
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ, 3-4, 1981, ɫ. 200.
70
Krüger, K. H. Die Universalchroniken, 55-56.
71
Grundman, H. Geschichtsschreibung im Mittelalte. Gatungen – Epochen –
Eigenart. Götingen, 1965, 19-24.
72
van Houts, E. M. C. Local and regional Chronicles. Turnhout, 1995 (Typolgie
des sources du moyen âge occidental, 74), pp. 55-56.
332
ȼɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɨɬɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɫ

ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɡɚɥɟɡ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ XII-
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ XIII ɜ. (1204 ɝ.). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɚ
ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɨɧɚɪɚ (ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ XI ɜ. - ɫɥɟɞ 1060 ɝ.), ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ
Ɇɚɧɚɫɢɣ (1130-1187) ɢ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ƚɥɢɤɚ (ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɬɚ ɧɚ XII - ɨɤ.
1204)73.
Ɉɬɫɥɚɛɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɜ. ɢ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ
ɭɧɢɳɨɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɡ 1204 ɝ. ɨɬ ɪɢɰɚɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɑɟɬɜɴɪɬɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɟɧ ɩɨɯɨɞ
ɫɜɚɥɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɜ ɏȱȱȱ
ɜ. ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɚɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ. Ʌɢɩɫɜɚ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɤɴɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɝɚ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɚ ɨɫɩɨɪɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɥɚɲɜɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɫ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɧɨɫɟɳɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ: ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ – ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ. ȼ
ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɠɢɜɹɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ, ɧɚɦɢɪɚɣɤɢ
ɢɡɪɚɡ ɜ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ („ȼɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ Ⱦɚɧɢɢɥ“,
„ȼɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɫɚɣ“, „ɉɚɧɞɟɯɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɤɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ“,
„ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɋɢɜɢɥɚ“, „Ɋɚɡɭɦɧɢɤ ɭɤɚɡ“), ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɴɡɨɛɧɨɜɟɧɨɬɨ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɢɥɢ
ɪɟɞɨɦ ɞɨ ɧɟɹ74. ɉɪɟɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ (1331-1371),
ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɜɚ ɫ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɢɥɚ
ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɩɨɥ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɩɢɬ ɞɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɚ ɚɜɬɨɤɟɮɚɥɧɨɬɨ
ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ 50-ɬɟ ɢ 60 ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ XIV ɜ.,
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɠɢɜɹɜɚ ɪɚɡɰɜɟɬ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɧɟɣɧɢɹɬ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɫɟ ɨɛɨɝɚɬɹɜɚ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɫɬɢ ɨɬ
Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ – Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɨɧɚɪɚ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ɇɚɧɚɫɢɣ75.
ȼ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɫɢɥɟɧ ɬɥɚɫɴɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ
ɩɪɟɡ ɏV-ɏVȱȱ ɜ., ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɬɨ ɤɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɟɜɨɥɸɢɪɚɧɟ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ76. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ
73
Hunger, H. Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, 416-426;
Ȼɢɛɢɤɨɜ, Ɇ. ȼ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ. ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 1998, 155-
159.
74
Ɍɴɩɤɨɜɚ-Ɂɚɢɦɨɜɚ, ȼ., Ⱥ. Ɇɢɥɬɟɧɨɜɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɚɩɨɤɚɥɢɩɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ
ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1996, ɫ. 237, 247, 272,
305; Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. ɉɚɧɞɟɯɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɤɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ XIII ɜ. ɢ ɡɚɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɢɞɟɹɬɚ „Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ-ɧɨɜ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ” – „ɬɪɟɬɢ Ɋɢɦ”. – ȼ: „Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɡɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɢ...”
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɢɧ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ,
2009, 326-329.
75
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX-XIV ɜ., 204-205.
76
Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɜɠ.: Ɍɜɨɪɨɝɨɜ, Ɉ. ȼ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ
ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɵ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1975, 3-47; ȼɨɞɨɥɚɡɤɢɧ, ȿ. Ƚ. ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
333
ɢ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨ-

ɝɪɚɮɢɹ (ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ɇɚɧɚɫɢɣ, ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ Ʌɨɝɨɬɟɬ, Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɨɧɚɪɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɢ
ɞɪ.77).
Ɉɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ.
ȼɢɞɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɬɚ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɬɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɫ ɰɟɥ ɩɨɩɴɥɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ78.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɢɹɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤɴɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɥɸɛɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɱɟ ɥɢ
ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦ ɧɟɝɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɥɡɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ࣊ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɦɭ. Ɋɚɧɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
ɤɚɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɞɴɪɠɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɫɴɪɰɟɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɜ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ
ɤɨɧɮɪɨɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɫ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɨɫɩɨɪɜɚɥɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ
I ȼɟɥɢɤɢ, ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ
ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɩɢɫ.
Ɉɬ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɧɟɣɧɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ
ɟɞɢɧ ɫɢɝɭɪɟɧ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɱɢɬɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. Ɍɨɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɟ
ɧɚɦɚɥɹɜɚɥɢ. ɂ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɪɚɧɝɴɬ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ
ɣɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɟ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ
ɪɚɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɥɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ
ɬɚɡɢ ɣɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ. ȼɢɞɧɨ ɟ ɫɴɳɨ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɪɜɹɬ ɪɴɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɴɤɚ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ, ɧɚɣ-
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɛɤɪɴɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɴɪɫɹɬ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɜ
Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɚɥɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ XI-XV

ɜɟɤɨɜ). Verlag Otto Sagner – München, 2000, 56-57.
77
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ Ɇɚɧɚɫɢɟɜɚɬɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ɋɭɫɤɢɹɬ
ɯɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮ. – ȼ: Ⱦɨɚɣɟɧɴɬ. ɘɛɢɥeeɧ. ɫɛoɪɧɢɤ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ 100-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɫɤɢ Ⱦɢɥɟɜɫɤɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2004, 429-444; Kaimakamova, Ɇ. Turnovo –
New Constantinople: ‘The Third Rome in the Fourteenth-Century Bulgarian ‘Translation of
Constantine Manasses’ Synopsis Chronike. – In: The Medieval Chronicle IV, Edited by Erik
Kooper, Amsterdam – New York, NY, 2006, ɪ. 91.
78
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɜɠ. ɭ Ƚɚɝɨɜɚ, ɇ.
ȼɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2010, 44-51.
334
ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɝɨ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɜɚɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɫɢ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ

ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɚɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɜɢɞ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
335
Maria-Evgenia Kourousia and Yorka Nikolaou
“PATRIKIOS USES THIS IN GOOD HEALTH”.

A BIZARRE EARLY-BYZANTINE OBJECT
The presentation and the attempt to identify this distinct object in the
current Festschrift is in the hope of giving rise to reflections and discussions
among fellow Byzantinists in order to broaden the research and make its
attribution more reliable. Our study so far, shows that the utility object of
Patrikios comprises an unicum.
The object was accidentally detected by Nikolaou in a cabinet of the
Lead Seals Collection of the Numismatic Museum a few months ago. It had
no inventory number, and no indication or reference as to its provenance and
acquisition to the museum’s possessions existed in its place.
Impressed by the uniqueness of the object, she shared its photographs
with many colleagues in Greece and abroad. The majority was equally
surprised and declared they had never seen anything like it. Our own research
yielded no parallel in any museums’ directory. The brilliant idea came
from Brigitte Pitarakis , who suggested that the object may be identified
with a portable padlock, considering the vertical hole at the top as the
socket for the lock bar (Fig. 1).
The copper portable lock dates to the early Byzantine period,
probably in the second half of the 6th century and belonged, as the object
itself reveals, to Patrikios. It is 11.4 cm high, 0.8 cm thick and weighs 331.7
g. According to the qualitative and quantitative analysis using the XRF
method, which took place in the Museum’s laboratory on 19/6/2018, it was
found to be made of copper alloy with small amounts of lead and tin. In
particular, it contains copper at 83.66%, lead at 8.791% and tin at 6.874%. It
is shaped as a pomegranate and bears the inscription: ֖ ȍ / Ȇȉȇǿ / ȀǿȅȊ
/ ȊīǿǼȃȍȃ ȋȇȍ, the last phrase within a formed wreath (Fig. 1).
It was made of copper, low value metal, which indicates that it was
not a luxury item, rather an object of everyday use, plain in terms of
craftsmanship and decoration, while also affordable as far as the material is
concerned. The frequent use of the object by Patrikios in his daily and private
activities is further confirmed by the inscription, which allows us to consider
as highly probable this to have been a portable padlock, to secure a chest or
other useful small storage box, for the personal belongings or documents of
its holder. The lack of reference to any titles or offices of Patrikios on this
*
Our most sincere thanks are due to the colleague for her time, the fruitful
discussions and the suggestion as to the object’s attribution.
336
Maria-Evgenia KOUROUSIA and Yorka NIKOLAOU. “PATRIKIOS USES THIS IN GOOD HEALTH”...
peculiar object excludes its use in the public life of its owner. The simple
inscription does not allow us to clearly define Patrikios’ identity beyond the
obvious: that he was a pious Christian.
Regarding the inscription, the use of the Greek language during the
Early Byzantine period was a rule with reference to daily items, as opposed
to Latin, the official state language of the administration1. As for the
misspelling of ȊīǿǼȃȍȃ instead of Ȋīǿǹǿȃȍȃ, this should not be
surprising, since both the engravers and the Empire’s subjects who assigned
professional scribes with the care of their stamped inscriptions, lead seals,
daily care items, etc. were largely non-literate2. The invocation for health by
the owner is inherent in the deep faith of every Christian at that time, to
protect him from the Divine during everyday activities. In addition, the
appearance of the eschatological letters ǹ-ȍ3 on either side of the
Christogram in the period before the Iconoclasm in many other sources, such
as monumental funerary inscriptions, is extremely common (Fig. 2).
Despite its inexpensive material, the padlock shows a particular
manufacturing care with inscribed decorative incisions on the periphery,
which begin more deeply at the top, making the pomegranate shape more
visible to the human eye. We cannot be absolutely certain whether the fruit of
the pomegranate held some special symbolism for Patrikios to explain his
choosing it for his padlock; we know however that, since antiquity,
pomegranate was a symbol of plenty, fertility and good luck. In the light of a
Christian world, the three basic properties of the pomegranate, namely the red
color, the number of seeds held inside a bark and its invisible palatable
interior, have acquired a new interpretation. In particular, they respectively
referred to the beauty of the Church, and above all the blood and Passion of
Christ, the unity of faith and the hope of future fortunes that the believer
could enjoy4.
1
See the brass bucket at the Benaki Museum that bears the inscription ȊīǿǼȃȍȃ
ȋȇȍ ȀȊȇǿ(Ǽ) Ǽȃ ȆȅȁȁȅǿC CǼ ȋȇȅȃȅǿC KE KAȁȅǿC EYTYXȍC in Drandaki, A.
«ȊīǿǼȃȍȃ ȋȇȍ ȀȊȇǿ(Ǽ)» ȊıĲİȡȠȡȦȝĮȧțȩȢ ȠȡİȚȤȐȜțȚȞȠȢ țȐįȠȢ ȝİ ıțȘȞȒ țȣȞȘȖȚȠȪ.
ȂȠȣıİȓȠ ȂʌİȞȐțȘ. 2, 2002, pp. 37–53. See also, Mango, M., Mango, C., Evans, A.,
Hughes, M., “A 6th century Mediterranean bucket from Bromeswell Parish, Suffolk” –
Antiquity, 63, 1989, pp. 295–311. Vikan, G., “Art and Marriage in Early Byzantium” –
DOP, 44, 1990, 145–163. Scholl, R., “Eine beschriftete Bronzekanne aus dem 6. Jh. N.Chr”.
– ZPE, 103, 1994, 231–240. Kisa, H., Uzun, S., Life is short, Art long: The Art of Healing in
Byzantium. Istanbul, 2015, pp 357–358. The inscription ǼȊȉȊȋȍC Xȇȍ is also found on
early Byzantine mortars (ȚȖįȓĮ), Yangaki, A., «North Syrian mortaria and other late roman
personal and utility objects bearing inscriptions of good luck» – ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȐ ȈȪȝȝİȚțĲĮ
13,(2009, 247–287.
2
On similar misspelt inscriptions on other everyday objects, see n. 3.
3
Rev. to John 1.7-8: ǼȖެ İ‫ݧ‬ȝȚ Ĳާ ǹ țĮ‫ ޥ‬Ĳާ ȍ, Ȝ‫ޢ‬ȖİȚ ȀުȡȚȠȢ ‫ ݸ‬ĬİިȢ.
4
Kalogeropoulos, Ȁ. «ȅ ıȣȝȕȠȜȚıȝȩȢ ĲȠȣ ȡȠįȚȠȪ» – ǹȡȤĮȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ȉȑȤȞİȢ
(09/2015), 5-6. (https://www.archaiologia.gr, last visited on: 28/10/2018)
337
In our attempt to reconstruct the padlock’s operating mechanism, it

may be reasonably assumed that we can only speculate, since only the body
of the lock has survived. To understand its function, we will refer to the
mechanism of key padlocks used in the early Byzantine period. A security
mechanism was inserted into the socket on the lock’s neck. A helical key
rotated and pushed the inner cylindrical nut to either bolt or unbolt the
padlock’s free shackle. On keyless portable padlocks, which were widely
used since the Roman times, the basic locking method involved the use of the
spring mechanism. According to this operation, the movable component was
inserted inside the socket on the lock’s body until the ends of the conical
spring were expanded and thus, bolted the padlock5. Two padlocks with a
similar locking mechanism are kept in the Menil Foundation collection6.
Fig. 1. The portable padlock of Patrikios (observe and reverse side)

Fig. 2. Gravestone of Fortounatos (ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ: ȚıĲȠȡȓĮ țĮȚ ĲȑȤȞȘ.
ǲțșİıȘ ȁİȣțȠȪ ȆȪȡȖȠȣ, ǹșȒȞĮ 1986, 63.)
1
5
Ǿ ȚıĲȠȡȓĮ ĲȘȢ țȜİȚįĮȡȚȐȢ ĮȞȐ ĲȠȣȢ ĮȚȫȞİȢ, İțį. ȈȣȞįȑıȝȠȣ ǹȞĮȖȞȦȡȚıȝȑȞȦȞ
ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮĲȚȫȞ ȀȜİȚșȡȠʌȠȚȫȞ, Athens, 2012.
6
Vikan, G., J., Nesbitt. Security in Byzantium: Locking, Sealing, and Weighing.
Washington, 1980, p. 6.
338
Maria-Evgenia KOUROUSIA and Yorka NIKOLAOU. “PATRIKIOS USES THIS IN GOOD HEALTH”...
339
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ʉɴɧɟɜ
Ⱦɟɹɧ Ɋɚɛɨɜɹɧɨɜ
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɈɅɈȼȿɇ ɉȿɑȺɌ ɈɌ ɄɊȿɉɈɋɌɌȺ ȻɍɁɈȼɈ

ɄȺɅȿ
Nikolay Kanev
Deyan Rabovyanov
BYZANTINE LEAD SEAL FROM THE BUZOVO KALE FORTRESS
During a regular archaeological excavation in the summer of 2018 at the Buzovo

Kale fortress near the village of Buzovgrad (near the town of Kazanlak in Central Bulgaria)
was discovered a Byzantine lead seal. The seal is the first sigillographic find found in this
place. Although it was punctured and secondary used as a medallion, the seal is in a
relatively good condition.
On the obverse, a cruciform invocative monogram ĬǼȅȉȅȀǼ ǺȅǾĬǼǿ, inscribed
into a grainy circle. In the space between his shoulders is written: . – C – . þ – ȁ. On
the reverse, a four-line inscription framed by partly preserved grain circle is presented as
follows: + ǹȋǾ || . ȁȯȉȅȆ || ȅȉ’ȉȅVǹ || ȇǿĬȂ’. Above it a cross with a flowering
tendril is depicted.
The full legend on the seal is as follows: „ĬİȠĲȩțİ, ȕȠȒșİȚ [Ĳ]૵ ı૵ [į]ȠȪȜȦ
ਝȤȚ[Ȝ]Ȝİ(ȓ)]Ȧ ĲȠʌȠĲ(ȘȡȘĲો) ĲȠ૨ ਝȡȚșȝ(Ƞ૨)“.
The seal dates from the 8th – early 9th century. Parallels known: George Zacos
published further one specimen struck in the same boulloterion1.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɥɹɬɨɬɨ

ɢ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 2018 ɝ. ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Ȼɭɡɨɜɨ ɤɚɥɟ ɤɪɚɣ ɫ. Ȼɭɡɨɜɝɪɚɞ, Ʉɚɡɚɧ-
ɥɴɲɤɨ, ɛɟɲɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɢ
ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɟɤɬ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹ-
ɳɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɜɤɚɪɚɧ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ2.
ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɟ ɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ. Ɂɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɟ ɜ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ
1
Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine lead seals. Vol. I, Part 2. Basel, 1972, p. 972,
no. 1690; Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine lead seals. Vol. I, Plates. Basel, 1972, plate 122,
no. 1690.
2
Ɋɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɚ ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ Ⱦɟɹɧ
Ɋɚɛɨɜɹɧɨɜ ɨɬ ɇȺɂɆ ɩɪɢ ȻȺɇ – Ɏɢɥɢɚɥ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɴɬ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ʉɴɧɟɜ ɨɬ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɧɚ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ „ɋɜ. ɫɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ“ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɢ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɟ. ɋɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɇ. Ʉɴɧɟɜ ɟ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɹ, ɚ Ⱦ. Ɋɚɛɨɜɹɧɨɜ – ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɬɚ, ɤɚɫɚɟɳɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ.
340
Николай КЪНЕВ и Деян РАБОВЯНОВ. ВИЗАНТИЙСКИ ОЛОВЕН ПЕЧАТ ОТ КРЕПОСТТА БУЗОВО КАЛЕ
ɩɪɟɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ – ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ – ɬɨɣ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɨɛɢɬ ɜ ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ

ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹ ɬɚɤɚ, ɱɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɚɦ ɞɭɩɤɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɧɚɞ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧɢɹ
ɤɪɴɫɬ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɤɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɜɨ ɫ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ
ɬɚɡɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɢɡɥɴɫɤɚɧ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ,
ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬɢ ɧɚɣ-ɤɪɚɣɧɚɬɚ ɥɹɜɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɚɜɟɪɫɚ ɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ
– ɧɚɣ-ɤɪɚɣɧɚɬɚ ɞɹɫɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ, ɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɫɚ
ɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɧɟɱɟɬɥɢɜɢ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɴɬ ɢɦɚ
ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ: ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ – 26,5 (24) ɦɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ – 1,5 (1) ɦɦ ɢ
ɬɟɝɥɨ – 9,23 ɝɪɚɦɚ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɟ ɫɪɟɞ ɫɦɟɫɟɧ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ (ɧɚɣ-
ɜɟɱɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ), ɞɚɬɢɪɚɳ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ XI-XIII ɜ.,
ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɟɧ
ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɢ.
ɇɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ (Ɉɛɪ. 1) ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ
ɢɧɜɨɤɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ XLVI ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚ. Ɂɚɤɨɫ3,
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɳ ɢɧɜɨɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ĬǼȅȉȅȀǼ ǺȅǾĬǼǿ. ȼ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ,
ɦɚɪɤɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ, ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ . – C – . þ – ȁ.
ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɚɬ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬɢɹ ɜɟɧɟɰ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɦɱɜɚ ɬɚɤɚ ɫɴɞɴɪ-
ɠɚɳɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɚɜɟɪɫɚ ɢɧɜɨɤɚɰɢɹ „ĬİȠĲȩțİ, ȕȠȒșİȚ Ĳ૵ ı૵ įȠȪȜȦ“.
ɇɚ ɨɩɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ (Ɉɛɪ. 2) ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɹɬ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɨɛɪɚɦɱɟɧ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ
ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ: + ǹȋǾ || . ȁȯȉȅȆ || ȅȉ’ȉȅVǹ || ȇǿĬȂ’. ɉɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ
ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɪɟɞ (ȇ) ɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɡɥɢɱɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ
ɫɟ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟ. ȼ ɩɨɥɟɬɨ ɧɚɞ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ
ɤɪɴɫɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɰɴɮɧɚɥɢ ɥɚɫɬɚɪɢ.
Ɋɚɡɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ, ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɟ ɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ:
„ĬİȠĲȩțİ, ȕȠȒșİȚ [Ĳ]૵ ı૵ [į]ȠȪȜȦ ਝȤȚ[Ȝ]Ȝİ(ȓ)]Ȧ ĲȠʌȠĲ(ȘȡȘĲો)
ĲȠ૨ ਝȡȚșȝ(Ƞ૨)“, ɬ. ɟ. „Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɡɚɤɪɢɥɹɣ ɫɜɨɹ ɪɚɛ Ⱥɯɢɥɢɣ,
ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫɚ“.
Ⱦɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɤɴɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢɹ
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ VIII ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ IX ɜ. ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɟ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧ ɨɬ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɨɫ Ɂɚɤɨɫ4.
3
Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine lead seals. Vol. I, Plates, plate 258, no. XLVI.
4
Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine lead seals. Vol. I, Part 2, p. 972, no. 1690;
Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine lead seals. Vol. I, Plates, plate 122, no. 1690. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ
ɞɜɚɬɚ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳɢ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ. Ɂɚɤɨɫ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɤɴɦ
ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ VIII ɜ. ɢ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ ɤɚɬɨ Ⱥɯɢɥɢɣ – ɜɠ.
Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine lead seals. Vol. I, Part 2, p. 972, no. 1690. ɉɨ-ɞɨɛɪɚɬɚ
ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɨɬ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɤ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɨ, ɱɟ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫɚ Ⱥɯɢɥɢɣ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɤɚɬɨ
ਝȤȓȜȜİȚȠȢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɬɨ ਝȤȓȜȜȚȠȢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɝɨ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚ Ƚ. Ɂɚɤɨɫ. ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɚɬɨ Ⱥɯɢɥ,
341
Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ, Ⱥɯɢɥɢɣ ɟ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɧɚ

ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɬɨɣ ɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪ ɫ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɱɢɧ ɨɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚ ɝɜɚɪɞɟɣɫɤɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɝɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫ (ਝȡȚșȝંȢ) ɢ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɟ
ɧɚɬɨɜɚɪɟɧɚ ɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ, ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɢ
ɡɚɤɪɢɬɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢɹ ɯɢɩɨɞɪɭɦ5. ɉɪɚɜɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɜ
ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɫɢ Ⱥɯɢɥɢɣ ɟ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ
ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɱɢɧ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɟ ɧɹɦɚɥ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɳɨɬɨ, ɚɤɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɥ ɬɢɬɥɚ, ɬɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨ-ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨ-
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɢɹ ɦɭ ɤɚɬɨ ɣɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɚ ɬɟɠɟɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ
ɢɦɚɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɜɚɪɞɟɣɫɤɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪ ɢ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɧɝɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ
ɜɢɝɥɚɬɚ. ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɫɤɪɟɩɹɜɚɥ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɬɨɡɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪ ɨɬ ɝɜɚɪɞɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ – ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬɚ ɧɚ
ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫɚ Ⱥɯɢɥɢɣ, ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɹɤɨɹ ɨɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɫɪɟɳɭ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ V Ʉɨɩɪɨɧɢɦ
(741-775), ɢɥɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ VI (780-797). ɇɟ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ
ɢɦɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɩɴɬɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 784 ɝ. ɧɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ VI – ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɦɚɣɤɚ ɂɪɢɧɚ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɬɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɹɜɚ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɢɹ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɱɚɤ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɞɚɥɟɱ ɨɬ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɞ ȼɟɪɟɹ/ ȼɟɪɨɹ (Ȼɨɪɭɣ). Ɍɚɦ ɬɹ ɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɢ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɦɭ ɫ ɪɨɦɟɣɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɟ ɞɚɞɟɧɨ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɂɪɢɧɨɩɨɥɢɫ ɜ ɧɟɣɧɚ ɱɟɫɬ. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ (ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ
ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɬɹ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɚ) ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɴɬ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɜ
ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɸɠɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ ɢ ɧɹɤɴɞɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɪɭɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɉɦɭɪɬɚɝ, ɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɤɴɦ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɜ VIII ɜ.
ɋ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɚ ɨɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɹɜɧɢɬɟ
ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ, ɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɟ
ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɟ ਝȤȚȜȜȑĮȢ (Ⱥɯɢɥɟɣ), ɚ ɧɚ

ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ ਝȤȓȜȜİȚȠȢ.
5
Ɍɚɤɢɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɜɚɪɞɟɣɫɤɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɢɦɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɬ VIII ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ XI ɜ.,
ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ࣊ ɭɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɯɜɴɪɥɹ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ II Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɨɭɛɢɟɰ (976-1025) – ɜɠ. Oikonomidès, N. L’évolution de l’organisation
administrative de l’empire byzantin au XIe siècle (1025-1118). Travaux et Mémoires. Vol.
VI, 1976, p. 143. Ⱥɪɢɬɦɨɫɴɬ ɫɟ ɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɧɝɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɝɥɚɬɚ
(ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɚɥ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɧɝɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫɚ), ɚ ɧɟɝɨɜ
ɡɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɪɴɜ ɨɮɢɰɟɪ ɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫɚ – ɜɠ. Guilland, R.
Recherches sur les institutions byzantines. Vol. I. Berlin –Amsterdam, 1967, p. 563-564;
Oikonomidès, N. Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles. Paris, 1972, p.
331-332, ɤɚɤɴɜɬɨ ɟ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɴɬ ɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɩɟɱɚɬ Ⱥɯɢɥɢɣ.
342
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɴɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɯɢɥɢɣ, ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫɚ ɨɬ VIII ɜ., ɟ

ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɤɪɚɣ
ɞɧɟɲɧɨɬɨ ɫ. Ȼɭɡɨɜɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɴɥ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ ɡɚ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Ȼɭɡɨɜɨ ɤɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. Ɉɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɬɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɨɫɚ – ɬɨɡɢ
ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ɐɚɧɰɢɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɩɨ-
ɤɴɫɟɧ ɨɬ ɬɭɤ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɤɴɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ X-XI ɜ.6
ɋɪɟɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ

Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬ ɜ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Ȼɭɡɨɜɨ ɤɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɡ 2018 ɝ.
ɉɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ7, ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɹ
ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ extra muros8 ɫɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɟɞɜɚ ɨɬ 2016 ɝ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɜɴɡɜɢɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɋɴɪɧɟɧɚ ɝɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ 1060 ɦ ɨɬ ɫ. Ȼɭɡɨɜɝɪɚɞ, ɨɛɳ. Ʉɚɡɚɧɥɴɤ, ɨɛɥ.
ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ.
Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Ȼɭɡɨɜɨ ɤɚɥɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɭɤɪɟɩɟɧ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɫ ɩɥɨɳ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɧɚɞɦɢɧɚɜɚ 8 ɞɤɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ V ɜ.
ɉɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ VI ɜ., ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ I, ɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ࣊ ɭɤɪɟɩɹɜɚɧɟ ɫ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɚ
ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɟ
ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɚ ɟɞɧɨɤɨɪɚɛɧɚ ɢ ɟɞɧɨɚɩɫɢɞɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ. ɉɨ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ extra muros ɧɚ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɜ ɦ.
ɑɟɪɤɨɜɢɳɚɬɚ9. Ⱦɨ ɨɩɨɠɚɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɜ 80ɬɟ ɝɨɞ. ɧɚ VI ɜ.
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɟ ɩɪɟɬɴɪɩɹɥɚ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢ
ɩɥɨɳɬɚ ࣊ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ 8,5 ɧɚ 16 ɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɫ
ɪɭɢɧɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɢ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬ ɬɭɤ ɩɟɱɚɬ10.
ȼ ɩɪɨɭɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ
ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȱX – XIII ɜ. ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚ
ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɡ XIV ɜ. Ɇɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɢɦɚɧɹɪɫɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬ
6
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Vol. 3, Part I. Sofia, 2009,
p. 376, no. 1045.
7
ɉɨɩɨɜ, Ⱥɬ. Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ʉɪɴɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1982, 117-122.
8
Ɋɚɛɨɜɹɧɨɜ, Ⱦ., ɉɥ. Ⱦɨɣɱɟɜ, Ʉ. ɑɚɤɴɪɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ – ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ extra muros ɞɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Ȼɭɡɨɜɨ ɤɚɥɟ,
Ʉɚɡɚɧɥɴɲɤɨ. – ȼ: ɉɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. T. VIII, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2018, 115-126.
9
ɐɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɫ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ – 8 ɧɚ 20 ɦ ɢ ɢɦɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟ
ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɳ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ.
10
ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɤɜ. LXXII14 ɧɚ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ 0,20 ɦ (ɜɠ. Ɉɛɪ. 3).
343
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɜɚɞɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɴɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɠ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ

ɛɴɞɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɪɹɛɜɚ
ɨɛɚɱɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢ, ɱɟ ɨɬ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ
ɚɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɮɨɥɢɫ ɤɥɚɫ ȿ, ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɧ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɏ Ⱦɭɤɚ (1059-1067), ɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ
ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɫɦɟɫɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɢ, ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ XI-XIII ɜ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɧɨɫɟɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɤɚɬɨ
ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɧɚɬɨɜɚɪɟɧɨɫɬ, ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɢ
ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɟɝɚɲɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɞɜɚ
ɥɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ, ɱɟ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɴɬ ɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ
ɫɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɜɴɜ ɜɴɡɪɚɠɞɚɳɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɢ
ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɟɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɨɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɥɢ
ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. Ʌɢɰɟɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɢɧɜɨɤɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ.
Ɉɛɪ. 2. Ɉɩɚɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 3. Ȼɭɡɨɜɨ ɤɚɥɟ – ɪɚɣɨɧ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ.
1 2
344
345
Ergün LaflÕ and Werner Seibt
FIVE BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS

OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY A.D.
FROM MARMARIS IN CARIA (SOUTHWESTERN TURKEY)
WITH TWO APPENDICES
0DUPDULVDQGLWVHQYLURQVLQ&DULDGXULQJWKH%\]DQWLQHSHULRG
In the museum of Marmaris five early Byzantine lead seals are being
stored, all of which belong to the seventh century A.D. The eastern Aegean
port city of Marmaris is c. 265 km southeast of Izmir and located in a roughy
landscape of the coastal Caria1 in the Turkish province of Mu÷la (map 1).
Today it is surrounded by the Datça (Dorian) Peninsula and the Kerme Bay,
Ula on the north, Balan Mountain on the east, Sedir, Goat and Pigeon Islands
in front in southwestern Anatolia. Marmaris is the closest point to the Greek
island of Rhodes and between the fifth and first centuries B.C. it was a part of
Rhodian Peraea2. Its landscape is bare and mountainous, but densely
inhabited and traced by many small bays.
Modern Marmaris may correspond to the harbour of ancient Physcus
(ĭȪıțȠȢ or ĭȠ૨ıțĮ) that is located on Asartepe which is c. 2 km north of
Marmaris3. This site was quoted both by Herodotus and Strabo. The name
“Marmaris” derives from the Turkish word mermer or Greek ȂĮȡȝĮȡȓįĮ
(city of marble and male correspondent of the name “Marmaris”) in reference
to the rich deposits of marble in the region, and the prominent role of the
city’s port in the marble trade of Mylasa, Miletus and even Ephesus with the
rest of eastern Mediterranean. Main Classical and Byzantine sites in and
around Marmaris are as follows: Physcus (Beldibi-Asartepe), Amos
(Hisarönü-Turunç)4, Bybassus (Hisarönü-quarter of Orhaniye)5, Hemithea
(Eren mountain), Erine (Hisarönü), Castabus (PazarlÕk)6, Syrna (BayÕrköy),7
1
Cf. Hild, F. Meilensteine, Straßen und das Verkehrsnetz der Provinz Karia,
(ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl., Denkschriften 464, Veröffentlichungen zur Byzanzforschung 33).
Vienna 2014, p. 31, notes 150 and 159; p. 33, note 189.
2
Cf. Rice, E. E. New ȃǿȈȊȇǿȅǿ from Physkos (Marmaris) – The Journal of
Hellenic Studies, 104, 1984, 184–186.
3
Hild, Op. cit., p. 32, note 163.
4
Saner, T. Observations on the different types of masonry used in the city walls of
Amos. – Revue des études anciennes, 96, 1994, 1–2, 273–284.
5
Hild, Op. cit., p. 32.
6
Cook, J.M. Exploration at PazarlÕk 1959. – Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, 10, 1960, 1,
16–17.
346
Ergün LAFLI and Werner SEIBT. FIVE BYZANTINE LEAD SEALS OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY A.D. ...
Hydas (Selimiye)8, Larymna (Bozburun), Thyssanus (Sö÷ütköy), Phoenix

(Fenaket/TaúlÕça)9, Loryma (Bozukkale)10, Casara (Serçe LimanÕ/Asardibi)11,
Cedrae (Sedir AdasÕ)12, Euthenna (AltÕnsivrisi)13 Rodussa (YÕlancÕkadasÕ, 15
km southeast of Marmaris)14 and Amnistus (Karacasö÷üt)15. Most of them
were minor poleis, located on roughy acropoleis and their existence today are
being presented only with some fortifications and weak archaeological
surface remains. Large Greek, Roman and Byzantine cities with a
considerable population, such as Cnidus (YazÕköy) on Dorian Peninsula and
Caunus (Dalyan) in Ortaca (ancient Thyssanous) are not in the territories of
the Turkish administrative district of Marmaris. The Byzantine landscape of
Marmaris is archaeologically less-explored16. During the early Byzantine
periods the region had numerous small rural sites and Christian sepulchres
are common in their neighbourhood. Most of the Byzantine surface remains
in this part of coastal Caria are related either to ecclestiastical function, i.e.
churches, monastic sites, chapels and related material17, or fortifications as in
7
Hild, Op. cit., p. 33.
8
Ibid., p. 32.
9
Ibid.
10
Ibid., p. 33.
11
Ibid., p. 32.
12
Ibid., p. 31.
13
Ibid, p. 32, note 162. For this site Bean and Cook report about some “Byzantine
walls and cisterns”: Bean, G. E. - Cook, J. M. The Carian coast III. – In: The Annual of the
British School at Athens, 52, 1957, 62.
14
Hild, Op.cit., p. 34, note 188.
15
Ibid., p. 32, note 161.
16
Cf. Bean, G. E. – Cook, J. M. The Carian coast III, p. 62 and Bean, G. E -
Akarca, A. Eylülünde Gölenye’de (Marmaris) YapÕlan AraútÕrma) [Test excavations at
Gölenye (Marmaris) in 1953]. – Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 6, 2, 1956, 17–22. In their two field
reports in the 1950s Bean and his co-authors report about a Byzantine mullion, with an
earlier inscription from the beach at Marmaris. They discovered the ruins of a church “of
quite modern date” (with a mass grave) at BakÕcak. At ÖrenardÕ they also notice remains of
late Roman walls. At Kumlu Örencik in a plain landscape they report a Byzantine church
with capitals, fragments of chancels and plates of veined marble, brought from a former sixth
century A.D. church and re-used. They found an ornamented block with the inscription of a
certain Zosimos who dedicated this capital in the nave of this church: cf. Robert, J. -
Robert, L. Bulletin épigraphique. – Revue des études grecques, 71, 1958, 334–338, 317–
318, no. 457. Gölenye corresponds with modern øçmeler which is 6 km far from Marmaris.
For the recent research in Byzantine øçmeler cf. Özyur Özcan, H. Marmaris’in øçmeler
Mevkiinde Yer Alan Bir Bazilika ve Vaftizhane Üzerine øncelemeler (Studies on a basilica
and baptistery located in øçmeler area near Marmaris). – Olba, 24, 2016, 479–503. Beside
these few field work reports there are also some about the nautical heritage of Byzantine
Marmaris: Royal, J. G. Description and analysis of the finds from the 2006 Turkish Coastal
Survey: Marmaris and Bodrum. – International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 37, 2008,
88–97.
17
An example: Dawkins, R.M. Cruciform fonts in the Aegean area, The Annual of
347
Castabus in Hisarönü. In A.D. 670 most of the minor cities around Marmaris
were burned down as a result of Arab raids. During the late Medieval period
Turkmen tribes established the first Turkic sites in the quarter of Tepe with
the name of “Mermeris”. In A.D. 1286 Marmaris was an important port for
marble and timber trade in the territories of Turkish principality of Menteúe,
both from the commercial and military points of view, as Physcus. In 1300, it
played a significant role in the conquest of the island of Rhodes by the
Menteúe Principality.
The oldest part of Marmaris is the district of Kale, which is built on a
hill extending towards the sea where the museum of Marmaris is also located.
When Suleiman the Magnificent set out for the Turkish conquest of Rhodes,
Marmaris served as a base for the Ottoman Navy and the castle of Marmaris
was rebuilt and widened in 1522. The castle was restored and inaugurated as
an (archaeological) museum in 1991. It has seven indoor areas which were
organized as archaeological lounges, with the material brought mainly from
Cnidus, Bybassus and Old Cnidus (an archaic site in Burgaz). It owns a large
early Byzantine collection, most of which consists of stone monuments from
the nearby sites. The Byzantine sigillographic collection of the museum
arises only by seven examples18. All of them were purchased by local
salesmen and remain as unpublished. Epigraphic collection of the museum,
including some Byzantine funerary texts, will be published by E. LaflÕ.
1. Konstantinos apo eparchon (fig. 1)
Depository and provenance: In the display of the museum of

Marmaris, accession no. 4.2.94. It was purchased from Mr. Vahit Sönmez in
Dalyan (Byzantine Caunus) in Ortaca on April 25, 1994 and surely originates
from this part of Caria.
Measurements: Diameter 26 mm, field diameter 21 mm, thickness 4
mm and weight 10.9 gr.
Obv.: A cross monogram, consisting of the letters A, K, N, O, C, T, V,
and . Normally these letters are interpreted as ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲ઀ȞȠȣ, though also
ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲ઀Ƞȣ and even ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȚĮȞȠ૨ would be possible.
Rev.: A cross monogram, consisting of the letters A, E, N, O, w, P, X,
and . This combination results clearly to ਕʌઁ ਥʌ੺ȡȤȦȞ. The Omikron at the
top is damaged.
the British School at Athens, 19, 1912/1913, p. 130, no. 8, p. 131, fig. 6h.
18
Moreover, six Byzantine lead seals are being stored in the neighbouring museum
in Mu÷la five of which are from Stratonicea (acc. nos. 2775, 3521, 4590, 2014/72A and
2017/73A) and one from Thera (modern Yerkesik) in Caria acc. no. 4396.
348
Both monograms are well known; the first one is registered in Zacos –
Veglery, type 292, the second one type 33.
There is a parallel seal in Dumbarton Oaks19, published by Zacos –
Veglery, who dated this type too early (A.D. 550–650)20. We prefer a date in
the seventh century A.D., perhaps second or third third of this century. The
title apo eparchon (class of “former eparchoi / praefecti”, “praefecturii”, “ex
praefectis”) was quite common in the seventh and eighth centuries, and is
still (though for the last time) mentioned in the Kletorologion of Philotheos
(899)21. D. M. Metcalf is right observing on dated seals of kommerkiarioi,
that they often had the title apo hypaton until the end of the seventh century
A.D., i.e. until 696/697, but afterwards the title apo eparchon (since 698/699)
is mentioned, yet he is surely wrong in dating all the seals of apo eparchon to
the eighth century A.D.22
There are still some other seals of a Konstantinos apo eparchon from
the seventh century A.D., also in the genitive, but there are not enough
sigillographic indicia connecting them with our type.
2. Gabrielios (?) (fig. 2)

Marmaris, accession no. 33.6.94. It was purchased from Mr. Mustafa
Merzifonlu on October 7, 1994 and surely originates from this part of Caria.
Obv.: An unusual invocative cross monogram, not documented by
Laurent or Zacos and Veglery; the central Theta has the form of a rhombus,
in the lower central part of the monogram there are a small Kappa (damaged)
and a small Beta. The reading is clear: ĬİȠĲંțİ ȕȠ੾șİȚ.
Rev.: Also an unusual monogram, but this time in block form. The
central letter is an Eta (perhaps at the same time Pi) with an inscribed Alpha
(what can also include a Lambda). At top left there is probably a Rho (or a
damaged Phi), at right surely Gamma and probably Beta and Omega. As
there is not the ligature Omikron-Ypsilon but Omega we assume the legend,
consisting of a name or a name and a title or office, in dative. As a first
hypothesis we propose īĮȕȡȚȘȜ઀૳, though that is by no means sure23. The
19
DO 55.1.88).
20
Zacos, G. - Veglery, A. Byzantine lead seals. Basel 1972, 301. Cf. PLRE III 346,
Constantinus 25.
21
Cf. Oikonomidès, N. Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles.
Paris, 1972, p. 296.
22
Metcalf, D. M. Byzantine lead seals from Cyprus. II. Nicosia 2014, 127–132.
23
The name Gabrielios is rare, but at least in the mid-sixth century A.D. a
349
seal stems probably from the period A.D. 670/68024.
3. Georgios (fig. 3)

Marmaris, accession no. 9.8.94. It was purchased from Mr. Bekir Baú on
November 29, 1994 and surely originates from this part of Caria.
Measurements: Diameter 25 mm, field diameter 22 mm, thickness 4.5
Obv.: Invocative cross monogram, Laurent type I, with big letters,
esp. the central Theta, and a Beta reaching nearly to the Theta, reading:
ĬİȠĲંțİ ȕȠ੾șİȚ.
Rev.: A cross monogram, with the letters +, =, v, y, V, and , reading
certainly īİȦȡȖ઀Ƞȣ.
Also this monogram is well-known, Zacos – Veglery type 69, though
in our case the relatively small Rho above the center does not touch the
Omikron above. We know two similar types (though not exact parallels); one
was offered in two auctions of Müller Solingen25 and Künker26, the other one
in a Hirsch auction27, but it is not sure that they belonged to the same person.
The seal stems surely from the second half of the seventh century
A.D., perhaps from the period 660/680.
4. Georgios stratelates (fig. 4)

Obv.: An invocative cross monogram, Laurent type I, with big letters;
esp. the tall Beta reaches until the central Theta: ĬİȠĲંțİ ȕȠ੾șİȚ.
Rev.: Partly damaged inscription on four lines, probably preceded by a
damaged ornament:
+=y|+O CT|PATHU|ATH
īİȦȡȖ઀૳ ıĲȡĮĲȘȜ੺Ĳૉ.
C. A.D. 670/690.
Gabrielios was praefectus urbis in Constantinople, cf. PLRE III 498, where also a Fl.
Gabrielia patrikia is mentioned (for the same time).
24
Block monograms were already very rare after the mid-seventh century.
25
Auction Müller Solingen 72, 23.10.1992, 679.
26
Auction Künker 25, 29.9.1993, 540.
27
Auction Hirsch 178, 12.-14.5.1993, 1238.
350
An exact parallel is (or was) in Berlin.28

Stratelates was in this time either a relatively high military command
(yet under the strategos), but more often only a title.29
5. Herakleios patrikios (fig. 5)

Obv.: Inscription on three lines, followed by a rich floral ornament; at
the top probably a (lost) cross, perhaps between smaller floral ornaments
(trifolia?):
J=v|vQ= BO|HJ=O +
ĬİȠĲંțİ ȕȠ੾șİȚ.
Rev.: Inscription on three lines, preceded and followed by a cross:
HPAKU|=O w|yOQO
਺ȡĮțȜİ઀૳ ʌĮĲȡȚț઀૳.
A very similar, perhaps parallel seal was offered in an auction,30
another one was for some time in the collection of Dr. Reinert.31 Only small
differences exist to another very similar type, known by pieces in Dumbarton
Oaks,32 in the Fogg collection,33 in the Körner collection (Linz), and one seal
was offered in many auctions.34 Another seal has a very similar reverse
legend, but an invocative monogram Laurent type V on the obverse.35
A Herakleios patrikios and monostrategos is documented on a
published seals type from the same time.36 On the obverse there is the
invocative monogram Laurent type V with the name HP|AKU|=O| like a
tetragram, and the reverse reads: [w|]yOQO | S MONOC|TPATH|+ +.
28
Sode, C. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in Berlin II (Poikila Byzantina 14). Bonn 1997,
p. 271 (dated to the eighth century which appears to be too late).
29
Cf. Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. From magister militum to strategos: the evolution of
the highest military commands in early Byzantium (5th–7th c.). Caseau, B., Prigent, V.,
Sopracasa, A. (eds.), ȅ‫ ފ‬įࠛȡȩȞ İ‫ݧ‬ȝȚ Ĳ‫ޟ‬Ȣ ȖȡĮĳ‫ޟ‬Ȣ ȕȜȑʌȦȞ ȞȩİȚ : mélanges Jean-Claude
Cheynet. Travaux et mémoires 21/1. Paris 2017, 789–802.
30
Auction Triton 11, 8.-9.1.2008, 1129.
31
A photo is currently kept in Vienna.
32
DO 58.106.2343; DO 55.1.2177; DO 55.1.1997, eds. Zacos - Veglery 849b.
33
Fogg 1421, eds. Zacos - Veglery 849a.
34
According to our fiches for the last time in auction Münz Zentrum 145, 3.9.2008,
1805.
35
Zacos - Veglery 1490A.
36
DO 55.1.646, eds. Zacos - Veglery 1982; Fogg 305 and 1381.
351
This type certainly belongs to Herakleios, the brother of the emperor Tiberios
III Apsimar (698 – 705), who had really the extraordinary command of a
monostrategos37. It could well be that also the other types, only as patrikios,
belonged to this man, perhaps before his brother became emperor, scil. before
A.D. 698.
Conclusion
These five lead seals are historically connected to the time where the
Arab raids to Caria were intensified. They are therefore one of the last
evidences of early Byzantium in this part of Asia Minor.
Appendix 1: An eighth century A.D. seal of Georgios hypatos

(fig. 6)

Measurements: Diameter 24 mm, field diameter 21 mm, thickness 4.5
Obv.: The very common invocative cross monogram Laurent type V,
reading ĬİȠĲંțİ ȕȠ੾șİȚ, with stars in the quarters (instead of a tetragram).
The letters are massive, the tall Beta does not reach the central Theta. On the
left side the border of the field in the form of a “Schachtelhalm” (horsetail) is
good visible.
Rev.: Inscription on three lines, preceded and followed by a cross
between floral elements (trifolia):
+=y|+O Vw|
īİȦȡȖ઀૳ ਫ਼ʌ੺Ĳ૳.
The seal stems from the eighth century A.D., probably from the first
half.
There are (or were) two very similar or even parallel seals in Berlin38,
another one is in Dumbarton Oaks39, and some more exemplars were offered
in auctions40. There is also some similarity with a seal published by Zacos
37
Cf. PmbZ 127–128, Herakleios 2558.
38
Sode, Berlin II 268; cf. 269.
39
DO 47.2.596.
40
a) auction Essen (Schenk-Behrens Nachf.) 4.-6.5.1998, 632 (dated to A.D. c. 717-
730) = auction Peus Nachf. 376, 29.-30.10.2003, 1131; b) auction Kölner Münzkabinett 60,
18.-19.4.1994, 542 = auction Essen 68, 30.11.-2.12. 1994, 672; c) auction Müller Solingen
72, 23.10.1992, 692 = auction Oldenburg 23.4.1993, 154 = auction Hirsch 240, 2.-4.5.2005,
769.
352
and Veglery41.
Hypatos, the equivalent of Latin consul, was only a title in this time.
Appendix 2: An eleventh century A.D. seal of Theodoulos (fig. 7)

Marmaris, accession no. 11.8.94. It was purchased from Mr. Bekir Baú on
November 29, 1994 and surely originates from this part of Caria.
Obv.: Bust of St George, in the typical manner as military saint in full
armaments, with the lance in the right hand, his left hand is hidden behind the
shield. The face is beardless and shows the rich curled hair-dress. Of the
inscription only the second part is visible at the right side: |P|+, scil. [੒
ਚ(ȖȚȠȢ) īİ]આȡȖ(ȚȠȢ).
Rev.: Inscription on three lines, preceded by X with dots in the
quarters, between horizontal bars, and followed by a dot (pearl?) also
between horizontal bars:
+ KE R,J | T C /. | J/ýU,
+ Ȁ(઄ȡȚ)İ ȕ(Ƞ੾)ș(İȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ į[Ƞ઄(Ȝ૳)] Ĭ(İ)(Ƞ)įȠ઄Ȝ(૳).
The name is transcribed like Ĭİ૶ įȠ૨ȜȠȢ.
That Theodoulos chose St. George as his patron could serve perhaps
as a hint to a military career, but that is not sure. The seal stems from the
second or third quarter of the eleventh century A.D.
Acknowledgements: These lead seals were studied with an

authorization by the museum of Marmaris of November 19, 2018 and
enumerated as 60364499-155.03-E.923000, issued to Mr. Samet økibeú
(Izmir). The necessary documentation was assembled in December 2018 by
Samet økibeú. We would like to thank to Mr. Samet økibeú and the whole
museum staff for their assistance during the study of this object. The authors
wish also to thank Dr Friedrich Hild (Vienna) for his revision of the text
geographically.
Photos were taken by Samet økibeú and map 1 was arranged by Dr.
Sami PatacÕ and Mr. Zeki Akkurt (both from Ardahan) in 2019 to whom we
would like to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation. We are also
thankful to Dr. G. Kan ùahin and Dr. Maurizio Buora (Udine) for their
assistances for various issues.
41
Zacos - Veglery 1475a (dated to the first half of the eighth century A.D.).
353
Map 1. Places in Caria and elsewhere referred to in the text (by S.

PatacÕ, 2019);
Fig. 1. Seal of Konstantinos apo eparchon;
Fig. 2. Seal of Gabrielios (?);
Fig. 3. Seal of Georgios;
Fig. 4. Seal of Georgios stratelates;
Fig. 5. Seal of Herakleios patrikios;
Fig. 6. Seal of Georgios hypatos;
Fig. 7. Seal of Theodoulos.
354
1 2
4
3
6
5
355
ɂɝɨɪ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ
ɆɈɅɂȼȾɈȼɍɅɂ ɈɌ ɋɊȿȾɇɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂə ȽɊȺȾ ɉȿɌɊɂɇ
Igor Lazarenko
MOLYBDOBULLAE FROM THE MEDIEVAL TOWN OF PETRIN
The ruins of the fortified medieval town known in recent times by the name of
Petrich Kale are located on a high rock protrusion in the northwestern part of the Avren
Plateau above the village of Razdelna, Beloslav Municipality, located in the Devnya Valley.
Five molybdobullae have been found during the archaeological excavations carried out in
recent years. One is of Mikhail, Archon of Bulgaria (864 – 889) (fig. 1), one is of Vardarios
Pisota (fig. 2) and the other three are Byzantine, dating from the second half of the 11th
century (figs. 3–5).
The finding of a seal of Khan/Knyaz Boris/Mikhail (852 – 889) in the fortress marks
it as a place to which correspondence from the Bulgarian rulers' office was sent in the second
half of the 9th century.
The Molybdobullae of the Vardarios Pisota are the largest group of non-ruler
sphragistic monuments from the beginning of the 10th century in Bulgaria. Most come from
Preslav, from its immediate vicinity and from Pliska. Their existence suggests that Pisota, as
a Vardarios (a position in charge of border security or palace duties), had contacts with
people of the state administration.
After the reinstatement of the Byzantine rule in Northeastern Bulgaria in the year
1000, Byzantine troops were garrisoned in some abandoned but strategically important late
antiquity fortresses, as well as in such fortresses that had been rebuilt by the Bulgarians in
the period 8th–10th century. Judging by the 11th century coins and the three stamps, Petrin
was one such fortress. It is possible that it fell within the boundaries of the strategia of Varna,
established around mid-11th century, since the road connecting the cities of Varna and Veliki
Preslav/Yoanopolis passed at the foot of Petrin.
Another sphragistic monument from the vicinity of a fortress nearby may have some
relevance to the correspondence received at Petrin in the 11th century. It is a molybdobul of
Emperor Nicephorus III Botaneiates (1078 – 1081) (fig. 6) found near a fortress 1 km east of
the village of Trastikovo, Avren Municipality. It may hypothetically be assumed that it was
on a document that was of certain importance to the Byzantine authorities located in Petrin at
that time.
Ɋɭɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ

ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ (ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟɫɢ), ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɤɚɥɟɧ
ɢɡɞɚɬɴɤ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɧɚɞ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨɬɨ ɜ Ⱦɟɜɧɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɢɧɚ ɫ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ȼɟɥɨɫɥɚɜ.
Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɧɚ 25 ɤɦ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɬ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɧɚ 5 ɤɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬ ɫ. Ⱥɜɪɟɧ ɢ ɧɚ 0,6 ɤɦ
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɫ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ. Ɂɚɟɦɚɬ ɩɥɨɳ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɞɟɤɚɪɚ. Ɂɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ ɫɚ
ɭɱɚɫɬɴɰɢ ɨɬ ɞɜɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɫ ɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɹɯ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɬ
ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɴɩɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɧɢɹ ɧɨɫ. ȼɴɬɪɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚɬɚ ɟ
ɩɨɞɫɢɥɟɧɚ ɫ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɧɢ ɤɭɥɢ. Ⱦɴɥɠɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
356
Игор ЛАЗАРЕНКО. МОЛИВДОВУЛИ ОТ СРЕДНОВЕКОВНИЯ ГРАД ПЕТРИН
ɩɨ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ – ɸɝ ɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 200 ɦ. ȼ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɟ ɟ ɜɥɢɡɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɟɞɧɚ

ɩɨɪɬɚ. ɉɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɟɰ ɧɹɦɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɹɜɚɧɟ. Ⱦɨ ɪɴɛɚ ɧɚ
ɩɥɚɬɨɬɨ ɜ ɸɠɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɚɬɚ ɟ ɜɪɹɡɚɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɞɴɝɨɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɚ
ɳɟɪɧɚ ɫ ɤɪɴɝɴɥ ɛɚɫɟɣɧ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ. ɋɥɟɞ ɳɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɬɚɟɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɫ
ɢɡɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɬɴɩɚɥɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɥɚɬɚ. ȼɴɜ
ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɫ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɟɹ1.
Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢ
ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɧɢ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜ
Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ2, ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɴɫɧɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɬɚɦ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɉɟɬɴɪ (ɉɟɬɴɪ ȱ?) ɢ
ɝɪɚɞɴɬ ɧɨɫɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ3. Ʉɚɡɜɚɥ ɫɟ ɟ ɉɟɬɪɢɧ. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ
ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɨ ɩɴɬɹ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ.
ɇɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɜ „Ɋɚɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɩɧɟɟɳɢɹ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɛɪɨɞɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ“ ɧɚ Ⱥɛɭ Ⱥɛɞɚɥɚɯ Ɇɨɯɚɦɟɞ ɚɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ (1154 ɝ.).
ɇɚɪɟɱɟɧ ɟ Ȼɚɬɪɢɧɢ ɢ ɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɝɨɥɹɦ, ɰɜɟɬɭɳ ɢ ɯɭɛɚɜ
ɝɪɚɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɚɪɧɚɫ (ȼɚɪɧɚ) ɢ Ȼɭɪɮɚɧɬɨ (ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ). Ɋɚɡɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ
Ȼɚɪɧɚɫ ɞɨ Ȼɚɬɪɢɧɢ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ 30 ɦɢɥɢ. Ɉɬ Ȼɚɬɪɢɧɢ ɞɨ Ȼɭɪɮɚɧɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ
ɢɦɚɥɨ 30 ɦɢɥɢ4.
1
ɂɪɟɱɟɤ, Ʉ. ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1974, ɫ. 916; ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ, Ʉ.
ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɴɨɛɳɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɹ. – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ, 2, 1929, ɫ. 105; Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ, ȼ. Ⱥɜɪɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɧɨ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1940, 28-29, ɫ. 52, 58; Ɋɚɲɟɜ, Ɋ. ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɥɧɢɹ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ /VII-XI ɜ./. ȼɚɪɧɚ, 1982, ɫ. 184, ʋ 152; Ɇɚɪɝɨɫ, Ⱥ.
ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɟɡɟɪɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1987, 32-36; ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɤɚɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ȼ: ɉɥɢɫɤɚ – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. 7,
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 1995, ɫ. 244; ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ, ɂ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɚɪɧɚ.
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2014 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2015, ɫ. 675-676;
Ⱥɞɠɟɦɥɟɪɫɤɢ, ɋ. ɋɟɥɨ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ. Ⱦɚɬɢ, ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɚɪɧɚ,
2013, 28-29.
2
Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ, ȼ. Ⱥɜɪɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ, 28-29, ɫ. 52; ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ,
ɂ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ, ɉ. ɉɟɟɜ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ „ɉɟɬɪɢɱ“
(ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ), ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ. – ȼ: Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ
ɩɪɟɡ 2015 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2016, ɫ. 722; ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ-ȼɨɣɤɨɜɚ, ɂ.
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ. Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɚɪɧɚ. – ȼ: Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2017 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2018, ɫ. 529.
3
Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ, ȼ. Ⱥɜɪɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ, 28-29, ɫ. 58; Ⱥɞɠɟɦɥɟɪɫɤɢ, ɋ. ɋɟɥɨ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ,
ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ, ɫ. 29.
4
ɇɟɞɤɨɜ Ȼ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ‫ װ‬ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ XII ɜ. ɫɩɨɪɟɞ „Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ“ ɧɚ
ɚɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1960, 80-81; Ʉɟɧɞɟɪɨɜɚ, ɋ, Ȼ. Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ. Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹɬ
ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1990, ɫ. 94; ɉɟɬɪɨɜ, ɉ., ȼ.
Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɏɪɢɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍ. 1, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1978, ɫ. 432; ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ,
ȼ. Ɉɞɟɫɨɫ, ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɴɬ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ (V-XII ɜɟɤ). ȼɚɪɧɚ,
2014, ɫ. 199.
357
ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ Ʌɚɯɚɧɚ/ɂɜɚɣɥɨ ɩɪɟɡ 1278 ɝ. ɜɢɡɚɧ-

ɬɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ƚɥɚɜɚ Ɍɚɪɯɚɧɢɨɬ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɥ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɛɢɥɢ Ʉɚɥɚɬɚ (Ƚɚɥɚɬɚ, ɞɧɟɫ ɤɜ. ɧɚ ɝɪ.
ȼɚɪɧɚ) ɢ ɉɟɬɪɢɨɧ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɨɬ Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ Ɏɢɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɱɭɬɨɜɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɢ ɩɨɤɨɪɢɥ, ɬɨɣ ɫɟ
ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɴɦ ɉɪɨɜɚɬ (ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ)5.
ɉɪɟɡ ɚɩɪɢɥ 1369 ɝ. ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɚɥɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɧɨ-
ɞɚɥɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɟɩɚɪɯɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ ɧɚ Ɇɟɫɟɦɛɪɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ
ɲɟɫɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɟɩɚɪɯɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɚ
ɉɟɬɪɢɧ, ɉɪɨɜɚɬ, Ʉɚɥɚɬɚ, Ʉɢɱɟɜɨ, ȿɦɨɧɚ ɢ Ʉɚɪɜɭɧɚ6.
ɇɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɉɟɬɪɢɧ (ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ
ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɟɱ, ɉɟɬɪɭɫ ɢ ɉɟɬɟɪɫɩɸɪɤ, ɚ ɜ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɬɟ – Ȼɟɞɪɢɞɠ) ɫɚ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɤɪɚɥ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ ȱȱȱ əɝɟɥɨ (1434-1444) ɤɴɦ ȼɚɪɧɚ
ɩɪɟɡ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1444 ɝ. ɍɩɨɦɟɧɚɬ ɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɦɴɤ ɢ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɤɭɥɚ. ȼ
ɧɟɝɨ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧ ɫɴɫ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢ ɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɨ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɭɫɧɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ,
ɧɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɳɢɹɬ Ʉɨɱɢɛɟɣɨɝɥɭ Ȼɚɹɡɢɞ ɛɟɣ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɚɬɚ
ɛɢɬɤɚ ɧɚ 7 ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ ɝɪɚɞɴɬ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɬ ɢ ɨɩɨɠɚɪɟɧ, ɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢ7. ɉɨɜɟɱɟ ɧɟ ɛɢɥ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧ.
ȼ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɢ ɫɨɧɞɚɠɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 60-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜ. ɩɨɞ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɥ. Ʉɭɡɟɜ ɢ Ⱦ. ɂɥ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ. ɇɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɩɨɞɧɨɜɟɧɨ
ɩɪɟɡ 2014 ɝ. ɨɬ ɟɤɢɩ ɧɚ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɭɱɟɧ
ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼ. ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞ 2017 ɝ. ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɟ Ɇɚɪɢɹ
Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ-ȼɨɣɤɨɜɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɟɝɚɲɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɟ ɪɚɡɱɢɫɬɟɧɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɢɬɟ. ȼɴɜ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɚ
5
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɉɪɢɬɭɪɤɚ ʋ 7. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ƚɥɚɜɚ Ɍɚɪɯɚɧɢɨɬ ɢ ɩɨɟɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ɇɚɧɭɢɥɚ Ɏɢɥ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢ. – ȼ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ, ɬɨɦ 3. ȼɬɨɪɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ (1187-
1280). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1994 (ɜɬɨɪɨ ɮɨɬɨɬɢɩɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ), ɫ. 603-604, 607; Manuel Philes. Ɂɚ
ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɱɭɬɨɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɨɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ. – ȼ: ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ.
XXII (= Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ. X). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1980, 143, ɪ. 174-177.
6
ɂɪɟɱɟɤ, Ʉ. ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 916; Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ȼ. ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (VI–XIV ɜ.) ɜ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɧɢ ɫɛɢɪɤɢ ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɜɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1994, ɫ. 192, ʋ 50.
7
Ɇɢɪɱɟɜ, Ɇ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚɫ ɞɟ ɉɚɥɚɰɢɨ. ɉɢɫɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ,
ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥ Ʌɭɞɨɜɢɤ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ, XV, 1964, ɫ. 89; Ʉɨɥɚɪɨɜ, ɏɪ. Ⱦɜɚ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ 10 ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ 1444 ɝ. ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ, Vȱ
(ɏɏȱ), 1970, ɫ. 184-185; Ʉɨɥɚɪɨɜ, ɏɪ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɢɦɚɯ – ɜɚɠɟɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ
ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɨɬ 1444 ɝ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ, Iɏ (XɏIV), 1973,
ɫ. 247; ɂɪɟɱɟɤ, Ʉ. ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 916; Ʉɚɥɢɰɢɧ, Ɇ. (ɩɪɟɜ.) ɉɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ
ɜɟɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɛɢɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ Ɇɭɪɚɞ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ ɯɚɧ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1992, ɫ. 103; ɂɦɛɴɪ, Ʉ.
Ʉɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɧɢɹɬ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɤɴɦ ȼɚɪɧɚ 1443-1445. ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2015, ɫ. 87, 160.
358
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢ ɫɨɧɞɚɠɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɹɫɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ

ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɧɟ. Ɉɬ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɟɦɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɹɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ
ɟɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏV ɜ., ɤɚɬɨ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɭɤ ɞɚ ɟ
ɢɦɚɥɨ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɤɴɫɧɢɹ ɯɚɥɤɨɥɢɬ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚɬɚ
ɟɩɨɯɚ. ɉɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɫɚ ɨɬ III ɜ., ɨɬ V-Vȱ ɜ. ɢ ɨɬ ɏȱ-ɏV ɜ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɧɚɤɢɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ8.
Ɂɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɨɫɤɴɞɧɚ, ɞɚɜɚɬ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɬ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ – ɟɞɢɧ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ, ɟɞɢɧ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɢ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ.
1. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɚɪɯɨɧɬ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (864-889),

ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ Ⱥ9 (Ɉɛɪ. 1)
Ʌɢɰɟ: Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɚ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬɢ ɤɪɴɝɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:
+ȋȯROHĬHMHXAHȁAPXONTAROVȁīAPIAC
+X(ȡȚıĲ)੻, ȕȠȒșȘ ȂȘȤĮ੾Ȝ ਗȡȤȠȣĲĮ ȼȠȣȜȖĮȡȓĮȢ
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ: ɏɪɢɫɬɟ, ɩɨɦɚɝɚɣ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɚɪɯɨɧɬ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɬɨ – ɛɸɫɬ ɧɚ ɂɫɭɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɫ ɞɴɥɝɚ ɛɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɤɨɫɚ
ɜɴɜ ɮɚɫ. Ɉɛɥɟɱɟɧ ɟ ɜ ɯɢɬɨɧ ɢ ɯɢɦɚɬɢɨɧ. ɋ ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɹ, ɚ ɜ
ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ. Ɂɚɞ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ – ɪɚɜɧɨɪɚɦɟɧɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɚ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬɢ ɤɪɴɝɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:
+ĬKȯROHĬHMHXAHȁAPXONTAROVȁīAPIAC
+Ĭ(İȠĲȩ)țİ, ȕȠȒșȘ ȂȘȤĮ੾Ȝ ਗȡȤȠȣĲĮ ȼȠȣȜȖĮȡȓĮȢ
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ: Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɩɨɦɚɝɚɣ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɚɪɯɨɧɬ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɬɨ – ɛɸɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɜɴɜ ɮɚɫ. Ɉɛɥɟɱɟɧɚ
ɟ ɫ ɦɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɮɨɪɢɣ. Ɋɴɰɟɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɝɴɪɞɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɚɧɫ.
Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɢɦɛ.
Pb; ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ – 26/25 ɦɦ (23/24 ɦɦ); ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 4 ɦɦ;
ɬɟɝɥɨ – 18,49 ɝ; ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɭɥɭɬɢɪɨɧɚ 12 ɱ; ɊɂɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ,
ɮɨɧɞ „ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ“, ɢɧɜ. ʋ VIII 253.
8
ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ, ɂ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɫ. 675-678;
ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ, ɂ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ, ɉɪ. ɉɟɟɜ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ „ɉɟɬɪɢɱ“ (ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ), ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ, ɫ. 722-724;
ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ, ɂ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ, ɉɪ. ɉɟɟɜ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ. – ȼ: Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ
ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2016 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2017, ɫ. 597-699; ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ-ȼɨɣɤɨɜɚ,
ɂ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ. Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɫ. 529.
9
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. – ȼ: ɉɥɢɫɤɚ -
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 12, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2016, ɫ. 46.
359
Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ. Ɉɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳ

ɛɭɥɭɬɢɪɢɨɧ ɫ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɨɬ Ɋɹɯɨɜɨ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɂɆ
ɋɨɮɢɹ10.
ɇɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ ɧɚ 17.10.2015 ɝ. ɜ
ɤɜ. ȿ 7/20, ɧɚ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ 0,5 ɦ11.
ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ: ɨɫɟɦɧɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɚɪɯɨɧɬ ɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ Ⱥ ɜ „Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ“12.
2. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ, ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ (ɩɴɪɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ.)

(Ɉɛɪ. 2)
Ʌɢɰɟ: ȼ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɬɨ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɫ ɞɴɥɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɨ
ɪɚɦɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɴɩɚɥɨ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɚ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬɢ ɤɪɴɝɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:
+KȯROɇĬɇɌ࣋ɋ࣋ǻܑȁ࣋
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɪɟɞɚ:
÷
+ɉɇɋɈ
ɌȺRȺɊ
ǻȺɊI࣋
÷
+ Ȁ(ȪȡȚ)İ, ȕȠ(ȒșİȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ įȠȪȜ૳ ɉȘıȠĲĮ ȕĮȡįĮȡ઀૳
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ: Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ, ɩɨɦɚɝɚɣ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɹ.
Pb; ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ – 20/19 ɦɦ (16/16,5 ɦɦ); ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ –
4,5/5,5 ɦɦ; ɬɟɝɥɨ – 10,82 ɝ; ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɭɥɭɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ 12 ɱ;
ɊɂɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɮɨɧɞ „ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ“, ɢɧɜ. ʋ VIII 260.
Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ.
ɇɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ ɧɚ
07.10.2019 ɝ. ɜ ɤɜ. ȿ 6/19, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɬɪɟɜɟɧ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɧ ɩɴɬ
ɢɡɜɴɧ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ.
ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ: ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɨɫɟɦ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɹ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜ
„Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria“ ɢ ɜ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢɬɟ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɝɨ13.
10
ɘɪɭɤɨɜɚ, Ƀ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. – ȼ: ɘɪɭɤɨɜɚ, Ƀ., ȼɥ.
ɉɟɧɱɟɜ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1990, ɫ. 24-25, 222, ɬɚɛ. I,
ɨɛɪ. 4ɚ, ɛ; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɫ. 286, ɨɛɪ.
27.
11
ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ, ɂ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ, ɉ. ɉɟɟɜ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ „ɉɟɬɪɢɱ“ (ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ), ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ,
ɫ. 723.
12
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɫ. 46-50.
13
Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ, Ɍ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. – ȼ: ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 2,
ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1976, ɫ. 135, ɨɛɪ. 12; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ. –
Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, ɰɟɧɬɴɪ „ɂɜɚɧ Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ“, 1, 1987, 1990, ɫ. 67-71;
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (971-1088). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1993, ɫ. 43-44,
360
3. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɟɧ

ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥ (ɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XI ɜ.) (Ɉɛɪ. 3)
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɟ ɥɢɱɢ. Ⱦɨɩɨɹɫɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰ ɜɨɣɧ
ɜɴɜ ɮɚɫ. ȼ ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɤɨɩɢɟ, ɨɩɪɹɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɦɨɬɨ, ɚ ɫ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ
ɩɪɢɞɴɪɠɚ ɳɢɬ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɢɦɛ.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ, ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ
ɬɪɢ. Ȼɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɥɢɱɚɬ.
Pb; ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ – 22 ɦɦ; ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 4 ɦɦ; ɬɟɝɥɨ – 6,53 ɝ;
ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɭɥɭɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ 12 ɱ; ɊɂɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɮɨɧɞ
„ɋɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ“, ɢɧɜ. ʋ VIII 254.
Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ, ɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɥɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ, ɫɴɫ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ
ɫɬɚɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɢ.
ɇɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ ɧɚ
23.10.2015 ɝ. ɜ ɤɜ. ȿ 6, ɢɡɜɴɧ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ, ɧɚ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ
0,10 ɦ, ɩɨɞ ɱɢɦɚ14.
ʋ 61, ɬɚɛɥ. 9, ʋ 61; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ /IX-X ɜ./, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ. ɇɨɜɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ
ɩɨ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ 19.11.1994 ɝ. Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ
„ɇɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ“, ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼ. Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 1994,
ɫ. 66-67, 69, ɨɛɪ. 2; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ (IX-X ɜ.),
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ȼ: Studia protobulgarica et mediaevalia europensia. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ
ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ȼɟɲɟɜɥɢɟɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2003, ɫ. 310-315; Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, Ɍ. ɇɨɜɢ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 3, ɱɚɫɬ 2, Studia in honorem professoris
Iordankae Iurukova, 2007, ɫ. 46-47, ɬɚɛɥ. IV, ɨɛɪ. 3-4; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine
Seals from Bulgaria, Vol. 3, Part 1-2, pp. 141-143, Nos. 324-346, fig. 324-346; Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜ,
ȼ., Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ. ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. – ȼ: EURIKA. In honorem Ludmilae
Donchevae-Petkovae. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2009, ɫ. 149-154, ɨɛɪ. 4, 7; ɉɟɧɱɟɜ, ȼɥ. ɇɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɋɨɮɢɹ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 12, 2016, ɫ.
165-166, ɬɚɛɥ. ɏɏIII, ɨɛɪ. 6; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria,
Volume 1-3, Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (2). – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ, 1. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɚɬɚ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɬɭɪɢɡɴɦ „ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɴɦ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ“ ɒɭɦɟɧ, 14-16.05.2014 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2015, ɫ. 227, ʋ 13ɚ.347, ɫ. 296, ɨɛɪ.
13ɚ; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3, Sofia, 2003, 2006,
2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (3). – ȼ: ɉɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ, ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɤɧɢɝɢ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɥɟɞɚ ɜ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɬɚɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɬɭɪɢɡɴɦ „ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ“
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 26-28.04.2016 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2018, ɫ. 126-127, ʋ 5.327ɚ, 160, ɨɛɪ. 5.
14
ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ, ɂ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ, ɉ. ɉɟɟɜ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ „ɉɟɬɪɢɱ“ (ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ), ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨ,
ɫ. 723.
361
4. Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ (ɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XI ɜ.)

(Ɉɛɪ. 4)
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɟ ɥɢɱɢ. Ȼɸɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ? ɜɴɜ ɮɚɫ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ
ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɢɦɛ.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɇɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɟ ɥɢɱɢ. Ȼɸɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰ ɜɨɣɧ ɜɴɜ ɮɚɫ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ
ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɢɦɛ.
Pb; ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ – 16/14,5 ɦɦ; ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 3,5 ɦɦ; ɬɟɝɥɨ –
4,30 ɝ; ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɭɥɭɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ 12 ɱ; ɊɂɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɮɨɧɞ
Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ, ɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɥɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ.
ɤɜ. F 7/16, ɤɨɬɚ 193.03-192.8315.
5. Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ (ɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XI ɜ.)16

(Ɉɛɪ. 5)
Ʌɢɰɟ: ȼ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ../I – K/O
ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɛɸɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɜɴɜ ɮɚɫ ɫ ɧɢɦɛ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ȼ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɪɟɞɚ.
̍ʫRO
TOʫXO
TATO
Ȁ(ȪȡȚ)İ, ȕȠ(ȒșİȚ) | Ĳઁ(Ȟ) ਩ȤȠ(Ȟ) | ĲȐ ĲȠ.
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ: Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢ, ɩɨɦɚɝɚɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɬɟɥɹ [ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ] (ɛɭɤɜɚɥɧɨ
„ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɳɢɹ ɬɨɜɚ“)17.
Pb; ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ – 20/18 (15) ɦɦ; ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 3,2 ɦɦ; ɬɟɝɥɨ
– 5,56 ɝ; ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɭɥɭɬɢɪɨɧɚ 12 ɱ; ɊɂɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɮɨɧɞ
Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ. Ʌɢɰɟɬɨ ɟ ɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɧɚɞɨɥɭ ɢ
ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ. Ɉɩɚɤɨɬɨ ɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧɨ.
ɇɹɦɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ.
ɤɜ. F 8/2, ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ 0,20-0,40 ɦ18.
15
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɫ. 678.
16
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3, Sofia, 2003,
2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (2), ɫ. 287, ʋ 172.3268, 305, ɨɛɪ. 172.
17
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ, ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɧɚ ɋɍ „ɋɜ. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ“, ɋɨɮɢɹ.
18
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɫ. 678.
362
Ɉɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɯɚɧ/ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ/Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ (852–889) ɜ

ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ Ⱦɟɜɧɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɜɚɳɨ. ȼ ɧɟɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɫɚ
ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 680 ɝ.19 ɇɟɞɚɥɟɱ
ɨɬ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ, ɜ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ 1,8 ɤɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɫ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ ɜ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɨɞ, ɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɟɧ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥ ɨɬ
ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ20. Ɇɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ Ȼɹɥɚɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɦɚ
ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɨɬ VIII-X ɜ., ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ
ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɴɬ21. Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɬɟ ɫ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ IX-X ɜ. ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɚ
ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɦɚɥɤɨ, ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɹ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ,
ɤɴɦ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ Iɏ ɜ. ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧ-
ɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ.
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɹ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ
ɧɟɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
Ⱦɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɨɫɟɦ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ. ɂɦɚ ɢɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɧɟ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɩɪɟɡ
2012 ɝ.22 Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɤɴɞɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɹ ɛɪɨɣ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ
ɦɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥ23, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɟɰ ɨɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ
19
Theophanis Confessoris. Chronographia. 32. Bulgari in Moesia considunt et
regnum condunt. – ȼ: ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ. VI (= Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ. ȱȱȱ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1960, ɫ. 261-264; Nicephori Patriarchae.
Breviarchae. 5. Bulgari in Moesia inferiore regnum condunt. – ȼ: ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ. VI (= Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ. ȱȱȱ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1960, ɫ. 295-
296; Anastasius Bibliothecarius. Chronographia tripertita. 31. Tempore Constantini IV
Bulgari Danubium transeuntes adiacentium Slavorum generationibus dominantur. – ȼ:
ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ. Vȱȱ (= Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ.
ȱȱ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1960, ɫ. 248-250; ɂɪɟɱɟɤ, Ʉ. ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 882; Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, Ⱦ.
ɂɥ. ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɬɚ ࣊ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɡ VII-IX ɜ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ,
ɏVIII (XɏɏIII), 1982, ɫ. 55-77.
20
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɂɥ. Ɋɚɧɧɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥ ɩɪɢ ɝɚɪɚ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ. –
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, I, 3-4, 1959, ɫ. 56-61; Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɂɥ. ɇɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɴɬ ɩɪɢ ɝɚɪɚ Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ. –
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɏIV (XɏIɏ), 1978, ɫ. 120-152; Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɂɥ.
ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɬɚ ࣊ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɡ VII-IX ɜ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ,
ɏVIII (XɏɏIII), 1982, ɫ. 67; ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. – ȼ: ɉɥɢɫɤɚ - ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 7. ɒɭɦɟɧ,
1995, ɫ. 269.
21
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɂɥ. ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɬɚ ࣊ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɡ VII-IX ɜ., ɫ. 67;
ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ, ɫ. 269.
22
ȼɚɤɥɢɧɨɜɚ, Ɇ., ɂ. ɓɟɪɟɜɚ, ɉ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, Ɇ. Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ-ȼɨɣɤɨɜɚ, ɋ.
Ƚɨɪɹɧɨɜɚ. ɇɂȺɊ „ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ“. ȼɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɢ Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ. – ȼ:
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 2012 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2013, ɫ. 378.
23
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ, ɫ. 70; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ.
ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (971-1088), ɫ. 44; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ /IX-X ɜ./, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 67; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ
ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ (IX-X ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 313; Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, Ɍ. ɇɨɜɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ
363
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ, ɩɢɫɚɥ ɞɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧ ɧɚ

ɦɢɫɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɟɹɫɧɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜ ɧɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɫɢ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɥ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɢ24, ɢɥɢ ɢ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɨɬɢ. ȼɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ IX ɜ.
ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɨɬɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɬɸɪɤɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɫɬɚɧɟɧɨ ɜ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪ. ȼɚɪɞɚɪ
ɢ ɧɚɬɨɜɚɪɟɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧ ɨɬɪɹɞ ɨɬ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɨɬɢ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɚɡɟɥ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ25. ɂɦɟɬɨ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɧ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɨɬɢɬɟ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ
ɫɚ ɨɬ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɴɜ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɛɭɥɭɬɢɪɢɨɧ, ɫ
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɢ ɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɦɢɫɥɹ, ɱɟ ɟ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ X ɜ. ɜɨɞɚɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɢ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɚɥɢ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɢ. Ɍɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɚ
ɛɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɟ ɨɳɟ ɫ
ɢɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɜ Ɇɢɡɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɫɩɚɪɭɯ ɪɚɡɫɟɥɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɸɝ
ɫɪɟɳɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɫɪɟɳɭ Ⱥɜɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɚɝɚɧɚɬ ɢ ɝɢ ɡɚɞɴɥɠɢɥɢ ɞɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɫ. 47; Jordanov, Iv. Corpus of
Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Vol. 3, Part 1, p. 144; Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜ, ȼ., Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ.
ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɫ. 154; ɉɟɧɱɟɜ, ȼ. ɇɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ
– ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɫ. 166; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3, Sofia,
2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (3), ɫ. 127.
24
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ /IX-X ɜ./, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 67; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ
ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ (IX-X ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 313; Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, Ɍ. ɇɨɜɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɫ. 47; Jordanov, I. Corpus of
Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Vol. 3, Part 1, p. 144; Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜ, ȼ., Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ.
– ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɫ. 166; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3, Sofia,
25
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ /IX – X ɜ./, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 67; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ
ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ (IX – X ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 313; Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, Ɍ. ɇɨɜɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ
ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɫ. 47; Jordanov, I. Corpus of
Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Vol. 3, Part 1, ɫ. 144; Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜ, ȼ., Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ.
– ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɫ. 166; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1–3, Sofia,
364
ɩɚɡɹɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ26. Ɇɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɨɬ

ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ „ɜɚɪɞɹ“ ɫɴɫ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ „ɩɚɡɹ“.
ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɨɬ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ ɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɩɨ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ. ɋɴɞɟɣɤɢ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɫ
ɫɧɢɦɤɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɟ
ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢɹɬ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɝɨ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɬɪɢ ɫɟ
ɜɢɠɞɚ, ɱɟ ɤɪɴɫɬɴɬ ɨɬ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɫ ɤɴɫɚ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɯɚɫɬɚ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɟɞɧɨ ɫɬɴɩɚɥɨ27, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɜɟ, ɬɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ
ɫɬɴɩɚɥɚ28. ȼɢɠɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɳɨ, ɱɟ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚ
ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɜɟ ɨɜɚɥɧɚ ɢɡɩɴɤɧɚɥɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɟ ɞɨɥɭ ɜɥɹɜɨ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɚ ɢ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɹ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɟ
ɜɞɹɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɦɨ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɞɨ
ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɹ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ. ɋɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɬɚ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɛɯɜɚɧɚɥɢ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ
ɧɨɜɢɹ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ ɞɨ ɉɟɬɪɢɧ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɫɤɪɟɩɹɥ, ɜ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɟɧ
ɟɬɚɩ ɨɬ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ.
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɴɬ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ. Ⱦɟɜɟɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɞɟɜɟɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɚ ɨɬ
ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ (3 ɛɪ.) ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (6 ɛɪ.). Ɂɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ, ɱɟ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ (1 ɛɪ.), ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɧ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɥɚɬɚ ɇɚɞɚɪɟɜɨ, Ȼɚɹɱɟɜɨ ɢ ɉɟɜɟɰ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɟ, ɧɚ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 7-8 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (1 ɛɪ.), ɨɬ ɫ. Ɉɜɱɚɪɨɜɨ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɳɟ (1
26
Theophanis Confessoris. Chronographia. 32. Bulgari in Moesia considunt et
regnum condunt, p. 264; Nicephori Patriarchae. Breviarchae. 5. Bulgari in Moesia
inferiore regnum condunt, p. 296; Anastasius Bibliothecarius. Chronographia tripertita.
31. Tempore Constantini IV Bulgari Danubium transeuntes adiacentium Slavorum
generationibus dominantur, p. 250.
27
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ /IX – X ɜ./, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 66,
69, ɨɛɪ. 2; ɉɟɧɱɟɜ, ȼ. ɇɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɫ.
165; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3, Sofia, 2003, 2006,
2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (3), ɫ. 127.
28
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜ, ȼ., Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ. ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɫ. 153 (ɤɪɴɫɬ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɜɭɫɬɴɩɚɥɟɧ ɩɨɞɢɭɦ); ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ ɜ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ /IX – X ɜ./, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 69, ɨɛɪ. 2; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ.
Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ (IX-X ɜ.), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 310; Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜ,
ȼ., Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɚɞɠɨɜ. ɇɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɫ. 154, ɨɛɪ. 8 (ɤɪɴɫɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɪɢ
ɫɬɴɩɚɥɚ); ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɞɚɞɟɧɨ ɜ Jordanov, I. Corpus of
Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Vol. 3, Part 1, p. 143 (ɤɪɴɫɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɬɴɩɚɥɚ).
365
ɛɪ.), ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ

ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ (17 ɛɪ.). Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɞɜɟɬɟ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ, ɱɟ
ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ ɫ ɯɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚɬɚ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ.
ɉɟɬɪɢɧ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɧɚɣ-ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɜɴɧɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ,
ɞɨ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɥ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɦɭ
ɧɚ ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ ɬɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɞɜɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ, ɱɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɚɧɝɚɠɢɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɚɡɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ, ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɴɬ ɛɢ
ɦɨɝɴɥ ɞɚ ɟ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪ, ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹɳ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɤɴɦ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɨɬɤɴɦ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɨɬ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɫɤɨ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɹɤɨɣ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɟɧ ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɢɧ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ
ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ. Ȼɟɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɹ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɳɟ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɟɬɟ, ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ/Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɩɪɹɤɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɛɢɜɚɜɚɳɢ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɢɧ ɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɨɬ
ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɴɫɧɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɩɨ-ɫɬɚɪɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1000 ɝ.29 ɜ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ, ɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ VIII-X ɜ., ɫɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɟɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɢ. ɋɴɞɟɣɤɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ XI ɜ. ɢ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ, ɉɟɬɪɢɧ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ
ɛɢɥ ɫɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ. Ʉɚɤɜɚ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɥɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɟ
ɹɫɧɨ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ, ɱɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚɥɨ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɢ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɜ ɧɚɣ-ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ
ɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɣɫɤɚ. ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɜɥɢɡɚɥ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ XI ɜ. ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ȼɚɪɧɚ30, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɜ
ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɟ ɦɢɧɚɜɚɥ ɩɴɬɹɬ, ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɳ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟɬɟ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ.
Ɉɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɢɦɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ,
29
Georgii Cedreni – Ioannis Scylitza. Historiarum compendium. – ȼ: ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ. XI (= Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɬ. VI). ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1965, ɫ. 280.
30
Seibt, W. Probleme der historischen Geographie Bulgariens im späteren 10. Und
11. Jahrhundert – ein sigillographischer Beitrag. – In: Acta Musei Varnaensis, II. Numismatic
and Sphragistic Contributions to History of the Western Black Sea Coast. International
Conference, Varna, Septembre 12th-15th, 2001. Varna, ɫ. 253-255, 261, Abb. 1; ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ,
ȼ. ȼɚɪɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ (Vȱȱ-ɏȱV). – ȼ: ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜ, ȼ., ɂɜ. Ɋɭɫɟɜ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ
ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɬ. ȱȱ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ ɢ ȼɴɡɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ (Vȱȱ ɜ. - 1878 ɝ.). ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2012, ɫ. 188-189.
366
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱ ɜ. ɜ ɉɟɬɪɢɧ. ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ

ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ III ȼɨɬɚɧɢɚɬ (1078-1081) (Ɉɛɪ. 6), ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɤɪɚɣ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ Ʉɭɪɬ ɬɟɩɟ (ɋɢɜɪɢ ɬɟɩɟ), ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɥɚɬɨ
ɧɚ 1 ɤɦ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɫ. Ɍɪɴɫɬɢɤɨɜɨ, ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɜɪɟɧ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ,
ɧɨ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ ɟ
ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɤɦ ɢ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɢ ɢ ɫɴɳɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ
ɦɨɠɟ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ, ɱɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɢɦɚɳ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜ ɉɟɬɪɢɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ɂɚ ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XI ɜ. ɧɟ
ɞɚɜɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɢɧ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɨɛɚɱɟ
ɜɞɴɯɜɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɴɦ, ɱɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɳɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɨɳɟ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɯɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɬɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɢɝɢɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ,
ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɚɪɯɨɧɬ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (864-889),

ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ Ⱥ.
Ɉɛɪ. 2. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɉɢɫɨɬɚ, ɜɚɪɞɚɪɢɣ (ɩɴɪɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏ ɜ.).
Ɉɛɪ. 3. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɟɧ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥ (ɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XI ɜ.).
Ɉɛɪ. 4. Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ (ɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XI ɜ.)
Ɉɛɪ. 5. Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ (ɜɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XI ɜ.)
Ɉɛɪ. 6. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ III ȼɨɬɚɧɢɚɬ (1078-
1081)
2
1
367
4
3
5 6
368
Eleni Lianta
LATIN IMITATIVE BILLON TRACHEA

ISSUED IN THE MINT OF THESSALONICA (1204 – 1224)?
In 1969, M.F. Hendy was the first to distinguish a series of billon

trachea, which he ascribed to the Latin emperors of Constantinople. Hendy
named them Latin Imitations (1204 – 1261), and divided them into three
groups, the first two according to mint and the third according to module1.
The present paper aims to re-examine the second group of the Latin
Imitations, which, according to Hendy, was issued in the mint of
Thessalonica during the period 1204 – 1224. The study of overstrikes, the
examination of the geographical distribution of hoards containing Latin
Imitations of the mint of Thessalonica, the investigation of the frequency
with which the numismatic issues of the Latin kingdom of Thessalonica
appeared in the examined hoards, and the overview of the conflicting
hypotheses of distinguished numismatists about the operation of a mint in
Latin Thessalonica2 will shed light on the relation of the Latin Imitations of
the second group with the mint of Thessalonica during the period of its Latin
occupation.
According to Hendy, the second group of the Latin Imitations, which
also comprises three types (A-C) of copper half-tetartera3, consists of three
types (A-C) of billon trachea, one of which is an “anonymous” or “religious”
issue. On the obverse, Types A and C represent Christ enthroned (Figs. 1a,
3a), and Type B the bust of Christ Emmanuel (Fig. 2a)4. On the reverse,
Types A and B depict a half- or a full-length imperial figure respectively
(Figs. 1b, 2b), sometimes followed by an incomplete and blundered inscrip-
1
Hendy, M. F. Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire 1081-1261 [DOS 12].
Washington D.C., 1969, 191-217; Idem. Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton
Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, vol. 4, 2 parts. Washington D.C., 1999,
80, 664-697, 702.
2
With references to the numismatic catalogues: Hendy, M. F. Catalogue (DOC 4);
Sear, D. R. Byzantine Coins and their Values. London, 2002; Lianta, E. Late Byzantine
Coins 1204-1453 in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. London, 2009. For
bibliographical references to hoards, see Lianta, E. Byzantine Coinage AD 1204-1453: Some
Problems in Monetary Affairs. Doctoral thesis. Vol. III. University of Oxford. Oxford, 2006.
3
Hendy, M. F. Coinage and Money, pl. 28, nos. 11-14; Idem. Catalogue, pl. LII,
nos. 27-29. Although Metcalf expressed his doubts whether the half-tetartera are Latin (see
Metcalf, D. M. Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum.
London, 1995, 235).
4
Christ Emmanuel is depicted bearded (sic) holding a scroll in his left hand.
369
Eleni LIANTA. LATIN IMITATIVE BILLON TRACHEA ISSUED IN THE MINT OF ...
tion, while Type C shows the saints Constantine and Helena in full length
(Fig. 3b).
It is of great interest, that the second group of the Latin Imitations
comprises issues that do not differ in style and fabric from the coins of the
first group, which consists of billon trachea issued in the mint of
Constantinople. Moreover, the geographical distribution and frequency of the
second group’s specimens do not favour a clear relationship to the city of
Thessalonica.
According to the current orthodoxy, the second group of the Imitative
billon trachea, which comprised Types A-C, had a Thessalonican Latin
provenance 5 . In attributing these three types to the mint of Thessalonica,
three basic reasons were put forward. Firstly, Thessalonican Types A and B
share the same form of pendilia which are also found on two post-reform
Thessalonican hyperpyra of Alexius I Comnenus (DOC 4, pl. IV, nos. 20m.1,
20m.2), while it is scarce in the Constantinopolitan group6. Secondly, the
representation of saints Constantine and Helena on Type C (Fig. 3b) parallels
the obverse and reverse designs of the Latin half-tetarteron of Type B (Fig.
4), which is assigned to Thessalonica, and repeats the motif of figures slightly
turned to one side seen on the half-tetartera of Types A-C of Theodore
Comnenus-Ducas (1224 – 1230) 7 . And thirdly, since an important mint
operated in Thessalonica prior to the Latin conquest of 1204, and after the re-
occupation of the city by Theodore Comnenus-Ducas in 1224, it seems
probable that the mint remained open in the short period between 1204 and
12248.
The use of a specific design of pendilia on Types A and B, however,
is not on its own conclusive evidence to distinguish stylistically two mints
from each other, especially for the issuing of a series characterized in the
main by scattered imitative iconographic elements from different reigns and
mints 9 . Furthermore, despite the correct observation, that the depiction of
saints Constantine and Helena on Type C is similar to that on the Latin half-
tetarteron of Type B, there is no positive clue to the Thessalonican attribution
of both issues, especially since the Latin half-tetarteron C (Fig. 5), suggested
5
Hendy, M. F. Coinage and Money, 209-210; Idem. Catalogue, 94-95.
6
Hendy, M. F. Coinage and Money, 209-210; Idem. Catalogue, 95.
7
Hendy, M. F. Catalogue, 668.
8
Hendy, M. F., Coinage and Money, 210; Idem. Catalogue, 95.
9
Oddly enough, the reverse designs of the Thessalonican types imitate those of the
Constantinopolitan ones. For instance, the reverse of Type A (DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 24) seems
to have been inspired from John II’s Constantinopolitan billon Second Coinage (DOC 4, pl.
IX, no. 10), and Type B (DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 25) from Alexius I’s post reform
Constantinopolitan gold Second Coinage (Var. II) (DOC 4, pl. III, no. 20g).
370
to have been struck in Thessalonica, shares the same obverse and reverse
designs with the ‘Constantinopolitan’ Type O (Fig. 6).
Likewise, the argument that the motif of figures slightly turned to one
side on the half-tetarteron recurs on three half-tetartera of Theodore Comne-
nus-Ducas does not necessarily imply a Thessalonican provenance for the
Latin issues, whose Constantinopolitan Types S and T show on their reverse
the same posture (Figs. 7, 8).
Moreover, the style of Thessalonican Types A-C differs from that of
the early issues of Theodore Comnenus-Ducas 10 . There is thus plenty of
scope for new lines of inquiry regarding also the attribution of the Latin half-
tetartera to the mint of Thessalonica. Furthermore, modern scholarship has
shown that, although “the occupation of Thessalonike by Boniface of
Montferrat in 1204 had a threefold impact on the Latin presence in the city”
by introducing new social elements, increasing the number of settlers, and
reinforcing the Latin ecclesiastical presence11, and while “…Venetian trade
and settlement in Thessalonike, attested before 1204, continued during the
twenty years of Latin rule over the city…”12, evaluation of the impact of
foreign groups13, including the Latins, on the economy of Thessalonica is
difficult to assess14.
Metcalf suggested that none of these three types was issued in the
mint of Thessalonica, based on the evidence of overstrikes and hoards, and
on the superior style of Type C, which, according to Metcalf, did not relate to
the other two types, but was, together with its small-module equivalent Type
F, an issue of the Empire of Nicaea15.
An overstrike in the Kozani (IV) hoard confirms the hypothesis that
Types A and B were consecutive issues produced in the same mint16. Further-
more, two specimens of the Ashmolean Museum collection in Oxford cast
10
Bendall, S. Latin Billon Trachea – Thessalonica or Constantinople? –
Numismatic Circular, 92, (1984), 78.
11
Jacoby, D. Foreigners and the Urban Economy in Thessalonike, ca. 1150-ca.
1450. – Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 57, (2003), 92.
12
Ibid., 93.
13
In the 12th century, western merchants from Italy, Spain, Portugal and France
traded goods in Thessalonica (see Laiou, A. Ǿ ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ, Ș İȞįȠȤȫȡĮ ĲȘȢ țĮȚ Ƞ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȩȢ ĲȘȢ ȤȫȡȠȢ ıĲȘȞ İʌȠȤȒ ĲȦȞ ȆĮȜĮȚȠȜȩȖȦȞ. ǺȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȒ ȂĮțİįȠȞȓĮ 324-1430 ȝ.ȋ.,
ǻȚİșȞȑȢ ȈȣȝʌȩıȚȠ, ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ 29-31 ȅțĲȦȕȡȓȠȣ 1992. Thessalonica, 1995, 184).
14
Jacoby, D. Foreigners, 132.
15
Metcalf, D. M. Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean
Museum Oxford. London, 1983, 63-64; Idem, 1995, 232-235; Idem. Coinage in South-
Eastern Europe 820-1396. London, 1979, 135-137.
16
See Touratsoglou, I. Unpublished Byzantine Hoards of Billon Trachea from
Greece, Macedonia and Thrace – Balkan Studies, 14, (1973), 136, 150-151; Hendy, M. F.
Coinage and Money, 209.
371
doubts on the attribution of Type C to the mint of Thessalonica. Specimen

1106 (Fig. 9), originally deriving from the Yenimahalle hoard, reveals that
Type C was struck over the Constantinopolitan large B (Fig. 10), since the
obverse shows, in the right field below, traces of Christ’s nimbus, of the left
side of his throne, and of the abbreviation XC, while the reverse is revealed in
the right field by traces of the cross surmounting the globus, and of the
imperial garment17.
Moreover, on specimen 1112 (Fig. 11), in the right field of the
obverse, the head, stemma, and loros of the left hand figure of saint Helena,
and in the right field of the reverse, the traces of the cushion and leg of
Christ’s throne, reveal that Thessalonican large-module Type C (Fig. 12) was
struck under Latin small G, the smaller version of the First Coinage of
Theodore I Lascaris (1204/5-1222) issued in Nicaea18. This clears the way for
the suggestion that these ‘Thessalonican’ coins were issued either in
Constantinople or in Nicaea, if small-module G was produced there19.
The attempt to explain the stylistic difference between Type B and
Type C on the grounds that Type C does not follow immediately upon Type
B because of a hiatus between the termination of Type B and the
commencement of Type C due to the revolt of the Lombard magnates
immediately after the death of Boniface of Monferrat in 120720, does not hold
water. There are hoards, which terminate with issues of Theodore I (1204/5-
1222) (Table 1), like the Mԃglizh II hoard, which do not demonstrate a gap in
production between Types A-B and C. What the hoard evidence does reveal
is that out of 71 hoards including Thessalonican types, Type C is the worst
represented indeed, appearing in 18 hoards only. The reasons for the
predominance of Type A, as in the case of the Constantinopolitan group,
however, should be sought in the context of the production of a large initial
issue, and smaller subsequent issues21. But this still leaves the question of
where these coins were produced themselves.
17
Bendall, S. Latin Billon Trachea, 78, nos. 1-2.
18
Bendall, S. A Latin Coinage for Thessalonica? – Numismatic Circular, 105,
(1997), 75, note 5; Idem. Latin Billon Trachea, 78.
19
On the basis of specimen 1106, and on stylistic differences with the Nicaean
coinage, Bendall, S. Latin Billon Trachea, suggested that Type C was a Constantinopolitan
issue. Specimen 1112 (Fig. 11), however, renders a Nicaean attribution possible.
20
Hendy, M. F. Catalogue, 95.
21
With base metal coins, there are limits in the quantities that can be produced, so
that the coins do not become worthless.
372
A B C A B C
I Chilnov 15 12 1 ǿǿ Crnovuki 1
Dolni 1 DO (II) 6 17 5
Lukovit 2 DO (III) 4 1 2
Momin Brod 1 Amorgos 7 1
Arcadia 2 Epirus 2
Karatsol 10 Gonia/Santorini 45 23
Kozani (I) 3 Kozani (IV) 33 6
Kozani (II) 3 1 Naoussa/Paros 1
Kozani (III) 17 5 Pidna ?
Neapolis 1 Thessalonica (IV) 1
Thessalonica (V) 1 Veroia 46 25
Thessalonica/2007 (I) 2 2 Vrasta 11 8
Thessalonica/2007 (II) 3 Isaccea (IV) 2
Buzău 1 Kraljevo-Raška 9 11
Osanica 12 25 Setonje 4 11
*Petrovac 1 Vranje 1
Zablaüe 4 Bursa 1
Yenimahalle 53 8 43 Istanbul (IV) 2 4
ǿǿ Biaga 4 4 Troad 2
Brestovo (II) 1 Turkish 1
Cherven Briag (II) 2 2 T. Unknown 1977 1 1
Dubrava 2 3 2 III Dolna Kabda 3 4 4
Gradevo (II) 2 Dorkovo (m) 4 3
*Kateritsa 1 Krasen 10 3 4
Kiustendil (II) 23 42 Logodash 3 6
Kiustendil Region 14 Nisovo (m) 1 4 3
Koino 8 Thracian Plain 2 2 3
Korten (II) 16 10 Tri Voditsi (m) 6
Lom (II) 16 12 1 Turnovo (VII) 2
Lom (III) 3 9 (?) Serres (II) 2
Muglizh II 28 30 4 Thebes 4 1
Pokrovnik 1 1 *Thessalonica (VI) 1
Stara Zagora (I) 3 2 G. Unknown 1
Stara Zagora (II) 1 2 Bals 2 7 9
Tulovo 7 9 IV *Arta (I) 1
B. Unknown 1 2
Table 1: 71 hoards containing ‘Thessalonican’ large Latin Imitative billon trachea
Notes to Table 1: * = hoards containing Thessalonican issues only

I = hoards closing with Latin Imitations
ǿǿ = hoards closing with issues of Theodore I Lascaris (1204/5-1222)
ǿǿǿ = hoards closing with issues of the Empire of Thessalonica and/or Nicaea
IV = hoards containing also Palaeologan copper stamena
In the light of the above doubts regarding the Thessalonican origin of

these issues, it has been suggested that the Thessalonican Latin Imitative
types were the Venetian products of a second mint in or near Constantinople,
373
and the result of Venetian commercial activity in the Aegean 22 . Proof

supporting this suggestion was mainly adduced from the hoards, which
showed that Types A and B occurred in the Cycladic islands Amorgos and
Santorini, and also in Yenimahalle, on the Bosporus shores north of
Constantinople, while they were absent from Corinth23, possibly because it
lay outside the Venetian territories in the Aegean24. According to the same
theory, the Amorgos and Gonia/Santorini hoards, due to their peripheral
location, provide determinant evidence compared to the mass of 30 and 23
hoards discovered in Bulgaria and Greece respectively, because they reveal
that, ultimately, these types were distributed to Macedonia and Bulgaria
because of the Venetian activity in the Aegean25, and of their commercial
penetration in the hinterland of Thessalonica26.
The examination of the hoards shows that Thessalonican specimens
do occur in three Cycladic hoards – Amorgos, Naousa/Paros, Gonia/Santorini
– and in six Turkish hoards – Yenimahalle, Bursa, Istanbul (IV), Troad,
Turkish, Turkish Unknown 1977. In the Amorgos, Gonia/Santorini and
Yenimahalle hoards the production of the mint of ‘Thessalonica’ outnumbers
that of the mint of Constantinople (Table 2).
HOARDS Constantinople Thessalonica

ǹ Ǻ TOTAL A B C TOTAL
Yenimahalle 25 21 46 53 8 43 104
Amorgos 2 2 7 1 8
Gonia/Santorini 14 2 16 45 23 68
Table 2: proportional distribution of the Latin Imitations

in the Yenimahalle, Amorgos, Gonia/Santorini hoards
Additional evidence of the same kind from Crete, which was held by
Venice in the thirteenth century, has not been examined yet27. Unfortunately,
22
Metcalf, D. M. A Hoard of Billon Trachea from the Empire of Nicaea, c.
1215/1220 – Hamburger Beiträge zur Numismatik, 30-32, (1976-1978), 63; Idem. The
Value of the Amorgos and Thira Hoards as a Test Case for the Interpretation of Sub-
Byzantine Trachea in the Years around 1204 – ȃȠȝȚıȝĮĲȚțȐ ȋȡȠȞȚțȐ, 8, (1989), 54-55;
Idem. Coinage of the Crusades (1995), 234-235; Idem. Mint-Activity in Byzantine
Thessaloniki – ȅȕȠȜȩȢ, 4 [ȉȠ ȞȩȝȚıȝĮ ıĲȠ ȝĮțİįȠȞȚțȩ ȤȫȡȠ], (2000), 179-180.
23
Metcalf, D. M. Coinage of the Crusades (1995), 232, table 1.
24
Metcalf, D. M. The Value, 54-55.
25
Metcalf, D. M. Coinage of the Crusades (1995), 235, 336 (map).
26
Metcalf, D. M. Mint-Activity, 180.
27
Tsougarakis, D. Economic and Everyday Life in Byzantine Crete through Nu-
mismatic Evidence – XVI, Internationaler Byzantinistenkongress, Akten II/3 [JÖB 32/3],
1982, 458 [with the exception of the Mylopotamos or Rethymno hoard, which contained
trachea including Latin Imitations; see Metcalf, D. M. The Value, 55, note 37; Idem.
Coinage of the Crusades (1995), 334, no. 118].
374
however, the evidence of the hoards is not as straightforward as it might

seem, especially because the quantities of the Thessalonican issues do not
point to their origin28. For instance, it is contrary to the evidence to assert that
hoards found in northern Greece comprise exclusively Thessalonican issues,
for they often contain Constantinopolitan issues only (Table 3), or
Thessalonican issues in smaller quantities than Constantinopolitan ones
(Table 4).
HOARDS Constantinople
Type A
ǿ Aiani (ǿǿ) 8
Western Macedonia 8
Thessalonica (ǿǿǿ) 8
Central Macedonia 1
ǿǿ Aiani (ǿ) 3
Drama (ǿǿ) 244
Kolchiko 21
Livadi (ǿǿ) 96
Macedonia (ǿǿ) 10
Ȃ. Ǽleutherochori 45
Xirolimni 43
Table 3: hoards found in northern Greece comprising Latin Imitations issued in

Constantinople
Notes to Table 3:
LATIN IMITATIONS Constantinople Thessalonica
ǹ Ǻ C F N O P Q R T U TOTAL A B TOTAL
ǿ Thessalonica/2007 (ǿ) 1 1 2 2 2 4
Thessalonica/2007 (ǿǿ) 4 1 5 3 3
Neapolis 4 3 7 1 1
ǿǿ Veroia 197 2 199 46 25 71
Vrasta 34 34 11 8 19
III Serres (ǿǿ) 1 2 2 2 2 3 7 1 20 2 2
267 100
Table 4: hoards found in northern Greece comprising Latin Imitations
issued in Constantinople and in Thessalonica
ǿǿǿ = hoards closing with issues of the Empire of Thessalonica and/or Nicaea
Similarly, the number of the Thessalonican Latin Imitations in the

Gonia hoard discovered on that Aegean island is very close to that in the
Veroia hoard found 79 km away from Thessalonica (Table 5).
28
A widely used numismatic methodology is to assign types to the area where they
are plentiful.
375
LATIN IMITATIONS Thessalonica
ǹ Ǻ
Gonia/Santorini 45 23
Veroia 46 25
Table 5: Thessalonican Latin Imitations in the Gonia/Santorini and Veroia hoards
Supplementary new evidence comes from two hoards discovered on

16 March 2007 during the archaeological excavations conducted under the
supervision of the Ninth Ephoreia of Byzantine Antiquities for the
construction of the Venizelou METRO station, at the central junction of
Egnatia and Venizelou streets, in a modern open square, some sixteen meters
north-east of the Hamza Bey Mosque. Both hoards, which were concealed
during the second decade of the thirteenth century in the centre of the urban
economic life of Thessalonica, contained 79 and 215 billon trachea, of which
Hendy’s Thessalonican Latin imitative billon trachea were represented by
four and three specimens respectively (Table 6)29. The small proportional
occurrence (1.26% and 1.39%) of the doubtful Latin Imitations in the two
hoards Thessalonica/2007 constitutes unrivalled archaeological indication
that Thessalonica was not the place of origin of those three numismatic types
(A-C) in the short period 1204-122430.
Thessalonica/2007 ǿ Thessalonica/2007 ǿǿ
Latin Imitations
Con. ǹ 1 4
Con. Ǻ 1
Con. C 1
Thes. ǹ 2
Thes. Ǻ 2 3
Unknown ǹ 50 148
Unknown Ǻ 3 2
Unknown D 3 14
Unknown E 1 9
Unknown G 4 4
Table 6: proportional distribution of the Latin Imitations in the two hoards

Thessalonica/2007
29
Lianta, E. The Thessalonica/2007 Hoard of Byzantine Thirteenth-Century Billon
Trachea – ȃȠȝȚıȝĮĲȚțȐ ȋȡȠȞȚțȐ, 28, (2010), 51-72; Idem. The Second ‘Thessalonica/2007’
Hoard of Byzantine Thirteenth-Century Billon Trachea. XV International Numismatic
Congress, Taormina 21-25 September 2015, Congress Book. Messina, 2015, 155.
30
Furthermore, the single numismatic finds of the Venizelou station include 80
Latin Imitative billon trachea, of which ‘Thessalonican’ issues are represented by 3.8%
(Type ǹ/DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 24: one specimen; ȉype Ǻ/DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 25: two
specimens).
376
A further proposition suggests that the second group of the Latin

series was issued in a second mint in Constantinople – not the imperial mint,
but a public one 31 . The difficulty with this suggestion is that we know
relatively little about the organization and institutions of the Latin Empire of
Constantinople, whose authority was that of an occidental prince controlled
by the clauses of the constitutional charters of the Empire. Therefore,
dignitaries had western titles, with the exception of the ʌȡȦĲȠȕİıĲȚȐȡȚȠȢ32,
who, in the Empires of Nicaea (1204-1261) and of Trebizond (1204-1461),
was responsible for the administration of the imperial treasury. In the Latin
Empire of Constantinople the title was bestowed only once, to the garrison
commander of Constantinople, Conon de Bèthune, who had been also a
regent twice, in 1216 and in 121933. On these grounds, it is plausible that the
Latin emperors of Constantinople preserved the Byzantine title and its
competence. We are not in the position, however, to tackle the question of
whether an imperial and a public mint operated in the Latin Empire of
Constantinople.
Thus, on the basis of the results of old and modern scholarship, the
‘Thessalonican’ Latin Imitations were not locally produced, but were
imported into the local circulation as part of a widely circulated currency.
Figs. 1a, 1b: DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 24: A; Sear no. 2055; Lianta no. 107.
Ashmolean collection. Yenimahalle hoard (28 mm, 2.19 g)
Figs. 2a, 2b: DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 25: B; Sear no. 2056; Lianta no. 118.
Figs. 3a, 3b: DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 26: C; Sear no. 2057; Lianta no. 124.
Fig. 4: DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 28: B; Sear no. 2059; Lianta no. 129.
Ashmolean collection (18 mm, 2.17 g)
Fig. 5: DOC 4, pl. LII, no. 29: C; Sear no. 2060; Lianta no. 130.
Fig. 6: DOC 4, pl. L, no. 15: ȅ; Sear no. 2035; Lianta no. 61.
Ashmolean collection (27.5 mm, 3.50 g)
31
Bendall, S. Latin Billon Trachea, 78.
32
Hendrickx, B. The Main Problems of the History of the Latin Empire of
Constantinople (1204-1261) – Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire, 52, (1974), 788-789.
See, also, Jacoby, D. The Venetian Presence in the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-
1261): The Challenge of Feudalism and the Byzantine Inheritance – Jahrbuch der
Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 43, (1993), p. 143, note 6.
33
Plakoyannakis, K. E. ȉȚȝȘĲȚțȠȓ ĲȓĲȜȠȚ țĮȚ İȞİȡȖȐ ĮȟȚȫȝĮĲĮ ıĲȠ ǺȣȗȐȞĲȚȠ:
ǼșȚȝȠĲȣʌȓĮ, ǻȚȠȓțȘıȘ, ȈĲȡĮĲȩȢ. Thessalonica, 2001, 93; Hendrickx, B. Op. cit., p. 789.
377
Fig. 7: DOC 4, pl. LI, no. 19: S; Sear no. 2039; Lianta no. 74.
Ashmolean collection [33 mm, 3.26 g (pierced)]
Fig. 8: DOC 4, pl. LI, no. 20: ȉ; Sear no. 2040; Lianta no. 78.
Fig. 10: DOC 4, pl. XLIX, no. 2: Ǻ; Sear no. 2022; Lianta no. 26.
Ashmolean collection. Yenimahalle hoard (34 mm, 4.25 g /
Undertype)
Fig. 11: DOC 4, pl. LIII, no. 36: G; Sear no. 2050. Lianta no. 1112.
Ashmolean collection [20 mm, 1.47 g (clipped)]
Ashmolean collection. Yenimahalle hoard (32 mm, 4.26 g /
Undertype)
1 2
4
3
5 6
378
7 8
10 11
12
379
Alexandru Madgearu
„SCYTHIAN” AND „DACIAN” MILITARY MEN IN EGYPT,

PALESTINE AND ITALY IN THE 6TH - 7TH CENTURIES1
The tens of thousands of papyri discovered in Egypt are containing

many useful data for the economic, social, political and military history,
including the final period of the Roman domination in this province2. For the
military history, the papyri provide pieces of information not mentioned in
other sources, concerning the military units and their members. The first part
of this study examines a number of eight papyri dated in the 6th century,
which are attesting an unit composed of „Scythians”.
The oldest piece is dated in 546–548, and comes from the village of
Aphrodites, near Antaiopolis (Qau el-Kebir), in the central Egypt. The most
recent is from 567–570. In this series, a single papyrus has an unclear date,
sometime in the second half of the 6th century: an expenses receipt from
Apollonopolis (Edfou), which mentions a person called Narses, draconarius
of the Scythians (ȃĮȡıો įȡĮțȠȞĮȡȓȠȣ Ĳ૵Ȟ Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ)3. Draconarius was the
bearer of the draco standard. The standard with wolf head and snake body
was introduced in the Roman army in the 2nd century, remaining in use until
the 6th century. It is not clear whence it was borrowed, from the Dacians,
from the Sarmats, or from the Parths. In the Roman form, the wolf head was
replaced with a snake head, this being the explanation for its name. Every
cohort in a legion had a draconarius4. The name Narses is of Armenian
1
This is a revised and updated version of the study Militari "sciĠi" úi "daci" în
Egipt, Italia úi Palestina în secolele VI-VII p. Chr., Studii úi cercetări de istorie veche úi
arheologie, 65, 2014, 1-2, p. 49-58.
2
The papyri are transcribed in the database Integrating Digital Papyrology,
developed with the support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (http://papyri.info).
3
Fournet, J. L., Gascou, J. Papyrus inédits d’Edfou de la collection de l’Ifao, –
Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 98, p. 180-184.
4
Grosse, R. Römische Militärgeschichte von Gallienus bis zum Beginn der
byzantinischen Themenverfassung, Berlin, 1920, p. 125, 232; Speidel, M. The Master of the
Dragon Standards and the Golden Torc: An Inscription from Prusias and Prudentius'
Peristephanon. – Transactions of the American Philological Association New Series, 115, 1985,p.
283-287; Coulston, J. The 'draco' standard. – Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies.
Dedicated to the Study of the Weapons, Armour, and Military Fittings of the Armies and Enemies
of Rome and Byzantium, 2, 1991, p. 101-114; Mihăescu, H. La romanité dans le Sud-Est de
l'Europe, Bucarest, 1993, p. 397-398; Richardot, Ph. La fin de l'armée romaine (284-476). 3e
édition revue et augmentée avec une traduction de la Notitia Dignitatum, Paris, 2005, p. 10, 11,
43; Cascarino, G., Sansilvestri, C. L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione, vol. III. Dal
III secolo alla fine dell'impero d'occidente, Rimini, 2009, p. 184-187.
380
Alexandru MADGEARU „SCYTHIAN” AND „DACIAN” MILITARY MEN IN EGYPT, PALESTINE AND ITALY IN...
origin. Besides the famous eunuch who commanded the armies of Justinian,
it was recorded several times in the same period, including for other military
men5.
The papyrus dated in 546–548 is a list of stuff contributions (annona)
owed by the village Aphrodites, including those for the military (ıĲȡĮĲȚȫĲĮȚ)
named Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ ੉ȠȣıĲȞȚĮȞ૵Ȟ, who were guarding the nearby monastery of
Bau (Peboou)6. The same garrison of Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ ੉ȠȣıĲȞȚĮȞ૵Ȟ from the Bau
monastery was mentioned in a papyrus from 566 concerning the payment
made by the church of Apollonopolis for their maintenance (two solidi):
įȑįȦțİȞ ਥțțȜ(ȘıȓĮ) ਝʌȩȜȜȦȞȠȢ İੁȢ ȜȩȖȠȞ ਕȞȞȦȞ૵Ȟ Ĳ૵Ȟ ȖİȞȞĮȚȠĲȐĲȦȞ
Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ ੉ȠȣıĲȚȞȚĮȞ૵Ȟ ਕȖȡĮȡİȣȩȞĲȦȞ ਥȞ Ĳ૶ ȝȠȞĮıĲȘȡȓ૳ ǺĮ૨ (...).7 Between
these two moments is inserted another papyrus, dated 551–552, which
specified that the same unit received the annona from Antaiopolis8.
The military men are caled Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ, but without the epitete ੉ȠȣıĲȞȚĮ-
Ȟ૵Ȟ, in other documents from 563, 564, 567 and 567–570. In all the cases
they are entitled ıĲȡĮĲȚȫĲĮȚ. The papyri dated in February 563 and 29th June
564 are accounting documents for food deliveries from the Apion family
estate to the soldiers garrisoned in the town Oxyrhynchus9. The troops were
5
Martindale, J. R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, III B (527–
641), Cambridge, 1992, p. 912-936.
6
Gascou, J. La table budgetaire d'Antaeopolis (P. Freer 08.45 c-d). – In: Hommes
et richesses dans l'Empire Byzantin (IVe-VIIe siècles), ed. C. Abadie-Reynal, I, Paris, 1989,
p. 281-285, 301, 303, 309-310.
7
Wessely, K. Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde, vol. III, Leipzig,
1904, p. 78, nr. 301; Maspero, J. Organisation militaire de l’Égypte byzantine. –
Bibliothèque de l'École pratique des hautes études. Section des sciences historiques et
philologique, 201, Paris, 1912, p. 47, 48, 146; Select papyri, in five volumes, vol. II. Non-
literary papyri. Public Documents. With an English translation by A.S. Hunt and C.C. Edgar
Hunt, Cambridge (Massachusetts), London, 1934, p. 493, nr. 388; Rémondon, R. Soldats de
Byzance d'après un papyrus trouvé à Edfou. – Recherches de Papyrologie. Publications de la
Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Paris. Série Recherches, 1, 1961, p. 74-75;
Gascou, J. P. Fouad 87: Les monastères pachômiens et l'État byzantine. – Bulletin de
l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 76,, p. 172; Gascou, J. La table, p. 309; Fournet,
J. L., Gascou, J. Papyrus inédits d’Edfou, p. 180.
8
Maspero, J. Catalogue general des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire.
Nos 67001–67124. Papyrus grecs d’époque byzantine, I, Le Caire, 1911, p. 92 (nr. 67.057).
9
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Edited with translations and notes by B. P. Grenfell, A.
S. Hunt and H. I. Bell, vol. 16, London, 1924, nr. 1920 ( = Select papyri, in five volumes,
vol. II, p. 543, nr. 408); Ibidem, nr. 2046; Rémondon, R. Op. cit., p. 72; Alston, R.
Managing the frontiers. Supplying the frontier troops in the sixth and seventh centuries. – In:
The Roman army and the economy, Amsterdam, 2002,, p. 412; Kaiser, A. M. Flavius
Athanasius, dux et Augustalis Thebaidis – A case study on landholding and power in Late
Antique Egypt – Imperium and Officium Working Papers (IOWP) (http://iowp.univie.ac.at),
p. 7, 12.
381
involved in the war of 563-567 against the Blemmyes, a people of Nubia10. A

special discussion requires the second one, because it mentions some person
names. A soldier from the Scythian unit was called ĭȡİį઼Ȣ, which is
obviously a Germanic name (another ĭȡİį઼Ȣ is attested in Procopius, Wars,
IX, 26. 8), but other soldiers have Greek and Latin names like īİȫȡȖȚȠȢ and
ȃȩȞȞȠȢ. Besides the detachment of 36 Scythai, the garrison of Oxyrhynchus
included one of 26 bucellarii, commanded by the tribune ȅ੝ȜȚ૵ȡ. The name
Oulior could be of Germanic origin (there is a similar name Uliaris attested
in the Justinian age11), but it also could be derived from the Greek word
Ƞ੝ȜȚȠȢ („deadly”). The bucellarii have Greek or Latin names like īİȫȡȖȚȠȢ,
ǻȦȡȩșİȠȢ, ȀȪȡȚțȠȢ, ȃĮĲȐȜȚȢ, ȆĮ૨ȜȠȢ, ȂĮȡĲ૙ȞȠȢ, while other two have
Thracian names: ǽȘȝȐȡȤȠȢ and ǺȠȡĮǸįȘȢ12. In another papyrus, from 10th
March 561, the same ǺȠȡĮǸįȘȢ and ǽȘȝȐȡȤȠȢ are called Bessi13. It is possible
that Ioannes, son of Boraides (੉ȦȐȞȞૉ ǺȠȡĮǸįȓȠȣ) from the same detachment
of bucellarii of Oxyrhynchus, attested by a papyrus dated in September –
October 612, was the son of this one14. Not being recruited from a particular
place, the bucellarii were of any origin, and as it can be seen from the papyri
from Oxyrhynchus, some of them were Romanized Thracians, or of
Danubian origin, like the soldier ĬİȠįȫȡȦȢ ǻĮȞȠȣȕȓĲȘȢ15, who was
obviously from one of the Danubian provinces of the empire. The same
document mentions a soldier called ੉ȦȐȞȞૉ ȈțȜȐȕ૳, which is the first
appearance of the name of the Slavs in Egypt. The publisher adds that a
second one exist in a not yet edited papyrus dated between 605 and 62016.
The papyri of 567 and 570 are of a different kind: petitions sent by the
people from Aphrodites and Antaiopolis to the duke of the province
Thebaida. The first one denounced the abuses of Menas, the pagarh of
Antaiopolis and of his subordinates, supported by the commander of the
Scythian and Macedonian soldiers (ȕȚțĮȡȓȠȣ Ĳ૵Ȟ ıĲȡĮĲȚȦĲ૵Ȟ Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ țĮ੿
10
Rémondon, R. Op. cit., p. 72-79.
11
Martindale, J. R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, III B, p. 1387-
1388.
12
For these names see Russu, I. I. Zemarchos. Ein Beitrag zur byzantinischen
Prosopographie (6. Jh.). – Dacia, NS, 14, 1970, p. 411-418; Russu, I. I. Elementele traco-getice
în Imperiul Roman úi în Byzantium (veacurile III-VII). ContribuĠie la istoria úi romanizarea
tracilor, Bucureúti, 1976, p. 60, 78, 83, 93-96, 99-101, 109, 115, 131, 139-140, 143-144;
Dana, D. Onomastique et recrutement de l’armée byzantine d’Afrique: l’épitaphe du soldat
Buraido révisée (ILAlg, I, 81). – Antiquités africaines, 49, 2013, p. 155-156.
13
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, nr. 1903; Rémondon, R. Op. cit., p. 72.
14
Gonis, N. Payments to bucellarii in seventh-century Oxyrhynchus. – Travaux et
Mémoires, Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation Byzantines, Paris, 20, 1 (Mélanges
Jean Gascou), p. 183, 185, 190.
15
Ibidem, p. 181, 184, 186.
16
Ibidem,, p. 182, 184, 189.
382
Ĳ૵Ȟ ȂĮțİįȩȞ૵Ȟ). The pagarh was a local official with fiscal attributions
appointed among the aristocrats. These soldiers were in garrison at
Antaiopolis, the residence of the nome which included the village of
Aphrodites. The soldiers made various unlawful actions in the course of
gathering the taxes. The second petition mentions a man called Florentios,
who could be identified with that vicarius17. According to Roger Rémondon,
these vicarii were the chiefs of the garrisons (they were local deputies of the
duke of the province)18. The Makedonoi could be either soldiers recruited in
Macedonia Prima or Macedonia Secunda, either members of the older Legio
V Macedonica, which had garrison in Memphis until the beginning of the 5th
century. However, there are no data about its presence in Egypt afterwards19,
and there is no other proof for the survival of this legion in the 6th-7th
centuries, as it was supposed, on the basis of the inscription from Heliopolis
(Baalbek) dated in 635/636, which mentions some ȂĮțİįȩȞ૵Ȟ who
participated in the repair of a tower20. This supposition ignores the certain
fact that in Heliopolis existed a quarter peopled by Macedonians21, who made
that work. In the case of the Macedonians mentioned in the papyrus of 567,
they were most probable recruited from one of the provinces called
17
Maspero, J. Études sur les papyrus d'Aphrodité. I. Un procès administratif sous
le règne de Justinien. – Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 6, 1908, p. 75-
90; Maspero, J. Études sur les papyrus d'Aphrodité, II. Flavios Marianos, duc de Thebaïde.
– Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 7, 1910, p. 97-119; Maspero, J.
Catalogue, p. 10, 37 (nr. 67002, 67009); Maspero, J. Organisation militaire, p. 48, 51, 98;
Rémondon, R. Op. cit., p. 47, 78; Underwood, N. When the Goths Were in Egypt: A Gothic
Bible Fragment and Barbarian Settlement in Sixth-Century Egypt. – Viator. Medieval and
Renaissance Studies, Berkeley, 45, 1, 2014, p. 33-34.
18
Rémondon, R. Op. cit., p. 47-48.
19
Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Orientis (Notitia Dignitatum accedunt Notitia
urbis Constantinopolitanae et Laterculi provinciarum, edidit O. Seeck, Berlin, 1876,
XXVIII. 14, p. 59); Zuckerman, C. Legio V Macedonica in Egypt. CPL 199 revisited. –
Tyche. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Wien, 3, 1998, p. 279-
287.
20
Rey-Coquais, J. P. Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, Tome VI. Baalbek
et Beqa, Paris, 1967, p. 133, no. 2828; Kaegi, Jr., W. E. Byzantium and the Early Islamic
Conquests, Cambridge, 1992, p. 50 Cowan, R. The longest lived legion. Quinta Macedonica
- Legio Antiqua. – Ancient Warfare, 2, 3, 2008, p. 39; Sancho Gómez, M. P. Legio V
Macedonica: A perspective through the years (43 BC-637 AD). – In: Samuel's State and
Byzantium: History, Legend, Tradition, Heritage. Proceedings ɨf the International
Symposium "Days of Justinian I" (Skopje, 17-18 October, 2014), Ed. M. B. Panov, Skopje,
2015, p. 22; Schwarze, M. F. Römische Militärgeschichte, Band 1. Rekonstruktionsversuch
einer römischen Truppenliste des sechsten Jahrhunderts, 2018, p. 7.
21
Schmitt, O. Untersuchungen zur Organisation und zur Militärischen Stärke
oströmischer Herrschaft im Vorderen Orient zwischen 628 und 633. – Byzantinische
Zeitschrift, 94, 1, 2001, p. 218; Cohen, G. M. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red
Sea Basin, and North Africa, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 2006, p. 254 (vicinia Macedonum).
383
Macedonia. The Scythians were organized as an arithmos. The word ਕȡȚșȝȠȢ

was the Greek form for numerus, both being applied for various 6th century
military units of variable manpower, in the limitanei as well as in the
comitatensis army22. The papyri do not mention the word, but Jean Maspero
proposed the addition of it in that one dated in 567-57023.
Besides these papyri, another testimony is provided by a funerary
monument (now lost) with the inscription † ੥ʌİȡ ȝȞ઄ıİȦȢ ĲȠ૨ ȝĮțĮȡȓȠȣ
૮ȚȖȓȝİȡ ıĲȡĮĲȘȜȐĲȠȣ Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ ਥțȠȚȝ઄șȘ. It was found at Apollonopolis
Magna (Edfu), and it could be dated in the second half of the 6th century24.
On the basis of the West Germanic origin of the name Rigimer (a variant of
the more usual Ricimer), it was maintained that the „Scythian” military from
Egypt were Ostrogoths from Italy, prisoners taken in 540, at the end of the
first Gothic war25. It is indeed true that some Ostrogoths came in Egypt after
540, as it is proved by the discovery at Antinoë of a fragment of the Gothic
Bible, written in Italy before that time26.
The Goths were sometimes called „Scythians”, but this was only an
archaism applied in the historical and oratorical writings from the 4th-5th
centuries (Eusebius of Caesarea, Themistios, Libanios, Ammianus
Marcellinus, Philostorgios, Eunapios, and Zosimos)27. Contrary to these
22
Guillou, A. Régionalisme et indépendance dans l'empire byzantin au VIIe siècle.
L'exemple de l'exarchat et de la pentapole d'Italie, Roma, 1969, p. 151; Haldon, J.
Administrative Continuities and Structural Transformations in East Roman Military
Organization ca. 580-640. – In: L'armée romaine et les Barbares du IIIe au VIIe siècle, ed. F.
Vallet, M. Kazanski (Association Française d'Archéologie Mérovingienne, Mémoires, 5),
Paris, 1993, p. 51 Ravegnani, G. I bizantini e la guerra. L'età di Giustiniano, Roma, 2004,
p. 36-43.
23
Maspero, J. Catalogue, p. 37 (nr. 67009).
24
Lefebvre, G. Recueil des inscriptions grecques-chrétiennes d'Egypte, Le Caire,
1907, p. 101 (nr. 559); Maspero, J. Organisation militaire, p. 51, 146; Grimm G. E. Die
Zeugnisse ägyptischer Religion und Kunstelemente im römischen Deutschland (Études
préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain, 12), Leiden, 1969, p. 112-113
and Abb. 13; Gascou, J. P. Fouad 87, p. 174.
25
Maspero, J. Organisation militaire, p. 50-51; Fiebiger, O. Rigimer. – Germania,
12, 4, 1928, p. 168-171; Rémondon, R. Op. cit., p. 75; Grimm G. E. Op. cit., p. 113;
Gascou, J. La table, p. 310; Zuckerman, C. L'armée, in Le Monde byzantin, I. L’Empire romain
d'Orient (330-641), sous la direction de C. Morrisson, Paris, 2004, p. 165; Kaiser, A. M. Daci
und Sextodalmati. Zwei Truppen des magister militum praesentalis II Orientis in den Papyri.
– Imperium and Officium. Working Papers (IOWP) (http://iowp.univie.ac.at), p. 5; Dana, D.
Onomastique et recrutement, p. 157; Underwood, N. Op. cit., p. 33.
26
Underwood, N. Op. cit., p. 25-27.
27
Eusebius, Life of Constantine. Introduction, translation, and commentary by
Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall, Oxford, 1999, IV, p. 155; Themistii Orationes quae
supersunt, recensuit H. Schenkl, edidit G. Downey, vol. I, Leipzig, 1965, X, 131-133, 135,
136, 138; XI, 146, 148; XIV, 181; XV, 185; XVI, 207, 209-212, p. 199-201, 205, 208, 210,
221, 224, 261, 269, 297, 299, 301, 302, 304; Libanios, Opera, recensuit Richardus Foerster,
384
authors, Procopius of Caesarea used only the real name of the Germanic
population, because his precise style was no suitable with such labeling.
Another historian who made a clear distinction between the Scythians and the
Goths fighting together in the province of Scythia or elsewhere was Ioannes
Malalas. In the relation about a campaign against the Isaurians (491), he
wrote that the forces where composed of Scythians, and a band of Goths and
Bessoi (Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ țĮ੿ īȠĲșȚțોȢ țĮ੿ ǺİııȚțોȢ). In another passage, about the
final part of the rebellion of Vitalianus, he specified that his army included
Gothic, Hunnish and Scythian soldiers (īȩĲșȦȞ țĮ੿ ȅ੠ȞȞȦȞ țĮ੿ Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ).28
The same Ioannes Malalas enumerates the armies labeled with province
names in the relation of a campaign against the Persians in the year 528:
੉ȜȜȣȡȚțȚĮȞȠઃȢ țĮ੿ ȈțȪșĮȢ țĮ੿ ੉ıĮȪȡȠȣȢ țĮ੿ ĬȡઽțĮȢ.29 In this context it is
absolutely clear that Skythai meant “people from the province of Scythia”.
The most probable identification of the „Scythians” mentioned in the
papyri is with the population of the province of Scythia, regardless the ethnic
origin. Some of them were indeed of Gothic descent, while other belonged to
the Romanized local population. The name Scythians covered all of them, as
inhabitants of the province30. It ought to be observed that other papyri from
Oxyrhynchus are mentioning soldiers called īȩșșȠȚ, members of the
6 vol., Leipzig, 1903-1911, XXIV, 15, 30; LIX, 89-92, I, p. 521, 527; IV, p. 252-254;
Scriptores Historiae Augustae with an English translation by D. Magie, vol. III, London,
1932, Gallienus, 13. 6, p. 44; Ammianus Marcellinus, History, Volume II, Books XX-XXVI;
History, Volume III, Books XXVII-XXXI. Excerpta Valesiana, with an English translation
by John C. Rolfe, London, Cambridge (Massachussetts), 1939, 1940, XX. 8. 1; XXII. 8. 42;
XXXI. 5. 15,, II, p. 52, 236; III, p. 416; Philostorgius, Church History. Translated with an
Introduction and Notes by Ph. R. Amidon, Atlanta, 2007, II, 5; IX, 17, p. 20, 131; Blockley,
R. C. The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius,
Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus, vol. II, Liverpool, 1983, p. 52, 58, 60, 62, 66, 86, 88;
Zosimos, Historia Nova (Histoire nouvelle). Texte établi et traduit par F. Paschoud, tome I
(livres I-II), tome II/1 (livre III), II/2 (livre IV), tome III/1 (livre V), III/2 (livre VI), Paris,
1971-1986, I, 23, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 48, p. 25-28, 31, 32, 35-38, 40,
41, 43); IV, 7, 10, 20, 22, 25, 26, 38, II-2, p. 268, 271, 280, 283, 287, 288, 303. At Zosimos,
the Goths were sometimes called with their real name īȩĲșȠȚ, Scythians being a collective
name for Goths and Taifals: I, 27, 31, 42, I, p. 27, 30, 38; III, 25, II-1, p. 45; IV, 25, II-2, p.
287; V, 37, 45, III-1, p. 54, 67.
28
Ioannes Malalas, Chronographia, recensuit I. Thurn (Corpus Fontium Historiae
Byzantinae. Series Berolinensis, XXXV), Berlin, New York, 2000, pp. 320, 404; The
Chronicle of John Malalas. A translation by E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys, R. Scott (Byzantina
Australiensia, 4), Melbourne, 1986, pp. 221, 227; Russu, I. I. Elementele traco-getice, p. 82.
29
Ioannes Malalas, Chronographia, XVIII, 26, p. 369; The Chronicle of John
Malalas, p. 256; Russu, I. I. Elementele traco-getice, p. 111.
30
Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602. A Social, Economic and
Administrative Survey, ed. 2, vol. I, Baltimore, 1986, p. 655, 661 has too admitted the
geographical meaning of the word.
385
detachment of bucellarii mentioned above.31 Therefore, the real name of the

Ostrogoths settled in Egypt was known by the local people from
Oxyrhynchus, a distinction being made between them and the “Scythians”.
In Notitia Dignitatum were recorded two palatine legions of Daci and
Scythae, whose names were obviously given according to the provinces.32
Sozomenos, in his work finished around 443, called Ȉț઄șĮȚ the inhabitants of
the province of Scythia, including their bishop Theotimos33. The first official
act which names Ȉț઄șĮȚ the civilian population of the province is the edict of
emperor Zeno from 480: Tomis was placed in the eparchy of the Scythians
(ȉȩȝȚȞ Ĳ੾Ȣ ĲઆȞ ȈțȣșઆȞ ਥʌĮȡȤȓĮȢ)34. The land of the „Scythians and Moesi”
(Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ țĮ੿ Ȃȣı૵Ȟ) is mentioned in Novella XLI issued by Justinian in 18th
August 537, addressed to Bonus, the commander of quaestura exercitus35.
The general Vitalianus, who started the rebellion in 513 in the
province of Scythia, was a native of it, from Zaldapa (Abrit), was called a
Scythian by Marcellinus Comes. He was a Roman with Thracian roots36. The
monks from the province of Scythia who were involved in the theological
disputes in the age of Justinian were generically called Scythi in the letters
exchanged between the emperor and Pope Hormisdas37. One of them was
Dionysius Exiguus, the monk who introduced the Christian Era38. Another
illustrious man born in Scythia Minor, Hermogenes, comrade of Vitalianus
and magister officiorum between 529 and 53539, was named ੒ ȈțȪșȘȢ by
31
Papiri greci e latini, vol. 8, Roma, 1927, no. 953, 956 (both dated 567-568);
Rémondon, R. Op. cit., p. 79; Alston, R. Op. cit., p. 412, 414, 415; Underwood, N. Op. cit.,
p. 27; Gonis, N. Op. cit., p. 182, 185, 188.
32
Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Orientis, VI. 26. 43, 44, p. 17.
33
Sozomenos, Kirchengeschichte. Herausgegeben (...) von J. Bidez; eingeleitet (...)
von G. C. Hansen (Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte, 50),
Berlin, 1960, VI, 21; VII, 19; VII, 26, p. 264, 330, 341.
34
Corpus Iuris Civilis editio stereotypa quinta, vol. II, Codex Iustinianus, recognovit
P. Krueger, Berlin, 1888, I. 3. 35, p. 24.
35
Corpus Iuris Civilis editio stereotypa quinta, vol. III, Novellae, recognovit R.
Schoell, Berlin, 1912, XLI, p. 262.
36
Croke, B. The Chronicle of Marcellinus. A translation and commentary (with a
reproduction of Mommsen’s edition of the text) (Byzantina Australiensia, 7), Sydney, 1995,
p. 36, 37. For the origin of Vitalianus see Russu, I. I. Elementele traco-getice, p. 84-86.
37
Epistulae imperatorum pontificum aliorum inde ab a. CCCLXVII usque ad A.
DLIII datae. Avellana qvae dicitur collectio, recensuit commentario critico instruxit indices
adiecit Otto Guenther, Pars II Epistulae CV-CCXXXXIIII (Corpus Scriptorum
Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. XXXV), Pragae, Vindobonae, Lipsiae, 1898, p. 646, 685,
686.
38
Cassiodori Senatoris Institutiones. Edited from the Manuscripts by R. A. B.
Mynors, Oxford, 1961, I. 23 (p. 62): Dionysius monachus, Scytha natione sed moribus
omnino Romanus.
39
Martindale, J. R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, III, p. 590-
592.
386
Ioannes Malalas40. Even later authors from the period of Heraklios like
Ioannes of Antioch and Theophylact Simocatta used the words Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ and
Ȃȣı૵Ȟ for the inhabitants of those provinces41. It is not clear if the name of
Ioannes Skythes, who exerted the function of magister militum per Orientem
between 483 and 49842, recalls the name of the province, because we do not
know where he was born. Even the name Rigimer, of Germanic origin, could
belong to a native of this province, because also there existed Goths and other
Germanic groups, settled in different moments in the 4th-5th centuries as
foederati or in other ways43. Vitalianus was the commander of these
foederati, who included, as it has been already specified, a Gothic element.
Recruits from Dacia Ripensis or Dacia Mediterranea were too present
in the Byzantine Egypt. An unit (ਕȡȚșȝȠȢ) of Dacians was sent there
sometimes during the reign of Zeno (474-491). The bishop John of Mayuma
(a place in Palestine), also known as John Rufus, wrote around the year 515
the anthology Plerophoria. The Greek original is lost, existing only a Syriac
translation, edited and translated into French by François Nau in 1912. A
passage mentions a soldier called Zenon, who was primicerius in the ਕȡȚșȝȠȢ
of Dacians located at Alexandria. He was sent in a mission in Palestine
during the reign of Zeno44. A money lending contract dated in 20th June 531
discovered at Arsinoe (city in the central Egypt) mentions the soldiers
(ıĲȡĮĲȚȫĲȘȢ) Flavios Menas, Georgios, and Flavios Apollon Paulos, from the
unit of the Dacians: ĭȜ(ĮȠȪȚȠȢ) ȂȘȞ઼Ȣ ੒ țĮ੿] īİ[ȫȡȖ]ȚȠȢ ıĲȡĮ[ĲȚȫ]ĲȘȢ
ਕȡ[Țșȝ]Ƞ૨ Ĳ૵Ȟ ȖİȞȞĮȚȠĲȐĲȦȞ ǻĮț૵Ȟ45. It is likely that it was the same unit
40
Ioannes Malalas, Chronographia, XVIII, 34, p. 373; The Chronicle of John
Malalas, p. 260.
41
Ioannes Antiochenus, Fragmenta ex Historia Chronica. Introduzione, edizione
critica e traduzione a cura di U. Roberto, Berlin, 2005, frg. 311, p. 538, 539; Theophylact
Simocatta, Historiae, edidit C. De Boor, Leipzig, 1887, I. 8. 10, p. 54.
42
Martindale, J. R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, II (395-527),
Cambridge, 1980, p. 602-603.
43
Nubar, H. Ein gotisch-alanisches Grab in Histria. – Dacia, NS, 15, p. 345-347.
44
Jean Rufus, évêque de Maïouma. Plérophories, témoignages et révélations contre
le Concile de Chalcédoine. Version syriaque et traduction française, éditées par F. Nau, in
Patrologia Orientalis, 8, Paris, 1912, p. 68 Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire, II, p.
1274, note 123 Hoffmann, D. Die spätrömische Bewegungsheer und die Notitia Dignitatum,
Düsseldorf, 1969, II, p. 85, note 117 Kaiser, A. M. Daci und Sextodalmati, p. 3. For the
author, see Steppa, J. E. Heresy and Orthodoxy: The Anti-Chalcedonian Hagiography of
John Rufus. – In: Christian Gaza in late antiquity, ed. by B. Bitton-Ashkelony, A. Kofsky,
Leiden, Boston, 2004, p. 89-106.
45
Maspero, J. Organisation militaire, p. 47-49; Wessely, K. Studien zur
Palaeographie und Papyruskunde, Leipzig, 1921, vol. XX, nr. 139; Russu, I. I. Daco-geĠii în
Imperiul Roman (în afara provinciei Dacia Traiană), Bucureúti, 1980, p. 36; Jones, A.H.M.
The Later Roman Empire, I, p. 661; Ravegnani, G. I bizantini e la guerra, p. 39;
Ravegnani, G. Le unità dell'esercito bizantino nel VI secolo tra continuità e innovazione. –
387
with that one from Alexandria. The epitete ȖİȞȞĮȚȠĲȐĲȦȞ was applied to
several units, its meaning being „excellent, noble”. The Dacian ਕȡȚșȝȠȢ,
created during the reign of Justinian, was probably the inheritor of the former
palatine Dacian legion, with a reduction of manpower. Another unit of
Dacians (ȞȠȣȝȑȡȠȢ ǻĮț૵Ȟ) existed in Syria, at Apamea (in the city was
discovered the sarcophagus of Asterios, a tribune of this unit). This numerus
evolved from the former palatine legion of Dacians, or from the cohors I
Ulpia Dacorum Claudiana, subordinated to the dux Syriae, both attested in
Notitia Dignitatum 46. The date of Asterios’ inscription is unknown, but it is
surely later than the situation recorded in Notitia Dignitatum (end of the 4th
century). The “Dacians” and “Scythians” from the 6th century were not, of
course, the genuine Dacians and Scythians, but Roman inhabitants of the
provinces Dacia Mediterranea, Dacia Ripensis and Scythia.
The last mention of a numerus Dacorum comes from the exarchate of
Ravenna, being dated at the beginning of the 7th century. A man called
Ioannes, dom(esticus) num(eri) Dac(orum) appears as witness in a donation
act for a church in Ravenna. In the same papyrus was also mentioned
Domnicius, who was v(ir) c(larissimus) and optio numer(i) Sermi[si(ani)]47.
The military departed from Sirmium, together with the bishop Sebastianus
after the abandonment of the city in 582, were assigned to defend Rome (two
papyri from the time of Pope Gregory the Great attest the units numerus
militum Sermisiani and numerus equitum Sermisian)i48. Another unit from
In: Alto medioevo mediterraneo, a cura di S. Gasparri, Firenze, 2005, p. 191; Kaiser, A. M.
Daci und Sextodalmati, p. 2–3.
46
Jalabert, L., Mouterde, R., Mondésert, C. Inscriptions grecques et latines de la
Syrie. Tome IV, Laodicée. Apamène, Paris, 1955, nr. 1356; Hoffmann, D. Op. cit., I, p. 224;
II, p. 85, note 116; Russu, I. I. Daco-geĠii, p. 29, 36; Ravegnani, G. Le unità, p. 191-192;
Pollard, N. Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria, Ann Arbor, 2000, p. 265;
Petolescu, C. C. Inscriptions de la Dacie Romaine. Inscriptions externes concernant
l'histoire de la Dacie (Ier-IIIe siècles), vol. II. Illyricum - Oriens - Africa septentrionalis,
Bucarest, 2000, p. 428, nr. 412; Trombley, F. Epigraphic Data on Village Culture and Social
Institutions: An Interregional Comparison (Syria, Phoenice Libanensis and Arabia). – In:
Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside (Late Antique Archaeology, 2), Leiden,
Boston, 2004, p. 85; Petolescu, C. C. Cronica epigrafică a României (XXXIV, 2014). -
Studii úi cercetări de istorie veche úi arheologie, 66, 2015, p. 355; Schwarze, M. F. Op. cit.,
p. 8. The units: Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Orientis, VI, 43; XXX, 33, p. 17, 70.
47
Marini, G. I papiri diplomatici raccolti ed illustrati, Roma, 1805, p. 143, 303
(doc. CXXII); Marucchi, H. Monumenta Papyracea Latina Bibliothecae Vaticanae,
recensuit et digessit Horatius Marucchi, Roma, 1895, p. 11; Maspero, J. Organisation
militaire, p. 49, 51 Hoffmann, D. Op. cit., I, p. 223; Guillou, A. Régionalisme et
indépendance, p. 156; Russu, I. I. Daco-geĠii, p. 36; Ravegnani, G. I bizantini e la guerra, p.
39, 43; Ravegnani, G. Le unità, p. 201-202; Carile, A., Cosentino, S. Storia della
marineria bizantina, Bologna, 2004, p. 192.
48
Marini, G. Op. cit., p. 141, 143 (doc. XCI, XCII); Guillou, A. Régionalisme et
indépendance, p. 154; Pillon, M. L'exode des "Sermésiens" et les grandes migrations des
388
the exarchate of Ravenna, in garrison at Gradum, numerus Tarbisiani (from

Tarbisium = Treviso) was commanded by the primicerius Zimarcus, bearing
the same Thracian name like the soldier from Oxyrhynchus mentioned above.
In the publications concerning this inscription dated in the last decades of the
6th century (Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, V, 1614: Zimarcus primicerius
nomiri Tarbisiani uotum solbit), included in the mosaic of the baptisterium of
the church Santa Maria delle Grazie in Grado, the name was supposed to be
Germanic or Oriental. It was ignored the contribution of I. I. Russu, who has
demonstrated the Thracian origin.49 It could not be excluded that Zimarcus
from Gradum was the same person with the tribunus Zemarchus, mentioned
in an epistle concerning his widow, addressed in December 590 by Pope
Gregory the Great50.
Other “Scythian” military were mentioned in a hagiographic text
concerning Gaza, the city in Palestine conquered by the Arabs in July 637.
The general Amr bin al-As accepted to give protection to the civilians who
surrendered, but not also to the city garrison. Those 60 soldiers were sent to
Eleutheropolis (today, Beth Guvrin), and next to Jerusalem. They were
executed on 6th November and 17th December 638, because they refused to
abjure their Christian faith. Actually, it seems that the real reason was the
revenge of Amr bin al-As against the commander of these soldiers, who tried
before to kill him by deceit51. The martyrdom of the 60 soldiers from Gaza was
narrated in a text written in Greek, now lost. It was preserved only the Latin
version composed sometimes in the 9th-10th centuries, published for the first
Roumains de Pannonie dans les Balkans durant le Haut Moyen Âge. - Études Balkaniques,
38, 3, 2002, p. 120; Rance, Ph. Narses and the Battle of Taginae (Busta Gallorum) 552:
Procopius and sixth century warfare. – Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 54, 4, 2005,
p. 446 (who considers instead that the units of Daci and Sermesiani were transferred when
Narses gathered troops from the dioceses of Thrace and Illyricum, in 551).
49
Caillet, J.-P. L’évergétisme monumental chrétien en Italie et à ses marges
d’après l’épigraphie des pavements de mosaique (IVe-VIIe siècle), Rome (Publications de
l'École française de Rome, 175), 1993, p. 210-211, 463; Tadiello, S. Orientali in Alto
Adriatico: una storia di confine. – Porphyra. International academic journal in Byzantine
Studies, 9, 17, 2012, p. 88. For the place of the inscription see also Zettler, A.
Offerenteninschriften auf den frühchristlichen Mosaikböden Venetiens und Istriens
(Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Ergänzungsbände, 26), Berlin, New York,
2001, p. 209. For the Thracian origin of this person see also Dana, D. Onomastique et
recrutement, p. 156.
50
Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae, tomus I (Gregorii I papae
Registrum epistolarum. Libri I-VII), ed. P. Ewald, L. M. Hartmann, Berlin, 1881, p. 13 (I,
13); Russu, I. I. Zemarchos, p. 416; Russu, I. I. Elementele traco-getice, p. 152.
51
Kaegi, Jr., W. E. Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests, p. 95-96. For the
conquest of Palestine and particularly of Gaza see also Guillou, A. Prise de Gaza par les
Arabes au VIIe siècle. - Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique, 81, 1, 1957, p. 396-404;
Gil, M. A History of Palestine, 634-1099, Cambridge, 1997, p. 38-39.
389
time by Hippolyte Delehaye52. The interesting fact resulted from the

reconstitution of the Greek original made by Jules Pargoire, in 1905. He
demonstrated how it was distorted the Greek text when the names of some
martyrs were transcribed. In the Latin passage Sunt enim nomina sanctorum
qui passi sunt in sanctam Dei civitatem Cithom Devandus, Callidicus,
Imerius illustrius, Theodorus, Stephanus, Devandu voluntarisiorum, Petrus,
Paulus, Theodorus, Iohannes et alius Iohannes, the words Cithom Devandus
have no sense. Comparing with the following words, devandu
voluntarisiorum, Pargoire has proven that this was the wrong transcription of
the expression de vandu scithom, that is, in Greek, ਥț ȕȐȞįȠȣ Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ.
Therefore, the soldiers belonged to two units, ȕȐȞįȠȞ Ĳ૵Ȟ Ȉțȣș૵Ȟ and
ȕȐȞįȠȞ Ĳ૵Ȟ ȕȠȜȠȣȞĲĮȡȓȦȞ53. The reconstruction of the text was accepted in
the edition of 1910 of Acta Sanctorum, in various later works54, and in
translations55. The word bandon, of Germanic origin according to Haralambie
Mihăescu, appears is several sources dated in the 6th and 7th centuries. The
word was borrowed in the Late Roman military organization, becoming
something common. A bandon was a military unit bearing a standard (the
initial meaning of the word), of the size of a battalion, commanded by a
tribune56. For the bandon of voluntarii it was proposed the identification with
Cohors VIII Voluntariorum, which in Notitia Dignitatum was under the
orders of the duke of Arabia, with garrison at Ualtha (Khirbet ez-Zona). The
Voluntarii who composed the cohortae with this name were at the beginning
the slaves liberated during the reign of Augustus57. However, there is no
52
Delehaye, H. Passio Sanctorum Sexaginta Martyrum. – Analecta Bollandiana,
23, 1904, p. 289-307.
53
Pargoire, J. Les LX soldats martyrs de Gaza. – Échos d'Orient. Revue
bimestrielle de théologie, de droit canonique, de liturgie, d'archéologie, d'histoire et de
géographie orientales, 8, 50, 1905, p. 40-43.
54
Acta Sanctorum Novembris, tomus III, Bruxelles, 1910, 247-250; Guillou, A.
Prise de Gaza, p. 399; Schmitt, O. Op. cit., p. 217. The credibility of the source was denied
by Hoyland, R. Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish,
and Zoroastrian writings on early Islam, Princeton, 1997, p. 347-351, but Kaegi, Jr., W.E.
Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium, Cambridge, 2003, p. 253 has demonstrated that his
opinion is not founded, because the use of the word bandon proves its authenticity.
55
Woods, D. The 60 Martyrs of Gaza and the Martyrdom of Bishop Sophronius of
Jerusalem. – Aram. Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies, 15, 2003, p. 144-146; Ken Wolf
(https://sites.google.com/site/canilup/home/martyrs-of-gaza-1).
56
Mihăescu, H. Op. cit., p. 387, 389, 397; Ravegnani, G. Le unità, p. 186, 200;
Haldon, J. Op. cit., p. 47-48.
57
Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Orientis, XXXVII. 33, p. 81; Speidel, M. P. The
Roman Army in Arabia, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. Geschichte und
Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. – Herausgegeben von H. Temporini und W.
Haase, Berlin, New York, 1978, Teil II, Band 8. Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und
Randvölker: Syrien, Palästina, Arabien), p. 711; Kaegi Jr., W. E. Notes on Hagiographic
Sources for Some Institutional Changes and Continuities in the Early Seventh Century. -
390
proof for the continuity of the unit for more than two centuries in Arabia or in
the neighboring provinces. Who were these “Scythes” ? At a first glance it
could be made a relation with the name of Scythopolis, the town north of
Jerusalem, but in this case their name would have been Scythopolitani. The
current explanation, proposed by John Haldon, is the transmission of the
name of the legion IV Scythica, attested by Notitia Dignitatum in Syria at
Oresa (Oriza) (today Tayibeh)58. Doubts could be expressed in this case
because the legion was no more mentioned in the 5th-6th centuries59. I
consider that the origin of these soldiers from the province of Scythia could
be a better explanation60.
The Avar and Slavic attacks determined the abandonment of most part
of the European provinces of the Byzantine Empire in the first years of the
reign of Heraklios. This implied the transfer of the troops previously
garrisoned there, like it happened with Dacia. In this way appeared the theme
of Thrakesion in Asia Minor. The forces that composed at the beginning this
great unit of the new type of the Byzantine army came from the military
moved from the province of Thrace, which was lost after the Avar and Slavic
invasions started in 614. After 620, these troops from Thrace were involved
in the wars against Persia, in Syria and Egypt, and then against the Arabs. In
Egypt, in a certain moment before the retreat from this province occurred in
641-642, a Thracian (Ĭȡ઺țȚț૵Ȟ) unit fought under the command of Marinos
(they were defeated). These troops were perhaps moved in Egypt from
Palestine, after the abandonment of that province in 63461. After the grave
defeat of Yarmuk (20th August 636), the rest of Heraklios’ army, including
these troops originating from Thrace, were settled in the west of the Asia
Minor, were after a time was created the theme of Thrakesion. Its name was
„Vyzantina. Epistemonikon organon Kentrou Vyzantinon Ereunon Philosophikes Scholes

Aristoteleiou Panepistemiou”, Thessaloniki, 7, 1975, p. 67; Haldon, J. Op. cit., p. 53;
Zuckerman, C. L'armée, p. 163.
58
Haldon, J. Op. cit., p. 53.
59
Notitia Dignitatum in partibus Orientis, XXXIII. 23, p. 70 Speidel, M. A.
Legio IV Scythica, in Les légions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire. Actes du Congrès
de Lyon (17-19 septembre 1995) rassemblés et édités par Y. Le Bohec avec la
collaboration de C. Wolff, Lyon, 2000, p. 336-337.
60
Schwarze, M. F. Op. cit., p. 11 sustains that the origin from the IV Scythica
legion is less probable, and that the name could be related to a Germanic population from the
South-East European region.
61
Nikephoros Patriarch of Constantinople Short History. Text, Translation, and
Commentary by C. Mango (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Series Washingtoniensis,
XIII), Washington DC, 1990, p. 70, 71 (c. 23); Lilie, R. J. "Thrakien" und "Thrakesion". Zur
byzantinischen Provinzorganisation am Ende des 7. Jahrhunderts. – JÖB, 26, 1977, p. 27;
Booth, Ph. The last years of Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria († 642). – Travaux et Mémoires,
Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation Byzantines, Paris, 20, 1, 2016 (Mélanges Jean
Gascou), p. 515.
391
preserved after the beginning of the local recruitment62. The fate of the troops
retreated from Scythia was the same. The army of that province was sent in
the war against Persia in 604, and the last remains of the Danubian limes
were abandoned around 61463. The Scythian military were sent somewhere in
the East, like those from Thrace. Of course, the soldiers who belonged to that
bandon of 637 were no more the same with those who abandoned the
province of Scythia, because it was a long time after the event. The name of
the unit was preserved as a tradition, like in the case of the Thracians. The
bandon of “Scythians” proves just that the troops transferred after 614 from
the Danubian province were moved in the oriental part of the empire.
62
Lilie, R. J. Op. cit., p. 26-28; Haldon, J. Op. cit., p. 48.
63
Madgearu, A. The Downfall of the Lower Danubian Late Roman Frontier. –
Revue Roumaine d’Histoire, 36, 3-4, 1997, p. 323-324; Madgearu, A. The End of the Lower
Danube Limes: a Violent or a Peaceful Process? – Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, 12,
2006, p. 156-157; Kardaras, G. To Vyzantio kai hoi Avaroi (6-9 ai.). Politikes, diplomatikes
kai politismikes scheseis (Byzantium and the Avars (6th-9th c.). Political, diplomatic and
cultural relations), Athens, 2010, p. 103-104.
392

Robert Mihajlovski

%<=$17,1(6($/6)5207+(0(',(9$/6(77/(0(172)
9$52â35,/(3
7KH QHZO\ GLVFRYHUHG %\]DQWLQH VHDOV IURP WKH PHGLHYDO VLWH RI
9DURã QHDU 3ULOHS 5HSXEOLF RI 0DFHGRQLD DUH XQGRXEWHGO\ VLJQLILFDQW IRU
WKH VWXG\ RI %\]DQWLQH KLHUDUFK\ SURVRSRJUDSK\ DQG HYHU\GD\ OLIH LQ WKLV
PHGLHYDO VHWWOHPHQW 7KHLU VLJQLILFDQFH LV HYHQ JUHDWHU ZKHQ LQIRUPDWLRQ LV
DYDLODEOH RQ WKHLU ORFDWLRQ VR ZH FDQ DVVRFLDWH WKHP ZLWK WKH KLVWRULFDO
HYHQWVRIDSDUWLFXODUWLPHIUDPHLQWKLVORFDWLRQ,QWKHFRXUVHRIP\UHVHDUFK
DERXW0HGLHYDO3ULOHS,KDYHRFFDVLRQDOO\FRPHXSRQWKHVHDOVGLVFRYHUHGDW
WKH VLWH RI LWV VXEXUELD 9DURã RIIHULQJ VRPH QHZ LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKLV
SURYLQFLDO HFFOHVLDVWLFDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO SRVW LQ WKH QRUWKHUQ SDUW RI
3HODJRQLDQSODLQ:LWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\,KDYHPDGHD
UHVHDUFK RI DOO WKH VHDOV GLVFRYHUHG RQ WKLV VLWH DQG WR DWWHPSW DVVRFLDWLQJ
WKHPZLWKWKHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHRIWKHSHRSOHZKRUHVLGHGLQWKLVVHWWOHPHQW
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHWK FHQWXU\ LWLQHUDU\ 3HXWLQJHU PDS WKHPHGLHYDO
VHWWOHPHQW RI 3ULOHS ɉɪɢɥɟɩɴ RU %\]DQWLQH 3ULODSRV 3UɜODSR9 ZDV
HUHFWHG DW WKH SUHYLRXV 5RPDQ VHWWOHPHQW RI &HUDPLDH 3ULOHS ZDV RQ WKH
FURVVURDG EHWZHHQ WKH MXQFWLRQV RI 9LD (JQDWLD DW +HUDFOHD /\QFHVWLV ZLWK
WKH 9DUGDU YDOOH\ FRUULGRU ,W ZDV LQ WKH PLGGOH RI D QHWZRUN RI ORFDO URDG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQV LW JXDUGHG WKH SDVVHV RI 0RXQW %DEXQD 3ULVDG DQG
%DUEDUDVWKHQWKHäHOH]QLN6\GHURNDVWURQDQG3OHWYDU3DVVFRQWUROOLQJWKH
JDWHV WR WKH 3HODJRQLDQ YDOOH\ 7KH IRUWUHVV IURXULRQ RI 3ULOHS ZDV ILUVW

ͳ7KH%\]DQWLQHVHDOVDUHIURPWKHSULYDWHFROOHFWLRQRIWKH0DOEDãLüIDPLO\,DP
YHU\JUDWHIXOIRUWKHLUSHUPLVVLRQWRSXEOLVKWKHP

%RUND - 0LNXOþLü , Tabula Imperii romani, . 6HFWLRQ 1DLVXV6HUGLFD
6FXSL7KHVVDORQLNH /MXEOMDQD ɪ 3DSD]RJORX ) Les villes de Macédoine à
l’êpoque Romaine, $WKHQV3DULVɪ+DPPRQG*1A History of Macedonia,
2[IRUG ɪ PDSV Ɇɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ ɂ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɜɨ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ
ɋɤɨɩʁɟ LGHP Pelagonija u svetlosti arheoloških nalaza, od egejske seobe do
Avgusta6NRSMH%HRJUDG-RUGDQRY ,%\]DQWLQHVHDOVIURPWKH.DOHIRUWUHVV
QHDU SUHVHQW GD\ 'LPLWURYJUDG ± Hypermarchos, festchrift fur Werner Seibt zum
65.Geburtstag, (ed. by Stavrakos C. et alii):LHVEDGHQLQ.RPPLVLRQ
͵KD]KGDQ$3ULODSRV±The Oxford Dictionary of ByzantiumHGV$.D]KGDQHW
DOOL 1HZ <RUN ,RDQQLV 6F\OLW]DH 6\QRSVLV +LVWRULDUXP 7KXUQ ,
HGV Corpus fontium historiae Byzantiae %HUOLQ1HZ <RUN ,Q
3ULOHS ZDV LQYROYHG LQ WKH LQVXUUHFWLRQ RI 3HWHU 'HO\DQ DQG ZKLOH WKH %\]DQWLQH (PSHURU
0LFKDHO,93DSKODJRQZDVVXSSUHVVLQJWKHUHYROWDORFDOPLOLWDU\OHDGHU0DQXHO,YDWVWULHG
WRVWRSWKH%\]DQWLQHDUP\DWWKH3OHWYDUSDVV

3DSD]RJORX RS FLW ɪ Ɇɢɤɭɥɱɢʅ ɂ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ
ɬɜɪɞɢɧɢ ɜɨ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɋɤɨɩʁɟ Ȼɚɛɢʅ Ȼ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ
393
Robert MIHAJLOVSKI. BYZANTINE SEALS FROM THE MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT OF VAROŠ, PRILEP
PHQWLRQHGE\WKH%\]DQWLQHKLVWRULDQ-RKQ6F\OLW]HVLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKH
7VDU 6DPXHO ZKR ILQG WKHUH D VKHOWHU DIWHU WKH %DWWOH RI .OLGLRQ QHDU
6WUXPLWVDRQ-XO\)URP3ULOHS7VDU6DPXHOWUDYHOOHGEDFNIRUKLV
FDSLWDOLQ3UHVSDZKHUHKHGLHGRQ2FWREHUE\KHDUWDWWDFN$IWHUWKHWDNH
RYHU %\]DQWLQH HPSHURU %DVLO ,, UHIRUPHG WKH 7VDU 6DPXHO¶V UHDOP DV D
7KHPH RI %XOJDULD DQG WKH FKXUFK LQWR DQ DXWRFHSKDORXV DUFKELVKRSULF
QDPHG DIWHU -XVWLQLDQD 3ULPD WKH VHDW RI 2FKULG DQG WKH WHUULWRU\ RI WKH
ZKROHFRQTXHUHG%XOJDULD,QWKHILUVW&KU\VREXOOLVVXHGE\KLPLQLW
ZDV PHQWLRQHG WKDW WKH ELVKRS RI %LWROD VKDOO KDYH 3HODJRQLD 3ULOHS
'HEUHãWHDQG9HOHVZLWKILIWHHQFOHULFVDQGVDPHQXPEHURIVHUYDQWV
7KHIRUWUHVVRI3ULOHSKDGLWVVXEXUELD9DURãRQWKHVRXWKHUQVORSHV
RI WKH URFN\ KLOO ZKHUH D IDPRXV DQQXDO IDLU 3DQDJ\LU LQ KRQRXU RI 6W
'HPHWULRVZDVKHOGLQ$SULODQGODVWHGIRUWZHQW\ILYHGD\V7KHIDLUZDVVHW
XS LQ RSHQ VSDFH DURXQG WKH FKXUFK DWWUDFWLQJ PHUFKDQWV IURP DOO RYHU WKH
UHJLRQ7KHIDLUJURXQGRI³3DQDJ\LULãWH´LWVHOIZDVDURXQGPHWHUVORQJ

ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢ ± ɍɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɬɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ, HG Ȼɨʁɚʇɢɟɜɫɤɢ
Ʉ ɋɤɨɩʁɟ 7KH IRUWUHVV RI PHGLHYDO 3ULOHS ZDV OLWHUDOO\ DWWDFKHG RQ WKH
URFN\VXPPLWDQGµ3ULOHS¶LQ6ODYRQLFPHDQV
6WXFNRQWKHURFN

,RDQQLV 6F\OLW]DH 6\QRSVLV +LVWRULDUXP ɪ 6WHSKHQVRQ 3 Byzantium’s
Balkan frontier. A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204&DPEULGJH
LGHPThe Legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer&DPEULGJH&XUWD )Southeastern
Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250,&DPEULGJH2VWURJRUVNL *History
of Byzantine State 1HZ -HUVH\ ɪ .UDYDUL 9 Villes et villages de Macédoine
occidentale. 3DULV ɪ Ⱥʇɢɟɜɫɤɢ Ʉ ɉɟɥɚɝɨɧɢʁɚ ɜɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɨɬ ɜɟɤ, ɨɞ
ɞɨɚɼɚʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɩɚɼɚʃɟɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɋɤɨɩʁɟɫ

ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ ɂɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹɋɨɮɢɹUHSU
*HO]HU + Der Patriarchat von Achrida,Geschichte und Urkunden, /HLS]LJ
UHSU ɪ 0LKDMORYVNL 5 +HUDFOHD 3HODJRQLD DQG PHGLHYDO %LWROD DQ
RXWOLQH RI WKH +HUDFOHD HFFOHVLDVWLFDO KLVWRU\ WKWK FHQWXU\ ± Folia Archaeologica
Balkanicaɪ

ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɚ Ʌ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɚɧɚɢɪɢɬɟ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ;;,, ɜɟɤ ±
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ X – ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ XI ɜɟɤ.ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɨɤɬɨɦɜɪɢ ɝ ɋɨɮɢɹ
9U\RQLV 6-U7KH3DQHJ\ULVRIWKH%\]DQWLQHVDLQWDVWXG\LQWKHQDWXUHRIWKH
PHGLHYDO LQVWLWXWLRQ LWV RULJLQ DQG IDWH ± The Byzantine Saint 14th Spring Symposium of
Byzantine Studies HG 6 +DFNHO %LUPLQJKDP Ɉɜɱɚɪɨɜ ɇ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɞɚɪɫɤɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ XIV ɜ., ɋɨɮɢɹ ,Q WKH UHLJQRI
WVDU 'XãDQ WKH SULYLOHJHV RI WKH 3DQDJ\LULãWH LQ 9DURã ZHUH UHQHZHG DQG D PHWRFKLRQ LQ
3UL]UHQ ZLWK D PHWRFKLRQ RI WKH PRQDVWHU\ 6W 'HPHWULRV DW 3ULOHS ZHUH GRQDWHG WR WKH
PRQDVWHU\RI7UHVNDYHWVɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜȺɈɞɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ (ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ XII
ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ) Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɫ Ȼɚɛɢʅ Ȼ Ɉɩɲɬ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɞ
ɦɢɧɚɬɨɬɨɧɚɉɪɢɥɟɩɢɩɪɢɥɟɩɫɤɢɨɬɤɪɚʁ±ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɚɬɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ, ɋɤɨɩʁɟ LGHP ɉɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɉɚɧɚɝɢɪɢɲɬɚɉɪɢɥɟɩɚɞɪɭɝɟɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɟ;,9ɜɟɤɚ±ɋɬɚɪɢɧɚɪ
ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜɂɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹɬɨɦ
394
VXUURXQGHGZLWKPHWDOOXUJLFVKRSVDQGVWRUHV,QWKHVDPHWLPH9DURãZDV
DQ DFWLYH FKXUFK FHQWUH ZLWK SODFHV RI ZRUVKLS VXFK ZHUH WKH DOUHDG\
PHQWLRQHGPRQDVWHU\RI+RO\$UFKDQJHO0LFKDHOWKHFKXUFKRI6W'HPHWULRV
RIWKHWKWKFHQWXU\WKH$UPHQLDQFKXUFKRI+RO\$SRVWOHVRIWKH
FKXUFKRI6W1LFKRODVRIWKHFKXUFKRI6W3HWHURIWKHWKFHQWXU\WKH
FKXUFKRI6W3HWNDRIWKHVPDOOFKXUFKRIWKH0RVW3XUH9LUJLQRI
WKH WK FHQWXU\ 7KH SDUDNOHVVLRQ RI 6W -RKQ WKH )RUHUXQQHU RI WKH WK
FHQWXU\ZDVDPHWURSROLWDQFKDSHOLQWKHODVWGHFDGHVRIWKFHQWXU\$VDQ
HFFOHVLDVWLFDOSDUWRIWKH%LWROD3HODJRQLDQGLRFHVH9DURãUHDFKHGRQHRILWV
LQWHOOHFWXDODQGDUWLVWLFGHYHORSPHQWLQWKHIRXUWHHQWKFHQWXU\$URXQG
DVFKRODUQDPHG*UHJRU\$NLQG\QRVIURPWKHUHJLRQRI3ULOHSZDVLQYROYHG
LQWKHFRQWURYHUV\RYHU+HV\FKDVP3DODPLVPDQGKHGLHGLQH[LOH
$IWHUDQGWRZDUGVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI3ULOHSLQFUHDVHGDQG
WKH YDOOH\ RI 3HODJRQLD ZDV DVVLJQHG XQGHU D µPartitio Terrarum Imperii
Romaniae¶ DV Provincia Prilapi et Pelagoniae cum Stano . 'XULQJ WKH
WZHOYHFHQWXU\DQGDJDLQLQWKHIRXUWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHVHDWRIWKH3HODJRQLDQ
ELVKRS ZDV WUDQVIHUUHG WR 3ULOHS $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH KLVWRULDQ *HRUJH
$FURSROLWDHLQWKH3ULOHSIRUWUHVVZDVYLUWXDOO\LQDFFHVVLEOHZLWKDVPDOO
QXPEHURIVROGLHUV

ȻɚɛɢʄȻɉɨɤɭɲɚʁɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚɦɟɫɬɚɢɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɉɚɧɚɝɢɪɢɲɬɚɉɪɢɥɟɩɚɞɪɭɝɟ
ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɟ;,9ɜɟɤɚɋɬɚɪɢɧɚɪ

.UDYDUL RS FLW Ȼɚɛɢʄ Ȼ Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɉɪɢɥɟɩɚ 9,
;9,, ɜɟɤ Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ LELG Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɉɪɢɥɟɩɚɄɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɬɨ
ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨɧɚɉɪɢɥɟɩɨɞ9;,;ɜɟɤȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ±ɉɪɢɥɟɩɄɨɫɬɨɜɫɤɚɉµɎɢɝɭɪɢɬɟ
ɧɚɦɨɧɚɫɢɬɟɜɨɫɜȺɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɆɢɯɚɢɥȼɚɪɨɲɩɪɢɥɨɝɤɨɧɧɢɜɧɚɬɚɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ¶±
Patrimonium. MkɆɟɫɟɫɧɟɥɎɐɪɤɜɚɫɜɇɢɤɨɥɟɭɆɚɪɤɨɜɨʁɜɚɪɨɲɢ
ɤɨɞɉɪɢɥɟɩɚ± Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɫɤɨɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, 9HOPDQV 7 La
Peinture murale Byzantine â la fin du Moyen Age3DULVSȻɚɛɢʄȻɌɪɢɝɪɱɤɚ
ɮɪɟɫɤɨ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɡɢɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝɉɪɢɥɟɩɚ ɢɾ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ;,,,
ɜɟɤɚ ± Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɾɚ ɥɢɤɨɜɧɟ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɏɢɧɞɪɢɤ Ɋ Ʉɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ
ɪɚɞɨɜɢɧɚɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɢɰɪɤɜɟɫɜɇɢɤɨɥɟɭɫɟɥɭȼɚɪɨɲɢɤɨɞɉɪɢɥɟɩɚ±Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ
ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ

+HUR$&Letters of Gregory Akyndinos:DVKLQJWRQ;Q7DOERW$
0+HUR$&µ$N\QGLQRV*UHJRU\±The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
0LKDMORYVNL 5 $ 6HUPRQ DERXW WKH $QWL3DODPLWH WKHRORJLDQ *UHJRULXV $N\QGLQRV
IURP3ULOHS±Niš i Vizantija, Sixth Symposium, Niš, June 3-5

0DJGDOLQR 3 Between Romaniae: Thessaly and Epirus in the Later middle
Ages, Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204,/RQGRQ
7KHUHDUHQRLQGLFDWLRQVRIWKH/DWLQ&UXVDGHUV¶RFFXSDWLRQRIWKLVDUHD

+HLVHQEHUJ$HGVGeorgii Acropolitae, Opera,6WXWJDUW
$FURSROLWDH*HRUJLRVµ$QQDOHV%\]DQWLQL¶Patrologiae Graecae&;/3DULV
.UDYDULRSFLWȺɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪȾɆɚɪɤɨɜɢɤɭɥɢɉɪɢɥɟɩ±ɋɬɚɪɢɧɚɪ
Ɉɜɱɚɪɨɜɰɢɬɫɴɱ Ɇɢɤɭɥɱɢʅɂɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɜɪɞɢɧɢ ɜɨ
Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɋɤɨɩʁɟ ɫ 7KH VPDOO IRUWUHVV ZDV EXLOW EHWZHHQ WKH WK DQG WK
FHQWXULHVWKHODUJHIRUWUHVV[PZDVEXLOWDWWKHHQGRIWKHWKFHQWXU\DQGLQWKH
395
5HFHQWO\DVPDOOQXPEHURIGDPDJHGOHDGVHDOVZHUHIRXQGin situDW
WKHDUHDHDVWRIWKHFKXUFKRI6W'HPHWULRVZKHUHDVPDOOVWUHDPLVVLWHGRQ
WKH JURXQG EHWZHHQ WKH FKXUFK RI 6W 'HPHWULRV DQG $UFKDQJHO 0LFKDHO
PRQDVWHU\7KHVLJQLILFDQFHRI9DURãLVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHQHZIRXQGHGOHDG
VHDOV VKHGGLQJ DGGLWLRQDO OLJKW RQ WKH KLVWRU\ RI %\]DQWLQH 9DURã DQG LWV
VXUURXQGLQJV$OWKRXJKVRPHRIWKHVHDOVDUHGDPDJHGDQGKDUGWRGHFLSKHU
WKH\DUHLQFOXGHGLQWKLVVWXG\EULQJLQJPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHPHGLHYDO
VHWWOHPHQW
7KHOHDGVHDORIWKHSURWRV\QNHOORV1LNHSKRURVµ0DYURQ¶
WK
FHQWXU\
7KH VHDO ZDV IRXQG LQ WKH EHG RI WKH FUHHN EHORZ WKH FKXUFK RI 6W
'HPHWULRV DW 9DURã ,W LV SUHVHUYHG LQ WKH FRQVLGHUDEO\ JRRG FRQGLWLRQ
GLPHQVLRQVRIWKHVHDODUHPPZHLJKWLQJJUDPV2QWKHREYHUVHLVD
EXVWRI0RWKHURI*RG2UDQVIDFLQJKROGLQJDPHGDOOLRQRIWKH&KULVW&KLOG
RQ KHU EUHDVW EHWZHHQ WKH VLJOD DɆͮͮȺɉ DUH SUHVHUYHG PHDQLQJ ɀ;ɼʏͿɻʌ
Ⱥ;ɸʉͿୡ͘
2QWKHUHYHUVHDQHQJUDYHGLQVFULSWLRQLQIRXUOLQHVFRQWDLQVDWZHOYH
V\OODEOHYHUVH
нɁȻȾȻɌ͘Ɇ͘ɉͮʍʔʌɲ͘ʅɲͮȰʏɇɿ͘ʃɸͮʄ͘͘ɉ
ȃȚțȘĳȩȡȠȣıĳȡȐȖȚıȝĮʌȡȦĲȠıȣȖțȑȜȜȠȣ

,W LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH VHDO EHORQJHG WR WKH 1LNHSKRURV WKH SURWR
V\QNHOORV WKH IXWXUH 3DWULDUFK RI $QWLRFK 1LNHSKRURV 0DYURQ ȂĮ૨ȡȠȞ
%HIRUH1LNHSKRURVZDVDV\QNHOORVWRWKH$UFKELVKRS-RKQ,,/DPSLQRV
$FFRUGLQJ WKH FKURQLFOH RI 6N\OLW]HV.HGUHQRV WKH $UFKEL
VKRSULFRI2FKULGVXIIHUHGWKHULYDOEDWWOHVIRUWKHLPSHULDOWKURQHLQWKHWLPH
RI WKH %\]DQWLQH HPSHURU 0LFKDHO 9,, 'RXNDV $URXQG
WKHUH ZHUH SUHWHQGHUV IRU WKH WKURQH VXFK DV 1LNHSKRURV %RWDQHLDWHV
1LNHSKRURV%U\HQQLRVDQG1LNHSKRURV%DVVLODNLRVWKH3URWRSURHGURVRIWKH
WKHPHRI'\UUDFKLRQ7KHODWHURQHPDUFKHGZLWKKLVDUP\RQWKHURDGRI9LD
(JQDWLDWRZDUGV7KHVVDORQLNHDQGVWRSSHGLQ2FKULGDVNLQJWKH$UFKELVKRS

EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ 7KH FDVWOHDFURSROLV RQ WKH KLOOWRS NQRZQ DV µýDUGDN¶ KDG
GLPHQVLRQVRI[P

ȻɚɛɢʅȻɄɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɉɪɢɥɟɩɚ, VI-XVII ɜɟɤ. –ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɭɡɟʁ Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ,
ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɭɡɟʁ ɉɪɢɥɟɩ Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ ɫ Ɋɢɫɬɢʄ ȼ ɐɪɤɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ ɭ
ɉɪɢɥɟɩɭ ɋɢɧɬɟɡɚ 0LOOHW * L’École grécque dans l’architecture
byzantine,/RQGRQ

0LKDMORYVNL50RO\YGRYXOORI1LNHSKRURV3URWRV\QNHOORV±Byzantinoslavica,
69, ɪ

7DSNRYD=DLPRYD97KH'X&DQJHFDWDORJXH±State and Church. Studies in
Medieval Bulgaria and Byzantium6RILDɪQ-RKQ/DPSLQRVZDVDSSRLQWHG
DV$UFKELVKRSRI2FKULGE\WKHHPSHURU0LFKDHO9,,'RXNDLQ
396
-RKQ ,, /DPSLQRV WR RUGDLQ KLP DV %\]DQWLQH HPSHURU /DPSLQRV UHIXVHG
EHFDXVHKHZDVOR\DOWRWKH%\]DQWLQHHPSHURUDQGIRUDQXQNQRZQUHDVRQKH
VXGGHQO\ SDVVHG DZD\ ,Q KLV ZULWLQJV 6N\OLW]HV±.HGUHQRV DFFXVHG
%DVVLODNLRVIRUWKHGHDWKRI/DPSLQRV
)ROORZLQJKLVFRURQDWLRQRQ-XQHWKHHPSHURU1LNHSKRURV,,,
%RWDQHLDWHV DSSRLQWHG WKH 3URWRV\QNHOORV 1LNHSKRURV DV WKH 3DWULDUFK RI
*UHDWHU$QWLRFK7KHRSROLVDQGDOO$QDWROLD
7KHUHLVDSXEOLVKHGVHDOE\9/DXUHQWRIWKH3DWULDUFK1LNHSKRURV
0DYURQZKRUHSODFHGWKHGHFHDVHG3DWULDUFKRI$QWLRFK(PLOLDQRV,WFDQ
EH GDWHG EHWZHHQ DQG ZLWK VWDQGLQJ ILJXUH RI WKH 9LUJLQ ZLWK
,QIDQW-HVXVRQKHUFKHVWDQGIODQNHGZLWKWKHILJXUHVRI6W3HWHUDQG6W3DXO
LQDGRUDWLRQLQWKHREYHUVHDQGDQLQVFULSWLRQLQHLJKWOLQHVRQWKHUHYHUVH
нȾȵZ͕Ⱥ͕ͬɁȻȾȸɌɃɆɏͬɅȰɈɆȻȰɆɍȸͬȺȵɉɅɃȿȵɏͬɀȵȳȰȿȻȰɁͬɅɃɍȵȻȰ
ͬ^ɅȰȸȰͬɁȰɈɃȿ͘
7KH VHDO RI 1LNHSKRURV 3URWRV\QNHOORV FRPHV DW D SDUWLFXODU WLPH
ZKHQWKHUHLVDQHHGIRUDQHFFOHVLDVWLFDOOLDLVRQEHWZHHQWKHRIILFLDO&KXUFK
RI&RQVWDQWLQRSOHWKH$UFKELVKRSULFRI2FKULGDQGWKHFOHUJ\LQ3ULOHS7KH
SUHVHUYHG VHDO LQGLFDWHV 1LNHSKRURV¶ UROH DV 3URWRV\QNHOORV RI WKH
$UFKELVKRSRI2FKULGZLWKDQHYLGHQFHIRUKLVHQWKURQHPHQWDVD3DWULDUFKRI
$QWLRFK

/HDGVHDORIWKHELVKRSRI$XORQDWK±WKFHQWXU\
$KDOIRI%\]DQWLQHVHDOZDVIRXQGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHFKXUFKRI6W
'HPHWULRV LQ 9DURã 7KH KDOI VHDO LV SUHVHUYHG ZLWK D GLDPHWHU RI ɦɦ
DQG ZHLJKW RI JUDPV 7KHUH LV D URXQG LQVFULSWLRQ DURXQG WKH EXVW RI
9LUJLQZLWK,QIDQW-HVXVRQKHUFKHVW
нȺิȾิȵͬȺาͬɈɏɇɏȴŽƵȿɏ
ĬİȠĲȩțİȕȠȒșİȚĲ૶ı૶į>ȠȪ@Ȝ૳
2QWKHUHYHUVHWKHUHLVDQLQVFULSWLRQLQWKUHHOLQHV
Ȼɏͬɸʋɿʎͬɲʐʄ
੉ȦȐȞȞૉਥʌȚ>ıțȩʌ૳@ǹȣȜ>ȦȞĮ@
7KHOHDGVHDOEHORQJHGWRWKHELVKRSRI$XORQDǹȣȜȦȞĮ,WPLJKW
EHGDWHGLQWKHSHULRGEHWZHHQWKHHQGRIWKHWKDQGWKHILUVWKDOIRIWKHWK

ȼɢɷɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɷɜɨɪɢ ɷɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, ȳ Ɏɟɪɥɭɝɚ Ȼ
Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ HW DOLL YRO F ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ ɂ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɬɨɦ 0LKDMORYVNL 5 0RO\YGRYXOO RI 1LNHSKRURV
3URWRV\QNHOORV

ȼɢɷɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɷɜɨɪɢ ɷɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ȳ Ɏɟɪɥɭɝɚ Ȼ
ɎɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄHWDOLLYROɫ7DSNRYD=DLPRYDRSFLW

/DXUHQW 9 Le Corpus de l’empire Byzantine, 7RPH 9 O¶(JOLVH 3DULV

,ELG
397
FHQWXU\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH DUFKDLF LFRQRJUDSK\ RQ WKH REYHUVH 7KLV UDUH VHDO
EHORQJHGWRWKHELVKRSRI$XORQDWRGD\9ORU´DPDULWLPHSRUWLQ(SLUXV
PRGHUQ$OEDQLD7KHELVKRSULFZDVPHQWLRQHGLQ7DEXOD3HXWHQJHULDQDDQG
&RVPRJUDSKHU RI 5DYHQQD DQG LW ZDV PHQWLRQHG DV ELVKRSULF LQ $'
:LWK WKH SRUW RI '\UUDFKLRQ $XORQD ZDV WKH VWDUWLQJ SRLQW RQ WKH 9LD
(JQDWLDURDG7KHVHWRZQVLQ(SLUXV1RYDKDYHEHHQWKHVWHSSLQJVWRQHVIRU
WKH FRQTXHVW RI %\]DQWLXP IURP ,WDOLDQ SHQLQVXOD VLQFH $XORQD OLHV DW D
GLVWDQFHRIIRUW\PLOHVIURPWKH2WUDQWRSRUWRQWKHRSSRVLWHVLGHRIWKHVHD
7KHIRUWUHVVRI.DQLQDµ.KDQWRZQ¶ZDVORFDWHGRQWKHVRXWKHDVWRI9ORUH
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH VWXG\ RI WKH %\]DQWLQH FKU\VREXOO RI WKH HPSHURU
$QGURQLFXV,,E\3DXO$$OH[DQGHU.DQLQDDQGLWVHQYLURQVZHUHLQFOXGHG
LQ WKH UHDOP RI WKH %XOJDULDQ .KDQ 0DODPLU DQG ODWHU E\ 7VDU %RULV
$' ZLWK DQ LQVFULSWLRQ IRXQG DW WKH YLOODJH RI %DOVKL PHQWLRQLQJ WKH
IURQWLHURIWKH%XOJDULDQHPSLUH$URXQG6DLQW&OHPHQWRI2FKULGKDG
LWV UHVLGHQF\ LQ WKH QHDUE\ WRZQ RI *ODYLQLW]D ,Q IROORZLQJ VRPH
GHFLVLRQVRIWKH³3KRWLRVV\QRG´LQ&RQVWDQWLQRSOHWKH5RPDQDQG%\]DQWLQH
FKXUFKHV VHFHGHG VRPH HSDUFKLHV WRZDUGV WKH %XOJDULDQ FKXUFK LQFOXGLQJ
VRPH LQ (SLUXV ,W ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 5RPDQ FKXUFK FRQFHUQLQJ LWV ROG
MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU WKH GLRFHVH RI ,OO\ULFXP DQG ODWHU ZLWK WKH 7VLPLVNL¶V
GHFLVLRQIURPDERXWWKHDQQLKLODWLRQ RI %XOJDULDQ VWDWH DQG SRVVLEO\ LWV
FKXUFK
'XULQJWKHUHLJQRI7VDU6DPXHO.DQLQDGHILQLWHO\EHORQJHGWRKLV
UHDOP DV ZH FDQ VHH IURP WKH &KU\VREXOO RI %DVLO ,, GDWHG LQ
HFFOHVLDVWLFDOO\LWZDVXQGHUWKHELVKRSRI*ODYLQLW]DZLWKFOHULFVDQG
SDURFKLDO IDUPHUV ,W LQFOXGHV WKH SODFHV VXFK DV .DQLQD 1HDQLVNRV DQG
$XORQD DV D SDUW RI %XOJDULDQ UHDOP ,Q WKH VLJLOLRQ RI %DVLO ,, LQ WKH
(SLURWLF GLRFHVH ZHUH *ODYLQLW]D .HIDOLQL\D .DQLQD 1HDQLVNRV DQG
$XORQD%HFDXVHRIWKHWHUULWRULDOH[FKDQJHV $XORQD ZDV RIWHQ FKDQJLQJ LWV
HSDUFKLDOERUGHUVEXWWKHWRZQRI$XORQDZDVPDLQO\SDUWRIWKHHSDUFK\RI

ʹͲ,DPYHU\JUDWHIXOWRP\FROOHDJXH:6HLEWIRUKLVH[SHUWLVHDQGKHOS

.D]KGDQȺ$YORQ±The Oxford dictionary of ByzantiumHG$$3.D]KGDQ
HW DOOL YRO , :LONHV - 7KH VLJQLILFDQFH RI URDGVWDWLRQV LQ WKH DUFKDHRORJ\ RI
$OEDQLDLQWKH5RPDQHUD±New directions in Albanian archaeology, Studies presented to
M. Korkut, (ed. L. Bejko and R. Hodges)7LUDQD

$OH[DQGHU 3 - $ &KU\VREXOO RI WKH HPSHURU $QGURQLFXV ,, 3DODHRORJXV LQ
IDYRXU RI WKH VHH RI .DQLQD LQ $OEDQLD ± Religious and political though in the Byzantine
empire, collected studies/RQGRQ9

2EROHQVN\'6L[%\]DQWLQHSRUWUDLWV2[IRUG&XUWD)Southeastern
Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250&DPEULGJHS

ɉɢɪɢɜɚɬɪɢʄ ɋ ɋɚɦɭɢɥɨɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɨɛɢɦ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ F

$OH[DQGHURSFLWS
398
.DQLQDZKLFKLQWKH(PSHURU%DVLO,,¶V&KU\VREXOORIEHORQJHGWRWKH
$UFKELVKRSULFRI2FKULG
/DWLQVWRRNRYHU$XORQDLQDQGD&DWKROLFELVKRSZDVLQVWDOOHG
XQWLO 0LFKDHO , .RPQHQRV 'RXNDV RI (SLURV UHFRYHUHG WKH WHUULWRU\ DURXQG
$IWHU NLQJ 0DQIUHG RI 6LFLO\ FRQTXHUHG WKH WRZQV RI '\UUD
FKLRQ %HOJUDGH %HUDW DQG $XORQD ,Q 0LFKDHO 9,,, 3DODHRORJRV
FRILUPHG ROG JUDQWV DQG WHUULWRU\ RI 2FKULG DQG LQ D 1RWLWLDH RI WKH
ELVKRSRI.DQLQDDQG$XORQDZDVPHQWLRQHG
$XORQD LQ (SLUXV VKRXOG EH GLVWLQJXLVKHG IURP RWKHU ELVKRSULF DQG
HFFOHVLDVWLFDO FHQWUHV RI WKH VDPH QDPH VXFK LV $XORQ QRZ 6DORQD LQ
(XERLDDVXIIUDJDQELVKRSULFRI$WKHQVRUDQRWKHUELVKRSULFLQ6\ULDZLWKWKH
VDPHQDPH
/HDGVHDOZLWKDQXQNQRZQVDLQW
,WLVDUDUHOHDGVHDOVLPLODULQIRUPDWDQGGLPHQVLRQZLWKWKHDERYH
PHQWLRQHGVHDORIELVKRS,RDQQHVRI$XORQD7KH\ZHUHIRXQGWRJHWKHULQWKH
YLFLQLW\ RI WKH 6W 'HPHWULRV FKXUFK LQ 9DURã DQG LW VHHPV WKDW WKH\
RULJLQDWHGIURPWKHVDPHDUHD$GDPDJHGFRUHRIWKHVHDOLVSUHVHUYHGZLWK
GLDPHWHURIɦɦDQGZHLJKWRIJUDPV2QWKHREYHUVHWKHUHLVILQHO\
FUDIWHGEXVWRIDVDLQW7KHILJXUHKDVD5RPDQ&DWKROLFELVKRS¶VPLWKUDRQ
KLVKHDGDQGDQELVKRS¶VVWDIILQKLVOHIWKDQG8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHLQVFULSWLRQ
DURXQGWKHILJXUHLVKHDYLO\GDPDJHGDQGXQUHDGDEOH
,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDW$XORQD9DORQDWRGD\9ORU´ZLWKRWKHUWRZQV
RQ WKH ,RQLDQ FRDVWOLQH ZDV VHWWOHG E\ D PL[WXUH RI 2UWKRGR[ DQG &DWKROLF
&KULVWLDQV ,W ZDV XQGHU WKH 5RPDQ UXOH EXW LQ (PSHURU /HR ,,,
VXEMXJDWHG WKH SURYLQFHV RI 3UDHYDOLWDQD DQG (SLUXV 1RYD XQGHU WKH FKXUFK
RUJDQLVDWLRQRI&RQVWDQWLQRSOH7KHUHJLRQZDVHWKQLFDOO\DGPL[WXUHRI%\
]DQWLQHV(SLURWHV9ODFKV%XOJDULDQVDQG,WDOLRWHVWKDWEHORQJHGWRWKHRQH

ɂɜɚɧɨɜ Ƀ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢ ɢɡ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ ɇɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ
%LVKRS$QGUHZUDUH&\ULOOLFLQVFULSWLRQRQDPDUEOHFROXPQZDVIRXQGLQ
DWWKHPRQDVWHU\RIWKH+RO\$UFKDQJHO0LFKDHOLQ9DURã,WZDVUHDGDV‘In the year 996
died Bishop Andrew, 17 February’ EXW .HPSJHQ 6 'DWLQJ WKH 9DURã LQVFULSWLRQ IURP
3ULOHS ± Vis et sapientia. Studia in honorem Anisavae Miltenova: ɧɨɜɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚɋɨɮɢɹUHUHDGWKH\HDURQ
WKH %LVKRS $QGUHZ¶V LQVFULSWLRQ DV 3UREDEO\ WKH 9DURã LQVFULSWLRQ EHORQJHG WR WKH
\HDULQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHUHLJQRIWVDU6DPXHO௅


,ELGHPF

'DUURX]HV - Notitiae episcopatum ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, texte
crietique, introduction et notes, 3DULV S 'XFHOOLpU $ La façade Maritime de
l’Albanie au Moyen Âge, Durazzo et Valona du XIe au XVe siècle, 7KHVVDORQLNL S
*HO]HU+Der Patriarchat von Achrida,Geschichte und Urkunden,/HLS]LJUHSU
S

'DUURX]HVRSFLW
'XFHOOLpU$La façade Maritime,S
399
RUWRDQRWKHU&KULVWLDQFRQIHVVLRQ7KHXUEDQVHWWOHPHQWVDORQJWKH$GULDWLF
FRDVW VXFK ZHUH $QWLYDUL 'XOFLJQR '\UUDFKLRQ DQG $XORQD KDG PL[HG
%\]DQWLQHDQG,WDOLDQJRYHUQRUVXQWLOWKHWKFHQWXU\7KHVHWWOHPHQWVLQWKH
LQODQG VXFK ZHUH *ODYLQLW]D DQFLHQW $NURNHUDXQLD ODWHU .HIDORQL\D DQG
'U\QRSROLV ZHUH XQGHU WKH HFFOHVLDVWLFDO MXULVGLFWLRQ RI &RQVWDQWLQRSOH RU
ODWHUE\2FKULG$WWKHHQGRIWKFHQWXU\'\UUDFKLRQZDVLQFOXGHGLQWRWKH
$UFKEXLVKRSULF RI 2FKULG VSKHUH RI LQIOXHQFH DQG LQ &KU\VREXOO RI %DVLO ,,
IURP PHWURSROLWDQDWH RI '\UUDFKLRQ ZDV XQGHU WKH MXULVGLFWLRQ RI
2FKULG $URXQG LQ '\UUDFKLRQ WKHUH ZDV DQ ,WDOLDQ FRORQ\ ZLWK DQ
DUFKGHDFRQ³$UFKLGLDFRQXV/DWLQRUXP'XUDFKLL´$URXQGLQ$XORQD
9DORQDD&DWKROLF5RPDQELVKRSRI*ODYLQLW]DZDVPHQWLRQHGDQGSUREDEO\
WKH VHDO FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR D &DWKROLF SUHODWH IURP WKH SHULRG EHWZHHQ WKH
WK DQG WK FHQWXU\ ZKR DIWHU WKH IDOO RI $XORQD KH PRYHG DQG OLYHG LQ
5RPH7KHSUHVHQFHRIDFDWKROLFELVKRSLQWKLVWRZQPHDQVWKDWWKHLQWKH
(DVWHUQ 2UWKRGR[ KLHUDUFK\ LWV ELVKRS ZDV H[SHOOHG %XW LQ D QRWLFH IURP
DXJXVW LQGLFDWHV D VXIIUDJDQ RI 2FKULG DV WKH ELVKRS RI ³.DQLQD DQG
9DORQD´
$ OHDG VHDO ZLWK 6W *HRUJH EHWZHHQ WKH WK DQG WK
FHQWXU\
$ KDOI RI WKH %\]DQWLQH VHDO IRXQG LQ WKH DUHD RI WKH 6W 'HPHWULRV
FKXUFK LQ 9DURã E\ WKH ORFDO LQKDELWDQWV 7KH VHDO KDV GLDPHWHU RI PP
DQGLWVZHLJKWLVJUDPVDQGLWLVVXEVWDQWLDOO\GDPDJHG2QWKHREYHUVH
WKHUH LV D VWDQGLQJ ILJXUH RI 6W *HRUJH GUHVVHG LQ WKH PLOLWDU\ FORWKHV DV D
KRO\ ZDUULRU ZLWK D VKLHOG RQ KLV OHIW VLGH 2Q KLV OHIW VLGH D KDOI RI WKH
LQVFULSWLRQLVSUHVHUYHGȳɸɏʌɶɿʉ͕;૘ଇɶɿʉʎͿȳɸʙʌɶɿʉ΀ʎ΁͘
2QWKHUHYHUVHWKHUHLVDKHDYLO\GDPDJHGWH[WLQVL[OLQHVEXWPRVWRI
WKHOHWWHUVDUHHUDVHGDQGUXLQHGDQGRQO\IHZIUDJPHQWVDUHUHDGDEOH
͘͘ɌɆȰȳȻɇͬ«ͬ͘͘ȴɏɆȸɇ
7KH IRUWUHVV RI 3ULOHS DQG LWV VXEXUELD RI 9DURã KDG LWV UHJLRQDO
LPSRUWDQFH ZLWKLQ WKH %\]DQWLQH HPSLUH¶V SROLWLFDO VFHQH GXULQJ WKH 7VDU
6DPXHOWLPHVDQGODWHULQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHWKFHQWXU\ZKHQDSHULRGRI
GLVRUGHUHPHUJHG 7KH%\]DQWLQH FKXUFK WKH %\]DQWLQH FLYLO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
DQG WKH PLOLWDU\ FODVV ZHUH ILJKWLQJ IRU SRZHU ZKLFK UHVXOWHG LQ FRQIOLFWV
7KH %XOJDULDQ DQG 6HUELDQ SRSXODWLRQ XQGHU %\]DQWLQH UXOH ZHUH JURZLQJ
PRUH UHVWLYH ZLWK WKH UHDGLQHVV WR FKHFN %\]DQWLQH RU 5RPDQ HFFOHVLDVWLFDO
DXWKRULW\ RYHU WKH %DONDQV 7KH VSUHDGLQJ RI WKH %RJRPLO¶V IDLWK LQ WKH
3HODJRQLDQSODLQZDVDUHVXOWRIWKHGLVFRQWHQWZLWKRIILFLDOFKXUFKSROLF\WKH


'XFHOOLpU$La façade MaritimeS

,ELGS

,ELGS*HO]HURSFLWS
400
GLVSHUVDO RI $UPHQLDQ 0DQLFKHLVP DQG UHDSSHDUDQFH RI ROG EHOLHIV 6XFK
ZDVDSHULRGLQ3ULOHSLQZKLFKWKHIDOORI7VDU6DPXHO¶VUHDOPVDZWKHUH
LQVWDOOPHQWRIWKH%\]DQWLQHUXOHRYHUWKHUHJLRQ

/,672),//8675$7,216

$ 0DSRI0HGLHYDO3ULOHS,0LNXOþLü
% 3RVWFDUGRI9DURãEHJLQQLQJRIWKHWKFHQWXU\
)LJ6HDORI1LNHSKRURVSURWRV\QNHOORV
)LJ6HDORIELVKRS,RDQQHVRI$XORQD
)LJ6HDORIDQXQNQRZQVDLQW
)LJ6HDOZLWK6W*HRUJH

$

%
401
2
1 3
402
ɉɥɚɦɟɧ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ
ȽɊɍɁɂɇɐɂ ɂ ȺɅȺɇɂ ȼ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɈ-ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂɌȿ ȼɈɃɇɂ

ȼ ɄɊȺə ɇȺ XII – ɇȺɑȺɅɈɌɈ ɇȺ XIII ȼȿɄ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ

ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚɬɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢ ɧɨɜɚ, ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɰɟɧɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɥɢɬ, ɚɪɦɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ1.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɤɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ
ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ. ȿɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɢ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɢɹ ɭɜɚɠɚɟɦ ɸɛɢɥɹɪ, ɡɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɬɚɧɟ
ɞɭɦɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ.
ɉɪɨɮ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ/ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɟɥɢɬ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɟɞɟɦɞɟɫɟɬɬɟ-
ɨɫɟɦɞɟɫɟɬɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ XI ɜɟɤ – ɩɪɨɟɞɴɪɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬ2. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ Ȼɚɝɪɚɬ IV
(1027-1072) ɧɚ ɟɞɪɢɹ „ɦɚɝɧɚɬ“ Ȼɚɝɜɚɲɢ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟɬɨ3, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɧ „ɤɥɚɧ“ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ
ɭɛɟɠɢɳɟ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɟɦɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜɟ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ4. Ɍɭɤ ɳɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢ
Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɜɟɤ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɧɢɫɤɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɱɟ ɟ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ, ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɢɦɚ ɩɪɹɤɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫɥɟɞ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨ-
ɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɬ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɩɪɟɡ 1186-1188 ɝ.5
ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ „ɀɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɢɰɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɰɚɪɢɰɢɬɟ Ɍɚɦɚɪ“, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɩɨ ɢɦɟ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ (ɬ. ɧɚɪ.
1
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (971-1088). ɋɨɮɢɹ,
1993; Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Sofia, 2003; vol. II.
Sofia, 2006; vol. 3, part 1–2. Sofia, 2009.
2
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 3,
1993, ɫ. 38, Nr. 10; Jordanov, I. Corpus, vol. 3, part 1, p. 200, Nr. 505; part 2, p. 1130.
3
Suny, R. G. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press, 1994,
p. 33.
4
Ʉɚɠɞɚɧ, Ⱥ. ɉ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɟ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɵ. – ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɟɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɬɸɞɵ,
Ɍɛɢɥɢɫɢ, 1978, 191-193; The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Ed. by A. P. Kazhdan, vol.
II. New York – Oxford, 1991, p. 1232.
5
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɜɠ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢɬɟ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ (ɋɛ. ɫ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɢ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ.ɧɚ ɉɥ.
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɇ. Ʉɴɧɟɜ ɢ ɇ. ɏɪɢɫɢɦɨɜ). ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2016.
403
Пламен ПАВЛОВ. ГРУЗИНЦИ И АЛАНИ В БЪЛГАРО-ВИЗАНТИЙСКИТЕ ВОЙНИ В КРАЯ НА XII ...
„ɜɬɨɪɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɢɰɚ Ɍɚɦɚɪ“) ɜɴɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ 1211 ɢ 1222 ɝ.6
ȼɴɩɪɨɫɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɛɴɪɧɚɯɦɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ7,
ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɬɡɜɭɤ ɜ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɟ
ɭɛɟɞɢɦ ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɬɨ ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ
ɫɬɴɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɧɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ“ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ɏɨɧɢɚɬ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ.
Ȼɟɥɟɠɢɬɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɚ ɰɚɪɢɰɚ Ɍɚɦɚɪ (1184-1213) ɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɜ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɚ
Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬ. ɉɟɬɢɦɚ ɛɪɚɬɹ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ, ɫɢɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ
„<…> Ʉɟɯɚɛɟɪ ɨɬ ɝɧɢɥɢɬɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬ <…>“, ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ
ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ, ɜɥɢɡɚɣɤɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ. ȼ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɢɧɬɪɢɝɢ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɫɟ ɫɬɢɝɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫɚ ɡɚɦɟɫɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢ ɧɚ
ɰɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɨɪ. ɋɥɟɞ ɧɟɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɚɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɹɞɜɚ
ɜɫɟɤɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɚɧ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ, ɧɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɟɧ ɚɪɟɫɬ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ.
Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ Ɍɚɦɚɪ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɜɚ ɦɟɬɟɠɧɢɬɟ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ „<…> ɜ
ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɴɰɤɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ [ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ], ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɬɟ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɛɹɯɚ ɢɡɛɢɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɢɩɱɚɰɢɬɟ [ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ], ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɢɟ ɱɭɯɦɟ, ɜ ɛɨɣ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɥɚɜɧɢ ɜɢɬɹɡɢ <…>“8.
ɂɡɝɨɧɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ ɨɬ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ ɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ
ɤɴɦ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɚɦɚɪ – ɜɴɜ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɪɟɞɢ
1191 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɟ ɨɩɢɬɴɬ ɬɹ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɫɜɚɥɟɧɚ ɫ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ
ɛɢɜɲ ɫɴɩɪɭɝ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ/ ɘɪɢɣ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨ-ɫɭɡɞɚɥɫɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɤ
ɤɧɹɡ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ Ȼɨɝɨɥɸɛɫɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɩɪɨɝɨɧɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɬɢɦɚɬɚ
ɦɟɬɟɠɧɢɰɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɟɦɞɟɫɟɬɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ XII
ɜ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ ɟ ɂɫɚɤ II Ⱥɧɝɟɥ (1185-1195, 1203-
1204). ɉɪɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ ɫɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɨ ɨɛɬɟɝɧɚɬɢ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, Ɍɚɦɚɪ ɞɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɭɛɟɠɢɳɟ ɢ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ ɢ Ⱦɚɜɢɞ Ɇɟɝɚ-Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɢ, ɜɧɭɰɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɜɲɢɹ ɪɨɦɟɣɫɤɢ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ I Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ (1183-1185) ɢ ɫɴɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɩɟ-
ɡɭɧɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ. ɇɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ –
6
ɀɢɡɧɶ ɰɚɪɢɰɵ ɰɚɪɢɰ Ɍɚɦɚɪ (ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ƚɪɭɡɢɢ, ɜɵɩ. 39).
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ȼ. Ⱦ. Ⱦɨɧɞɭɚ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ Ɇ. ɂ. Ȼɟɪɞɧɢɡɲɜɢɥɢ. Ɍɛɢɥɢɫɢ,
1985, ɫ. 14 ɢ ɫɥ.
7
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɉɥ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɤɭɦɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ XII-XIII ɜɟɤ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɥɢɧɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ. – ȼ: Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ɸɛɢɥɟɣɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɫɟɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ 75-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɱɥ.-ɤɨɪ.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ Ȼɭɪɦɨɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 1987, 24-26.
8
ɀɢɡɧɶ, ɫ. 39.
404
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɴɞɢɹɬɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬ, ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬ ɩɪɟɡ 1177 ɝ.9, ɚ ɢ ɨɬ

ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ10. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɨɩɢɬ
ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɡɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ, ɨɳɟ
ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɱɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɚ ɫɜɢɬɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɜɴɪɠɟɧɢɰɢ, ɫɩɨɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɫ ɬɹɯ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɥɢ ɜ
ɧɚɯɥɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɜ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1191 ɝ. ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɱɟ
ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɤɨɝɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɫɚ
ɡɚɝɢɧɚɥɢ ɩɟɬɢɦɚɬɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɧɟ ɟ ɧɟɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɞɟ
ɩɨɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ. Ʉɚɪɬɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ ɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɩɨɧɟ ɞɨ 1202 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ III Ⱥɧɝɟɥ (1195-1203) ɢ ɰɚɪ Ʉɚɥɨɹɧ (1197-1207) e ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬɨ
ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɟ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɭɞɚɪɢ, ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɢ ɤɭɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ „Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ“ (ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ), ɟ
ɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ 1198, 1199, 1201 ɝ.11 ɂ ɜɫɟ
ɩɚɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɬɢɦɚɬɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɟ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɟ
ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɨɬ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ ɢ ɬɨ ɜ
ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ,
ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɚ ɧɹɤɨɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. ɉɨ ɬɚɡɢ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ ɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ
ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɛɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɧɚ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ Ƚɢɞ ɢ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ ɜ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɨɩɨɥ
(Ʌɸɥɟɛɭɪɝɚɫ) ɩɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɬɚ ɧɚ 1194 ɝ. ȼ ɬɨɜɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɥɨɚɡɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɂɡɬɨɤɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ Ƚɢɞ ɫɟ ɨɝɴɜɚɬ,
ɜɩɭɫɤɚɣɤɢ ɫɟ ɜ ɛɟɡɪɟɞɧɨ ɛɹɝɫɬɜɨ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ, ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ, ɫɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ
ɭɧɢɳɨɠɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ, ɢ ɨɬ ɤɭɦɚɧɢ12. Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ
ɥɚɩɢɞɚɪɧɨ ɨɬ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ɏɨɧɢɚɬ, ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɂɫɚɤ
Ⱥɧɝɟɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ. Ɍɨ ɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɞɚ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚ ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɭɞɚɪ ɫɪɟɳɭ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɬɴɫɬ,
9
Ɍhe Oxford Dictionary, II, p. 1232.
10
ȼɟɪɧɟɪ Ɂɚɣɛɬ ɫɴɨɛɳɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ XII ɜ., ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɧɚ ɇɢɚɧɢɚ
(ɇɚɧɟɫ) Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬ. – <https://cems.ceu.edu/article/2011-05-29/professor-werner-seibt-first-
cems-international-adviser-tsu-georgia (status 29.11. 2019)>.
11
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɉɥ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ. ȼɨɟɧɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ (1186-1241). – ȼ: Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ȼɌɍ „ɋɜ.ɫɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ”, 27 (1989), ɤɧ.
3. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 1992, 20-31.
12
Nicetae Choniatae Historia. Ed. J. L. van Dieten. Berolini – Novi Eboraci, 1975,
p. 446; ȽɂȻɂ, XI, 1982, ɫ. 46.
405
ɭɧɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɪɚɥ Ȼɟɥɚ III – ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɟɧ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɟɧ ɡɚɦɢɫɴɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɡɚ ɳɚɫɬɢɟ

ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢ Ⱥɫɟɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɚ, ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɣ III Ⱥɧɝɟɥ.
Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɞɚ ɫɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ
ɜɴɜ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɠɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɴɫ „ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ“ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ
ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɫ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȼɚɬɚɰɢ. ȿɞɢɧ ɧɟɝɨɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɴɪɞɠɚɥɢ, ɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ13. ȼɚɬɚɰɢ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɫ ɜɢɫɨɤɚɬɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ „ɫɟɜɚɫɬ“, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚ
ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɨɬɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ14. Ɉɬ
ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɚɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɚɥɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɨɬɪɹɞɢ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬ
Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ȼɪɚɧɚ15. ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɝɪɭɡɢɧɰɢɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɫɴɫ
ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɫɴɫɟɞɢ, ɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɚɥɚɧɢ ɜ ɨɧɚɡɢ ɟɩɨɯɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɚ
ɫɢɥɧɨ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ. ɇɟɳɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧ ɧɚɟɦɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɢɥɢ ɫɴɸɡɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ16. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɨ-ɚɥɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɜɚɳɨ – ɫɚɦɚɬɚ
ɰɚɪɢɰɚ Ɍɚɦɚɪ ɟ ɚɥɚɧɤɚ ɩɨ ɦɚɣɤɚ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɣ ɫɴɩɪɭɝ Ⱦɚɜɢɞ ɋɨɫɥɚɧ ɟ
ɚɥɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɰ. Ⱥɥɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɟɦɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɢɞɜɚɥɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ
ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ. ȼɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɢ ɞɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɨɬɪɹɞ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɚɥɚɧɢ.
ɋɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɰɢɬɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ
Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ
ɬɚɤɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ17. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɧɚ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ ɫ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨɬɨ ɤɪɢɥɨ
ɧɚ ɤɭɦɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ „ɫɬɟɩɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ“ (ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɑɟɪɧɚ Ʉɭɦɚɧɢɹ) ɫɴɳɨ ɫɚ
ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ –
ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɬɨɡɢ
ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɫ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɪɢ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɢ, ɢ ɝɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢ
13
Jordanov, I. Corpus, 3, part 2, 948–949, Nr. 3180.
14
The Oxford Dictionary, III, 2154-2155. ɋɪɜ. ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ ɭ Jordanov, I. Corpus, vol. 3, part 2, p. 994 (Family Names -
Index), ɫɴɨɬɜ. 608-610, Nr. 1830-1838.
15
Nicetae Choniatae Historia, p. 409; ȽɂȻɂ, XI, 1982 ɫ. 39.
16
Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ, ȼ. Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɜ X – XIII ɜɜ. Ɉɪɞɠɨɧɢɤɢɞɡɟ, 1971, 29-32;
ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, ȼ. Ȼ. Ⱥɥɚɧɵ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. – ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, 8, 1974, 119-120; Kuznecov,
V, I. Lebedinsky. Les Alains: cavaliers des steppes, seigneurs du Caucase, Ier-XVe siècles
apr. J.-C. Paris, 2005.
17
Ɋɚɫɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱦ. ȼɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɰɟɜ.– Annales d’ Institut Kondakov, t.
XI. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1940, 113-114.
406
ɬɸɪɤɫɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɧɢɦ18. Ɉɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨɬɨ

ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɹɫɧɢ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫ ɩɨ-ɞɨɛɪɨɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ,
ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɳɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɱɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ
ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɦɚɥɴɤ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɢɰɚ Ɍɚɦɚɪ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɧɹɦɚɬ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ
ɥɢɱɢ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɞɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɬɢɦɚɬɚ Ʌɢɩɚɪɢɬɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɞɨ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɭɫɬɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɚ ɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɤɴɫɧɟɧɢɟ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ, ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɫɬɜɨ, ɟ
ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɚɥɨ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɹ ɤɴɦ
ɞɨɫɤɨɪɨɲɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɟɠɧɢɰɢ. ɇɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɡɚɝɢɧɚɥɢ ɜ ɛɨɣ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɟ ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ
ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɥɟɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɧɢɰɚ (ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ, ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ
ɝɪɭɡɢɧɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɚɥɚɧɢɬɟ) ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢɝɪɚɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ
ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɢɡɚɬ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɜ ɫɴɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫ ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɢɪɚ ɡɚ
ɢɡɱɟɪɩɚɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɴɥɧɨ ɢɡɹɫɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɞɚɜɚ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɦ ɧɚɲɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɡɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɛɥɴɫɴɰɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ.
ɇɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɞɭɦɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɚɥɚɧɢɬɟ (ɬɟɯɧɢ ɧɚɣ-ɩɪɟɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢ ɫɚ
ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɟɬɢɧɰɢ), ɧɨ ɨɧɟɡɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɴɸɡɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ɓɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɪɴɡɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɧ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɬɟ ɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɴɪɯɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ. ɓɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɫɚɦɨ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɢɹ Ⱥɥɚɧɫɤɚ (1071-1081)19, ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ VII Ⱦɭɤɚ (1071-1078) ɢ ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ III ȼɨɬɚɧɢɚɬ (1078-1081), ɨɳɟ
ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɱɟ ɬɚɤɚ ɢɦɚɦɟ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɫɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɨ-ɚɥɚɧɫɤɢ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɚɪɬɚ/ Ɇɚɪɢɹ ɟ ɞɴɳɟɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢ
ɰɚɪ Ȼɚɝɪɚɬ IV ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ Ȼɨɪɟɧɚ Ⱥɥɚɧɫɤɚ20. ɂɪɚɧɨɟɡɢɱɧɢɬɟ
ɚɥɚɧɢ21, ɧɚɪɢɱɚɧɢ ɨɳɟ ɚɫɢ/ ɹɫɢ, ɜ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ ɨɜɫɢ, ɫɚ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɢ
ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɟɧ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ ɢ „ɋɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ“ ɧɚ
Ʉɭɛɪɚɬ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɫɟɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɋɚɥɬɨɜɨ-Ɇɚɹɰɤɚ
18
Ɇɭɪɝɭɥɢɹ, ɇ. Ɇ. Ʉɭɦɚɧɵ-ɤɢɩɱɚɤɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ (IX-XIV
ɜɜ.). – Actes du XIV-e Congrès international des études byzantines, t. II. Bucarest, 1975,
397-406.
19
The Oxford Dictionary, II, p. 1298.
20
Ɂɚ ɧɟɹ ɜɠ. The Oxford Dictionary, II, p. 1298; Garland, L. Byzantine
Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204. London, 1999, pp. 180-186.
21
Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ, ȼ. Ȼ. Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ ɢ ɚɥɚɧɵ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1984; Alemany, A. Sources on
the Alans. Leiden-Boston-Köln, BRILL, 2000. Ɋɭɫ.ɢɡɞ.: Ⱥɥɟɦɚɧɶ, Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2003.
407
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɠɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɳɢ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ ɢ ɚɥɚɧɢ,

ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ22.
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɥɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨɣɧɢ, ɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɢ23. ȼ
ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹɬ ɡɚ XIV ɜ., ɧɨ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɳɟ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɚɥɚɧɫɤɨ
ɜɨɟɧɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ
Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɚɥɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɫɚ
ɢɞɜɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɟɧ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ, ɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ
„ɚɧɤɥɚɜɢ“ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɬɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ. ɉɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɥɚɧɫɤɨ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢɬɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɡɢɬɟ, ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ
ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɚ „Ɂɥɚɬɧɚɬɚ Ɉɪɞɚ“, ɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɢ
ɨɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ24. ȿɞɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɚɥɚɧɢ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɞɴɥɠɢɦ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɋɬɚɜɪɚɤɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ 27-ɦɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ
ɡɚ ɫɜ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɚɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɨɥɭɧ ɨɬ ɰɚɪ Ʉɚɥɨɹɧ
ɩɪɟɡ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1207 ɝ.: „<…> ɜɨɞɟɲɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɩɨ-ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɹɫɴɤɚ
ɜ ɦɨɪɟɬɨ, ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ, ɧɨɦɚɞɢ ɫɤɢɬɢ [ɤɭɦɚɧɢ], ɨɬ ɯɚɡɚɪɢ
[ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɤɭɦɚɧɢ, ɧɨ ɨɬ Ʉɪɢɦ ɢ ɉɪɢɚɡɨɜɢɟɬɨ], ɨɬ ɚɥɛɚɧɢ
[ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɚɥɚɧɢ] ɩɪɢ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ – ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɤɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɜɫɢɱɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ <…>“25. ȼ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ, ɞɟɥɨ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ
ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫ, ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɹɬ ɩɚɫɚɠ ɟ ɞɚɞɟɧ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɜɢɞ: „<…> ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ, ɨɬ
ɞɪɨɦɚɬɢ [ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɨɦɚɞɢ], ɨɬ ɬɚɬɚɪɢ [ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɭɦɚɧɢ], ɨɬ ɯɚɡɚɪɢ, ɨɬ
ɝɴɪɰɢ, ɨɬ ɚɥɚɧɢ, ɨɬ ɪɭɫɢ [ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɪɭɫɢ ɛɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ]<…>“26.
Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɞɚ ɟ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ, ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ
ɨɬɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɥɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɬɪɹɞɢ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɩɨɯɨɞɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢ Ⱥɫɟɧ.
ɋɴɳɨɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɛɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɹɤɨɢ
22
ɋɬɟɩɢ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1981, 62-74 (ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɋ. Ⱥ.
ɉɥɟɬɧɶɨɜɚ); Ɋɚɲɟɜ, Ɋ., Ƚ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɍ. 2 (ɩɨɞ
ɪɟɞ. ɧɚ ɉɥ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ). ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2013, ɫ. 249-298 (ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɇ. ɏɪɢɫɢɦɨɜ) ɢ
ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
23
ɋɪɜ. ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɉɥ. Ȼɭɧɬɚɪɢ ɢ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2000, ɫ. 189-192; ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤ:
<https://liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/buntari/voenachalnici.htm (status 12.11.2019)>;
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɉɥ. ɂɪɚɧɨɟɡɢɱɧɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. –
Ȼɭɥɝɚɪɢɤɚ – ɂɪɚɧɢɤɚ (ɋɛ. ɞɨɤɥɚɞɢ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2016, ɫ. 93-101.
24
ɋɬɟɩɢ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, 213-221. ɋɪɜ. ɢ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɉɥ. Ȼɭɧɬɚɪɢ ɢ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢɫɬɢ, ɫ.
189-190.
25
ȽɂȻɂ, ɬ. X, 1980, ɫ. 129 (ɝɪɰ. ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ ɧɚ ȼ. Ɍɴɩɤɨɜɚ-
Ɂɚɢɦɨɜɚ).
26
Ɂɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ, ȼ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ. Ɍ.
III. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1940 (ɮɨɬɨɬɢɩɧɢ ɢɡɞ. – ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1972, 1994), ɫ. 582 (ɫɪɟɞɧɨɛɴɥɝ. ɬɟɤɫɬ).
408
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚɥɢ ɪɭɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɨ ɚɥɚɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ27.

ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɪɟɱ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ɏɨɧɢɚɬ ɨɬ 1190 ɝ., ɧɨ
ɤɚɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɴɸɡɧɢɰɢ28. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ
ɜɴɩɪɨɫɴɬ – ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɚɥɚɧɢ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ, ɢ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ, ɞɚɥɢ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɪɚɠɚɜɚɬ ɩɨɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢ?
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ, ɧɹɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɚ ɞɚɞɟɦ ɬɨɱɟɧ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ. ɋɚɦɨ ɳɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ, ɱɟ
ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɜɚɥɨ ɧɟɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ.
Ɍɚɤɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɢɦɚɦɟ ɫ ɤɭɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɨɸɜɚɬ
ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɢɤɟɣɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ
1254-1256 ɝ.29
Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɡɢɧɰɢ ɢ ɚɥɚɧɢ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ ɨɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɧɢ
ɭɛɟɠɞɚɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɫɜɹɬ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧ,
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɜɚɥɢɞɧɨ ɡɚ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɢ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ⱦɜɟɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ ɫɚ
ɜɚɠɧɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɨɛɲɢɪɟɧ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɢɝɪɚɹɬ ɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɬɨ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ ɢ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡ – ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ,
ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ ɨɬ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɦɚɳɚɛɢ,
ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ „ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ“,
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ.
27
Ȼɭɛɟɧɨɤ, Ɉ. əɫɵ ɢ ɛɪɨɞɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ (VI – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ XIII
ɜɜ.). ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 1997.
28
ȽɂȻɂ, ɬ. XI, 1982, ɫ. 101 (ɝɪɰ. ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ ɧɚ Ɇ. ȼɨɣɧɨɜ).
29
ɉɚɜɥɨɜ, ɉɥ. Ɂɚ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɦɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. –
ȼɨɟɧɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 1990, 6, 21-22.
409
ɋ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.
ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɛɢɥɨɧɨɜɢ ɫɤɢɮɚɬɢ ɨɬ XII-XIII ɜɟɤ
ɜ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɘɝɨɡɚ-
ɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
ɂɥɹ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜ
ȿɄɁɈɌɂɑɇɂ ɆɈɇȿɌɂ ɂɅɂ ɇȿɉɊɈɍɑȿɇ ɂɁȼɈɊ ɁȺ

ɂɋɌɈɊɂəɌȺ ɇȺ ɌɊȺɄɂə ɉɊȿɁ III-I ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.
Ilya Prokopov
EXOTIC COINS OR UNEXPLORED SOURCE OF THE THRACIAN

HISTORY DURING III-I c. BC
In the research process on the imitations from the end of the 3rd century BC to the
1st century BC, the author focuses on one specific type:
Obv. Stylized head of Herakles right, wearing lion skin.
Rev. Stylized Zeus seated left with eagle and sceptre, amphora in left field. These are coins
that are rarely found in Thrace. In the research literature these coins are called „Celtic“ and
„Thracian-Getic“. The emergence of new data from the archaeological excavations leads to a
new understanding about them. What has to be pointed out about those imitations is that their
style is very specific. Thɟ „Thracian-Getic“ coins are quite different from all the others,
which are known under the name of "East Celtic". But it’s not only the style that sets this
type apart from all the rest. There are also technological differences between the those
„Thracian-Getic“ coins and the so called "East Celtic" ones.
The author summarizes the most known coins of this type found in Bulgaria. Their
total is 15 pieces. Nine more coins have been added to the already published 6 coins. The
overall picture of the territorial distribution in Bulagria is as follows:
South-southeast region - one coin (from Yambol museum); north-east region - two
coins (from Varna museum); north regiɨn - one coin (from Pleven museum); west region -
11 coins (from the territory between the districts of Plovdiv and Stara Zagora). Ɍwo
particural coins are of significant importance. They’ve been discovered during
archaeological excavations in the village of Bratya Daskalovi, region of Chirpan.
The analysis of the territorial distribution and the finds from Thrace allow the author to be
more précised when determing the nature of this imitation coinage. Thus, on the basis of
those analysis and the newly found facts, the author suggests their origin should be related to
the Bastarnaes.
ɉɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɬɪɭɩɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚ

ɟɞɢɧ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ – ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ,
410
Иля ПРОКОПОВ. ЕКЗОТИЧНИ МОНЕТИ ИЛИ НЕПРОУЧЕН ИЗВОР ЗА ИСТОРИЯТА НА ТРАКИЯ ПРЕЗ ...
ɩɪɢɟɬɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ III ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩ III.

ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɬɢɩɴɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɧɨ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ:
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɫɢɥɧɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɏɟɪɚɤɴɥ ɫ ɥɴɜɫɤɢɹ ɫɤɚɥɩ
ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ.
Ɋɟɜɟɪɫ: ɫɢɥɧɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɜɫ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧ ɧɚɥɹɜɨ, ɞɴɪɠɢ
ɨɪɟɥ ɢ ɫɤɢɩɬɴɪ. ȼ ɩɨɥɟɬɨ ɞɨɥɭ ɜɥɹɜɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɥɟɧɟɬɟ ɦɭ, ɩɨɞ ɨɪɟɥɚ –
ɚɦɮɨɪɚ.
Ⱦɨɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɹɬɚɲɟ, ɱɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɟɧ ɬɢɩ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɜ
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. Ɉɛɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɴɬ ɢɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ
ɩɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ, ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ. Ⱦɚɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ
ɢɦ ɜ ɞɨɫɟɝɚɲɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɬɟɝɧɚɬɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
IV ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ II ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɟɩɨɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɡɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ, ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɳɢ ɤɟɥɬɫɤɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ.
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɫɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɱɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɤɟɥɬɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɝɪɚɮ
Ɇɢɤɥɨɲ Ⱦɟɫɟɮɢ1. ȼ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ Ⱦɟɪɟɤ Ⱥɥɴɧ ɝɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢɬɟ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɧɚ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ III ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩ III ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩoɫɬɭɦɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɴɳɢɬɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ2.
ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɞɚɥɟɱ
ɨɬ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ʉɚɪɥ ɉɢɧɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɤɟɥɬɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɧɢɳɨɠɧɨɬɨ
ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɨɬ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ. Ɍɨɣ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɦɨɧɟɬɟɧ ɬɢɩ ɩɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ Ɍ. Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ3.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍ. Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ
ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɨ-ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɜɥɢɡɚɬ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ. Ɍɚɤɴɜ ɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɬ ɢ ɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɬɚ, ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ʉ. ɉɢɧɤ4. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɟ
ɟɞɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɹ ɬɢɩ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
ȼ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ Ɋ. Ƚɶɨɛɥ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢ, ɧɨ
ɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ, ɚ ɩɪɟɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ Ɇ. Ⱦɟɫɟɮɢ ɢ Ʉ. ɉɢɧɤ5. ȿɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɨ-
ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɤɢ – Ɇ. Ʉɨɫɬɢɚɥ6, ɝɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨ
1
Dessewffy, M. BARBÁR PÉNZEI. Budapest, 1910, no. 1004.
2
Allen, D. Ctalogue of the Celtic coins in the British Museum. Vol I. Silver coins of
the East Celts and Balkan Peoples. The University Press, Cambroge, 1987, nos. 215-217.
3
Pink, K. Die Münzprägung der Ostkelten und Ihrer Nachbarn. Braunschweig,
1974, XXVIII, 577-578.
4
Ibid., no. 117.
5
Göbl, R. Ostkeltischer Typenatlas. Braunschweig, 1973, Taf. 43, no. 577 (578).
6
Kostial, M. Kelten im Osten Gold und Silber der Kelten in Mittel und Osteuropa.
Sammlung Lanz. 2.Auflage München, 2003, nos. 896-897.
411
ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ III. ɉɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ

ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ7.
Ʉɚɪɥ ɉɢɧɤ8 ɢ Ƚɸɧɬɟɪ Ⱦɟɦɛɫɤɢ9 ɰɢɬɢɪɚɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ ɫ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɬ Klausenburg (Ʉɥɭɠ), ɨɬ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɨ – Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ, ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ Ɇ. Ⱦɟɫɟɮɢ10.
ȼ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɂ. Ʌɭɤɚɧɰ ɡɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɢ Ɍɚɫɨɫɤɢ
ɬɢɩ ɫɚ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧɢ 4 ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ11.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
ɜ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ. ȿɞɢɧɢɹɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɟ ɨɬ ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɨɬ
ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ əɦɛɨɥ12. Ⱦɜɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ
ȼɚɪɧɚ13 ɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɜ ɊɂɆ ɉɥɟɜɟɧ14. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɩɨ-ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪoɢɡɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ. ɂ. Ʌɭɤɚɧɰ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɨɬ 18 ɦɨɧɟɬɢ,
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɚɣ-
ɝɨɥɹɦɨɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɨ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɪɚɣɨɧ.
ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɂ. Ʌɭɤɚɧɰ ɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɢ Ɍɚɫɨɫɤɢ ɬɢɩ.
Ʉɚɪɬɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɨɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɤɚɡɜɚ
ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɥɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɚɭɤɰɢɨɧɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ
ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ ɢ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɇɚɣ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɨ ɜ
ɋɴɪɛɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɟ ɧɚ
ɢɡɬɨɤ ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɢɟ ɜ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ. ȿɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ
ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ Ⱦ. Ⱥɥɴɧ ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ15.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɟɧ ɬɢɩ ɫɚ ɨɛɨɛɳɟ-
ɧɢɹɬɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ
„Ʉɚɪɚɤɨɱɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ” ɜ ɡɟɦɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɨ Ȼɪɚɬɹ Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥɨɜɢ,
7
ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɨɬ M. Ʉɨɫɬɢɚɥ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ Ʌɭɤɚɧɰ ɧɟ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɜ
ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ (Taf.5, no. 6). ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɝɪɟɲɤɚ.
8
Pink, K. Die Münzprägung, s. 87, no. 577.
9
Dembski, G. Münzen der Kelten. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, 1998, nos.
1463-1464.
10
Dessewffy, M. BARBÁR, 1912, no. 829.
11
Lukanc,I. Les imitations des monnaies d'Alexandre le Grand et de Thasos.
Wetteren, Cultura, 1996, nos. 46-48, 50.
12
Ibid., inv. no. 158 69
13
Ibid., inv. nos. 2238, 2235.
14
Ibid., inv. no. 30.
15
Allen, D. Ctalogue of the the Celtic coins, p. 72 (from the Kustendje find).
412
ɑɢɪɩɚɧɫɤɨ16 ɯɜɴɪɥɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɢɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɟɦɚɬɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ

ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɞɜɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɹ ɬɢɩ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɹɫɟɧ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ. Ʉɴɦ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɫ. Ȼɪɚɬɹ Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɯɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɳɟ 13
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ II-I ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɨɬ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ.
ɇɚ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡ-
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ: ɧɚ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɤ ɟɞɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɨɬ əɦɛɨɥɫɤɨ; ɧɚ ɸɝ
ɦɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɫ. Ȼɪɚɬɹ Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥɨɜɢ, ɑɢɪɩɚɧɫɤɨ, 7 ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ
ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ17 ɢ 2 ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ
ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ; ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɤ 2 ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɊɂɆ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ 1 ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ ɉɥɟɜɟɧ. Ɉɛɳɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɚ 15.
ɇɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɨɬ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɴɩɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɚ 18. Ɂɨɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɟ: ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ ɞɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɤ. ɇɚɯɨɞɤɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ʉɥɭɠ ɫɟ
ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɞɚɥɟɱɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ-ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞ.
Ɍɨɡɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɪɹɞɴɤ ɦɨɧɟɬɟɧ ɬɢɩ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɳ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɨɤɢ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɢ
ɭɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɞɢɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟ ɜ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɨɬɪɹɡɴɤ ɨɤɨɥɨ 100/80 - 60/50 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.18 Ʉɚɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
ɬɟɡɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɞɨɫɤɨɪɨ ɛɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɴɪɠɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ. ɇɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɚɬɚ
ɧɨɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɬɚɩ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɛɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɡɟɦɟ
ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ. ɉɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɜɴɪɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɤɴɦ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩ V ɢ
ɞɚɪɞɚɧɰɢɬɟ, ɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ, ɬɚɤɚ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɟɧ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɜɚɳ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚ-
ɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇ. Ⱦɨɦɚɪɚɞɫɤɢ19.
16
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɚ, ɋ., ɂ. ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜ, ȿ. ɉɚɭɧɨɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ „Ʉɚɪɚɤɨɱɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ“ ɢ ɧɚ „ɑɢɬɚɲɤɚɬɚ ɦɨɝɢɥɚ“ ɜ ɫ. Ȼɪɚɬɹ Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥɨɜɢ,
ɋɬɚɪɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ. – ȼ: Ɍɨɧɤɨɜɚ, Ɇ. (ɪɟɞ.) Ɍɪɚɤɨ-ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɜ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɑɢɪɩɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɴɡɜɢɲɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2011, ɫ. 44-53.
17
Minkova, M., J. Tsetkova, I. Prokopov. Coin Collection and Coin Hoards from
Bulgaria (ed. in chief - I. Prokopov). Vol. VIII: The Numismatic Collection of the Regional
Historical Museum at Stara Zagora 6-1 c. BC. ProVias, Sofia - Stara Zagora, 2019, nos. 510-
520..
18
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɚ, ɋ., ɂ. ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜ, ȿ. ɉɚɭɧɨɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ, ɫ. 44-
53.
19
Ⱦɨɦɚɪɚɞɫɤɢ, Ɇ. Ʉɟɥɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ: ɇɚɭɤɚ ɢ
ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ, 1984, ɫ. 110-114.
413
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɬ ɹɫɧɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨ-

ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɫ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ ɤɟɥɬɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɫɴɫ
ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɤɚɬɨ „ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨɤɟɥɬɫɤɢ“ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɨɬ
ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ ɫɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɰɢ. ɇɚɣ-
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ,
ɢɦɢɬɢɪɚɳ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩ II ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩ III Ⱥɪɢɞɟɣ (ɫɴɫ ɫɢɥɧɨ
ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɫɧɨ-ɤɨɧɤɚɜɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ). ɋɬɪɭɩɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ
ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ, Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɚ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚ ɢ Ʌɨɜɟɲɤɚ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬ20.
Ɂɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɤ
ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɥɢ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɫɜɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɜɚ ɢ
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɴɬ ɨɬ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ A. ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜ21 ɨɬ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ. ȼ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ,
ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢɬɟ, ɫɴɛɢɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɧɹɦɚ
ɧɢɬɨ ɟɞɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɬɢɩ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹɬ
ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ:
ɇɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɬɚɩ ɧɟ ɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɨ ɫɦɟɫɜɚɧɟ ɫ ɬɹɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ. ɂɦɚ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ
ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɜ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɤɚɬɨ
ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɨɧɟɹ22 ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ „Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫ ɋɨɬɟɪ“, ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɤɜɟɫɬɨɪ ȿɡɢɥɚɫ23; ɫ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚ ɨ-ɜ
Ɍɚɫɨɫ24; ɞɜɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɞɟɧɚɪɚ25 ɨɬ 118 ɢ 79 ɝ. ɩɪ.
ɏɪ.
20
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɞɚɜɚ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞ ɧɚ ɇ. Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɟɜ. ȼɢɠ: Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɟɜ, ɇ. Ɉɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍɨɦ I. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2017, ɫ. 114, 286, 476, 504.
21
Sergeev, A. Barbarian coins on the territory between the Balkans and Central
Asia. State Historical Museum Moskow, 2012.
22
Schönert-Geiss, E. Die Münzprägung von Maroneia. Griechisches Münzwerk.
Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur der Antike 26, Berlin, 1987; Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɚ, ɋ., ɂ.
ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜ, ȿ. ɉɚɭɧɨɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ, ɫ. 44-46, no. 2.
23
Bauslaugh, R. A. Silver Coinage with the Types of Aesillas the Questor.The
American Numismatic Sosiety. (ANSNS 22). New York, 2000; Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɚ, ɋ., ɂ.
ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜ, ȿ. ɉɚɭɧɨɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ, ɫ. 46, nos. 3–4.
24
Prokopov, I. The Imitations of Late Thasian Tetradrachms: Chronology,
Classification and Dating. (A credible but not optimistic project for new die study). N.
Holmes (ed.). – In: Proceedings of the XIVth International Numismatic Congress, volume 1
(Glasgow, 31 August - 4 September 2009), Edinburgh, 2011, pp. 337-344; Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɚ, ɋ.,
ɂ. ɉɪɨɤɨɩɨɜ, ȿ. ɉɚɭɧɨɜ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ, ɫ. 46, nos. 5-9.
25
Crawford, M.H. Roman Republican Coinage I-II . Cambridge, 1974, 284/5,
382/1b.
414
ɋɬɢɥɨɜɢɹɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ

ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ III ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩ III
Ⱥɪɢɞɟɣ.
Ɇɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɬɢɩ
ɧɟ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɚ ɫ ɦɚɫɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɚ
ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢɬɟ „ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨɤɟɥɬɫɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ“ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɚɳɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ
Ɏɢɥɢɩ II, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ III ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩ III Ⱥɪɢɞɟɣ.
Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɢ, ɬɟɡɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ
ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɴɦ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɜɚɧɟ ɢɡ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɡɚ
ɞɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɴɸɡɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩ V ɜɴɜ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɫ ɞɚɪɞɚɧɢɬɟ.
Ɉɩɨɪɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɞɚɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɚɬɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɧɚ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ, ɱɟ ɟ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɬɢɩ, ɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɜ
ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɡ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ
ɢ ɩɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɢɟ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɞɧɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɘɠɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ, ɞɜɢɠɟɣɤɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ Ɋɢɥɚ
ɩɪɢ Ȼɨɪɨɜɟɰ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɯɜɴɪɥɹɬ ɜ ɘɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. Ɍɪɚɫɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬ, ɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ȼɪɚɬɹ
Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥɨɜɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɩɪɴɫɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ ɢ
ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜɫɤɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɜɧɟɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɹɫɧɨɬɚ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɢ, ɱɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɟ
ɫɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ. ɉɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɚɟ ɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ
ɜ ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɴɪ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɩɥɴɬɧɨ ɫ
ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɞɟɧɚɪɢ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɟ
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɴɱɧɨ. ɉɨ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɬɟɝɥɢ ɤɴɦ II ɜɟɤ ɩɪ. ɏɪ.
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɹɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɫ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɧɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɚɥɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ,
ɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɬɢɩ, ɢɡɧɨɫɟɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɞɟɧɚɪ ɧɚ C Licinius, Cn. Domitius ɫ Porcius
Licinius, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɜ 118 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ26.
ȼ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɴɬ ɡɚ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɩɢɲɟ ɢ Ɇ. Ⱦɨɦɚɪɚɞɫɤɢ27, ɬɨɡɢ
ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɳɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɢ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɹɤɨɝɚ. ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɟɬɢ ɢ
ɫɤɢɬɢ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɛɢɜɚɜɚɧɟ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ
ɢ ɫɦɟɫɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ. Ɉɧɨɜɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɡɚ
ɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɯɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɲɚɬ ɧɚ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ, ɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɢɦ ɫɬɢɥ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ, ɧɨ ɢɦɚɬ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɨ ɢɡɥɴɱɜɚɧɟ, ɞɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ „ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨɤɟɥɬɫɤɢ“. ɋɬɢɥɨɜɢɹɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
26
Ibid., 284/5.
27
Ⱦɨɦɚɪɚɞɫɤɢ, Ɇ. Ʉɟɥɬɢɬɟ, ɫ. 112.
415
ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪɢ ɝɪɚɜɶɨɪɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɥɢɰɟɜɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ

ɤɪɴɝ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɢɦɛ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɜɫ. Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɤɨ, ɢɦɚ
ɨɛɴɪɧɚɬɨ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ
ɧɚ ɨɪɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ. əɜɧɨɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɢ
ɜɹɪɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɢ ɜ ɨɪɟɥɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɚɤɨɧ ɢɥɢ
ɧɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɡɟɦɧɨɜɨɞɧɨ.
ȿɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɛɟɥɟɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɹɞɪɨ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ
ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɚɳɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ III ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩ III, ɹɞɪɨɬɨ ɟ
ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨ. Ɍɨ ɧɹɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɫɤɢɮɚɬɧɚ (ɤɨɧɜɟɤɫɧɨ-ɤɨɧɤɚɜɧɚ)
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɢ ɢɡɬɴɧɹɜɚɳɨ ɤɴɦ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɧɢɜɨ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɢɦɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɤɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɢ. ɇɹɤɨɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɱɭɩɟɧɢ (ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɪɴɛɨɜɟ) ɛɟɡ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɫɢɱɚɳ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɱɭɩɜɚɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ
ɩɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɢ ɩɭɤɧɚɬɢɧɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ. Ɍɪɟɬɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥ ɟ ɝɨɥɹɦɨɬɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɝɥɨɬɨ. ɇɚɣ-ɥɟɤɢɬɟ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ ɫɚ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 1, 60 ɝɪɚɦɚ, ɚ ɧɚɣ-ɬɟɠɤɢɬɟ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 3, 50 ɝɪɚɦɚ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɜ
ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ „ɚɥ ɦɚɪɤɨ“ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚɞ 100%. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ
ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɞɨɛɪɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɳ ɦɨɧɟɬɟɧ ɞɜɨɪ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɢ, ɱɟ
ɟɦɢɫɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫ ɦɚɥɤɢ ɬɢɪɚɠɢ, ɚ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɚ
ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɬɟɝɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ
ɧɚɥɢɱɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɰɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚ ɥɢɩɫɚ
ɧɚ ɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚɬɚ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɩɭɤɧɚɬɢɧɢ ɩɨ
ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɢ, ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɳɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɪɚɡɫɴɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɩɭɤɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɧɨ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢɬɟ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɩɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɨɩɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɝɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ ɧɚɬɨɜɚɪɜɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢɬɟ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɥɟɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɤɜɚɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɥɟɧ ɭɞɚɪ. ɋɴɳɢɹɬ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɫɟ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɹɞɪɚ. Ɍɟ
ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɤɪɟɯɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɨɲɥɢɜɢ.
Ɉɛɟɦɴɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɟ ɦɚɥɴɤ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɤɟɥɬɫɤɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɫ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɜɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɹɯ. Ɋɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɜɢɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɨɬ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɛɯɜɚɳɚ ɡɨɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɞɟɥɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɢɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɭɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɡɚ
416
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɞɨɦɚɲɟɧ ɪɚɣɨɧ. ɋɥɟɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ

ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɟɞɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞ,
ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩ V, ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢɬɟ ɫ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɟɱɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɋɬɪɢɦɨɧ ɢ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɫ ɞɚɪɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɬɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɴɳɚɬ ɨɬɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɬɪɴɝɧɚɥɢ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ɍɢɬ Ʌɢɜɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɩɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ
ɫɬɨɪɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ28. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɱɟ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɪɧɚɥɢ ɩɨɤɪɚɣ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ,
ɛɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ
ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ ɉɥɟɜɟɧ. ɇɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɪɭɝ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɛɟɲɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɨɬ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫ. Ȼɪɚɬɹ Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥɨɜɢ, ɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɟɥɟɝ ɡɚ ɭɫɟɞɧɚɥɨɫɬ
ɧɚ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɢ ɬɪɚɤɢ? Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɨɜɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɛɨɧ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ „Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ“29, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɟ
ɫɦɟɫɢɥɢ ɫ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɰɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ, ɬɨ ɛɢɯɦɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɬɚɩ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɦɚɥɤɨ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɟɧɨ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɇɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɢ, ɱɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɢ
ɤɟɥɬɫɤɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɲɥɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞ, ɬɨ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ
ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɚ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɤ-ɢɡɬɨɤ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɫɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬ ɞɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ
ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɢɟ. Ʉɪɚɣ ɛɪɟɝɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ ɢ
ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɫ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. ȿɞɧɨ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɡɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ. ɇɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɢɹɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɚɦɮɨɪɚ
ɧɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɚ. ɉɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɚɦɮɨɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɢ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ
ɨɬɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɧɚɞ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɴɬɢɳɚ
ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɚɬɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɴɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ,
ɩɥɴɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ, ɫɬɢɥɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɟɧ ɬɢɩ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɤɴɦ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ. ɇɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɟ ɬɟɡɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɨɛɫɬɨɣɧɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɫɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɹɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ
ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ, ɳɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞɚ ɦɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ
ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢ.
28
Titi Livi Ab vrbe condita. Liber XL, 57-58.
29
Strabo, Geographica, VII, 3
https://antichniavtori.wordpress.com/2008/11/13/sgk7c3/ (status 23.12.2018).
417
Ɉɛɪ. 1, 3, 5, 8-11. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɦɭɡɟɣ ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ.
2, 4. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
6-7. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ȼɪɚɬɹ Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥɨɜɢ,
ɑɢɪɩɚɧɫɤɨ.
12. Ɉɛɴɪɧɚɬ ɪɟɜɟɪɫ.
13-17. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɦɮɨɪɢ.
18. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɪɟɥ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɚɤɨɧ.
19. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ɂɟɜɫ ɫ ɨɪɟɨɥ.
1 2
3 4
7
5
8 9
418
10 11
12 13 14
15 16 17
18 19
419
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ – ɫ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬ!
Ȼɨɪɹɧɚ Ɋɭɫɟɜɚ
ɁȺ ɉɈɋɌɍɆɇɂɌȿ ȺɅȿɄɋȺɇȾɊɈȼɄɂ ɋɔɋ ɋɂɆȼɈɅ ɎȺɄȿɅ,

ɋȿɑȿɇɂ ȼ ɆȺɄȿȾɈɇɂə
ɈɄ. 280/9-277/6 Ƚ. ɉɊ. ɏɊ. ɂɅɂ ɉɈ-ɄɔɋɇɈ
Boryana Russeva
ON ALEXANDERS WITH TORCH STRUCK IN MACEDONIA

CA.280/279 – 277/276 BC OR LATER
The M. Price’s Corpus presents the Alexanders with torch (Price 564-564A)
separately hesitating for the atelier in Pella, Macedonia, and dating them from 285 and 275
BC. However, today both the tetradrachms (see fig. 8) and drachms (fig. 1-7) are attributed
decisively to the mint of the Macedonian Capital city of Pella. The sites of Classical
Numismatic Group are dating them to the period of 276 – 274 BC and associate them with
the personality of Antigonus Gonatas as a king of Macedon. In my opinion too these coins
were certainly struck in Macedonia – in one of both large Macedonian mint yards of Pella or
Amphipolis with the proviso that they had been issued before Gonatas ascended to the
Macedonian throne (277/6). Actually, M. Thompson suggests the same date for the
tetradrachm with torch from Armenak h. 96 (=Price 564 – see fig. 8) within the context of
the coin composition of the Armenak hoard, alongside both other Macedonian Alexanders –
the tetradrachm with oenochoe (Armenak h. 97=Price 565 – see fig. 9) and the tetradrachm
with monograms (Armenak h. 98 = Price 567 – see fig. 10) – viz. the years of anarchy in
Macedonia that followed the death of both last Diadochi – Lysimachus and Seleucus I.
Summing up the above, I shall repeat that the analysis of this interesting emission of
posthumous Alexander’s silver with a monetary control of vertical torch under Zeus’ throne
we owe to M. Thompson and her comment on Cat. N 96 from Armenak hoard.
Drachms bearing the same symbol below the throne of Zeus are known from more
than a single hoard from the epoch. Obviously they were struck in a limited amount and their
initial purpose was to pay mercenaries in the armies of the Hellenistic monarchs judging
from the number of ancient deposits containing this posthumous Alexander’s silver. The
earliest one of them is Seleucus I hoard (Cat. N 268) buried ca. 281 BC according to its
publisher. Then come Armenak hoard (Cat. N 611), “Pistiros” hoard (Cat. N 22-25) and
Blagun hoard (Cat. N 2) buried in the same time – between 275 and 270 BC. The next three
hoards containing drachms with torch below the throne have been dated after the mid 3rd c.
BC and demonstrate the long life of the Alexander coin within the scope of the Anatolian
Peninsula and the Seleucus’ East. These later hoards are Meydancikkale hoard (Cat. N 2517-
2519) buried between 240 and 235 BC; Kirazli hoard (Cat. N 716), buried ca.230 BC; and
Bab hoard (Cat. N 101), dating from the second half of the 3rd c. BC.
The analysis of the post-280 BC Macedonian Alexanders shows that the list of
variants known to science is not yet final and its updating is in progress even today. To the
group of the later Macedonian posthumous issues from the 3rd c. BC we have to add the
drachms bearing the symbol of torch below the throne as well as the drachms with grape
420
Боряна РУСЕВА. ЗА ПОСТУМНИТЕ АЛЕКСАНДРОВКИ СЪС СИМВОЛ ФАКЕЛ, СЕЧЕНИ В МАКЕДОНИЯ
identical to them presented so far only with the Haymana hoard (Cat. N 446-447). Their
obverses - even if they do not share the same coin die, are sure work of the same engraver.
The absolute date of these later posthumous Macedonian Alexanders is
forthcoming. It needs some more arguments to objectify their association with the years after
Antigonus Gonatas was proclaim king of Macedon (277/6).
ȿɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ Ȼɥɚɝɭɧ, ɏɚɫɤɨɜɫɤɨ, ɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ

ɬɢɩɨɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɜɫ
– ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɟɥ (ɤɚɬ. ʋ 2 – ɬɭɤ ɮɢɝ. 1)1, ɟ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɦɧɚ
ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ, ɞɨ ɧɟɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ ɫ ɧɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɬɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɟ ɟɞɧɨ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ. ɓɟ ɪɟɱɟ, ɱɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɟɦɢɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɱɟ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɥɚɳɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɟɦɧɢɰɢ ɜ ɚɪɦɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɟɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɫɢ, ɫɴɞɟɣɤɢ ɩɨ ɛɪɨɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɢ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ
ɫɪɟɳɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɦɧɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ. ɇɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɨ ɟ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ
„ɋɟɥɟɜɤ I“2 (Seleucus I h. 268), ɭɤɪɢɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɭ ɨɤ. 281 ɝ. ɩɪ.
ɏɪ.3, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ „Ⱥɪɦɟɧɚɤ“, Ɏɪɢɝɢɹ (Armenak h. 611) ɢ „ɉɢɫɬɢɪɨɫ“,
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ (Pistiros h. 22-25), ɬɪɟɡɨɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ – ɨɤ. 275-
270 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.4 ɋɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ ɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɫ
ɮɚɤɟɥ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɨɧɚ, ɫɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ III ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɢ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɬ ɞɴɥɝɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɜɤɢɞɫɤɢɹ ɂɡɬɨɤ5. Ɍɟɡɢ ɩɨ-
1
Ɋɭɫɟɜɚ, Ȼ. ɇɨɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ȼɥɚɝɭɧ (IGCH 849). –
2
Ɇɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɫɚ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ
ɋȺɓ, ɢ ɫɚ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ (Nelson, B. R. Commerce („Seleucus I”)
hoard, 2005. – In: CH 10. 265, p. 73). ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɹɬ ɢɦ – Ȼɪɚɞ ɇɟɥɫɴɧ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ, ɱɟ ɫɚ
ɬɪɟɡɨɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɞɨɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞ ɧɚɣ-ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɚ
ɬɟɡɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɟɥɟɜɤɢɞɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɢ (Seleucus I h. 704-736 ɨɬ ɋɚɪɞɢ; Seleucus I
h. 1010-1015 ɨɬ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɚɬɟɥɢɟ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ) – see Nelson, B. R. Commerce,
76-77.
3
Nelson, B. R. Commerce, 76–78. Ɏɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɴɬ ɟ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɧ ɨɬ
ɪɚɡɩɪɨɞɚɠɛɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. „ɨɩɚɲɤɢ“ – ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ,
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɞɧɟɲɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɴɦ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ. Ɂɚ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ
ɢɧɬɪɭɡɢɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɞɪɚɯɦɚɬɚ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɨɬ Seleucus I h. 268, ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞ
281/280 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɟɧ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɇɟɥɫɴɧ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɡɚ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ „ɋɟɥɟɜɤ I“ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɢɜɚ.
4
Thompson, M. The Armenak Hoard (IGCH 1423). – American Numismatic
Society Museum Notes (ANSMN), 31, 1986, 95-95 (ɡɚ „Ⱥɪɦɟɧɚɤ“); Russeva, B. The Pistiros
hoard. Part II.2.1. Coin Catalogue. I. Alexanders. – In: Pistiros VI. Prague, 2016, 130-137
(ɡɚ „ɉɢɫɬɢɪɨɫ“).
5
Le Rider, G. Les alexandres d’argent en Asie Mineure et dans l’Orient Séleucide
au IIIe siècle av. J.-C. (c. 275-c.225). Remarques sur le système monétaire des Séleucides et
des Ptolémées. – Journal des Savants. Paris, Janvier-Septembre, 1986, 26-28.
421
ɤɴɫɧɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɫɚ „Ɇɟɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɤɚɥɟ“ ɢɥɢ „Ƚɸɧɚɪ“ (ɡɚ ɩɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨ),

Ʉɢɥɢɤɢɹ (Gülnar 2517-2519), ɭɤɪɢɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ 240 ɢ 235 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.6,
„Ʉɢɪɚɡɥɢ“, ɘɠɟɧ ɉɨɧɬ (Kirazli h. 716), ɭɤɪɢɬɨ ɤɴɦ 230 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.7 ɢ
„Ȼɚɛ“, ɋɢɪɢɹ (Bab h. 101), ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ III ɜ. ɩɪ.
ɏɪ.8
ȼ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ Ɇ. ɉɪɚɣɫ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢɬɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɮɚɤɟɥ (Price
564-564A) ɫɚ ɨɬɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɉɟɥɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ
ɩɪɟɤɚɥɟɧɨ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɢɹ ɞɟɫɟɬɝɨɞɢɲɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ 285 ɢ 275 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.9
Ⱦɧɟɫ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ (ɬɭɤ ɮɢɝ. 8), ɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ (ɬɭɤ ɮɢɝ. 1-7) ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɜ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɫɟ
ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 276-274 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ., ɨɛɜɴɪɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɫ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɝɨɧ Ƚɨɧɚɬ10. ɂ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢɬɟ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ
ɩɨɞ ɬɪɨɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɜ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ – ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ
ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɉɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ Ⱥɦɮɢɩɨɥ, ɫ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɤɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɛɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɴɡɤɚɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɨɧɚɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɹ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ (277/6). ɉɪɨɱɟɟ, ɬɚɡɢ ɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ Ɇ. Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧ, ɜ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ Ⱥɪɦɟɧɚɤ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɡɚ
ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚɬɚ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɨɬ Armenak h. 96 (=Price 564 – ɜɢɠ ɮɢɝ. 8 ɬɭɤ),
ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɞɜɟ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ – ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚɬɚ ɫ
ɨɣɧɨɯɨɟ (Armenak h. 97 = Price 565 – ɜɢɠ ɮɢɝ. 9 ɬɭɤ) ɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚɬɚ ɫ
ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ (Armenak h. 98 = Price 567 – ɜɢɠ ɮɢɝ. 10 ɬɭɤ), ɫɢɪɟɱ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɹ ɜ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɢ ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ
ɞɜɚɦɚ ɞɢɚɞɨɯɢ – Ʌɢɡɢɦɚɯ ɢ ɋɟɥɟɜɤ I11.
Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɜɚɣɤɢ ɤɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ, ɳɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹ, ɱɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɴɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɦɧɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɟɧ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɩɨɞ Ɂɟɜɫɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɨɧ ɞɴɥɠɢɦ ɧɚ Ɇ. Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ
6
Ibidem, p. 15; Gülnar (=A. Davesne, G. Le Rider. Le trésor de Meydancikkale.
Paris, 1989, p. 230, 339).
7
Le Rider, G. Les alexandres d’argent en Asie Mineure, p. 17; Kirazli (h.= G. Le
Rider, N. Olcay, Le trésor de Kirazli (près d’Amasya): IGCH 1369. – In: AA, 1987, p. 29).
8
Le Rider, G. Les alexandres d’argent en Asie Mineure, p. 24.
9
Price, M. J. The Coinage in Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus.
Zurich/London, 1991, pp. 144-145. ȼ ɉɪɚɣɫɨɜɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɫ
ɮɚɤɟɥ ɨɬ Price 564 ɟ Armenak h. 96 (= ɉɟɥɚ, 280/279–276 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
Ɇ. Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧ), ɚ ɩɴɤ ɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɨɬ Price 564Ⱥ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɚɬ ɧɚ Armenak h. 611, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ
ɨɬ Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɚɬɟɥɢɟ.
10
ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ: ɡɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ – <https://www.acsearch.info/
search.html?id=3675285 (status 12.12.2019)>; ɡɚ ɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ (ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɟ
ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɭɤ ɤɚɬɨ ɮɢɝ. 3) – <https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lo
t&sid=2424&lot=112 (status 12.12.2019)>.
11
Thompson. M. The Armenak Hoard, 95-96.
422
ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɧɚ Armenak h. 9612. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧɨ-

ɜɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ-
ɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 280-270 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɟɬ
Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɜɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɰɟɜɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Armenak h. 96
(ɮɢɝ. 8) ɢ Armenak h. 97-98 (ɮɢɝ. 9-10) ɫ ɚɜɟɪɫɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɞɤɢɬɟ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɝɨɧ Ƚɨɧɚɬ (ɬɭɤ ɮɢɝ. 14).
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ɋɚɥɮ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ ɫɚ ɟɦɢɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ
ɩɪɟɡ 272 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ Ƚɨɧɚɬ ɫɢ ɜɪɴɳɚ ɉɟɥɚ, ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ 273 ɝ. ɩɪ.
ɏɪ. ɨɬ ɉɢɪ, ɨɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɜɚɣɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɫ ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ
ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ13. Ɂɚ ɬɹɯ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƚɨɧɚɬ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥɢ
ɥɢɰɟɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ „ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ“ (ɜɢɠ ɮɢɝ. 11-13 ɬɭɤ), ɤɨɹɬɨ
Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɜ 274/3 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɢ ɫ ɱɢɹɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ
ɧɚɱɟɧɚɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɜ ɉɟɥɚ ɩɪɢ Ƚɨɧɚɬɨɜɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ-
ɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ14.
ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬ-280 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ
– ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. ȿɞɧɚ ɨɬ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɟ ɜɚɪɢɪɚɳɚɬɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚɬɚ ɫ ɤɴɫɧɨ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɬɢɩ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɹ ɫ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɚ ɫɬɴɩɤɚ ɜ
ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɢ ɡɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚɬ
ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɟɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɢ15. Ɋɟɞɨɦ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ
ɝɪɭɩɢ ɫɚ ɨɛɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɩɨɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɟɧ
ɫɬɢɥ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɜɚ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɩɨ-ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɚ
ɤɥɚɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɚ ɜ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ
– ɉɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ Ⱥɦɮɢɩɨɥ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɩɨ-ɬɜɴɪɞɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ, ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪɢ ɝɪɚɜɶɨɪɢ
ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɢ16, ɬɴɪɫɟɣɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɞɨɧɹɤɴɞɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ
12
Ibid. Ʉɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɞɨ Armenak h. 611 – ɞɪɚɯɦɚɬɚ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɨɧɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ
ɫɬɚɧɚ ɞɭɦɚ, ɧɟɹ Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɡɧɚɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɫ Armenak h. 96, ɚ ɹ
ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɚ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ.
13
Mathisen, R. W. Antigonus Gonatas and the Silver Coinages of Macedonia circa
280-270 B. C. – ANSMN, 26, 1981, 104-106.
14
Ibid, 104-107, 110.
15
Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɟɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɬ-280 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.
ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɚ əɛɭɤɨɜɚɰ (IGCH 447) ɢ ɉɨɧɬɨɥɢɜɚɞɢ-Ʉɢɥɤɢɫ (IGCH
445). ɋɩɨɪɟɞ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ ɧɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɬɟ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ (ɫɴɤɪ. IGCH) ɢ
ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ (Mathisen, R. W. Antigonus Gonatas and the Silver Coinages of
Macedonia, 82-83), ɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɪɨɜɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 280 ɢ 275 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ., ɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɫɬɚɪ ɫɬɢɥ ɨɬ ȿɥɟɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ-ɉɢɟɪ ɢ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ʉɪɨɥ, ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɬɟɡɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ (ɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɬɹɯ!) ɛɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɞɨ ɨɤ. 270 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.
(ɡɚ Ʉɢɥɤɢɫ) ɢ ɨɤ. 255-250 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. (ɡɚ əɛɭɤɨɜɚɰ) – ɜɢɠ Nicolet-Pierre, ȿ., J. Kroll.
Athenian tetradrachm coinage of the third century B. C. – ANSAJN, 2, 1990, p. 25, 27.
16
Ɍɟɡɢ „ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ“, ɩɨ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪ ɧɚ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ
ɨɬ Ⱥɦɮɢɩɨɥ – ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ „ɲɥɟɦ-ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ“, ɜ ɉɟɥɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɟɦɟ
ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ „ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ-ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ“, ɫ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɚɧɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɨɬɨ
423
ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ 276 ɢ 272 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ., ɡɚɪɚɞɢ

ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɩɨɱɢɜɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ
ɪɟɩɟɪɚ – ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɟ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧɨɜɚɬɚ „ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɧɚ“ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɚɬɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɫ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɝɨɧ Ƚɨɧɚɬ, ɱɢɹɬɨ ɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜ 272 ɝ. ɩɪ.
ɏɪ.17, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ – ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ
ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɧɚ Ƚɨɧɚɬ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɚɬɟɥɢɟ (Mathisen, R. W. Antigonus Gonatas and the

Silver Coinages of Macedonia, 104-105, 108); ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ, ɫ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɴɜɟɞɟɧɚ
„ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ-ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ“, ɡɚ ɱɢɹɬɨ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɤɚɧɟɧ ɚɪɬɢɫɬ, ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɥ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ ɨɛɟɥɢɫɤ – ɡɜɟɡɞɚ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ 290-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɩɪ. ɏɪ. (ibid., p. 90, 93); ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɫɬɢɥ ɧɚ „snaky manes“ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢ ɧɚ
„ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ-ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ“ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɜɢɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ „ɦɸ-ɝɪɭɩɚ“ (ibid., p. 105);
ɨɛɳɢɹɬ ɥɢɰɟɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɨɛɜɴɪɡɜɚ „ɝɪɨɡɞ-ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ“ ɫ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ „ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ-
ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ“ – ɟɦɢɫɢɹɬɚ, ɫ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜ 274 ɝ.ɩɪ.ɏɪ. ɛɢɥɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɜ ɉɟɥɚ (ibid.,
104-105: pl. 20, 22; 21, 30). Ɋɟɞɨɦ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ
ɧɚ ɨɬɫɢɱɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɬɢɩ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ, ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ
„Ƚɸɥɧɚɪ – Ɇɟɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɤɚɥɟ“, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɀɨɪɠ
Ʌɶɨ Ɋɢɞɟɪ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ ɨɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɫɯɨɞɧɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ. ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ ɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɡɚ
Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɨɬ Gülnar 400 (=Price, M. J. The Coinage in Name of Alexander the
Great, 540A), ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɫ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ. Ɍɹ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɚ „ɲɥɟɦ-ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ“ ɨɬ Ⱥɦɮɢɩɨɥ,
ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɫɩɨɞɟɥɹ ɫ ɧɟɹ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɨɛɳɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɤɚɩɚ-ɨɦɢɤɪɨɧ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳɢ
ɝɪɚɜɶɨɪ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɢɬɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ. ȼɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɩɴɤ ɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢɬɟ ɨɬ Armenak h. 98 (=Price, M. J. The Coinage in Name of Alexander the
Great, 567-8) ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɳɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚɥ
ɞɜɚɬɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ – ɚɦɮɢɩɨɥɫɤɢɹ ɨɬ Gülnar 400 ɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢɹ ɨɬ Armenak h. 98, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɨ
ɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɬɨ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. ɋɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɹɬ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɜ
ɝɸɥɧɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɨɫɬ-280 ɝ.ɩɪ.ɏɪ. ɚɦɮɢɩɨɥɫɤɢ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ Gülnar
388-389 (=Price, M. J. The Coinage in Name of Alexander the Great, 838). Ⱦɜɟɬɟ
ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɨɜ ɡɚ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɩɨɞɟɥɹɬ ɨɛɳ ɥɢɰɟɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɫ Gülnar 387
(=Mathisen, R. W. Antigonus Gonatas and the Silver Coinages of Macedonia, pl. 17,4) ɨɬ
„ɬɪɢɬɨɧ-ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ“, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɟɰɴɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɤ. 279/8 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɢ ɨɛɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟɣ Ʉɟɪɚɜɴɧ ɢɥɢ Ⱥɧɬɢɝɨɧ Ƚɨɧɚɬ (ibid, 109-110). ȼɴɩɪɨɫɧɨɬɨ
ɚɦɮɢɩɨɥɫɤɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ Ʌɶɨ Ɋɢɞɟɪ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ
„ɩɨɥɭɦɟɫɟɰ“ (ɢɥɢ „ɦɸ“, ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ), ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɉɪɚɣɫ ɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɚɳɚ ɜ
ɦɨɪɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ. ɉɪɨɱɟɟ, ɫɴɳɢɹɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɨɬ Gülnar 388-
389 ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ ɢ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ „Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢ“, ɱɢɣɬɨ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ (Balkan area h. 39 – ɮɢɝ.
21 ɬɭɤ) ɟ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧ ɫ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳɢ ɥɢɰɟɜ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɟɧ ɨɩɚɤɨɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɜɟɬɟ
ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɨɬ Ƚɸɥɧɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ. Ɉɬ ɤɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ ɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ
ɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɦɧɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɬɢɩ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ, ɫɟɱɟɧɢ
ɨɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɦɮɢɩɨɥ ɢ ɉɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɡ 270-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɩɪ. ɏɪ.
Ɉɳɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɱɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ ɢ ɉɪɚɣɫ ɫɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ.
Ɋɟɞɨɦ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɬɪɭɩɚ ɧɨɜ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɬ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɢ ɚɭɤɰɢɨɧɢ, ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɫɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɳɟ ɞɨɜɟɞɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚ ɢ ɜ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧɨɜɚɬɚ, ɢ ɜ ɉɪɚɣɫɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ɢ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬ-280 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ.
17
Mathisen, R. W. Antigonus Gonatas and the Silver Coinages of Macedonia, 94-
95, 104-105.
424
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ƚɨɧɚɬ ɢ ɤɟɥɬɢɬɟ, ɧɚɟɬɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɬɢɝɨɧɢɞɚ ɜ

ɫɬɴɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ ɫ Ⱥɧɬɢɩɚɬɴɪ ȿɬɟɡɢɹ (276) ɢ ɉɢɪ (274/3)18.
ȼɴɜ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɫɴɞɟɣɤɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ
ɨɬ Ⱥɪɦɟɧɚɤ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɦɧɢ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ
ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ, ɨɣɧɨɯɨɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɨɬ Armenak h. 96-98
ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɟɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ (ɫɬɚɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ) ɜ
ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬ-280 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɦ ɟɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ, ɤɚɤɴɜɬɨ ɟ „Ⱥɪɦɟɧɚɤ“,
ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɞ 1947 ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ19, ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɚɬ
ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɡ 270-ɬɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɩɪ. ɏɪ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ Ɇ. Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɨɬ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɜ ɉɟɥɚ ɨɤ. 280/279-277/6 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.20 ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ
ɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɡɭɦɢɟɬɨ ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɩɨɧɟ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ ɬɴɤɦɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɚ
ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɢɦ (276-274), ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɫɚɣɬɨɜɟ
ɧɚ CNG. ɉɪɨɱɟɟ, ɬɟɩɴɪɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ
ɫɬɢɥɨɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ
ɨɬ „Ⱥɪɦɟɧɚɤ“ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ-ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɨɜɨ ɫ
ɧɟɹ ɦɚɥɤɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɨɧɚɬ21. Ɍɟɩɴɪɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɢ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɳɟ ɤɴɫɧɢ
ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɨɬ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɬ
ɚɪɦɟɧɚɤɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɟ ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ
ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɝɪɨɡɞ, ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧ ɜ ɥɹɜɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ
ɩɨɥɟ (ɬɭɤ ɮɢɝ. 15-20) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɜɫ22. Ɍɭɤ ɟ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ
18
Ibid., 102-103.
19
ȼɢɠ IGCH 1423 (p. 191).
20
Thompson, M. The Armenak Hoard, p. 95.
21
ɓɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɦɧɨ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɫɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ
Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ɉɝɨɹ (Rousseva, B. The Coin Hoard from
Ogoja (IGCH 435) and the Early Barbaric Imitations of the Alexander Tetradrachms. –
ABulg, 1, 1997, No. 11, 5-18) ɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ (Balkan area h. 38 – ɮɢɝ. 22 ɬɭɤ). ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ
ɡɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɨɬ Price 839, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɩɢ-ɚɥɮɚ ɜ ɥɹɜɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɟ,
ɱɢɣɬɨ ɫɬɢɥ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɫ ɝɪɭɩɚɬɚ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɨɬ Price, M. J. The
Coinage in Name of Alexander the Great, 564-568 ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɴɳɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɢ, ɟɦɢɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɬɨ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ, ɨɣɧɨɯɨɟ, ɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ Ⱥɪɦɟɧɚɤ (ɥɢɫɬɚɬɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɧɟɩɴɥɧɚ ɢ ɳɟ ɫɟ
ɭɝɨɥɟɦɹɜɚ ɜ ɛɴɞɟɳɟ ɫ ɧɨɜɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢ).
22
ȼɢɠ Price, M. J. The Coinage in Name of Alexander the Great, p. 566. –
ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚɬɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɨɧɚ, ɱɢɣɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɢ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ
Ƚɸɥɧɚɪ-Ɇɟɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɤɚɥɟ (Gülnar 491, pl. 21). Ʌɶɨ Ɋɢɞɟɪ ɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɴɥ ɝɸɥɧɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɚ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɨɬ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɉɪɚɣɫ ɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ
ɫ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɉɟɥɚ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɢɬɟ ɨɬ Armenak h. 96-98, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɹ ɜ ɫɴɳɢɹ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɤ. 285-ɨɤ.275 ɝ.ɩɪ.ɏɪ. ȼ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ Ɇ. ɉɪɚɣɫ ɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ (ɛɟɡ ɞɚ ɟ
ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ) ɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ ɜ ɥɹɜɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɟ (ɨɬ Price, M. J. The Coinage in
Name of Alexander the Great, 2766) – ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɮɢɝ.
15-20. Ⱦɪɚɯɦɚɬɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ ɜ ɥɹɜɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɟ ɨɬɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɉɪɚɣɫ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ
425
ɡɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɬɨ ɨɬ „ɏɚɣɦɚɧɚ“ – ɞɪɭɝɚ ɟɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɨɬ

ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ23, ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ,
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ „Ȼɥɚɝɭɧ“, ɨɬ ɚɧɚɬɨɥɢɣɫɤɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɬɢɩ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ, ɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ IV ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɏɚɣɦɚɧɚ
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɝɪɨɡɞ ɜ ɥɹɜɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɟ
(Haymana h. 446-447), ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ
ɚɬɟɥɢɟ24. Ʌɸɛɨɩɢɬɧɨɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɟ, ɱɟ ɤɚɬ. ʋ 2 ɨɬ „Ȼɥɚɝɭɧ“ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɩɨɞ
ɬɪɨɧɚ (ɬɭɤ ɮɢɝ. 1) ɢ Haymana h. 446 – ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ Ʌɶɨ Ɋɢɞɟɪ-
Ɉɥɤɚɣ ɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ, ɫɚ ɫ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɚɜɟɪɫɢ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɞɟɥɹɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ
ɫɴɳɢ ɥɢɰɟɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ25, ɬɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɫɚ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɢ
ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳɢ ɝɪɚɜɶɨɪ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɳɟ ɪɟɱɟ, ɱɟ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɚ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɢ ɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳ ɦɨɧɟɬɟɧ ɞɜɨɪ. ɋɥɟɞɜɚɣɤɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɚ
ɧɚ Ɇ. Ɍɨɦɩɫɴɧ ɡɚ ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɨɬ ɚɪɦɟɧɚɤɫɤɨɬɨ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ, ɬɨɜɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ
ɉɟɥɚ, ɨɬɫɹɤɥɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ 280/79 ɢ ɜɴɡɤɚɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɝɨɧ Ƚɨɧɚɬ ɧɚ
ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢɹ ɬɪɨɧ ɜ 277/6 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɦɧɢ
ɚɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɤɢ – ɫɬɚɬɟɪɢ, ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ. ɑɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɞɪɚɯɦɢɬɟ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɢ ɝɪɨɡɞ ɨɬ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚɬɚ „Ȼɥɚɝɭɧ“ ɢ „ɏɚɣɦɚɧɚ“.
Ɏɢɝ. 1. Ʉɚɬ. ʋ 2 ɨɬ „Ȼɥɚɝɭɧ“ (ɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɨɬ Price 564A)

Ɏɢɝ. 2. Ʉɚɬ. ʋ 23 ɨɬ „ɉɢɫɬɢɪɨɫ“26 (ɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɨɬ Price 564A)
Ɏɢɝ. 3-7. Ⱦɪɚɯɦɢ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɨɬ Price 564Ⱥ (Ɏɢɝ. 327, Ɏɢɝ. 428, Ɏɢɝ.
529, Ɏɢɝ. 630, Ɏɢɝ. 731)
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦɚɥɨɚɡɢɣɫɤɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚ, ɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɧɟɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɟɦɚ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ

ɩɪɟɤɚɥɟɧɨ ɨɛɲɢɪɟɧ ɜɪɟɦɟɜɢ ɤɴɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ (323) ɢ 280 ɝ.ɩɪ.ɏɪ. Ɂɚ
ɤɴɫɦɟɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɞɪɚɯɦɨɜɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɏɚɣɦɚɧɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ
ɫɩɢɪɚɦ ɩɨ-ɞɨɥɭ ɜ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ.
23
Le Rider, G., N. Olcay. Le trésor de Haymana. – RN, 30, 1988, 55–63 (ɫɴɤɪ.
Haymana h.).
24
Ibid., 60. Ɉɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɞɪɚɯɦɢ ɟ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ Haymana h. 446 (pl. 11). Ɉɫɜɟɧ
ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɧɢɦɚɧ ɦɭɥɚɠ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɫ ɜɢɞɢɦɢ ɲɭɩɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɚ
ɹɫɧɨɬɨ ɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɛɟɥ. 22 ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ Ɇ. ɉɪɚɣɫ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ
ɟɦɢɫɢɹ (ɨɬ Price, M. J. The Coinage in Name of Alexander the Great, 2766) ɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤɴɦ
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɚɧɚɬɨɥɢɣɫɤɨ ɚɬɟɥɢɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɚ.
25
Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɦ ɜ ɛɟɥ. 24 ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ, ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ
ɏɚɣɦɚɧɚ ɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɩɫɨɜɚ ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚ ɫ ɲɭɩɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ
ɬɨɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɚɜɟɪɫɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ.
26
Pistiros h. 23 – ɨɛɳɚ ɞɜɨɣɤɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɤɚɬ. ʋ 2 ɨɬ „Ȼɥɚɝɭɧ“ – ɬɭɤ ɮɢɝ. 1.
27
ȿɞɧɚɤɴɜ ɥɢɰɟɜ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɟɧ ɨɩɚɤɨɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɫ ɤɚɬ. ʋ 2 ɨɬ „Ȼɥɚɝɭɧ“ – ɬɭɤ
ɮɢɝ. 1.
426
Ɏɢɝ. 8. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɮɚɤɟɥ ɨɬ Price 564 – ɨɛɳ ɚɜɟɪɫ ɫ Armenak

h. 9632
Ɏɢɝ. 9. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɨɣɧɨɯɨɟ ɨɬ Price 565 – ɨɛɳ ɚɜɟɪɫ ɫ
Armenak h. 9733
Ɏɢɝ. 10. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɨɬ Price 564 – ɨɛɳɚ ɞɜɨɣɤɚ
ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ Armenak h. 9834
Ɏɢɝ. 11. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɨɬ Price 55335
Ɏɢɝ. 12. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɨɬ Price 556 – ɨɛɳ ɚɜɟɪɫ ɫ ɮɢɝ. 1336
Ɏɢɝ. 13. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɨɬ Price 563 – ɨɛɳ ɚɜɟɪɫ ɫ ɮɢɝ. 12 ɨɬ Price
37
556
Ɏɢɝ. 14. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɬɢɩɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
Ⱥɧɬɢɝɨɧ Ƚɨɧɚɬ38
Ɏɢɝ. 15. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ – ɨɛɳɚ ɞɜɨɣɤɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɮɢɝ. 15 ɨɬ
Seleucus I 100639
Ɏɢɝ. 16. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ (=SeleucusI 1006)40
Ɏɢɝ. 17. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ41
Ɏɢɝ. 18. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ (ɨɬ Price 589) – ɨɛɳ ɥɢɰɟɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɫ
ɮɢɝ. 1942
Ɏɢɝ. 19. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ (ɨɬ Price 575) – ɨɛɳ ɥɢɰɟɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɫ
ɮɢɝ. 1843
28
<https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=2424&lot=112 (status
10.01.2020)>.
29
<https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4457288 (status 21.12.2019)>.
30
31
32
<https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=2040&lot=301(status
12.12.2019)>.
33
<https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4970962 (status 09.12.2019)> –
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɚ Armenak h. 97, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɨɣɧɨɯɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɨɛɴɪɧɚɬɨ ɧɚɥɹɜɨ, ɚ ɬɭɤ – ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ.
34
35
36
<https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=4859091 (status 12.12.2019)> – ɨɛɳ
ɥɢɰɟɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɫ ɮɢɝ. 13 ɨɬ Price 563.
37
<https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=667&lot=169 (status
12.12.2019)> – ɨɛɳ ɥɢɰɟɜ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɫ ɮɢɝ. 12 ɨɬ Price 556.
38
39
40
41
42
ȿɦɢɫɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɨɬ Ɇ. ɉɪɚɣɫ ɤɴɦ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɟɥɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ
„ɝɪɨɡɞ“, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɜ Ⱥɦɮɢɩɨɥ.
43
<https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1197934&AucID=2379&
Lot=102&Val=526dab18be67e5f680ad739dadcdf258&Match=1#match1 (status
427
Ɏɢɝ. 20. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɡɞ (ɨɬ Price 576)44

Ɏɢɝ. 21. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɨɬ ɨɬ Gülnar 388-389 (=Price 838)(=Balkan
area h. 39)45
Ɏɢɝ. 22. Ɍɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɚ ɨɬ Price 839 (=Balkan area h. 38)46
1 2
3 4
5 6
18.12.2019)>. ɂ ɬɚɡɢ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɟ ɨɬɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɉɪɚɣɫ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨ ɚɬɟɥɢɟ,

ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɡɚ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ (=Mathisen 1981, 92. 23-24) e ɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ Ⱥɦɮɢɩɨɥ.
44
<https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1197934&AucID=2379&
Lot=102&Val=526dab18be67e5f680ad739dadcdf258&Match=1#match1 (status
12.12.2019)>. ɂ ɬɚɡɢ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ ɟ ɨɬɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɉɪɚɣɫ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɨ ɚɬɟɥɢɟ,
ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɡɚ Ɇɚɬɢɡɟɧ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɹ (=Mathisen 1981, 92. 20) e ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ Ⱥɦɮɢɩɨɥ.
45
46
428
7
8
9 10
12
11
13 14
429
15 16
17 18
19 20
21 22
430
Werner Seibt
SOME SEALS OF BYZANTINE PROFESSIONAL MEN
Many thousands of seals stem from dignitaries, military, civil,

ecclesiastical ones and courtiers, but seals of craftsmen or professional men
are extremely rare. On the other hand we have to admit, that the bulk of seals
offering only a name or first and family names or even anonymous ones can
in some cases also stem from such persons.
In the µ=.>D67ą: /6/8Ą<:, where many professions are discussed and
organized, terms for professional men are e. g. >0<8þ/<6, D26><AĀD:.6, or
A2D:ĄA.61.
1. Anagnapharios
Basil anagnapharios
A seal in Dumbarton Oaks2 mentions a Basil anagnapharios for the X

century, probably first half.
Obv.: In the center of the field there is a duck to right, surrounded by
the invocational inscription (starting at the top) : + KE ROHJH TO CO
/OVUv: + (Ĉ>6)2 /<Ă5(26) A(ń) @(ń) 1<Ĉ8(Ł).
Rev.: Inscription of four lines, beginning with a cross and probably
ending with a damaged ornament, above and under the legend there are three
(or four) dots:
+ RACI- UO d- +dy- H.
+ .@68(2Ą)Ł :.0:.C.>(Ą)Ł.
The end of the legend is damaged; if there was not an ornament,
perhaps a pressed I/ would be possible; in this case the anagnapharios was
working in the eidikon. This seal proofs a certain prominence of Basil,
perhaps he was as primikerios the head of the corporation of anagnapharioi in
the capital.
In the chapter about the preparation of the expedition against Crete in
de cerimoniis the :.0:.Cþ>6<6 A<Ľ CĆ><B are mentioned, from whom
1
·@1AG9:į= 292;Į?=. Rez. J. Koder, Vienna 1991, cf. ch. 22, p. 138, trad. 139.
2
DO 58.106.2677 (fig. 1).
431
Werner SEIBT. SOME SEALS OF BYZANTINE PROFESSIONAL MEN
textiles for the fabrication of sails for the fleet were purchased3. The LbG
translates this craftsman as “Walker; Krempler” and connects the word with
:.7:þ=AF (“make old clothes fresh by fulling”)4.
Anagnapharioi are not mentioned in the µ=.>D67ą: /6/8Ą<:, though
5
we find there /2@A6<=>þA.6, 8
=>.:16<=>þA.6,6 7.A.>Aþ>6<6,7 or even
ç5F:6<=>þA.6 ÜA<6 965.:2ĵ? .
2. Makellarios
In the µ=.>D67ą: /6/8Ą<: there is a chapter about the 9.728þ>6<6 (cf.

Medieval Latin macellarii), the butchers9. They were only allowed to buy
sheep, not pigs10.
Anastasios makellarios
In Dumbarton Oaks there is a seal of Anastasios makellarios from the

VIII century.11 On both sides only the legend: KV BOH- [JH C-
/þU] / ANAC- TACIOV – MAKEU- UyOþ12.
Ĉ(>62) /<Ă[5(26) Ań @ń 1<Ĉ8Ł] / ¥:.@A.@Ą<B 9.7288.>Ą<B. Probably
change from dative to genetive, though also on the obverse a genetive would
not be impossible.
3. Makellites
We know two seals which could perhaps stem from makellitai

(another form of makel(l)arioi), from the X and XI century.
3
Constantini Porphyrogeniti. De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae. Rec. I. I. Reiske.
Bonn, 1829, 674, 14.
4
Trapp, E. et alii. Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität, besonders des 9.-12.
Jahrhunderts. 1. Faszikel (1-A3EA?6Ĵ<9?=). Wien, 1994, p . 76.
5
·@1AG9:į= 292;Į?=, ch. 4, p. 90, 92 and 94, trad. 91, 93 and 95.
6
L.c., ch. 5, p. 94 and 96, trad. 95 and 97.
7
L.c., ch. 7, p. 100 and 102, trad. p. 101 and 103.
8
L.c., ch. 9, p. 106 , 108 and 110, trad. p. 107, 109, and 111.
9
·@1AG9:į= 292;Į?=, ch. 15, p. 122 and 124; trad. p. 123 and 125.
10
For the latter the D<6>Ā9=<><6 were competent (l. c., ch. 16, p. 124 and 126).
11
DO 47.2.843.
12
The legend is correctly read by Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals. Vol.
I. Basel, 1972, no. 735, and Cheynet, J.-Cl. La société byzantine. L’apport des sceaux. Paris,
2008, p. 28, fig. 39, but misunderstood by Laurent, V. Le corpus de sceaux de l’Empire
byzantin. II: L’administration centrale. Paris, 1981, no. 746 (ıĮțİȜȜĮȡ઀Ƞȣ!).
432
Leontas makellites (?)
A seal in the Fogg Art Museum13, where parts of the field are
damaged or missing, presents on the obverse the upper part of a griffon or
senmurf, and the reverse legend reads:
+ KE RO- HJH U=vd- .d \Q- ..UO.
+ (Ĉ>6)2 /<Ă5(26) 2<:[A]Ħ: 9.7[28]8Ą[A(4:)].
The traces of the letters in the last line are not clear enough. We
cannot exclude an eta instead of lambda and jota. In this case the legend
could end: 9.7[28(8)](Ą)[A(4:)].
The seal stems from the second half, perhaps even third quarter of the
X century.
Nikolaos imperial makellites (?)
The other exemplar was found in Silistra and is now in the Regional
Historical Museum of Dobriþ. It is published in the third volume of I.
Jordanov’s Corpus14 and repeated (with my alternative reading) in Addenda
et corrigenda (2)15.
The bust of St. Nicholas on the obverse is not very good recognizable
but sure, and on the right side traces of the inscription K- O- U, are visible.
On the reverse the inscription on four lines reads:
+ NI- .OU, R - .AKEU- .OH
+ 6[7]<8þ(Ł) /(.@6867ń) [9].728[8]ĄAĬ.
I. Jordanov had first thought about a /(.@6867ą?) <ß76@A67Ć?, but
accepted later on my proposed reading as a possible alternative. This seal
stems from the first half of the XI century.
4. Ampelas
Theodosios Alexopoulos ampelas
A seal in the Fogg Art Museum16 mentions a Theodosios

Alexopoulos, where ampelas is his profession or a second family name.
13
Fogg 2285 (fig. 2).
14
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume III. Sofia, 2009,
no. 834.
15
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Addenda et corrigenda
(2). – ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ. ɑɚɫɬ 1.
ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2015, ɫ. 241, no. 52. 834. We thank I. Jordanov for the photo of this seal, see fig. 3.
16
Fogg 254 (fig. 4).
433
Though in later times also Ampelas is documented as family name, in this

case we interpret it as the profession of a wine-grower or wine-producer. The
seal is already first published by A.-K. Wassiliou-Seibt17, and will be edited
again in the VIII volume of the Dumbarton Oaks Seals catalogue by J.
Nesbitt and W. Seibt (in print).
The inscription is divided on both sides of the seal: C>.0ă?
2<1<@Ą<B / ¥82;<=<Ĉ8<B A<Ľ 9=28Ħ. Till Alexopoulou it is a normal
dodecasyllabic verse (with the caesura after the 7th syllable), but with A<Ľ
9=28Ħ as appendix. The seal stems from the XII century, ca. 1130/1200.
The LbG18 has only 9=2867Ć? and 9=28Ć? as designations for the
wine-grower or wine-producer, but in Demetrakos19 we find 9=28Ħ? with
the note “è ±DF: =<88ý? 9=Ā8<B?” and “è @D<8<Ĉ92:<? 2ß167Ń? ¿ 7B>ĄF? 2ß?
7.886Ā>026.: 9=Ā8F: 02F>0Ć?”.
5. Raptes
Symbatios imperial raptes
The collection Seyrig in Paris20 houses the seal of a Symbatios, who

cumulated the dignity of a protospatharios and the functions as megas
chartoularios and kommerkiarios of Chaldia with the profession of an
imperial raptes (tailor). The seal from the second quarter of the XI century
was published in the Seyrig catalogue21.
The legend runs on both sides: + (Ĉ>6)2 /(<Ă)5(26) B9/.A(ĄŁ)
(=>FA<)@=.5(.>ĄŁ) 9(2)0(þ8Ł) D.(>A<B)8(.>ĄŁ) / (7.ă) /(.@6867ń) ļþ=A(Ĭ)
(7.ă) 7<B92>7(6).>(ĄŁ) $.81Ą(.?).
It is noteworthy that Symbatios presents himself as „imperial“ tailor.
Either he was working in an imperial workshop or at least as a supplier of the
imperial court. As kommerkiarios of Chaldia he may have been also involved
into the silk trade. Perhaps Symbatios (an Armenian?) was a specialist for
silk garments.
17
Wassiliou-Seibt, A.-K. Corpus der byzantinischen Siegel mit metrischen
Legenden. Teil 2: Siegellegenden von Ny bis inklusive Sphragis. Wien, 2016, no. 2442
(without photo).
18
Trapp, E. et alii. LbG. 1. Faszikel (1-A3EA?6Ĵ<9?=). Wien 1994, p. 69.
19
Demetrakos, D. B. Ī31 ;5>9:į= ù;7B DşB ¸;;7=9:şB 3;ĴCC7B, vol. I.
Athens,1954, p. 339.
20
BnF 487.
21
Cheynet, J.-Cl., C. Morrisson, W. Seibt. Sceaux byzantins de la collection
Seyrig. Catalogue raisonné. Paris, 1991, no. 137; cf. also Cheynet, J.-Cl. La société
byzantine, pp. 28–29, fig. 40.
434
According to J.-Cl. Cheynet in Dumbarton Oaks is housed also

another seal of a raptes.22
There is not a chapter about the raptai in the book of the eparch.
In the IFEB23 there is the seal of a Leon primikerios of the ź.C(2ĵ<:)

(tailors’ workshop)24 from the second half of the X or first half of the XI
century. As the Rapheion was in the imperial palace Leon was as head of this
workshop a courtier. Leon was also chartoularios of the =<>CB><=Ċ8.6.
Probably Leon did not sell purple but purple garments of highest quality. !he
<>CB><=F82ĵ<: was a workshop for dying (silk) garments with purple
(under the control of the state)25.
6. Pragmateutes
Pragmateutes is a very broad term for merchants. It is only once

mentioned in the Book of the eparch, and in a broad sense (=.>ĩ ®AĀ>F:
=>.09.A2BAŃ:)26, though there are some professions ending with –=>þA4?.27
On other places in this source the merchants (coming to Constantinople) are
entitled ±9=<><6.
Merchants or traders could act on their own authority, alone, or in
partnership (7<6:ĊA4? =>.09.A2Ą.?). Byzantine traders were not only active
within the borders of the empire but also in foreign countries, just as foreign
traders came to the empire and to Constantinople.
Some merchants were acting on behalf of the state, much was
regulated and controlled28.
A considerable number of seals mention pragmateutai from the later

VIII till the XI century.
The earliest seal stems from the last third of the VIII century29. On the
obverse there is the invocative monogram Laurent V (the two parts of the
22
Cheynet, J.-Cl. La société byzantine, p. 29, footnote 118 (dated by him to the
first half of the XI century).
23
No. 885.
24
Ed. Laurent, V. Corpus, II, 655; Cheynet, J.-Cl. La société byzantine, p. 29.
25
Cf. Trapp, E. et alii. LbG. 6. Faszikel. Wien, 2007, p. 1355. There is also a
=<>CB><=Ċ86@@. mentioned.
26
·@1AG9:į= 292;Į?=, ch. 21.3, l. 749, p. 136.
27
E.g. >0B><=>þA4?, /2@A6<=>þA4?, =>.:16<=>þA4?, 92A.;<=>þA4?, ç5F:6<=>þA4?,
ıĮʌȦȞȠʌȡ੺ĲȘȢ, ੁȤșȣȠʌȡ੺ĲȘȢ.
28
Cf. esp. Laiou, A. E. Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries. – In:
Laiou, A. E. (ed.), The Economic History of Byzantium. From the Seventh through the
Fifteenth Century. Washington, D. C. 2002, pp. 697–770.
29
DO nr.: 55.1.500.
435
beta are separated), and the reverse reads: +=y- +O wy- +\,; above
and under the legend a cross between trifolia.
To the second half of the IX century we date seals of Niketas30. Leon
wyVMATE[V]THC31, another Niketas (probably wy\=VTHC)32,
Stephanos33, Christophoros34, Plotinos35, and one more man, perhaps
Rodion36.
From the first half of the X century stem seals of Stephanos37,
Theotimos wy\=wHC38, Theophylaktos wy+\=vHC39,
Staurakios40, Solomon (?)41, and two different types of a Ioannes42.
Probably to the second half of the X century belong seals of a Ioannes
wyVMATEVTHC with a griffon on the obverse43, and seals of Stephanos44
and Andreas45.
Simply to the X century we date seals of a Leon46 and an Andreas
(found in Bulgaria)47.
The latest seal of this series stems from Philaretos (?)
wy+\[]=ąO(C) (second half of the XI century)48.
30
Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie de l’Empire byzantin. Paris, 1884, (repr. Torino
1963), 566–567.
31
Zacos, G. (compiled and edited by Nesbitt, J. W.). Byzantine Lead Seals. Vol. II.
Berne, 1984, no. 208.
32
Ibid., 259.
33
Davidson, G. R. Corinth, vol. XII: The Minor Objects. Princeton, New Jersey
1952, no. 2738.
34
Laurent, V. Les sceaux byzantins du Médaillier Vatican. Citta del Vaticano,
1962, no. 134.
35
Jordanov, I. Corpus, III, 838.
36
Laurent, V. Les sceaux byzantins du Médaillier, 135; Laurent proposed źĆ16<?,
but that is not convincing; Alexandra-Kyriaki Wassiliou-Seibt prefers <1Ą(F):.
37
Konstantopoulos, K. M. E61=D91:ħ <?;E24İ2?E;;1 ¯= DƇ ·8=9:Ƈ ?<9C<1D9:Ƈ
?EC5ĮƄ §87=Ɔ=. Athens, 1917, p. 467.
38
Vienna, Münzkabinett 540 (unpublished).
39
Konstantopoulos, K. M. E61=D91:ħ <?;E24İ2?E;;1, no . 469.
40
Fogg Art Museum 1126.
41
42
DO 58.106.778 and IFEB.
43
Zacos, G., J. W. Nesbitt, l.c., no. 926; a similar seal in Metcalf, D. M. Byzantine
Lead Seals from Cyprus. Nicosia, 2004, no. 238; another similar seal in the Fogg Art
Museum 1059.
44
Fogg Art Museum, no. 983.
45
46
Schlumberger, G. Sigillographie, 567.
47
Jordanov, I. Corpus, III, 837 (no photo).
48
436
Of special interest are seals mentioning a geographical area for a

pragmateutes.
Ioannes pragmateutes of Novgorod (?)
Problematic is a seal in Dumbarton Oaks from the early X century49.

On the obverse a cross potent with floral decoration, surrounded by the
invocation. The reverse legend runs on four lines:
+ IA- NN, wy- VMAT, T- þ NO.. At the end <[/(<)0(>þ1<B)]
would be a possibility, but that is only a first hypothesis.
If this hypothesis is right, the seal would be twice important.
According the new chronology of early Rus’ian history the first khaganate of
Rus’ was finished before Rjurik was called to come to the north of Eastern
Europa (shortly before 900). Novgorod had already been a center of the
khaganate50.
Anastasios pragmateutes of commercial centres in Asia (?)
A seal in the Fogg Art Museum51 from the first half of the X century
has on the obverse a nimbated patriarchal cross on steps with floral elements
and the invocation; the reverse offers on five lines the legend:
+ ANACT- AC, wy+- \=VT, - TON EMw – CO.
+¥:.@A.@(ĄŁ) =>.09.A2BA(į) A(Ń): 9=(<>ĄF:) ¥@6.A(67Ń:).
In this case Anastasios may have had the right to trade in foreign
countries east of the Empire.
Abramios (?) pragmateutes of commercial centres in Asia (?)
Another seal in the Fogg Art Museum from the second half of the IX
century52 has on the obverse a cross potent on steps and traces of the
invocation, and the legend on the reverse has four lines:
.RPAM.- . wy+\- .EVTvV - .M AC
A possible transcription could perhaps be:
[¥]/>.9[ĄŁ] =>.09[.A]2BA<Ľ []9(=<>ĄF:) ¥@(6.A67Ń:).
49
DO 55.1.1469.
50
Cf. Zuckerman, C. (Re-)structuring early Russian history. – In: The origins of
the Russian State. Historical and archaeological collection of articles. St. Petersburg, 2007,
pp. 343–351.
51
Fogg Art Museum 2122 (fig. 5).
52
Fogg Art Museum 1120 (fig. 6).
437
The reconstruction of this legend is not sure, but composed in analogy

of the preceding seal.
7. Kokkinopragmateutes
Georgios kokkinopragmateutes
A seal in Athens53 with a “nimbated” patriarchal cross with floral

elements and the invocation an the obverse reads on the reverse:
+ +=- vy+Hv – QvQOd[v]- wy+\[]- =R[T,]
+2(F)>0(ĄŁ) 7<7(7)6:[<]=>.09[.]A2(B)[A(į)].
Probably first third of the X century.
Georgios traded with red pigments, esp. for dying garments, perhaps
even with purple (=<>CĈ>.). The term kokkinopragmateutes is not found
elsewhere.
8. Bestioprates
There is a special chapter of the bestiopratai in the Book of the

Eparch54. In the first paragraph is written, that they are allowed to buy only
silk garments (@4>67ý? @5ĮA.?), but in paragraph 7 they are separated from
the @4>67<=>þA.6. In paragraph 9.1 is mentioned, that they can buy linen
goods as lining material for silk garments. Though A. Kazhdan thought that
the term was unknown before the IX century55, we can offer already a first
seal from the VII century.
Very problematic is a seal type from the XIII century, where V.
Laurent proposed at last /2@A<=>ĊA4?56. One exemplar is in the Vatican57, the
other one belonged to the collection Likhachev58. On the obverse there is a
bust of the Theotokos Dexiokratousa, and the reverse reads: NIKH- vyvC
B- ECTOwyO- HC. I would prefer to read the family name Ȇ(.A)>6(76)ĊA4?
53
Konstantopoulos, K. M. E61=D91:ħ <?;E24İ2?E;;1, no . 468 (where Kokinos is
interpreted as a family name). We thank Dr. Eva Apostolou for sending a photo and the
permission to republish the seal (fig. 7).
54
Ch. 4, p. 90, 92, 94; trad. 91, 93, 95.
55
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. III. New York – Oxford, 1991, 2163, s. v.
Vestioprates.
56
Laurent, V. Corpus, ǿǿ, 660; repeated in Trapp, Ǽ. et alii. Prosopographisches
Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit. 8. Faszikel. 9G1Ĭ; – ECD?ĲA7B. Vienna, 1986, 20305.
57
Cf. Laurent, V. Les sceaux byzantins du Médaillier, 27.
58
Lichaþev, N. P. Istoriþeskoe znaþenie italo-greþeskoj ikonopisi. Petersburg, 1911,
App., pl. VI 31.
438
at the end59, and /2@A- as the beginning of an office or title, like bestiarios or
bestiarites: 674CĆ><? /2@A(6þ>6<?) or /2@A(6.>ĄA4?) è Ȇ(.A)>6(76)ĊA4?.
Konstantinos bestioprates
In Ȁarthago was found the seal of a Konstantinos bestioprates from

the VII century (perhaps even first half)60. On the obverse there is a
monogram with the name of Konstantinos61, and the reverse has an
inscription of three lines (without any cross or ornament): BEC- TIOwy-
vV.
Konstantinos bestioprates
From a much later time (first half of the IX century) stems the seal of
another Konstantinos, now in Dumbarton Oaks.62 The obverse shows the
invocative monogram Laurent V together with the usual tetragram, and the
reverse has in four lines the legend:
KNC- TANTIN – BECTIO- wy,.
9. Serikoprates
The serikopratai, just like the metaxopratai, are merchants dealing

with silk. In the Book of the Eparch it is stated that it is not allowed to be
/2@A6<=>þA4? and @4>67<=>þA4? at the same time; the merchants had to
decide between the two professions63.
Anastasios hypatos and serikoprates
A seal in the Fogg Art Museum64 documents an Anastasios

serikoprates, who had probably the title of a hypatos. The paleography points
primarily to the first third of the IX century. At the obverse the invocative
monogram type Laurent V with the usual tetragram, and the reverse reads: +
ANA- CTACI - .w, S CHPI- KOwy,.
59
Just as Laurent did it in his first publication.
60
Zografopoulos, K. J. Die byzantinischen Bleisiegel aus Karthago. Unpubl. Diss.
Vienna 2005, 274-275, K 18. The field is quite small (13 mm).
61
Type Zacos, G., A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals, 292.
62
DO 58.106.4611. Ed. Zacos, G., A. Veglery. 1838; Laurent, V. Corpus, II, 659.
63
·@1AG9:į= 292;Į?=, ch. 4.7, p. 92, trad. p. 93.
64
Fogg Art Museum 3030. Ed. Zacos, G., A. Veglery. no. 3076; Laurent, V.
Corpus, II, 656. Both dated the seal too early (second half of the VIII century); cf. also
Cheynet, J.-Cl. La société byzantine, p. 28 (VIII century).
439
10. Holoserikoprates
Ũ8<@4>67FAĆ? means „totally of silk”65, for è8<@Ă>67. à9þA6. cf.

Theophanes 322, 7. The holoserikoprates sold garments of pure silk.
Anastasios holoserikoprates
Two seals, one in the Fogg Art Museum66, one in the IFEB, stem from
an Anastasios holoserikoprates, probably from the second half of the VIII
century – so he should not be identified with the Anastasios mentioned
above.
On the obverse the invocative monogram Laurent V with the usual
tetragram (but in an earlier style as on the seal of the serikoprates); the
reverse legend runs:
ANACT- ACI vU- vCIPIK- Owy,.
Fig. 1: Seal of Basil anagnapharios (DO 58.106.2677)

Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Collection, Washington, DC.
Fig. 2: Seal of Leontas makellites (BZS 1951.31.5.2285)
Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Bequest of
Thomas Whittemore. © Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Collection, Washington,
DC.
Fig. 3: Seal of Nikolaos makellites (RHM Dobriþ)
Photo Ivan Jordanov
Fig. 4: Seal of Theodosios Alexopoulos ampelas (BZS 1951.31.5.254)
Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Bequest of
Thomas Whittemore. © Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Collection, Washington,
DC.
Fig. 5: Seal of Anastasios pragmateutes of commercial centres in Asia
(?) (BZS 1951.31.5.2122.). Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler
Museum, Bequest of Thomas Whittemore. © Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine
Collection, Washington, DC.
65
Cf. Trapp, E. LbG, 5. Faszikel. Wien 2005, 1122.
66
No. 297. Ed. Zacos, G., A. Veglery, no. 1706; Laurent, V. Corpus, II, 657;
Cheynet, J.-Cl. La société byzantine, p. 28, fig. 38.
440
Fig. 6: Seal of Abramios (?) pragmateutes of commercial centres in

Asia (?) (BZS 1951.31.5.1120). Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler
Museum, Bequest of Thomas Whittemore. © Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine
Collection, Washington, DC.
Fig. 7: Seal of Georgios kokkinopragmateutes (Athens, Numismatic
Museum 468). (mail 10.12.18)
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
441
ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜ
ɆɈɅɂȼȾɈȼɍɅ ɋ ɌɈɉɈɇɂɆȺ ɎɅɈɊȿɇɐɂə ɈɌ ɁȿɆɅɂɓȿɌɈ

ɇȺ ɈȻɓɂɇȺ ȺɋȿɇɈȼȽɊȺȾ
Veselin Stankov
A SEAL WITH THE TOPONYM OF FLORENCE FROM

ASENOVGRAD MUNICIPALITY
The publication presents a lead seal containing the Florence toponym. It has been
found on the Asenovgrad`s Municipality land, Plovdiv`s Area, Bulgaria. The coat of arms of
the city of Florence stands on the averse side. All around it the denomination FIRE [NZE]
had been written. That was the denomination of the city written according to its Italian
sound. The face of Agnus Dei stands on the reverse side. This is s religious symbol
characteristic for Western rite of the Christian church depicting the very Jesus Christ like
himself. But the same Lamb was a patron of the wool traders in Florence.
I can determine the seal as a stamp sealing the correspondence or a document of the
Florence wool traders to an unknown receiver in the Bulgarian lands. That could happen as
early as the beginning of ɏȱȱȱ century. Probably under despot Slav (1208 – 1230) when he
had been the lord of that part of the Rhodopa Mountains and had been in contractual
relations with the Latin Empire. It is logical that it matters to a wool deliveries to Florence
from the Bulgarian lands regardless to whom personally the documents or the letter of the
Florence traders had been addressed to. The molivdovul dating relates commonly to ɏȱȱȱ-
ɏȱV century.
ȼ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ 2018 ɝ. ɦɢ ɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚ-

ɮɢɪɚɦ ɢ ɨɩɢɲɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɫ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ (Ɉɛɪ. 1). „ȿɤɡɨ-
ɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ” ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɟ ɨɬ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ⱥɫɟɧɨɜɝɪɚɞ. ɉɨ ɨɛɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ, ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɧɚ ɪɟɞ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɢ,
ɡɚɤɨɧɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɳɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɨ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɬɨ, ɢ ɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɛɟɡ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ.
ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɳɟ ɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤɴɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ: 21,5-22,5 ɦɦ; ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ: 4,0-5,0 ɦɦ; ɬɟɝɥɨ:
13,11 ɝɪ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ. Ʌɟɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɫɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɩɥɴɡɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɢ
ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫ ɛɭɥɬɟɪɢɨɧɚ.
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɋɬɢɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɥɢɥɢɹ – ɝɟɪɛ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ. ȼ ɞɹɫɧɨɬɨ
ɩɨɥɟ FIRE [ …]
ɉɭɤɧɚɬɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɜ ɥɹɜɨɬɨ
ɩɨɥɟ. ȼ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɥɹɜɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤɴɬ ɟ ɧɟɩɴɥɟɧ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ ɩɴɥɧɢɹ ɫɢ
442
Веселин СТАНКОВ. МОЛИВДОВУЛ С ТОПОНИМА ФЛОРЕНЦИЯ ОТ ЗЕМЛИЩЕТО НА ОБЩИНА ...
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɬɚɦ ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɨɬ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ

FIRE / NZE. ɋɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: Ȼɨɠɢɹɬ Ⱥɝɧɟɰ (Agnus Dei) ɧɚɥɹɜɨ, ɧɢɦɛ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ, ɫ
ɞɹɫɧɨ ɤɨɩɢɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɴɪɠɚ ɡɧɚɦɟ (ɯɨɪɭɝɜɚ?) ɫ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧɢ ɤɪɚɢɳɚ. ɇɚ
ɡɧɚɦɟɬɨ ɯɨɪɭɝɜɚ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬ.
Ʉɴɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɨɱɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ.
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢɹ Ⱥɝɧɟɰ ɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɨɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ

ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ, ɱɟ ɚɝɧɟɰɴɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ
ɂɢɫɭɫ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨɬɨ ɜ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ Ƀɨɚɧ: „ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɹ
ɞɟɧ Ƀɨɚɧ ɜɢɞɹ ɂɢɫɭɫ, ɱɟ ɢɞɜɚ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɝɨ, ɢ ɤɚɡɚ: ȿɬɨ Ȼɨɠɢɹɬ Ⱥɝɧɟɰ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɡɟɦɚ ɝɪɟɯɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ!” (Ƀɨɚɧ 1: 29); „ ɂ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɴɝɥɟɞɚ ɂɢɫɭɫ,
ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɦɢɧɚɜɚɲɟ, ɤɚɡɚ: ȿɬɨ Ȼɨɠɢɹɬ Ⱥɝɧɟɰ!” (Ƀɨɚɧ 1: 36). ɋɱɢɬɚ ɫɟ
ɫɴɳɨ, ɱɟ ɚɝɧɟɰɴɬ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚɧ ɫ ɯɨɪɭɝɜɚ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɚ ȼɴɡɤɪɟ-
ɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ. Ȼɟɡɛɪɨɣɧɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɝɧɟɰɚ, ɨɛɴɪɧɚɬ ɧɚɥɹɜɨ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ, ɩɪɚɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɟɝɧɚɥ. ɇɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɟ ɡɧɚɦɟɬɨ
ɯɨɪɭɝɜɚ, ɫɴɳɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɢ. ɂɦɚ ɝɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɛɚɪɟɥɟɮ
ɧɚ ɮɚɫɚɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɤɥɢɫɢ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ-
ɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚɧ ɟ ɜ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɧɚ ɫɬɴɤɥɨɩɢɫɢ, ɮɪɟɫɤɢ,
ɬɟɪɚɤɨɬɚ, ɦɨɡɚɣɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɟɞ
ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ1. ɇɟ ɦɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨ-
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɢɬɟ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɧɚ ɚɝɧɟɰɚ ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɨɬ
ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ. ȼɫɟɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɜɢɞɢ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ.
ɉɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɝɧɟɰɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɨɬ
ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ Vȱȱ ɜɟɤ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɚɩɚ ɋɟɪɝɢɣ ȱ (687-701)
ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɜɴɡɯɜɚɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɝɧɟɰɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɢ ɩɟɫɧɨɩɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɤɚɧɨɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ 692 ɝ. ɡɚɛɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɤɚɬɨ ɚɝɧɟ2.
Ɍɚɤɨɜɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɝɧɟɰɚ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɦɟ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɴɥɛɢɳɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɬ. ɧ. ɤɭɥɚ ɤɚɦɛɚɧɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱦɠɨɬɨ ɜ ɝɪ. Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɤɴɦ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɚ „ɋɚɧɬɚ Ɇɚɪɢɹ ɞɟɥ Ɏɢɨɪɟ”. Ɉɫɧɨ-
ɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜ. ȼ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ɏȱV ɜɟɤ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɨɟɠɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɝɢɥɞɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɜɴɥɧɚ. Ɍɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɬ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɛɚɧɚɪɢɹɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɚɬɚ, ɚ
Ⱦɠɨɬɨ ɟ ɢ ɧɟɢɧ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬ3. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɤɚɦɛɚɧɚɪɢɹ ɟ
1
Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. < http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/a.htm (status
15.01.2020)>.
2
Duffy, E. Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press, 2006,
p. 84; Ekonomou, A. J. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington Books, 2007, p.
223.
3
The Florence Art Guide. Cathedral.
443
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ Ȼɨɠɢɹɬ Ⱥɝɧɟɰ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɡɚ

ɬɟɯɟɧ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɚ, ɜɢɞ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɚ ɦɚɪɤɚ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɚ, ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ
ɫɟ, ɟ ɩɪɢɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɫ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɚɝɧɟɰɚ ɫ ɂɢɫɭɫ. ɇɹɦɚ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɛɚɪɟɥɟɮɴɬ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɬɚɦ, ɟ ɩɨ
ɩɨɪɴɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɠɚ – ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɜɴɥɧɚ.
Ɉɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɝɟɪɛɴɬ ɧɚ ɝɪ.
Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ. ɋɪɚɜɧɹɜɚɣɤɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɝɟɪɛ ɫ ɛɟɡɛɪɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɜɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɦɪɟɠɚ, ɦɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɟɪɛ ɧɚ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ.
ɉɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɟɪɛɚ – Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ.
ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɥɚɬɧɢɹ ɮɥɨɪɢɧ, ɫɟɱɟɧ ɜɴɜ Ɏɥɨ-
ɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɩɴɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɟ ɩɭɫɧɚɬɚ ɜ
ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ 1252 ɝ. Ɂɚɪɚɞɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɨɬɨ ɬɹ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɟɞɧɚ
ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɩɥɚɳɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɜɚɥɭɬɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɩɨ ɩɴɬɹ ɧɚ
ɬɴɪɝɨɜɢɹɬɚ. ɉɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɟ ɨɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɥɨɪɢɧɚ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɝɟɪɛɴɬ ɧɚ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ; ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ
ɥɹɜɨ ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ ɤɪɴɝɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ +FLOR-ENTIA. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɪɴɫɬɢɬɟɥ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɪɴɫɬ; ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɟ
ɜɞɢɝɧɚɬɚ ɫ ɠɟɫɬ ɡɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɫɤɢɩɬɴɪ,
ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚɳ ɫ ɤɪɴɫɬ. Ʉɪɴɝɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ +S:IOHA-NNES:B (aptista)4.
ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ
ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ, ɫɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɟɪɛɚ. Ⱦɜɚɬɚ ɝɟɪɛɚ ɫɚ ɟɞɧɚɤɜɢ, ɧɨ ɧɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɟ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɨ-
ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɢɚɧɫɤɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɬɚɥɢɚɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɦɭ
ɡɜɭɱɟɧɟ. ɇɚ ɨɩɚɤɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɪɴɫɬɢɬɟɥ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ Ȼɨɠɢɹɬ Ⱥɝɧɟɰ – ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɟɧ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ ɂɢɫɭɫ. ɇɨ ɫɴɳɢɹɬ
ɚɝɧɟɰ ɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ/ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɥɧɚ ɜɴɜ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ
ɫɤɪɟɩɹɜɚɥ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ, ɜɢɞ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɥɨɪɟɧ-
ɬɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɧɚ ɜɴɥɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɡɟɦɢ. ɇɚɣ-ɪɚɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ ɜɟɤ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɛɢ
ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɥɚɜ (1208-1230), ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ Ɋɨɞɨɩɢɬɟ, ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɳɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ
ɩɟɱɚɬɴɬ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1208-1216 ɝ. ɬɨɣ ɟ ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ. Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɧɰɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɳɟ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɫɟ
< https://www.mega.it/eng/egui/monu/buq.htm (status 12.12.2019)>.

4
ɉɨɞɪɚɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨɣ ɱɟɤɚɧɤɟ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɨɬ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ.
< http://muzeydeneg.ru/research/podrazhaniya-v-evropeyskoy-monetnoy-chekanke-
kratkiy-obzor-ot-antichnosti-do-xix-veka/ (status 20.11.2019)>.
444
Веселин СТАНКОВ. МОЛИВДОВУЛ С ТОПОНИМА ФЛОРЕНЦИЯ ОТ ЗЕМЛИЩЕТО НА ОБЩИНА ...
ɜɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɬɴɪɝɭɜɚɬ ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɡɟɦɢ, ɞɚ ɤɭɩɭɜɚɬ

ɫɭɪɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ/ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɢ ɩɥɚɬɨɜɟ.
ɏɢɩɨɬɟɡɢɬɟ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ
ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɴɥɧɚ ɡɚ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɢɹ ɫ
ɬɨɡɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɚɞɪɟɫɢɪɚɧ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɴɬ, ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɥɧɚ ɨɬ
Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ. Ⱦɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ ɟ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ ɜ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɫ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɰɢɹ.
445
ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɟɧɤɨ
Ʉ ɂɄɈɇɈȽɊȺɎɂɂ ɋȼəɌɕɏ ȼɈɂɇɈȼ ȼ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɂ.

ɋȼ. ȺɇȾɊɈɇɂɄ
Valeriy Stepanenko
TO THE ICONOGRAPHY OF THE WARRIORS-SAINTS IN

BYZANTIUM. SAINT ANDRONICUS
The seal from the collection of the State Hermitage Museum (Ɇ-2956) depicts the
martyr Andronicus as a warrior. In his right hand he holds the sword and crown of the
martyr, but not the shield. He is probably one of the three martyrs from Anazarba – Prov,
Tarah, and Andronicus, whose martyrdom is known. He was not a warrior. In the mosaics of
Daphni he and his colleagues are depicted as martyrs with crosses in their hands, as well as
on the seal of a certain John (XI cent.).On the seal of the George cubicularium, he is depicted
as a warrior, although he holds a martyr’s crown in his hand The cult of the Anazarbian
martyrs was popular in Byzantine Cilicia. The seal from the Hermitage dates from the end of
the 12th century. The seal’s matrix was made in the province. But not in Constantinople.
Byzantium lost Cilicia after y.1183. Indirectly, this confirms the date of manufacture of the
seal.
ɂɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɫɜɹɬɵɯ ɜɨɢɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ ɫɜɹɬɵɯ – Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢɹ ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɹ, Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ Ɍɢɪɨɧɚ.
Ɏɟɞɨɪɚ ɋɬɪɚɬɢɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪ. ɂ ɦɟɧɟɟ – ɞɥɹ ɫɜɹɬɵɯ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɜ. ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɢ ɫɜ. ɜɨɢɧɨɦ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɵ.
ȼ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɢ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɗɪɦɢɬɚɠɚ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ (Ɋɢɫ. 1)
ɫ ɪɟɞɤɢɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɥ.ɫ. ɫɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ
ɜɨɢɧ1. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɞɚɧ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ ɚɭɤɰɢɨɧɚ Ƚɨɪɧɢ (sale
82, 29 April 1997) ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ XIII ɜ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɚɭɤɰɢɨɧɨɜ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɟɥ 2 ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ XII ɜ2.
ɇɚ ɥ.ɫ. ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɜɨɢɧ ɜ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɢɪɚɫɟ ɫ ɩɬɟɪɢɝɚɦɢ, ɞɟɪɠɚ-
ɳɢɣ ɤɨɩɶɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɨɣ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɪɭɞɢ
ɫɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɥɨɤɬɟ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɟɧ. ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɸ ɜ
ɰɟɧɬɪɟ, ɷɬɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɟɧɟɰ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɳɢɬ, ɢ ɡɚ
ɧɢɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɱ. Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɥɨɤɨɧɵ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ
1
Ɇ-2956. Ⱦɦ.-32 ɦɦ. ɂɡ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɊȺɂɄ. Ɇɨɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ȿ.ȼ
.ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ.
2
SBS, 6 1999. p. 121, no. 422. ɉɨɡɠɟ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɟɣ Ɂɚɪɧɢɰ ɩɨɩɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɜ Ɇɸɧɯɟɧɟ.
446
Валерий СТЕПАНЕНКО. К ИКОНОГРАФИИ СВЯТЫХ ВОИНОВ В ВИЗАНТИИ. СВ. АНДРОНИК
ɩɥɟɱ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɬɟɪɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɟ

ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɥɢɰɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬ
ɮɢɝɭɪɵ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɛɢɤ: ī|ȅ|ǹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ: Ƞ ĮȖȚȠȢ. ɋɩɪɚɜɚ:
ǹȃ|ǻȇ|ǿȃ|Ȁȅ|C , ɬ.ɟ. Ⱥ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɢɟ ɦɟɱɚ, Ɉ – ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ǿ ɢ ȃ
ɩɨɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ, ɋ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɱɨɦ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ.
ɇɚ ɨɛ.ɫ. ɲɟɫɬɢɫɬɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ:
*HRUJLRQWRQRLNHWKQWULVPDNDUNRXERXNOHLVLRQVNHSH
PDUWXUZQNOHRM
Ʉɭɛɢɤɥɟɫɢɨɫ=ɤɭɛɢɤɭɥɚɪɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥ-
ɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɚɬɪɨɧɢɦ. ɋɚɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɣ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɹɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɨɢɦɟɧɟɧ
ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɥ.ɫ. ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɨɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ.Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɩɨ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɚɦ,
Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɢɧ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ4. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɦ
Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɢɥɢɤɢɣɫɤɢɯ (Ⱥɧɚɡɚɪɛɫɤɢɯ)
ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ – ɉɪɨɜɚ, Ɍɚɪɚɯɚ ɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɚ, ɠɢɬɢɟ, ɚ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɢɧɚɤɫɚɪɟɣ5. ɇɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ –
Ɍɚɪɚɯ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɢɧɨɦ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɪɨɠɟɧɰɚɦɢ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ. ɉɪɨɜ –
ɋɢɞɟ, Ɍɚɪɚɯ –Ʉɥɚɜɞɢɨɩɨɥɹ. Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ – ɗɮɟɫɚ. ȼɫɟ ɬɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɵ
ɦɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ Ⱥɧɚɡɚɪɛɟ, ɨɤ. 304 ɝ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɬɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɚɪɟɧɭ ɚɦɮɢɬɟɚɬɪɚ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɜɟɪɢ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɯ ɬɟɪɡɚɬɶ,
ɛɵɥɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɨɛɟɡɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɵ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɳɟɪɟ, ɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟ 325 ɝ. ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ɇɨɩɫɭɷɫɬɢɢ Ⱥɜɤɫɟɧɬɢɣ ɢɡɜɥɟɤ ɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɥ ɯɪɚɦ
Ɍɪɟɯ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ʉɢɥɢɤɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɤ
ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ X ɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɟ VII
ɩɨɥɢɩɬɢɯɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȼɚɬɢɤɚɧɟ (Ɋɢɦ), ɩɚɥɚɰɰɨ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɹ (Ɋɢɦ)
ɢ ɜ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɟ ɦɟɞɚɥɟɣ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ6. ȼɨɢɧɚɦɢ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɋɟɪɝɢɣ ɢ ȼɚɤɯ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɨɡɚɢɤɚɯ
3
ɋɦ. Wassiliou-Seibt, A-K. Corpus der Byzantinischen Siegel mitmetrischen
Legenden.Teil 1. Wien. 2011. S.153, no. 251.
4
Walter, Ch. The Warriors Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition. Ashgate. 2003;
Cotsonis, J. The contribution of Byzantine Lead seals to the study of the cult of the Saints
(sixth– twelfth centuries). – Byzantion, 2005. T. LXXV, 383–497. ɋɜ. ɜɨɢɧɵ – 437–473.
5
ɋɢɧɚɤɫɚɪɶ ɠɢɬɢɹ ɫɜɹɬɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ
ɢɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢɣ ɋɢɦɨɧɨɩɟɬɪɫɤɢɣ. Ɍ.1: ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ – ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ. Ɇ., 2011, 634–636. 12
ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ - ɉɚɦɹɬɶ ɫɜ. ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɨɜɚ, Ɍɚɪɚɯɚ ɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɨɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ.
ɉɟɬɪɭ (Ɇɚɧɝɢɥɟɜɭ) ɡɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɠɢɬɢɹ.
6
The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era. A.D. 843 –
1261. New – York, 1997, 131–134, nos.79, 80.
447
Ⱦɚɮɧɢ7. ɉɪɨɜ, Ɍɚɪɚɯ ɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɦ ɜɫɟ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ

ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɤɪɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ8. ȼ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɚ
ɩɟɱɚɬɶ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɫ ɤɪɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɜ
ɪɭɤɚɯ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɜɲɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɟɦɭ ɂɨɚɧɧɭ ɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ XI ɜ.9 Ɍɟɦ ɠɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɦɨɡɚɢɤɢ Ⱦɚɮɧɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ
Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɷɪɦɢɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɚɧɚɡɚɪɛɫɤɢɯ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɜ. ɜɨɢɧɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ XII – ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ
XIII ɜ.ɜ. ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ, ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɹɜɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ Ʉɢɥɢɤɢɹ, ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɟɣ. Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɮɟɦ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬ ɚɧɚɡɚɪɛɫɤɢɯ ɦɭɱɟɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɟɧ.
ɉɪɹɦɨɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɚɬɟɣ ɫ ɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1071 ɝ.
Ɉɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ Ʉɢɥɢɤɢɟɣ, ɬɨ
ɭɬɪɚɬɚ ɟɟ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɟɣ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ terminus ante quem ɟɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ10.
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɹ ɤɭɛɢɤɥɟɫɢɹ
7
Ʌɚɡɚɪɢɞɢɫ, ɉ. Ⱦɚɮɧɢɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɶ. Ⱥɮɢɧɵ. Ȼ.ɝ., ɢɥɥ. 40-41.
8
Ⱦɥɹ Ɍɚɪɚɯɚ ɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɥɟɱɧɨ.
9
Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead seals. Berne.1984, 528-529, no. 528.
10
ȼ 1182 ɝ. Ȼɪɚɬ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ʉɢɥɢɤɢɢ Ɋɭɛɟɧɚ III Ʌɟɜɨɧ ɛɟɠɚɥ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶ
ɱɟɪɟɡ Ɍɚɪɫ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ. – La chronique atribuee au
Connetable Smbat. Introduction, traduction et notes par G. Dedeyan. Paris. 1980, p. 57. ɉɨ-
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, Ɋɚɜɧɢɧɧɚɹ Ʉɢɥɢɤɢɹ ɫ Ɍɚɪɫɨɦ, Ⱥɞɚɧɨɣ ɢ Ɇɚɦɢɫɬɪɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɚ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɟɣ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 80 – ɯ ɝɝ. XII ɜ. ɢ ɜɨɲɥɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɫ 1197 ɝ.
– ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɋɭɛɟɧɢɞɨɜ.
448
ɋɜɟɬɥɨɡɚɪ ɋɬɨɹɧɨɜ
ɉɊȿɋɅȺȼ ɄȺɌɈ ɅɈȽɂɋɌɂɑȿɇ ɐȿɇɌɔɊ ɇȺ ɃɈȺɇ I

ɐɂɆɂɋɏɂɃ ɉɊɂ ȼɈȿɇɇɂə ɉɈɏɈȾ ɈɌ 971 Ƚ.
ɉɊɂɇɈɋɔɌ ɇȺ ɋɎɊȺȽɂɋɌɂɄȺɌȺ
Svetlozar Stoyanov
PRESLAV AS THE LOGISTICAL CENTRE OF JOHN I TZIMISCES

DURING HIS MILITARY CAMPAIGN IN 971.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF SIGILLOGRAPHY
The reason for writing this short research is the idea proposed by prof. Ivan
Jordanov published in scientific articles that argued that Preslav was the logistical centre of
the Byzantine emperor John I Tzimisces during his operation to conquer Dorostol (Silistra)
during the military campaign in 971. The idea is based on the correspondence to Preslav,
evidenced by the seals found here of Basil Lekapenos, Leo Mukhates, Leo Sarakinopolus
and other strategoi.
ɉɨɜɨɞɴɬ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɚɧɨɧɫɢɪɚ-

ɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɞɟɹ ɧɚ ɸɛɢɥɹɪɹ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.
ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɤɚɬɨ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƀɨɚɧ ȱ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ
(ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ) ɩɪɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ 971 ɝ.1
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ. Ʉɧɹɡɴɬ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ
ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɢɱ ɡɚɜɡɟɦɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɟ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɴɫ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ࣊
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ2.
1
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɘɝɚ ɧɚ ɐɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ –
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɢɢ, 8, 2015, 29-48; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (971-
986). ɉɪɢɧɨɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ – ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, 7, 2013, 267-302; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (970-971). ɉɪɨɫɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ –
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ, Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ Ɍɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɬɭɪɢɡɴɦ „ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɟ ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ”
(ɒɭɦɟɧ, 17-19.05.2012 ɝ.), 2014, 311-356.
2
Ɂɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɟɧ ɛɪɨɢ
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɠ. Ȼɨɠɢɥɨɜ, ɂ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍɨɦ
ȱȱ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɋɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ: ɜɴɡɯɨɞ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ,
864-1018 ɝ. ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɴɪɜɨ. ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, 2017, 136-148 ɢ ɰɢɬ. ɥɢɬ. Ɂɚ ɧɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɴɜ Ⱦɹɤɨɧ ɢ ɩɨ-ɬɨɱɧɨ
ɧɟɣɧɢɹɬ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢ ɢ ɞɪ.; ɜɠ. Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ Ɇ. Ɇ.
Ʉɨɩɵɥɟɧɤɨ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ƚ. Ƚ. Ʌɢɬɚɜɪɢɧ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1988; Ʌɴɜ Ⱦɹɤɨɧ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɍɜɨɞ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɨɬ Ƚ. ɐɚɧɤɨɜɚ-ɉɟɬɤɨɜɚ. – ȼ: ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɍɨɦ ȱɏ; Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, V, 1964, 245-
449
Светлозар СТОЯНОВ. ПРЕСЛАВ КАТО ЛОГИСТИЧЕН ЦЕНТЪР НА ЙОАН I ЦИМИСХИЙ ПРИ ВОЕННИЯ ...
ȼ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɜɫɟɨɛɯɜɚɬɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚ

ɦɚɪɲɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɜ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɟ, ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ
(ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟ) ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ, ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɢɜɨ.
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢ
ɧɚɯɥɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚ ɞɨɫɬɴɩɚ ɦɭ ɞɨ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɠɞɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɳɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɥɢɱɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ,
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɫ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɉɥɚɧɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɭɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɮɥɨɬɢɥɢɹ
ɨɬ ɛɨɣɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɛɨɣɧɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ. Ɂɚ
ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɠɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ3.
ɇɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ 969 ɝ.
Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɨɬɪɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɫɦɴɪɬɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜɨɹ ɥɢɱɧɚ
ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ. Ɂɚɩɨɜɹɞɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɥɚɬɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ȼɚɪɞɚ ɋɤɥɢɪ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɨɩɟɞɚɪɯ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɞɚ ɫɴɛɟɪɚɬ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɫ ɧɟɹ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɬɟ
ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɢ ɫ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɚɬ ɬɚɦ, ɞɚ ɢɡɤɚɪɚɬ
ɨɫɬɚɬɴɤɚ ɨɬ ɡɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ 969-970 ɝ., ɞɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ, ɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ, ɞɚ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɬ ɪɚɡɭɡɧɚɜɚɧɟ, ɞɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɚ
ɩɚɡɹɬ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɛɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ. Ⱦɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɰɢ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɬ
ɪɚɡɩɨɪɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɬ ɫ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɬ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ. ɉɪɟɡ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 970 ɝ.,
ɜ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɨɩɨɥ (Ʌɸɥɟɛɭɪɝɚɡ), ɬɹ ɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɚ ɨɬ ȼɚɪɞɚ ɋɤɥɢɪ,
ɩɨɞɩɨɦɨɝɧɚɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɭɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ Ƀɨɚɧ Ⱥɥɚɤɫɚ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɬɚɡɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ, ɩɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ, ɜɟɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɟ
ɜɪɴɳɚ ɩɪɟɡ Ȼɨɫɮɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɡɚɥɢɜ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɹ. ɉɨɜɨɞɴɬ ɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɫɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ ɞɭɤ ȼɚɪɞɚ Ɏɨɤɚ. ɋ ɬɚɡɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɹ ȼɚɪɞɚ ɋɤɥɢɪ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɹɜɚ ɦɟɬɟɠɚ ɩɪɢ Ɍɢɚɧɚ (Ɍɨɫɢɹ). Ɍɭɤ ɬɨɣ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɨɬ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɛɚɜɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɢ ɫ
ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏɟɥɟɫɩɨɧɬ (Ⱦɚɪɞɚɧɟɥɢɬɟ) ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɞɚ ɹ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɢ ɜ
ɡɢɦɧɢɬɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɚɪɚ ɬɚɦ
ɡɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ 970-971 ɝ., ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋ
ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɳɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɹɯ ɨɬ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɚ ɫ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɢɥɢ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɚɠɚɜɚɬ
276 ɢ ɰɢɬ. ɥɢɬ.; Ʉɚɪɵɲɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɉ. Ʉ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɧ ɋɜɹɬɨɫɥɚɜɚ –

ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ, Vȱȱ, 1953, 224-243 ɢ ɰɢɬ. ɥɢɬ.; Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɟɞɪɢɧ – Ƀɨɚɧ
ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɍɜɨɞ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɨɬ ȼ. Ɍɴɩɤɨɜɚ-Ɂɚɢɦɨɜɚ. – ȼ:
ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɍɨɦ ɏȱ. Ƚɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Vȱ,
1965, 198-340, 259-274 ɢ ɰɢɬ. ɥɢɬ.
3
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 57-59, ɫ. 67, ɫ. 201 (ɛɟɥ. 78), ɫ. 202 (ɛɟɥ. 90).
450
ɫ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ. Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɜɫɟɨɛɯɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹ-

ɳɚɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɟɧ ɬɟɤɭɳ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɳ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜɡɢɦɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɰɟɥɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɟɧɨɫɬ4.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ 971 ɝ. Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɜɴɡɥɚɝɚ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɧɝɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ
Ʌɴɜ. ɋɪɟɞ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɛɴɞɟɳɢɹ
ɩɨɯɨɞ ɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɬɚ ɦɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ – ɜ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨ-
ɩɨɥ. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɛɨɣɧɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɫɥɨɰɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɚ ɮɥɨɬɢɥɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɥɚɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɹɛ ɡɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ,
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɨɪɴɠɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɐɟɥɬɚ
ɟ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɩɢɬɜɚɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɴɜ ɧɟɞɨɢɦɴɤ ɜ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɨɜɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɡ ɏɟɥɟɫɩɨɧɬ, ɨɬɬɚɦ ɜ
ȿɝɟɣɫɤɨ ɦɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɚ ȿɜɪɨɫ (Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ) ɜ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɦɚɳɚɛ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɩɨ ɜɡɢɦɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɥɨɤɚɰɢɹ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɟ. ɋɴɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɟ ɫ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɬɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɢ ɟ
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɞɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɧ ɜɴɡɟɥ5.
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨ ɫ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɜ ɯɨɞ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɬɚ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ. Ɂɚɧɹ-
ɬɢɹɬɚ ɫ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɴɥɧɨ
ɛɨɣɧɨ ɫɧɚɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɢ.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɳɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ ɢ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɟɧɨɫɬ6.
ȼ Ȼɨɫɮɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɡɚɥɢɜ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɬɚ
ɧɚ 971 ɝ., ɫɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɢ ɫ ɛɨɣɧɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ, ɪɚɡɭɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɢ
ɩɚɬɪɭɥɧɢ ɛɨɣɧɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ. Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɛɨɣɧɚ
ɮɥɨɬɢɥɢɹ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɡ Ȼɨɫɮɨɪɫɤɢɹ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɤɴɦ ɪɟɤɚ ɂɫɬɴɪ (Ⱦɭɧɚɜ), ɡɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧ ɪɟɱɧɢɹɬ ɩɴɬ ɤɴɦ
Ʉɢɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɹ Ȼɨɫɮɨɪ (Ʉɟɪɱɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ). Ɍɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ
4
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 57-59, 66-67, ɫ. 201 (ɛɟɥ. 78), ɫ. 202 (ɛɟɥ. 88, ɛɟɥ. 90), ɫ. 204 (ɛɟɥ. 39);
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, 282-283; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, 311-312, ɫ. 317, 321, 325, 327; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (971-1088). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1993, ɫ. 86.
5
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ. 67, ɫ. 204 (ɛɟɥ. 39); Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ
ɨɬ ɘɝɚ, ɫ. 37; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫ. 312, ɫ. 324, ɫ. 342;
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƀɨɚɧ ȱ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ (969-976),
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ – Ʌɸɛɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ, 13, 2013, 157-161.
6
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ. 67; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫ.
312.
451
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɪɟɠɟ ɩɴɬɹɬ ɡɚ ɨɬɫɬɴɩɥɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɱɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ7.
Ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɮɥɨɬɢɥɢɹ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ
ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɜɚ ɤɴɦ ɂɫɬɴɪ, ɤɚɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɢ
ɦɚɪɲ ɩɨ ɫɭɲɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢɹ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɟɯɨɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɧɢɰɢ, ɨɬ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚ ɜ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ. Ⱦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɟ
ɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹɬ ɞɪɭɧɝɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ Ʌɴɜ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɨ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɬɭɤ ɜ
Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɬɚ ɧɚ 971 ɝ. ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɹ ɫɢ Ƀɨɚɧ
ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɭɡɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɜɨɞɟɳɢɬɟ ɤɴɦ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢ ɢ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɚɡɹɬ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɴɝɧɟ ɜ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧ ɦɚɪɲ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɚ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ, ɝɨɩɥɢɬɢ ɢ
ɤɨɧɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏɟɦɭɫ (ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ) ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ.
Ƚɪɢɠɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣ-
ɫɤɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɴɡɥɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɞɴɪɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɤɢɦɨɦɟɧ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ʌɚɤɚɩɢɧ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɛɚɜɧɨ ɫɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɥ ɨɬɡɚɞ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɨɡɚ, ɫɴɫ ɫɬɟɧɨɛɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ8.
ȼɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚ 11 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ. ɩɪɟɯɨɞɴɬ ɫ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧ ɦɚɪɲ ɟ
ɡɚɜɴɪɲɟɧ ɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɥɚɝɟɪɭɜɚ ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. ɇɚ
ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɹ ɞɟɧ (12 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ.) ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɞɢɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ,
ɫɬɪɨɹɜɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɛɨɟɧ ɪɟɞ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ. Ɋɭɫɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
ɭɫɬɨɹɜɚɬ ɧɚ ɭɦɟɥɢɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɟ ɫɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɡɚɞ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ ȼɴɧɲɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ. ɇɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɧɨɳ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɚɜɚ
Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ9.
ɋ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɬɪɨɬɨ ɧɚ 13 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ. (ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɴɤ)
ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ʌɚɤɚɩɢɧ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɨɛɨɡɚ, ɫɬɟɧɨɛɨɣɧɢɬɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ. Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɜɡɢɦɚ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɜɞɢɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ. Ɋɚɡɫɬɚɜɹ ɫɬɟɧɨɛɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ, ɨɛɤɪɴɠɚ-
ɜɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɧɚɧɚɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɹ ɭɞɚɪ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɫ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɴɤɪɭɲɢ
ɨɬɛɪɚɧɚɬɚ, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɟɜɨɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɋɜɟɧɤɟɥ. ȼɴɧɲɧɢɹɬ ɝɪɚɞ
ɟ ɨɜɥɚɞɹɧ. Ɋɭɫɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɡɚɞ ɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ȼɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɜ
Ⱦɜɨɪɟɰɚ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɨɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɴɩɪɨɬɢɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢ-
7
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ. 68, ɫ. 205 (ɛɟɥ. 4, ɛɟɥ. 6); Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫ. 312.
8
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ. 69, 70, 77; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ,
284-285, 290; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, 312-313, 315, 319, 324,
346; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ʌɚɤɚɩɢɧ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ – ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɢ „ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ”, ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 60-ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɢɧ ɉɟɬɴɪ
Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ. ɋ., 2013, 159-166.
9
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 70-71, 206 (ɛɟɥ. 24); Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 274; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, 312-313.
452
ɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɩɚɥɹɬ ȼɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɹɬ ɝɪɚɞ ɢ Ⱦɜɨɪɟɰɴɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ

ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɬɛɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɨ. ɋɪɟɳɭ ɧɟɹ ɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧ ɫ ɨɬɪɹɞɚ ɫɢ
ȼɚɪɞɚ ɋɤɥɢɪ ɢ ɬɚɤɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɟ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɬ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɴɤ (13 ɚɩɪɢɥ
971 ɝ.)10.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɴɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɜɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ, ɞɚɜɚ
ɢɦ ɩɨɱɢɜɤɚ, ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɟ-
ɧɭɜɚ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɬɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧɨɩɨɥ. ɇɚ 16 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ.
(ɧɟɞɟɥɹ) ɨɬɩɪɚɡɧɭɜɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ȼɴɡɤɪɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨ. Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ
ɩɨɬɟɝɥɹ ɫ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɤɴɦ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ (ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ) ɧɚ 17 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ. ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɢɥɟɧ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ11.
Ɇɚɪɲɴɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɴɥ-
ɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢ ɧɚɜɥɢɡɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɜɴɜ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚ ɞɨɫɬɴɩɚ ɦɭ ɞɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ. ȼ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɢɥɟɧ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɱɟ ɬɚɡɢ
ɭɫɢɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɫɟ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɢ ɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɜ Ɉɞɪɢɧ,
ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɚɥɟɱ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ. ɇɚɥɢɰɟ ɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ
ɨɫɢɝɭɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɜ ɦɚɪɲ ɤɴɦ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɨɬ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɬ.ɟ. ɬɪɢɟɞɢɧɧɢɹɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɟ, ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ ɧɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɬɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɟ ɬɭɤ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɬɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɜɨɞɟɧɚ ɫ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɬɭɤ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɧɚ12:
– Ʌɴɜ – ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ, ɩɪɟɩɨɡɢɬ, ɜɟɫɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɧɝɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ, 2 ɟɤɡ.13;
ɫɴɳɢɹɬ ɫɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ Ʌɴɜ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɧ-
ɝɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ14;
– ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ʌɚɤɚɩɢɧ – ɩɪɨɟɞɴɪ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɤɢɦɨɦɟɧ, 8 ɟɤɡ.15;
10
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 71-72, ɫ. 206 (ɛɟɥ. 24); Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 268, 274, 290-294; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, 312-
313; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƀɨɚɧ ȱ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ, ɫ. 165;
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɫ. 16.
11
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 72-73; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɘɝɚ, ɫ. 45;
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, 290-291, 293; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, 312-313, 330; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ƀɨɚɧ ȱ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ, ɫ. 165.
12
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 276, 278, 280-282, 285-286, 293.
13
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 285-86; Jordanov, I. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria,
Volume 3, Part 1 and 2, Sofia, 2009, no. 1049.
14
Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ, Ɍ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ȼɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, 8, 2012, 135-143 ɢ ɰɢɬ. ɥɢɬ.
15
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 276 (ɛɟɥ. 35); Jordanov, I. Corpus
of the Byzantine Seals, nos. 257-261.
453
– Ʌɴɜ Ɇɭɤɚɬ – ɱɥɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɝɥɚɜɢɬɢɬɟ,

31 ɟɤɡ.16;
– ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ – ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹɳ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ
ɩɨ ɫɤɨɬɨɜɴɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢ Ɋɨɞɨɩɚ, 7 ɟɤɡ.17;
– ɉɟɬɴɪ – ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ, ɫɬɪɚɬɨɩɟɞɚɪɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɥɢɬɟ, 31
ɟɤɡ.18;
– Ʌɴɜ ɋɚɪɚɤɢɧɨɩɭɥ – ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ
ɯɢɤɚɧɚɬɢ, 7 ɟɤɡ.19;
– Ⱦɢɨɝɟɧ – ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɤɨɧ, 4 ɟɤɡ.20.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚɬ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢ,
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɥɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɫɚ21:
– ɂɫɚɤ – ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɨɝɭɜɢɬɢɹ, 6 ɟɤɡ.22;
– ɋɬɟɮɚɧ – ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɢ ɋɬɪɢɦɨɧ, 6 ɟɤɡ.23;
– Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ – ɩɪɨɬɨɫɩɚɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, 8 ɟɤɡ.24.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɜ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ,
ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɫɚɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɜ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ Ʌɚɤɚɩɢɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɚɡɢ ɬɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢ-
ɬɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ25.
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɟ ɜ ɦɚɪɲ. ɇɚ 23 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ. (ɞɟɧɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ.
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ) Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɯɢɣ ɛɚɜɧɨ ɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɜɢɠɜɚ ɨɬ ɸɝ ɤɴɦ
ɩɨɤɪɚɣɧɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɝɨ ɨɱɚɤɜɚ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɛɨɣ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ. ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɠɞɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɜ ɛɨɟɧ ɫɬɪɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɫ
16
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 278; Jordanov, I. Corpus of the
Byzantine Seals, nos. 285-314.
17
18
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 281 (ɛɟɥ. 62-66), ɫ. 282 (ɛɟɥ. 67),
283-284; Jordanov, I. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals, nos. 967-972, 3183; nos. 973-982;
nos. 983-989; nos. 990-991A.
19
20
Byzantine Seals, nos. 1114-1117.1053-1054.
21
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 270, 286-287.
22
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 286–287; Jordanov, I. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals, nos. 1180-1185.
23
24
Byzantine Seals, nos. 1283-1288.1288ɛ.
25
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, 285-286, ɫ. 293.
454
ɨɩɢɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɩɟɯɨɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɴɫɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɞɪɴɠɤɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɟɥɰɢ ɫ ɥɴɤɨɜɟ

ɢ ɩɪɚɲɤɢ. Ɉɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɢɯɜɚ, ɚ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɟɱɟɪɬɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɦɨɳɧɚ ɚɬɚɤɚ ɫ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɤɨɧɧɢɰɚ.
ȼɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɧɟ ɢɡɞɴɪɠɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɬɢɫɤɚ, ɢɡɬɥɚɫɤɚɧɚ ɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɴɩɜɚ
ɡɚɞ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ, ɫ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ26.
ɋ ɪɚɡɫɴɦɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ 24 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ. Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɢ
ɭɤɪɟɩɜɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɥɚɝɟɪ ɫ ɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɩ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɛɢɬɢ ɤɨɩɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɨɬ
ɳɢɬɨɜɟ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɟɧɢ ɜɪɚɠɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɟ ɜ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɥɚɝɟɪɭɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɱɭɠɞɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ27.
ɋɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ 25 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ., ɟ ɩɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɟɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɪɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɛɟɡɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ɞɟɧɹ ɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫɚ ɢɡɬɥɚɫɤɚɧɢ ɡɚɞ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ. ȼ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨ
ɂɫɬɴɪ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɛɨɣɧɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ
ɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ. ȼɟɞɧɚɝɚ ɨɝɧɟɧɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɬ
ɩɴɬɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɬɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɤɴɦ Ʉɢɦɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɹ Ȼɨɫɮɨɪ.
ɉɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɫɬɴɪ ɫɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ.
ɇɚɥɢɰɟ ɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɴɬ ɨɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɮɥɨɬɢɥɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ28.
ɇɚ 26 ɚɩɪɢɥ 971 ɝ. ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɢɡɜɴɧ ɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ
Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ. ȼ ɛɨɟɧ ɫɬɪɨɣ ɬɟ ɨɱɚɤɜɚɬ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɣɧɚ ɫɦɟɬɤɚ
ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɡɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ. Ɍɨɣ ɝɢ ɢɡɬɥɚɫɤɜɚ ɡɚɞ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ29.
Ȼɨɟɜɟɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ-
ɬɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ ɟ ɨɛɫɬɪɟɥɜɚɧɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɟɧɨɛɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɢ
ɨɬ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ Ƀɨɚɧ Ʉɭɪɤɭɚ. Ɍɨɣ ɡɚɝɢɜɚ ɧɚ 19 ɸɥɢ 971 ɝ. ɜ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ,
ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɬɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɩɚɥɹɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɛɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ
ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ. Ɉɩɢɬɴɬ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɬɥɚɫɤɚɧɢ
ɡɚɞ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ. Ɍɭɤ ɩɪɨɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɴɬ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɴɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɬɨ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨ ɫɧɚɛɞɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɚɞɚɬɚ30.
ɇɚɣ-ɜɚɠɧɚɬɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɹ ɞɟɧ (20 ɸɥɢ 971 ɝ,
ɞɟɧɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɩɪɨɪɨɤ ɂɥɢɹ), ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɢ. Ɍɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ
26
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 73-74, ɫ. 208 (ɛɟɥ. 43); Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫ. 313.
27
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ. 75, ɫ. 208 (ɛɟɥ. 1, ɛɟɥ. 2); Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫ. 313.
28
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 75-76, ɫ. 79; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ
Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫ. 313.
29
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ. 76.
30
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 76-78, ɫ. 209 (ɛɟɥ. 21, ɛɟɥ. 22); Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫ. 313.
455
ɳɢɬɨɜɟɬɟ ɫɢ, ɩɨɛɹɝɜɚɬ ɤɴɦ ɨɛɫɚɞɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ

ɢɡɛɢɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɝɢ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ
ɩɴɬɢɳɚ ɡɚ ɛɹɝɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɟɧɢ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ
ɛɟɡɢɡɯɨɞɧɨ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɴɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɴɬ ɨɬ ɬɚɡɢ
ɛɢɬɤɚ ɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ.
ɉɨɛɟɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɚ ɧɟɦɢɫɥɢɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɬɨ
ɜɨɣɫɤɨɜɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟ31.
ɋ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɡɚ ɧɚ 21 ɸɥɢ 971 ɝ. ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɴɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ. ȼ ɨɠɟɫɬɨ-
ɱɟɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɧɚɬɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɧɢɰɚ.
Ɇɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ȼɚɪɞɚ ɋɤɥɢɪ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ, ɝɢ ɨɛɯɨɠɞɚ ɜ
ɬɢɥ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɡɚɩɨɜɹɞɜɚ ɫ ɜɨɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɫɢ ɜ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɞɚ ɜɥɹɡɚɬ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ Ɋɨɦɚɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɨɩɟɞɚɪɯɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ (ɬɨɣ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɥ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ). ȼɨɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɫɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɧɨ
ɪɚɡɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɴɰɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɫɚ ɢɡɬɥɚɫɤɚɧɢ ɡɚɞ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ. Ʉɧɹɡɴɬ
ɧɚ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɟɞɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ. ɇɚɫɬɴɩɢɥɚɬɚ ɧɨɳ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɹɜɚ
ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ȼ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɧɚɞ 24 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɨɩɟɞɚɪɯɚ
ɉɟɬɴɪ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ
ɨɫɢɝɭɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ32.
ɇɚ ɡɚɡɨɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɹ ɞɟɧ (22 ɸɥɢ 971 ɝ.) ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ
ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚ ɩɪɢ Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɩɴɥɧɨɦɨɳɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɦɨɥɢ ɡɚ ɦɢɪ ɩɪɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɫ ɩɨɞ-
ɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɟɧ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ. ɋɴɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫ ɤɥɚɭɡɢɬɟ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚɬ
Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ ɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɡɚ ɜɤɴɳɢ33.
Ƀɨɚɧ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭɜɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ ɜ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɨɩɨɥ34, ɨɫɬɚɜɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɞɧɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ
ɯɢɤɚɧɚɬɢ Ʌɴɜ ɋɚɪɚɤɢɧɨɩɭɥ, ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ. ȼ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ 21 ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɴɜ ɋɚɪɚɤɢɧɨɩɭɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɚɜɹɪɧɨ ɟ
31
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ. 78; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ,
ɫ. 317; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 272.
32
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 78-79, 80-81, ɫ. 209 (ɛɟɥ. 21, ɛɟɥ. 22), ɫ. 212 (ɛɟɥ. 46);
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, 282-283; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ, ɫ. 317, 326,
327; 341-342.
33
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɫ. 81; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ,
ɫ. 330.
34
ɉɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɫɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɢɪɚ. Ʌɴɜ Ⱦɹɤɨɧ ɢ Ƀɨɚɧ ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɬ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ
ɛɢɥɨ ɫɬɨɪɟɧɨ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜ. Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɥ ɜ ɛɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɨɦɟɢɬɟ. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚɬ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʌɴɜ ɋɚɪɚɤɢɧɨɩɭɥ –
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ, ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧɨɩɨɥ ɢ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ, ɜɠ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Ʉɨɣ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɨɩɨɥ? – ȼɟɤɨɜɟ, ȱ, 1983, 58-63 ɢ ɰɢɬ. ɥɢɬ.
456
ɩɢɫɚɥ ɞɨ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ

ɫɧɚɛɞɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɹɞɚ ɫɢ ɜ ɛɨɟɜɟɬɟ ɡɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɫɬɨɥ35.
ɉɪɢɤɥɸɱɢɥɢɬɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɨɛɯɜɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɟɧɨɫɬ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ
ɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɤɚɬɨ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȱ ɐɢɦɢɫɯɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ 971 ɝ.
35
Ⱦɢɚɤɨɧ, Ʌ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, 82-83; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ. 272,
274, 285; Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȼɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫ. 314, 344.
457
Ɍɨɞɨɪ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ
ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɃɋɄɂ ɉȿɑȺɌɂ ɈɌ ȺɄȼȿ ɄȺɅɂȾȿ – ɌȿɊɆɈɉɈɅɂɋ*
Todor Todorov
BYZANTINE SEALS FROM AQAUE CALIDAE - TERMOPOLIS
The object of the present paper is relate to the seventh byzantine lead seals
discovered in the course of archaeological excavations at the antiquity and mediaeval town
Aqaue Calidae – Termopolis in 2018. The seals are dated in the XIth century. Priority to the
second half of the century. The new findings once again confirm the intense life of the city
and the fortress during this period.
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɚ ɫɟɞɟɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨ-

ɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 2018 ɝ.
ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „Ʉɴɫɬɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ –
Ɍɟɪɦɚ”, ɤɜ. ȼɟɬɪɟɧ, ɝɪ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ1.
1. Êïôæßëïò } ôï‡ Ìéëêï‡, ðáôñßêéïò – ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ.

Ⱦɢɚɦ. 17,3/ 16,5 ɦɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 3,6 ɦɦ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ
ɢɡɥɢɡɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. Ɉɬɱɭ-
ɩɟɧ ɜ ɞɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɞɹɫɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɜɚ
ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ. ɉɨɥɟɜɢ ɢɧɜ. ʋ 019/18 (Ɉɛɪ. 1).
ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ: ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ, ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɳɢɹ
ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ. ȿɞɢɧɢɹɬ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɇɨɜɢɞɭɧɭɦ2. ȼɬɨɪɢɹɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɧɚɣ-
ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ, ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ3.
* ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ

„Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ”, ɮɢɧɚɧ-
ɫɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɬ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ.
1
ɂɡɤɚɡɜɚɦ ɫɴɪɞɟɱɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɰ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ. Ⱦɢɦɱɨ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ ɡɚ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɦ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ 2018 ɝ. – ɜɠ.
Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ, Ⱦ., Ɇ. Ʉɥɚɫɧɚɤɨɜ. ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ
ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „Ʉɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ „Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ – Ɍɟɪɦɚ”, ɤɜ. ȼɟɬɪɟɧ,
ɝɪ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ, ɩɨɞɨɛɟɤɬ: ɬɪɚɫɟ ɟɥ. Ʉɚɛɟɥ ȼɟɬɪɟɧ – Ȼɚɧɟɜɨ. – ȺɈɊ ɩɪɟɡ 2018 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2019,
507-509; Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ, Ⱦ., Ɇ. Ʉɥɚɫɧɚɤɨɜ. ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ „Ʉɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ „Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ – Ɍɟɪɦɚ”,
ɤɜ. ȼɟɬɪɟɧ, ɝɪ. Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ. – ȺɈɊ ɩɪɟɡ 2018 ɝ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2019, 509-512.
2
Barnea, I. Sceaux byzantins inedits de Dobroudja. – SBS, 3, 1993, ɪ. 58, ʋ 4.
3
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɇɟɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ (ȱV). – ɂɇɆȼ,
28, 1992, ʋ 9.
458
Тодор ТОДОРОВ. ВИЗАНТИЙСКИ ПЕЧАТИ ОТ АКВЕ КАЛИДЕ – ТЕРМОПОЛИС
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɑɟɬɢɪɢɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:

.=.. |HJ=O |} |/þ..
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɑɟɬɢɪɢɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:
..... |.wɅyOɅ Ʌ|..v| ..UQþ
[Ê](ýñé)å [âï]Þèåé ô© ó© äï[ýë¥ Êïôæßë]¥ ð(áô)ñé(êß¥( [ôï
(ȣੂ૳)] ôï‡ [Ìé]ëêï‡.
ȼɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɟɧ
ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ4.
ɋ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɹ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɫɴɦ-
ɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɳɚ ɜ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ (ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɹ Ʉɨɬɰɟɥ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ɇɢɥɤɨ) ɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɬɪɢ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɣ.
Ɋɚɡɲɢɪɹɜɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ
ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ., ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɛɟ ɫɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɧɨɬɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪ. Ⱦɭɧɚɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ Ʉɨɬɰɟɥ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɛɚɳɚ
Ɇɢɥɤɨ. Ʌɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ Êïôæßëïò ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɤɥɨɧ5. ɉɚɬɪɨɧɢɦɴɬ Ìéëêïò (Ɇɢɥɤɨ), ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɧɟ ɢɡ-
ɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. ɇɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɬɚɩ
ɧɟ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ 50-ɬɟ – 60-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɬɨɡɢ ɡɚɝɚɞɴɱɟɧ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɢɥ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɞɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ ɜ Ⱥɤɜɟ
Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ.
2. Êùíóôáíôqíïò <Áëáíüò – ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ.

Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɤɬ „Ȼɚɧɹ”, ɤɜ. D 12. ɉɨɥɟɜɢ ɢɧɜ. ʋ 052/18.
Ⱦɢɚɦ. 13,7/ 13 ɦɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 4 ɦɦ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɢ
ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ (Ɉɛɪ. 2).
ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ: ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɟɧ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ Ⱥɫɟɧɨɜɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ
(ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ?)6.
Ʌɢɰɟ: ɑɟɬɢɪɢɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:
JQ= |RvHJ |} |/þUɖ
4
ɂɡɤɚɡɜɚɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɚɫɨɱɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ
ɦɢ ɤɴɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɢɹ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ.
5
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɇɟɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ (ȱV), ʋ 9.
6
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȱ. Jordanov. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria, Volume 1-3,
Sofia, 2003, 2006, 2009. Addenda et Corrigenda (2). – Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ,
ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ. ɑɚɫɬ 1. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2015, ʋ1811ɚ. ȿɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɴɬ ɨɬ
Ⱥɫɟɧɨɜɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ, ɧɨ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɤɚɬɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ (ɜɬɨɪɢ ɪɟɞ – v vU) ɦɢ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɫɦɹɬɚɦ, ɱɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɫɯɨɞɧɢ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧɢ.
459
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: Ɍɪɢɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:

QɅɅdɅ |U |d
È'åïôü)êå âïÞè'åé) ô© ó© äïýë(¥) Êùí(óôáíôßí¥) ô¥ <Áëáí©.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɬɨɪɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɥɚɧ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
Ɉɬɧɨɜɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ.
ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɳɢɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
(ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ) ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɜ
ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ. ɂ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ – Ȁ(ȪȡȚ)İ ȕ(ȠȒ)ș(İȚ) Ĳ૶ ı૶ į(ȠȪȜ૳)
ȀȦȞ(ıĲĮȞĲȓȞ૳) ਝȜĮȞ૶7.
ɂɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɥɚɧ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ
ɫɪɟɳɭ ɟɦɢɪɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɜɢɧ ɨɬ 1045 ɝ.8
ɉɪɨɟɞɴɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɥɚɧ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ († Ȁ(ȪȡȚ)İ
ȕȠȒșİȚ ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȓȞ૳ ʌȡȠȑįȡ૳ Ĳ૶ ǹȜĮȞ૶) ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɚ ɤɭɩɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫ. ȼɟɥɢɱɤɨɜɨ, ɉɚɡɚɪɞɠɢɲɤɨ9.
Ⱦɚɥɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɬɟɡɢ ɮɚɤɬɢ, ɢɞɜɚɳɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ, ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚ-
ɫɹɬ ɡɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɥɢɰɟ? ȼ ɩɨɥɡɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ ɟ ɫɴɜɩɚ-
ɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ, ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ – ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ
ɢ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. ɇɟ ɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɧ cursus
honorum ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱥɥɚɧ: ɩɪɟɡ 1045 ɝ. ɬɨɣ ɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɟɦɢɪɚ ɧɚ
Ⱦɜɢɧ; ɫɥɟɞ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ (ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɨɝɚ) ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ
ɩɪɨɟɞɴɪ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɨɱɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɨɬ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɤɨɜɨ, ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧ-
ɞɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ ɞɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɢ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚ
ɤɴɦ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ.10
7
ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɤ: <https://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-seals/BZS.1958.
106.2314/view (status 12.11.2019)>.
8
Ioannis Scylitzae. Synopsis historiarum, ed. I. Thurn, Corpus Fontium Historiae
Byzantinae, 5, Berlin-New-York, 1973, ɪ. 437.
9
Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɢɡ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɱɤɨɜɨ,
ɉɚɡɚɪɞɠɢɲɤɨ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 41, 2013, 521–
535.
10
ȼɠ. ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɛɟɥ. 6. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɬɟ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɑɯɚɢɞɡɟ ɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ
ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɬ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ „Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɪɨɟɞɴɪɚ ɢ
ɟɤɫɭɫɢɨɤɪɚɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɰɹɥɚ Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ”, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɠɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ – ɜɠ. ɬɭɤ Viktor Chkhaidze and Andrey Vinogradov. The
seal of Konstantinos, the son of the protoproedros and exousiokrator of all Alania (about
1065 – 1075).
460
3. ÓôÝöáíïò Ðïëýò (ɏȱ ɜ.)

Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɤɬ „Ȼɚɧɹ”, ɤɜ. D 12 ɩɪɢ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ
ɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɟɬɟ. ɉɨɥɟɜɢ ɢɧɜ. ʋ 076/18. Ⱦɢɚɦ. 19,8/ 15,5 ɦɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 3,8 ɦɦ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ. ɇɟ ɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ, ɧɨ
ɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɹɞɪɨ, ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɟ
ɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɥɢɡɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ (Ɉɛɪ. 3).
ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɢ: Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ, ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ, ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ
ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɫ. Ɇɟɥɧɢɰɚ (ȿɥɯɨɜɫɤɨ)11.
Ʌɢɰɟ: Ȼɸɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɛɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɩɨɡɚ ɫ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ
ɩɪɟɞ ɝɴɪɞɢɬɟ. Ɉɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ – ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɬɭɥɢ.
JQ=RɖJɖ |C= |dɖv |wvU
+ | È(åïôü)êå â'ïÞ(è'åé( ÓôåöÜí(¥( ôï‡ Ðïë‡.
Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɬɚɧɚ ɞɭɦɚ, ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɬɨɪɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɉɨɥɢɫ,
ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɇɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ
(Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ ɉɨɥɢɫ, ɩɚɬɪɢɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ) ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɚ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ, ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧ, ɫɟ
ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɴɦɛɴɪɬɴɧ Ɉɭɤɫ12. ɉɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ
ɉɨɥɢɫ ɢ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ ɉɨɥɢɫ ɢɦɚɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ – ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ.
Ƀɨɚɧ ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɜɚ ɛɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɴɜ Ɍɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɨɬ 1047 ɝ., ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɜɴɪɠɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɛɢɥ ɢ „ɬ.ɧɚɪ.
ɉɨɥɢɫ”, ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɬɚɝɦɚ ɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ
ɛɭɬɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɜɟɡɧɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɡɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ,
ɫɴɳɢɹɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɉɨɥɢɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ ɧɚ Ʌɴɜ Ɍɨɪɧɢɤ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɢɥ ɤɴɦ
ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɡ 1050 ɝ. ɬɨɣ ɡɚɝɭɛɢɥ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɫɢ ɜ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ ɤɪɚɣ ɞɧ. əɦɛɨɥ13.
Ⱦɚɥɢ ɡɚɞ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹ ɨɬ Ƀɨɚɧ ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɮɚɦɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɢɦɟ, ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟ14 ɉɨɥɢɫ ɫɟ ɤɪɢɟ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɢ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ, ɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɢ. ȼɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɟ ɩɨ-ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ. ɇɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢ ɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɝɟɪɨɹɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ
ɋɤɢɥɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹɬɚ, ɚ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ ɢ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ
ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɢ ɧɟɣɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ.
11
Jordanov, ȱ. Byzantine Lead Seals from the Village of Melnitsa (district of
Elkhovo, Bulgaria), part II. – SBS, 10, 2010, ʋ102.
12
Jordanov, ȱ. Corpus of the Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. Volume 2. Byzantine
Seals with Family Names, Sofia, 2006, ʋ588.
13
Ioannis Scylitzae. Synopsis historiarum, 441.51-52;442.74; 467.85-88; ȽɂȻɂ, Vȱ,
310-311, 319.
14
Ɂɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɉɨɥɢɫ ɜɠ. ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɛɟɥ. 12 ɢ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
461
4. Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ (ɏȱ ɜ.)

Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɩɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɤɬ „Ȼɚɧɹ”, ɧɨ ɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɫɟɝɚ ɧɚ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢ D 12 – D 13. ɉɨɥɟɜɢ ɢɧɜ. ʋ 023/18. Ⱦɢɚɦ. 15,2/ 15 ɦɦ,
ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 2,8 ɦɦ. Ɂɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɜ ɰɹɥɨɫɬ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ. ɇɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɪɚɥ. Ʌɟɤɨ ɧɚɪɚɧɟɧ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɴɪ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ (Ɉɛɪ. 4).
Ʌɢɰɟ: Ⱦɜɭɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:
++ |vCy |+OC=O\O |ɠ·ɠ
HN |.yHN |.U=wN |Nv=O
Ïq óöñáãrò årìé ô[í Zã\ñáö[í Zâ\ëÝðùí íüåé.
5. Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ (ɏȱ ɜ.)

Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɤɬ „Ȼɚɧɹ” ɩɪɢ ɫɴɳɢɬɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ʋ 2.
ɉɨɥɟɜɢ ɢɧɜ. ʋ 053/18. Ⱦɢɚɦ. 18/ 15,5 ɦɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 3 ɦɦ.
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ (Ɉɛɪ. 5).
Ʌɢɰɟ: Ɍɪɢɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:
+ |þ}y |+O}=\ |OHd
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: Ɍɪɢɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ:
+y, |RU=w, |dv=O
Ïq óöñáãrò å(r)ìé ô[í ãñáö([í) âëÝðù(í) íüåé.
6. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɤɬ „ȿɥ. ɤɚɛɟɥ” ɜ ɤɜ. F 34 - 33. ɉɨɥɟɜɢ ɢɧɜ. ʋ

080/18. Ⱦɢɚɦ. 15,4/ 14 ɦɦ, ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 3,7 ɦɦ. Ɂɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɜ ɰɹɥɨɫɬ
ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥ, ɧɨ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧ ɫ ɜɟɱɟ ɡɚɯɚɛɟɧɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɥɨɬɢɪɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɞɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɹɫɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ (Ɉɛɪ. 6).
Ʌɢɰɟ: Ȼɸɫɬɨɜɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰ ɢɥɢ ɫɜ. Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ?
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: ɑɟɬɢɪɢɪɟɞɨɜ ɧɟɱɟɬɥɢɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ.
7. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɤɬ „ȿɥ. ɤɚɛɟɥ”, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ

ɴɝɥɨɜɚ ɤɭɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɜ ɧɟɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɚ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ (ɤɚɧɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɟɥ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ ɢ ȼɢɄ). Ⱦɢɚɦ. 16,5/ 10 ɦɦ,
ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ – 2 ɦɦ. ɉɨɥɨɜɢɧɤɚ ɨɬ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɚ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟ (Ɉɛɪ. 7).
***
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ ɫɟɞɟɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɚ,
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɡ
2018 ɝ., ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ. Ɉɬ ɟɞɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɬɟɡɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɧɚ
462
ɫɟɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ15. Ɉɬ

ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚɬ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɧɚɬɚ ɬɭɤ
ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ. ɋ ɬɹɯ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ
Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɚɜɚ 50 ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ. Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɨɬ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱ ɜ.16 ɋɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɬɟ ɡɚɫɢɥɜɚɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɜɞɨɜɭɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɥɢɰɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɥɢɱɟɧ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɢɬɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɞɨɲɥɢ ɬɭɤ ɧɚ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ.
Ȼɴɞɟɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɳɟ
ɩɨɤɚɠɚɬ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢ.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Êïôæßëïò } ôï‡ Ìéëêï‡, ðáôñßêéïò.

Ɉɛɪ. 2. ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ Êùíóôáíôqíïò <Áëáíüò.
Ɉɛɪ. 3. ɉɟɱɚɬ ɧɚ ÓôÝöáíïò Ðïëýò.
Ɉɛɪ. 4. Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ.
Ɉɛɪ. 5. Ⱥɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ.
Ɉɛɪ. 6. ɉɟɱɚɬ ɫ ɧɟɹɫɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ.
Ɉɛɪ. 7. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ.
2
1
3
15
Ɂɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ
ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɹ ɜ ɛɟɥ. 1, ɜɠ. ɫɴɳɨ ɢ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨɜ, Ⱦ. Ȼɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ. – Aquae Calidae. Ʌɸɛɢɦɢɬɟ ɛɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɰɚɪɟ ɢ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧɢ (ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ), 2018, ɫ. 42.
16
Ɂɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ ɢ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɠ. Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɟɱɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (971-1118). ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2019, 258-262.
463
4 5
6
7
464
ɂɜɨ Ɍɨɩɚɥɢɥɨɜ
ȼɔɊɏɍ ȿȾɂɇ ȺɋɉȿɄɌ ɇȺ ɌɈɉɈɋɇȺɌȺ ɅɂɌɍɊȽɂə ȼ

ɄɈɇɋɌȺɇɌɂɇɈɉɈɅ ɉɊȿɁ IV ȼȿɄ
Ivo Topalilov
ON ONE ASPECT OF THE STATIONAL LITURGY IN

CONSTANTINOPLE IN 4TH CENTURY
The stational liturgy in its various forms was one of the main features in the Early
Byzantine Constantinople. The specifics of the historical development of the Constantine
city with no solid pre-Constantinian Christian history as well as the desire of Theodosius I to
turn it into the Emperor’s city with all the consequences having in mind also his struggle
against the heresies, and especially the Arian faith, determine the nature of the stational
liturgy that was applied as well. Among its main features were the processions with the
translation of relics which from initially entirely religious initiatives turn into a substantial
part of the imperial program whose main idea was the imposition of a new imperial doctrine
and the settling of the Theodosian dynasty on the throne.
ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. Ⱥɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ“ ɩɪɢ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ I ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɴɪɜɟɧɢ
ɤɨɜɱɟɝɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɴɬɧɚɬɢ ɜ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɬ ɢ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɬɹɯ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɧɚ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢɬɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ, Ʌɭɤɚ ɢ Ɍɢɦɨɬɟɣ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ
ɬɨɜɚ ɱɭɞɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ,
ɱɟɫɬɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɢɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɚɣɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɞ ɬɹɯ. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ
ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɜ ɤɨɜɱɟɡɢɬɟ ɢ ɡɚɪɨɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɡɟɦɹɬɚ. ɋɚɦɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ
ɛɢɥɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɫɟɬɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɥɢ ɜɟɱɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɬɨɥɢɱɚɧɢ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ „ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɱɟɫɬɢɜ, ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬɬɚ
ɧɟ ɫɟ ɞɜɢɠɢ ɞɚɥɟɱ ɨɬ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢɬɟ ɞɟɥɚ, ɧɨ ɢɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚɣ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɟɫɜɚ ɫ
ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫ ɬɹɯ“1. Ɍɨɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟ ɧɚ
1
Proc. De aedificiis, 1.4.20–22: ਕʌȠıĲȩȜȦȞ į੻ ıȫȝĮĲĮ ਥȞĲĮ૨șĮ İੇȞĮȚ ੪Ȣ ਸ਼țȚıĲȐ ʌȘ
ਥʌİıȘȝȒȞĮĲȠ, Ƞ੝įȑ ĲȚȢ ਥȞĲĮ૨șĮ ਥĳĮȓȞİĲȠ Ȥ૵ȡȠȢ ıȫȝĮıȚȞ ਖȖȓȠȚȢ ਕȞİ૙ıșĮȚ įȠț૵Ȟ. 21 ਕȜȜ੹
Ȟ૨Ȟ ੉ȠȣıĲȚȞȚĮȞȠ૨ ȕĮıȚȜȑȦȢ ਕȞȠȚțȠįȠȝȠȣȝȑȞȠȣ Ĳઁ ੂİȡઁȞ ĲȠ૨ĲȠ, Ƞੂ ȝ੻Ȟ ȜȚșȠȣȡȖȠ੿ Ĳઁ ਩įĮĳȠȢ
įȚȫȡȣııȠȞ ੖ȜȠȞ, ĲȠ૨ ȝȒ ĲȚ ਙțȠıȝȠȞ Ĳૌįİ ȜİȜİ૙ĳșĮȚ· șોțĮȢ į੻ ȟȣȜȓȞĮȢ ਥȞĲĮ૨șȐ ʌȘ
ਕʌȘȝİȜȘȝȑȞĮȢ ĲİșȑĮȞĲĮȚ Ĳȡİ૙Ȣ, ȖȡȐȝȝĮıȚȞ ਥȖțİȚȝȑȞȠȚȢ ıĳȓıȚ įȘȜȠȪıĮȢ, ੪Ȣ ਝȞįȡȑȠȣ Ĳİ țĮ੿
ȁȠȣț઼ țĮ੿ ȉȚȝȠșȑȠȣ Ĳ૵Ȟ ਕʌȠıĲȩȜȦȞ ıȫȝĮĲĮ İੇİȞ· 22 ਚʌİȡ ਕıȝİȞȑıĲĮĲĮ ȕĮıȚȜİȪȢ Ĳİ Į੝ĲઁȢ
țĮ੿ ȋȡȚıĲȚĮȞȠ੿ ȟȪȝʌĮȞĲİȢ İੇįȠȞ, ʌȠȝʌȒȞ Ĳİ Į੝ĲȠ૙Ȣ țĮ੿ ʌĮȞȒȖȣȡȚȞ ਥʌȚĲİĲİȜİțȩĲİȢ, Ĳૌ Ĳİ ʌİȡ੿
Į੝ĲȠઃȢ ĲȚȝૌ ਥȟȠıȚȦıȐȝİȞȠȚ Ĳ੹ İੁȦșȩĲĮ țĮ੿ ʌİȡȚıĲİȓȜĮȞĲİȢ Ĳ੹Ȣ șોțĮȢ Į੣șȚȢ Ĳૌ Ȗૌ ਩țȡȣȥĮȞ,
Ƞ੝ț ਙıȘȝȠȞ Ƞ੝į੻ ਕȖİȓĲȠȞĮ ȜȚʌȩȞĲİȢ ĲઁȞ Ȥ૵ȡȠȞ, ਕȜȜ੹ ıȫȝĮıȚȞ ਕʌȠıĲȩȜȦȞ ਕȞİȚȝȑȞȠȞ
țĮĲĮıĲȘıȐȝİȞȠȚ ȟઃȞ İ੝ıİȕİȓ઺. 23 İ੡įȘȜȠȞ į੻ ੪Ȣ ਕȝİȚȕȩȝİȞȠȚ, ੖ʌİȡ ȝȠȚ İ੅ȡȘĲĮȚ, Ƞੂ
ਕʌȩıĲȠȜȠȚ Ƞੇįİ Ĳ੽Ȟ ਥȢ Į੝ĲȠઃȢ ȕĮıȚȜȑȦȢ ĲȚȝોȢ ʌİĳȒȞĮıȚ ĲȠ૙Ȣ ਕȞșȡȫʌȠȚȢ ĲĮȞ૨Ȟ. 24 ȕĮıȚȜȑȦȢ
465
Иво ТОПАЛИЛОВ. ВЪРХУ ЕДИН АСПЕКТ НА ТОПОСНАТА ЛИТУРГИЯ В КОНСТАНТИНОПОЛ ...
ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɩɚɧɟɝɢɪɢɤ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ I, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ

ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɢ 550 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɢ De Aedificiis, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɟɞɢɧ
ɡɚɜɴɪɲɟɧ ɟɬɚɩ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ
ɫɜɟɬɰɢ ɢ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɢ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ
ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ – ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɢɹɬ, ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɱɪɟɡ
ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ. ɂɡɪɢɱɧɨɬɨ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɜɟɬɟ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɢ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɟɧ ɟɬɚɩ ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɟɬɚɩ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɢɝɪɚɥ ɟɞɢɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɤɨɣɬɨ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ
ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɪɚɬɴɤ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ࣊
ɢ ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ࣊ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ (translatio
reliquiae). ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɬɚɩ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɝɨ, ɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢɬɟ, ɫ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɜ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ, ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ
ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ (stations liturgiques, stational liturgy)2. Ɍɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ
ɜɢɞ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ – ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ
ɯɪɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɋɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɟ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰ ɢ ɫɟ
ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢ ɨɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ
ɹɜɹɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ
ɬɨɡɢ ɞɟɧ3. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɢɦɛɢɨɡɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɢɟ,
ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ
ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ
ɦɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɴɬ ɜ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ Ɋɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ
Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ ɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɨɡɢ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ
Ȗ੹ȡ İ੝ıİȕȠ૨ȞĲȠȢ Ƞ੝į੻ ਕʌȠĳȠȚĲઽ Ĳ૵Ȟ ਕȞșȡȦʌİȓȦȞ Ĳ੹ șİ૙Į ʌȡĮȖȝȐĲȦȞ ਕȜȜ’ ਥʌȚȝȓȖȞȣıșĮȓ Ĳİ
țĮ੿ ਥȝĳȚȜȠȤȦȡİ૙Ȟ Ĳૌ ਥȢ ĲȠઃȢ ਕȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ੒ȝȚȜȓ઺ ĳȚȜİ૙.
2
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Baldovin, J. The Urban character of Christian worship. The Origins, Development, and
Meaning of Stational Liturgy. Roma, 1987. ɇɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɴɤ ɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɟ ɧɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɭɱɟɧɢɬɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɴɬ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ,
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ. ɑɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ ɤɚɬɨ „ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ“ ɜɠ. Ƚɟɪɞɠɢɤɨɜɚ, Ɂ. ɋɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.
Ɍɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ IV-V ɜ. – ȼ: ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɮ. Ʌ. Ʉɢɪɨɜɚ (ɫɴɫɬ. Ⱥ. Ȼɚɥɱɟɜɚ). ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2012, ɫ. 52, ɛɟɥ. 4.
3
Baldovin, J. Op. cit., p. 37.
466
ɧɹɦɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ „ɞɪɟɜɧɚ“ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ

ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ III ɜ. ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ɋɢɦ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚ ɫ
ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɨɬ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ
ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɢ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ (tituli), ɜ ɤɚɬɚɤɨɦɛɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ
ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɹɫɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɜɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ.
ɋ ɢɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȱ ɜ 312 ɝ. ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɨɬɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɫɟ „ɪɚɡɞɜɢɠɢɥɚ“ ɢ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɟ
ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚɳɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɝɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɬɹ
ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚ4. ɉɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ
ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɴɫɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ5. ɂ ɬɭɤ ɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɹ ɧɟ ɟ ɜ
„ɤɥɚɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ“ ɫɢ ɜɢɞ, ɬ. ɟ. ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ ɫɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ stationis, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹɬɚ,
ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɚɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɚɬɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɞɨ ɢɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȱ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ
ɨɱɚɤɜɚɦɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ, ɱɢɣɬɨ
ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɟɦ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɧɨ
ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɱɟ „ɤɥɚɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɹɬ“ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
Ɋɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ V ɜ.6,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ. ɇɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɸɞɧɢɬɟ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɨɬ
VI ɜ. ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ7.
ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ, ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ, ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɥɚ ɢ ɜ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ, ɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ Itinerarium
Egeriae (381-384) ɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɪɴɤɨ-
ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɬ ɫ ȿɜɯɚɪɢɫɬɢɹɬɚ, Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ
ɞɪ.8 ɢ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɝɪɚɞɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɜ
4
Ibid., pp. 145-166.
5
Ibid.
6
Ibid., pp. 158-160; 166.
7
Ibid, p. 166; ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ – ɜɠ.
Eaton, Ch. Byzantine Church in Procession: Stational Liturgy Evidenced at Decapolis
Abila. – Stone-Campbell Journal, 16, 2013, 49-61; ɡɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ɋɢɦ ɩɪɟɡ V ɜ.
– ɜɠ. Salzman, M. Leo's Liturgical Topography: Contestations for Space in Fifth-Century
Rome a – JRS, 103, 2013, 208-232.
8
ȼɠ. ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢɹɬɚ ɜ Baldovin, J. Op. cit., pp. 55-64.
467
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɤɨɥɨ Ƚɨɥɝɨɬɚ9 ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨ-ɪɹɞɤɨ ɤɴɦ

ɨɬɞɚɥɟɱɟɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ10.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢ, ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ
ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɞɟɧ ɧɚ
ɨɬɞɟɥɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ11. ɂ ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ ɟ locus ɧɚ Ȼɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɚ Ɂɟɦɹɬɚ, ɤɭɥɬɨɜɢɹɬ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚɠɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ I ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ, ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ
ɧɨɜɢɹ, ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɢɹ, ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ
ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹ – Aelia Capitolina. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɱɢɣɬɨ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɬ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ12, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɧɚ
Ʉɢɪɢɥ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɫɤɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ, ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɴɫɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɧɨ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɟ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɥɢ ɜ
ɧɟɨɬɦɟɧɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ13.
ɇɚ ɮɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɜɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɜɚɥ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɯ, ɬɨɣ ɧɟ
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ ɫ ɬɚɡɢ „ɞɴɥɝɚ“ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɝɨ
ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɂɫɭɫ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɞɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ I ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɛɢɯɦɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟɦ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɧɚ
ɬɚɡɢ ɜ Ɋɢɦ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɟɞɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɱɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɂɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɹɬ
ɝɪɚɞ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɢɧɚɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ 11 ɦɚɣ 330 ɝ. ɞɨɜɟɥɚ ɞɨ
ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɟ ɦɨɠɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɨ-ɬɹɫɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ Ɋɢɦ ɢ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ.
9
Ibid, p. 59.
10
ȿɞɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɉɟɬɞɟɫɟɬɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɬɹ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɥɚ
ɨɬ Ɇɚɪɬɢɪɢɭɦɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚɥɚ ɤɴɦ ɋɢɨɧ, ɚ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɤɴɦ ɂɦɛɨɦɨɧ ɢ
Ɇɚɫɥɢɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ, ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ Ɇɚɪɬɢɪɢɭɦɚ – ɜɠ. Baldovin, J.
Op. cit., p. 63. ɉɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɟɧɢ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ – ɜɠ. Voltaggio, M.
Hagia Polis Hierosolyma. Birth and Development of Jerusalem Christian Topography. – In:
Temporis Signa. Archeologia della tarda antichità e del medioevo. VII, 2012, Spoleto, pp.
108-109.
11
ȼɠ. ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɬ ɫ Ȼɨɝɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ – Baldovin, J. Op. cit., p. 75.
12
Catech. 14.16, 17.22, 31.
13
Drijvers, J. Transformation of a City. The Christianization of Jerusalem in the
Fourth Century. – In: Alston, R., Nijf, O. Chr. Williamson (eds.). Cults, Creeds and
Identities in the Greek City after the Classical Age. Louvain, 2013, pp. 319-320.
468
Ɂɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɬɟ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɧɚɣ-ɩɴɥɧɨ ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ J. Baldovin.
ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ,
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɧɟɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɬɟ14.
Ɍɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɟ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɜ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, Ɂɥ. Ƚɟɪɞɠɢɤɨɜɚ
ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɡɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨɬɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɡ IV-V ɜ. Ɍɹ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɨɞɟɳɚ ɩɪɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɱɪɟɡ ɧɟɹ ɫɟ
ɨɤɚɡɜɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɜɢɡɢɪɚɦ
ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɪɢɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɧɢɤɟɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɚ,
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɳɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɹɫɧɨ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɳɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚ. ɍɫɩɟɯɴɬ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɢɹ-
ɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ
ɪɢɬɭɚɥɢ ɢ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɧɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ15.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɡɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɭɛɹɝɜɚ ɨɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɬɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɫ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɫ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ⱥ ɟɞɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹɬɚ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ IV-V ɜ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɹɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ, ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɚ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ – ɜɚɠɧɚɬɚ ɪɨɥɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɝɪɚɟɥ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɜ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɉɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɫ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I. Ʉɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ
ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ
ɇɚɡɢɚɧɫɤɢ (379-381) ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɟ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
14
Baldovin, J. Op. cit., pp. 167-226; ɜɠ. ɫɴɳɨ ɢ Taft, R. The Liturgy of the Great
Church: An Initial Synthesis of Structure and Interpretation on the Eve of Iconoclasm. –
DOP, 34/35, (1980/1981), pp. 45-75.
15
Ƚɟɪɞɠɢɤɨɜɚ, Ɂ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 52-64.
469
ɧɨɫɟɥɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ „Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɹ“. Ɍɹ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ

„ɜɴɡɤɪɟɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ“ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ
ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I ɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ16. ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ
ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜ
ɬɚɡɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɨɜɢɹɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɫɤɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ
ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɦɚɥ ɞɨɫɬɴɩ ɞɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɴɰɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɰɢ – ɚɪɢɚɧɢɬɟ.
ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɞɚ ɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ („ɋɜ.
ɋɨɮɢɹ“), ɜ ɋɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ („ɋɜ. ɂɪɢɧɚ“) ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɭɦɚ,
ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɹ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɤ ɫɜ. Ⱥɤɚɤɢɣ17. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ
ɧɟɹɫɧɨ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɦ, ɢɥɢ ɜɴɜ
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɟɧ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɧɚɜɥɢɡɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ,
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɰɴɪɤɜɢ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɠɟ ɫ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɫɴɥ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɨɩɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɢɞ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɢɨɯɢɹ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ18. ɇɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ
ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧɨ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɤɴɦ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɹ“, ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ19.
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɢɨɧɟɧ ɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɴɬ ɫ ɜɴɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ
ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ
ɨɳɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ⱦɜɚ ɫɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ. Ɉɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɟ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɇɚɡɢɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ ɞɨ
ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɢɥɢɱɚɜɚɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ „ɝɪɴɰɤɢ“20. Ɍɨɜɚ ɜɨɞɢ J.
Baldovin ɞɨ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɥɢɜɨɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɟ, ɱɟ ɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɨɬ ɚɪɢɚɧɢɬɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ
ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɇɚɡɢɚɧɫɤɢ21. Ʌɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ
ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟɦ, ɱɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɚɥ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ. Ɉɬ
16
Socrates, Hist. eccl. 7.5.3.
17
ȼɠ. Baldovin, J. Op. cit., p. 210. Ɂɚ ɬɨɜɚ, ɱɟ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. Ⱥɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ“ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ – ɜɠ.
Downey, G. The Builder of the Original Church of the Apostles at Constantinople: A
Contribution to the Criticism of the „Vita Constantini“ Attributed to Eusebius. – DOP, 6,
1951, pp. 51-80. ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɬɚɦ ɞɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɦɚɜɡɨɥɟɹɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
18
19
Socrates, Hist. eccl. 5. 7.
20
Greg. Nazianus, Oration 38: 5-6 (PG 36.316).
21
470
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ (398-402), ɤɨɣɬɨ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɥ ɧɨɳɧɢ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɫɴɩɪɨɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɫ ɩɫɚɥɦɨɩɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɧɢɤɟɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ22, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɢɬɟ
ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɚɪɢɚɧɫɤɢ23. ɂ ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ
ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɢ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɜ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɤɟɣɰɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɚɪɢɚɧɢɬɟ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ɞɚɪɢɥɚ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɫɜɟɳɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɚ ɩɴɤ ɜ 396 ɝ. ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɟɪɟɬɢɰɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ24. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɚɪɢɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɜɥɢɡɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɧɨɳɬɚ
ɢ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɭɤɪɚɫɟɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɤɨɥɨɧɚɞɢ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɬɪɢɧɬɚ ɢɡɥɢɡɚɥɢ
ɢɡɜɴɧ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɩɪɚɡɧɭɜɚɬ ɟɜɯɚɪɢɫɬɢɹɬɚ.
ɉɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥɚ ɢ ɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɢɹ ɜɟɤ25, ɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɱɚɫɬ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɜɨɥɟɧɢɟ, ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ. ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ J. Baldovin ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɥɟɠɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɤɟɣɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɚɪɢɚɧɢɬɟ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢ ɱɪɟɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ, ɧɚɥɨɠɢɥɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɹɫɧɨ ɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɥɢ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ
ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ „ɧɢɤɟɣɫɤɢɹ“ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ26. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ
ɫɯɜɚɳɚɧɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɟ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ27,
ɬɨɜɚ ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɚ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ – ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɚ. Ⱥ ɬɨɜɚ ɨɬ
ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɤɴɦ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɧɚ
ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɩɨɥɟɬɟɥɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧ-
ɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢɬɟ
ɨɛɫɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɨɬ 626 ɝ. ɢ ɞɪ.
22
Socrates, Hist. eccl. 6.8 (PG 67.688-689); Sozomen, Hist. eccl. 8.8 (PG
67.1536).
23
Baldovin, J. Op. cit., pp. 183-184.
24
C. Th. 16.5.30. Ɍɭɤ ɟ ɥɸɛɨɩɢɬɟɧ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
25
Sozomen, Hist. eccl. 8. 8 (PG 67.1536).
26
Baldovin, J. Op. cit., pp. 210-211.
27
Ibid., p. 211.
471
Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɫ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤ-

ɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɥ ɠɢɜɨɬɴɬ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɞɨ VII ɜ., ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɢɦɚɬ
ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɳɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-
ɛɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚ ɞɨɪɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɜɢɡɢɪɚɦ
ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɜɟɱɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹɬɚ
ɩɪɟɡ ɬɚɡɢ ɟɩɨɯɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɳɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ. ɇɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ
ɜ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɥ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ,
ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ – ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɝɨɜ ɧɚɪɨɱɟɧ
ɩɪɚɬɟɧɢɤ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɹɬ ɟɩɚɪɯ, ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɣ I ɞɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ28.
ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɥ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɟɥ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ
ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɴɞɢɦ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɡ 444 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ II, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɥ ɧɚɫɴɛɪɚɥɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɏɢɩɨɞɪɨɦɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɴɦ ɯɪɚɦɚ „ɋɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ“29. Ɍɨɡɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɧɟ ɟ
ɢɡɨɥɢɪɚɧ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɪɢ Ɇɚɪɰɢɚɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɥ ɜ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɞɨ ɏɟɛɞɨɦɨɧ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ
ɢɡɜɴɧ ɝɪɚɞɚ30 ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɟɦ, ɱɟ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɢɬɟ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɡ
ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. ɋɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɢɡɩɴɤɜɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ, ɧɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɭɦɴɬ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ. Ɍɚɤɚ Ɍɢɩɢɤɨɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ „ɋɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ“ ɨɬ X ɜ. ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɨɬ 68 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ, 46 ɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɥɢ
ɩɪɟɡ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɥɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɜ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɮɢɪɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɤɨɥɨɧɚ31. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɞɨ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ“, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɏɢɩɨɞɪɨɦɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ
ɫɴɛɢɪɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɪɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ Ɋɢɦ ɢ Ƀɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ, ɱɢɣɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɹɯ, ɛɢɥɨ ɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨ-
ɩɨɥ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɴɧ ɧɟɝɨ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɏɟɛɞɨɦɨɧ.
28
Theodore Lector, §468.
29
Ibid., §320. ȼɠ. ɫɴɳɨ ɢ Baldovin, J. Op. cit., p. 185.
30
Theodore Lector, §403. ȼɠ. ɫɴɳɨ ɢ Baldovin, J. Op. cit., p. 185.
31
Baldovin, J. Op. cit., p. 212. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɫɟ
ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɹ ɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɝɪɚɞɟɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɢɹ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɚ ɦɭ ɨɬ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɚɬɚ ȿɥɟɧɚ, ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɰɟɥɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ – ɜɠ. Socrates, Hist. eccl. 1. 17. Ɂɚ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɮɢɪɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɚ,
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɬɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ, ɜɠ. Fowden, G. Constantine's Porphyry Column: The
Earliest Literary Allusion. – JRS, 81, 1991, 119-131.
472
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɟ ɜ

ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ
ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ. Ⱥ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ
ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɟɧ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɳ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ; ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɞɜɨɪ, ɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɥ ɜ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɚ
ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɤɚɧɟɧ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɱɧɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ
ɩɟɪɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ32. ɋɚɦɢɹɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɛɢɥ homo novus, ɛɟɡ ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɫ
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɧɨ ɫ
ɚɦɛɢɰɢɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɤ, ɚ
ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɥ ɜ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ, ɬ. ɟ. ɝɪɚɞɴɬ, ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɳ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ, ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɫ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɧ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɟɧ ɟɥɢɬ,
ɥɨɹɥɟɧ ɧɟɦɭ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɦɚɳɚɛɧɚɬɚ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ, ɡɚɩɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ. Ⱥɡ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɢɪɚɦ ɬɭɤ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ, ɬɴɣ
ɤɚɬɨ ɬɹ ɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɛɢɯ ɠɟɥɚɥ ɞɚ
ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ (Forum Tauri/ Forum
Theodosii) ɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɭɦɮɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɚɪɤɚ, extra moenia, ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɥɚ ɫɟ
ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ Porta aurea. ɂ ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɟ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚ ɩɴɤ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ, ɱɟ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɢ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I ɟ ɞɚɥ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɚ ɤɴɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢ ɬɚɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɫɢɦɮɨɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ. Ⱥ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɦɚɳɚɛɟɧ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɰɟɥɹɳ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɬɚ ɨɬ 9 ɚɜɝɭɫɬ
378 ɝ.33, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɬɪɟɫɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɟɧ,
ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ. Ⱦɨɪɢ ɫɟ ɫɦɹɬɚ, ɱɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɚɣ ɏɚɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚ ɜ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɢ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ – ɜɟɱɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɝɪɚɞ. Ⱥ ɧɚɦɟɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɥɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɧɚɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɟɞɢɧɟɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ
ɪɚɡɩɚɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɢɫɩɭɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɯɪɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ. ȼ
32
ȼɠ. ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɢɫɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɟɦɢɫɬɢɣ ɩɪɢ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ɜ Ɍɟɫɚɥɨɧɢɤɚ.
33
ȼɠ. Malcolm Errington, R. Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius.
The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2006, p. 212.
473
ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɢɬɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɢɫɩɭɬɢɬɟ ɢɡɥɢɡɚɥɢ ɢɡɜɴɧ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ

ɞɨɝɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɡɚɫɹɝɚɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɥ ɞɚ ɬɨɥɟɪɢɪɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ34. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ
ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ R. Errington, ɡɚ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɩɴɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɜ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I
ɫɟ ɨɩɢɬɚɥ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɢ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɱɪɟɡ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɝɚɦɚ ɨɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɥɚ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬ
ɬɟɡɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɥɢ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹɧɚ ɨɬ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɬɟɡɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɥɢ „ɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ“35. Ɍɨɜɚ ɨɳɟ
ɜ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢɡɩɢɬɚɥ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɧɢɹɬ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ
Ⱦɟɦɨɮɢɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɛɢɥ ɢɡɝɨɧɟɧ ɨɬ ɧɨɜɨɞɨɲɥɢɹ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥ
ɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ36. Ʉɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ
ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɧɚɫɟɬɧɟ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɴɬ ɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɩɢɲɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɤɚɬɨ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢɹ
ɝɪɚɞ37.
ȼ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɨɛɚɱɟ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɟɝɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɬ. ɟ.
ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ (translatio reliquiae).
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɬɚ ɧɚ 9 ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 378 ɝ. ɤɪɚɣ
ɏɚɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɝɭɛɢɥɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ
ɚɪɦɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɞ
ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟ, ɩɨɧɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɚɫɨɜɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɡɚ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɟɬɨ
ɡɚ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɨ ɢɡ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɢɹɬ
34
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨ-ɇɢɤɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɥɚ
ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɟɪɟɬɢɤ ȼɚɥɟɧɫ ɤɚɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɛɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ
ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɟɪɟɫ – ɜɠ. Rufinus, Hist. eccl. 11.13: impietatis suae poenas igni exustus dedit;
ɫɪɚɜɧɢ ɫ Theodoret, Hist. eccl. 5.11; Orosius 7.33.15.
35
Malcolm Errington, R. Roman Imperial Policy, pp. 216-232.
36
Socrates, Hist. eccl. 5. 7.
37
„ɋɢɦɮɨɧɢɹɬɚ“ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ, ɡɚɥɟɝɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ, ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɹɫɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɥɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɤɚɞɢɣ
– ɜɠ. Grigg, R. „Symphǀnian Aeidǀ tƝs Basileias“: An Image of Imperial Harmony on the
Base of the Column of Arcadius. – The Art Bulletin, 59/4, 1977, 469-482. Ʉɴɦ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ „ɫɢɦɮɨɧɢɹ“, ɧɨ ɜ ɩɨ-ɨɛɲɢɪɟɧ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɬɨɡɢ
ɩɴɬ ɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɴɞɢɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɚ
ɤɴɦ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢɬɟ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢ ɉɚɜɟɥ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ Concordia
Apostolorum – Concordia Augustorum – ɜɠ. Santo, G. Concordia Apostolorum –
Concordia Augustorum. Building a Corporate Image for the Theodosian Dynasty. – In: R.
Dijkstra et al. (eds.), East and West in the Roman Empire of the Fourth Century, An End to
Unity. Leiden, Brill, 2015, pp. 99-120.
474
ɯɚɨɫ ɨɛɯɜɚɧɚɥ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ Ɇɚɥɚ Ⱥɡɢɹ38, ɚ ɩɴɤ

Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɹ39. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ
ɢɞɜɚɥ ɤɪɚɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ40. Ɉɩɢɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɫ ɝɨɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɥɚɯɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɬɴɪɩɟɥɢ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɯ. Ɉɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ,
ɛɢɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɤɪɚɯɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɟɡɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɚɪɢɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ41, ɢ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ
ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɫ ɧɨɜɚ. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɛɢɥ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɴɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɩɪɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ
ɫ ɝɨɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɬɪɢɭɦɮɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɧɢɦɢ ɬɪɢɭɦɮɢ42, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɹɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɭɫɩɟɯ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɜ
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɛɢɥ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ. Ɍɭɤ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɟ
ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɟɬɚɩ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ ɫ ɬɚɤɚ
ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɬɚ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɴɪɫɹɬ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ȿɞɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨɬ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɢ:
Ɇɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɨ-ɫɢɥɧɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ, ɪɨɜɨɜɟɬɟ,
ɨɪɴɠɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢɬɟ43.
ɉɚɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɞɭɦɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ ɹɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɡɚɩɥɚɲɟɧ ɨɬ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢɬɟ, ɫ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɹɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ. ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɤɨɥɚɩɫɚ ɧɚ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɴɤ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɡɚ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ
ɦɨɳɢ. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɩɴɬ ɨɬ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ
ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɬɹ ɹɫɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɜɹɪɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ. Ⱥ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɥɚ
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɬɪɢɭɦɮɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɭɫɩɹɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɬɴɩɹɬ
38
Greg. Nys. De sancto Theodoro. Gregorii Nysseni Opera (GNO) X. 1, Sermones
2.70. ɋɪɚɜɧɢ ɫ GNO X. 1, Sermones 2.61. ȼɠ. ɨɳɟ Greg. Nys. De iis qui baptismum
differunt (PG 46.424).
39
ȼɠ. ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ Libanius, Or. 24.15: Ambrose, De excessu fratris
1.30.
40
Ambrose, Ex. evan. Lucae 10.10. ɋɪɚɜɧɢ ɫ 10.14; De excessu fratris 1.30, totius
orbis excidia, mundi finem.
41
McCormick, Ɇ. Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity,
Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West. Cambridge, 1986, p. 242.
42
ȼɠ. Ɍɨɩɚɥɢɥɨɜ, ɂ. ȿɞɧɚ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. Ɂɥɚɬɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ, 1-2, 2017, 5-22 ɢ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɚɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ;
ɡɚ ɬɪɢɭɦɮɢɬɟ – ɜɠ. McCormick, M. Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late
Antiquity, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West; ɡɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ɢ ɝɨɬɢɬɟ – ɜɠ. Heater, P.
Liar in winter: Themistius and Theodosius, From the Tetrarchs to the Theodosians, Later
Roman History and Culture 284-450 CE (ed. S. McGill, C. Sogno, E. Watts), For John
Matthews, on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Cambridge, 2010.
43
John Chrys. Laudatio Martyrum Aegyptiorum 1 (PG 50. 694 f.).
475
ɧɚɫɬɴɩɢɥɚɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɡɚ, ɧɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ, ɨɳɟ

ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɱɟ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɧɟɹ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɱɟ ɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢ,
ɚ ɞɨɪɢ ɢɦ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɟɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɡɢɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ. Ȼɭɧɬɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɠɞɨɜɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚ
Ⱥɥɚɪɢɯ, ɞɨɪɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ, ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɢ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɞɨ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɡɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ. Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ
ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɟɦɢɣ ɫɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɹɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ.
ɂɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɫɩɥɨɬɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɞɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ;
ɬɴɥɩɚɬɚ ɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɟɞɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɲɚɜɚɳɚ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ, ɤɚɤɜɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚɥɚ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɥɚɯɚ. Ɍɪɢɭɦɮɚɥ-
ɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɢɝɪɚɟɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ, ɧɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ
ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɩɨ-ɪɟɞɤɢɬɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɹɯ. ɇɟ ɬɚɤɚ ɛɢɥɨ
ɨɛɚɱɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɨɛɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢ
ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ, ɛɟɥɟɠɟɳɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɢ ɧɚɞ ɝɨɬɢɬɟ. ɋɚɦɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɫɴɳɨ
ɭɫɩɹɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɴɛɟɪɚɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɪɚ – ɧɢɤɟɣɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɢɚɧɢ,
ɢɥɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɟɡɢɱɧɢɰɢ, ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ, ɫɟ
ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɟɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ IV ɜ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɨɫɨ-
ɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɚɥ (351-354), ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɨɛɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ
ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɭɦ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɤ Ȼɚɛɢɥɚ, ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɨɯɢɹ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɥ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɫɦɴɪɬ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɧɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ɍɪɚɹɧ Ⱦɟɰɢɣ44. ɋɚɦɢɹɬ ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɭɦ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɢɹ ɯɪɚɦ ɧɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɨɪɚɤɭɥ ɢ ɢɦɚɥ
ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ45.
Ɉɳɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɞɚ
ɩɪɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɢɞ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɴɞɢɦ ɨɬ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɩɪɟɡ 356 ɝ.,
ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɢ „ɫ ɱɟɫɬ“ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ
„ɋɜ. Ⱥɩɨɫɬɨɥɢ“ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ɍɢɦɨɬɟɣ46, ɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ –
44
ȼɠ. Downey, G. A History of Antioch in Syria. Princeton, 1961, p. 364. Ɂɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹɬɚ ɜɠ. Socrates, Hist. eccl. 3.18; Sozomen, Hist. eccl. 5.19; John Chrys. De S.
Babyla 2-3; Libanius, Oration 60.5-6; Evagrius 1.16; Theodoret, Hist. eccl. 3.10.1-2;
Zonaras 13.12.39-40; Amm. Marc. 22.12.8.
45
Sozomen, Hist. eccl. 5. 19. ɂɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɹɬ ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɭɦ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ
ɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɦɴɪɬ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ȼɚɛɢɥɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɨɬ
ɰɟɡɚɪɹ.
46
Chron. Paschale, 542.
476
ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ʌɭɤɚ ɢ ɫɜ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ47. ȼ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ

ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɪɟɱɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ, ɤɚɬɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɥɨɹɥɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ Ⱥɪɬɟɦɢɣ48. ɂɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɥɢ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɟɧ ɚɤɬ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɢ ɩɨɞ
ɨɥɬɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɜɚɞɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɫɬɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɟɰ.
ɋɥɭɱɚɹɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢɬɟ ɜ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɞɴɪɜɟɧɢ ɤɨɜɱɟɝɚ
ɛɟɡ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɴɩ ɞɨ ɬɹɯ ɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ VI ɜ., ɞɨɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɞɚ ɜɹɪɜɚɦɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɤɨɩɢɣ Ʉɟɫɚɪɢɣɫɤɢ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɱɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɬɢɨɯɢɹ ɜ 362 ɝ,. ɩɪɢ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɨ
ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞ ɧɚ ɘɥɢɚɧ „ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɚɬɚ“ ɫ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. Ȼɚɛɢɥɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɜɚɞɟɧɚ
ɨɬ ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɭɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɢ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ49. ɋɚɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ ɛɢɥɚ ɬɴɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ, ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɟɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɚɥɦɢ
ɢ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɜɡɟɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɦɴɠɟ ɢ ɠɟɧɢ, ɫɬɚɪɢ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɢ, ɞɟɜɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɟɰɚ50.
ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɢɡɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɟɩɬɢɰɢɡɴɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹɬɚ51
ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ
ɨɛɳɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɳɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɬɹ ɹɫɧɨ ɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɛɪɨɣ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢ,
ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɤɚɭɡɚ.
ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɹɥɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɪɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɟɞɧɚ ɤɚɭɡɚ – ɧɟɳɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɡɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ,
ɧɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɴɪɧɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɧɟɹ. ȿɬɨ ɡɚɳɨ ɬɹ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɞɚ
ɧɚɥɨɠɢ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ ɱɪɟɡ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɟɧ
ɟɞɢɤɬ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɹɜɚɳ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɨɬ
ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢ52. ȼ ɫɚɦɢɹ Ɋɢɦ ɩɪɟɡ 383 ɝ.
ɟ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɞɪɭɝ ɟɞɢɤɬ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɹɜɚɥɨ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢɬɟ ɬɟɥɚ, ɞɨɪɢ
ɢ ɬɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɰɢɬɟ, ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ intra muros53. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ, ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɥɢ
47
Chron. Paschale, 542.
48
Mango, C. Constantine’s mausoleum and the translation of relics. –
Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 83(1), 1990, 53.
49
ȼɠ. Downey, G. A History of Antioch, p. 364.
50
Sozomen, Hist. eccl. 5.19.
51
ȼɠ. Mango, C. Constantine’s mausoleum and the translation of relics. p. 52.
52
C. Th. 9. 17. 4 (= Cod. Iust. 9.19.4): Huic autem poenae subiacebunt et qui
corpora sepulta aut reliquias contrectaverint.
53
Clark, C. Christianity and Roman Society. Cambridge, 2004, p. 57.
477
ɤɚɬɨ „ɢɧɜɚɡɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɴɪɬɜɢɬɟ“54, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɟɥɚ

ɞɟɫɚɤɪɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟɬɟ55.
ɂɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɥɢ ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɧɚɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɬɨɪɢ ɟɞɢɤɬ. Ɍɭɤ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɟɡɪɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɝɧɟɜɧɢ
ɞɭɦɢ ɧɚ ɘɥɢɚɧ ɤɴɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɚɥɚ.
ɉɪɨɦɹɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɤɴɦ ɬɟɡɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɧɚɫɬɴɩɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I,
ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɚɤɥɢɡɦɢ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢɬɟ,
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɬɰɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɰɢ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɟɪɨɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɢ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ56. ɂɡɝɨɧɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɇɚɡɢɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ
ɞɚɥɨ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢɹ ɬɪɨɧ
ɇɟɤɬɚɪɢɣ (381-394), ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧ ɧɟɦɭ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɛɢɜɲ ɫɟɧɚɬɨɪ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ
ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ57. Ɍɚɤɚ ɨɳɟ ɫ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɜ 381 ɝ. Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɥ
ɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɜɲ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɉɚɜɟɥ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ Ȼɨɠɢɹɬɚ ɦɢɥɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨɫɬ. ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɬɚ,
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɧɨɫɟɥ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɬɟ, ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ „ɋɜ. ɉɚɜɟɥ“58. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɬɴɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɰɢ
Ɍɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ ɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜ.
ȿɭɮɟɦɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ59. ȼɪɴɯ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɨɱɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹɬɚ ɜ 391 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɴɬ ɡɚɧɟɫɴɥ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ
Ʉɪɴɫɬɢɬɟɥ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜ ɤɭɬɢɹ, ɧɨ ɡɚɝɴɪɧɚɬ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɟɥɟɪɢɧɚ, ɜ
ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ, ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɞɢɟɬɨ ɏɟɛɞɨɦɨɧ60. Ɍɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ, ɬɴɣ
54
Ibid, p. 56.
55
John Chrys., Homil. ad Babylam (PG 50.531).
56
ȼɠ. Brown, P. The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity
(The Haskell Lectures on History of religions). Chicago, 1981; MacMullen, R. Christianity
and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries. New Haven, 1997.
57
Croke, B. Reinventing Constantinople: Theodosius I’s imprint on the imperial
city, Later Roman History and Culture 284-450 CE (ed. S. McGill, C. Sogno, E. Watts). For
John Matthews, on the occasion of his 70th birthday, Cambridge, 2010, pp. 256-257.
58
Socrates, Hist. eccl. 5.9.1-2; Sozomen, Hist. eccl. 7.10.4.
59
Nicephorus Callistus, Hist. eccl. 2.62 (PG 86.213A).
60
Sozomen, Hist. eccl. 7.21.5.
478
ɤɚɬɨ ɬɚɦ ɨɬ 364 ɝ. ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɹɫɜɚɧɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ61, ɚ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɬɨ,

ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɧɚ Campus Martius ɜ Ɋɢɦ, ɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɥɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɜɴɧɲɧɢ ɢ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɢ ɜɪɚɝɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ62. ȼɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɟɱɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɚ.
Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɫɥɟɞ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɨɡɢ
ɬɢɩ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɟɧɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ
ɞɚ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɡɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ 27
ɦɚɣ 383 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɹɪɜɚɳɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɰɢ, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ
ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚ, ɫɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɥɢɹ ɦɨɧɚɯ ɂɫɚɚɤ ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ
ɝɪɨɛ, ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧɢ ɫ ɩɟɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɫɚɥɦɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɧɢ63.
ɋɚɦɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɬɪɚɣɧɢ
ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɢ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɹ ɟɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ, ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɧɟɦɭ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɛɢɞɟɣɤɢ homo novus. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɜɟɱɟ
ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɹɪɧɨɫɬ ɤɴɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɴɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ. ɇɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ
ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɥɨ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ
ɱɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɴɞɢɦ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ-
ɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ 6 ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ ɢ 14 ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢ ɜ XI ɜ., ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢ
ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜ. ɉɚɜɟɥ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɚ ȿɥɢɹ Ɏɥɚɰɢɥɚ64.
Ɍɟɡɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɜɨɞɟɳɚɬɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I ɜɴɜ ɮɨɪɦɢ-
ɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ65, ɧɨ ɬɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ
ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɢ ɬɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ,
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ translatio reliquiae. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ
ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɰɟɧɢɦɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ
ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɬɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚ „Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɹ“66, ɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɫɟɬɧɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɚɥɧɢ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ; ɩɪɢ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ
ɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɢɪɢɢɬɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧɨ ɩɨ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɴɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ
61
Mango, C. The Triumphal Way of Constantinople and the Golden Gate. – DOP,
54, 2000, pp. 173-188.
62
Croke, B. Reinventing Constantinople, p. 256.
63
Vita Isaacii 17 (AA.SS. Mai VII, 258).
64
Typicon CP, 6 November; SEC 46.17-21. Croke, B. Reinventing Constantinople,
p. 257.
65
Croke, B. Reinventing Constantinople, p. 257.
66
Snee, R. Gregory Nazianzen's Anastasia Church: Arianism, the Goths, and
Hagiography. – DOP, 52, 1998, pp. 160-161.
479
ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɬɨɩɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɢ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɧɟɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɫɚ ɫɟ

ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɢɬɟ67.
Ʌɸɛɨɩɢɬɟɧ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɬ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɩɢɪɚɬ Ⱥɦɜɪɨɫɢɣ Ɇɟɞɢɨ-
ɥɚɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɰɢ ɨɬ V ɜ., ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜ ɲɥɟɦɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ I ɢ ɤɨɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɛɪɭɹ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɜɝɪɚɞɟɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɤɜɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɟɬɢɹ
ɤɪɴɫɬ68. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɰɟɧɤɚ69,
ɧɨ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɚɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ IV ɜ. ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ
ɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɪɨɥɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɥɢ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɬɰɢ –
ɡɚɤɪɢɥɧɢɰɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ. ɋɚɦɚɬɚ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɧɚ
ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɹɬɚ adventus70, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ
ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɮɚɡɢ: synantesis, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɛɭɪɧɚ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɹɬɚ, ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɳɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɨɪɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɴɩɪɨɜɨɞɟɧɚ ɫ ɮɚɤɥɢ,
ɥɚɦɩɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɧɨɩɟɧɢɹ – ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ adventus ɩɨɞ ɟɞɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɮɨɪɦɚ; ɬɹ ɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɚ propompe, ɬ. ɟ.
ɟɫɤɨɪɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫ ɯɢɦɧɨɩɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɫɚɥɦɢ, ɚɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɢ, ɮɚɤɥɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɤɚɬɨ ɫɪɟɞ ɟɤɫɤɨɪɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ
ɢɡɬɴɤɧɚɬɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ; ɧɚɣ-ɧɚɤɪɚɹ ɟ apotheosis (ɢɥɢ katathesis),
ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɜ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ71. ɇɚɝɥɟɞɧɨ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ – propompe, ɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ
ɩɥɚɤɟɬɤɚ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɧɨɜɚ ɤɨɫɬ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɜ Ɍɪɢɪ72.
ɇɚɜɥɢɡɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɢɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɩɨ-ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I ɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɴɩɤɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɤɴɦ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɤ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɢɡɞɢɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚ ɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɣɧɚ ɫɦɟɬɤɚ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ
ɞɨ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɡɴɦ, ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥ ɫɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɟɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ I. ɋɬɴɩɤɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɥ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ I, ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
67
Baldovin, J. Op.cit., p. 37, n. 6.
68
Ambrose, Or. ob. Theod., 47-47; Socrates, Hist. eccl. 1. 17 (PG 67.120 B-C);
Sozomen, Hist. eccl. 2.1.9; Gelasius Hist. eccl. 3.7.8
69
McCormick, M. Eternal Victory, p. 245.
70
MacCormack, S. Change and Continuity in Late Antiquity: The Ceremony of
Adventus. – Historia, 21, 1972, 721-752; Holum, K., G. Vikan, The Trier Ivory,
"Adventus" Ceremonial, and the Relics of St. Stephen. – DOP, 33, 1979, pp. 115.
71
Holum, K., G. Vikan, The Trier Ivory, "Adventus" Ceremonial, and the Relics of
St. Stephen, 115-120.
72
Ibid, 115-133; Spain, S. The Translation of Relics Ivory, Trier. – DOP, 31, 1977,
pp. 279-304; Wilson, L. The Trier Procession Ivory: A New Interpretation. – Byzantion,
54/2, 1984, 602-614.
480
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɭɫɩɹɥ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ

ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɡɚɡɞɪɚɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ.
481
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ɍɨɬɟɜ
ȾȼȺ ɁɅȺɌɇɂ ɉɊɔɋɌȿɇȺ ɉȿɑȺɌȺ ɋ ɂɇɂɐɂȺɅɂ ɈɌ

ɄɊȿɉɈɋɌɌȺ ɉɊɂ
ɋ. ȽɊȺȾɇɂɐȺ, ɋȿȼɅɂȿȼɋɄɈ
Konstantin Totev
TWO GOLD RING-SEALS WITH INITIALS FROM THE FORTRESS

NEAR THE VILLAGE OF GRADNITZA, SEVLIEVO
The article is dedicated to these two gold ring-seals, discovered in 1970 as a burial
inventory in the necropolis of the church at the fortress near Gradnitsa, Sevlievo. They are
very similar in shape. The rings are round, the shoulders extending to the upper part and
smoothly moving into a circular shield. On the round tiles are engraved initials ǿȦ (John) and
M (?). The shields of the two rings are of the same diameter. It seems that the two rings have
been purchased as blanks, with the initials of the names being engraved at the time of
purchase, as suggested by their slight displacement from the center. It is hard to say
something more specifically about their owners, but they are a testimony of their aristocratic
origin.
ɋɟɥɨ Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ 15 ɤɦ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɝɪ.

ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ, ɜ Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɲɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɢɧɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɤɢɬɟ Ȼɨɚɡɤɚ ɢ ȼɢɞɢɦɚ. Ɉɬ
Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɨ ɏVȱȱ ɜ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɴɬ Ɇɚɪɚ Ƚɢɞɢɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɨɫɹɜɚ
ɛɢɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ɍɴɠɚ ɜ ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ȼ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ 70-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜ. Ⱥɬ. Ɇɢɥɱɟɜ
ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ1. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɹɯ ɟ
ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɴɥɦɚ ɉɪɟɱɢɫɬɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɩɨ-
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɫ. Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ (ɨɛɪ. 1). ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɯɴɥɦɴɬ
ɧɨɫɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɱɢɫɬɚɬɚ ɫɜ.
Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚ-
ɜɚɬ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɢɟ2.
ȼ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɚ ɟɞɧɨɤɨɪɚɛɧɚ, ɤɪɴɫɬɨɤɭɩɨɥɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɫ
ɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɧɚ ɚɛɫɢɞɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɞɴɥɝɚ ɟ 9, 40 ɦ ɢ
ɲɢɪɨɤɚ 5, 90 ɦ, ɤɚɬɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɢɥɚɫɬɴɪɚ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞ.
Ɂɢɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɫ ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0, 60 ɢ 0, 90 ɦ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɯɪɚɦ ɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧ-
1
Ɇɢɥɱɟɜ, Ⱥ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ
ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜ. – ȼ: Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1985, 191-
192, 183-194; Ɇɢɥɱɟɜ, Ⱥ., ɉ. Ʉɚɦɛɭɪɨɜ. ɋɟɥɨ Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. – ȼ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɨ Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ. ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ, 1994, 37-40.
2
Ɂɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚ ɇ. Ȼɨɬɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɂɆ ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɨ.
482
Константин ТОТЕВ. ДВА ЗЛАТНИ ПРЪСТЕНА ПЕЧАТИ С ИНИЦИАЛИ ОТ КРЕПОСТТА ПРИ ...
ɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɢ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ

ɞɪɚɩɟɪɢɹ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɢ, ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ,
ɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɨ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨ ɥɢɰɟ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɱɢɫɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɚɫɚɞɧɚ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɢɹ – ɩɚɧɢɱɤɢ, ɪɨɡɟɬɤɢ,
ɬɪɴɛɢɱɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɧɟɣɧɢɹɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɠ ɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɩɪɟɡ
ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜ.3 Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ, ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɨɬ ɧɟɹ,
ɫɚ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɢ ɧɚɞ 120 ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ. ȼɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɥɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ ɨɬ
ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ, ɧɚɤɢɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɫɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ ɜ ɏȱȱȱ-
ɏȱV ɜ., ɬ. ɟ. ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ4. ɋɪɟɞ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚɬ ɞɜɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɹ ɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ
ɩɪɟɡ 1970 ɝ. ɤɚɬɨ ɝɪɨɛɟɧ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ5. ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɝɪɨɛ
ʋ 73, ɜɤɨɩɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ 1, 50 ɦ (ɨɛɪ. 2). Ɉɬɤɪɢɬ ɟ ɧɚ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞ6. ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɟ ɫ ɤɪɴɝɥɚ ɯɚɥɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɲɢɪɹɜɚ ɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɢɹ ɫɢ ɤɪɚɣ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɜ ɤɪɴɝɴɥ ɳɢɬ, ɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɧɟɫɟɧ ɜɴɜ
ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ. Ɋɴɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɢ ɧɚɜɴɬɪɟ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɴɪɴɬ ɧɚ
ɩɥɨɱɤɚɬɚ ɟ 1, 4 ɫɦ, ɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɯɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɟ 2 ɫɦ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɚɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɟ 1 ɫɦ, ɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɞɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ
ɟ 0, 4 ɫɦ. Ɍɟɝɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ ɟ 8, 39 ɝɪɚɦɚ.
ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɟ ɨɬɥɹɬ ɜ ɞɜɭɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɤɚɥɴɩ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɦɭ
ɨɬɜɴɬɪɟ ɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɥɚɬɧɨ, ɧɚɩɨɟɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɫɴɤ. ɉɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɩɥɢɬɴɤ ɭɥɟɣ
ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɢɪɚɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɥɴɩɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ
ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɰɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ. ȼɴɧɲɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɯɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɨɥɢɪɚɧɚ.
ɍɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɪɴɝɥɚɬɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ ɟ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɚ ɱɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧɟ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɩɨɹɫ,
ɡɚɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɨɜɥɟɤ. ɇɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɟ ɹɫɧɨ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧ ɧɚ
ɳɪɢɯɨɜɢɞɧɨ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɧ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɚɬɚ ɟ
ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧɨ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɨ, ɢɞɟɚɥɧɨ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɨ ɤɪɴɝɥɨ ɩɨɥɟ. ȼɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧɢ ɞɜɚ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɤɚ – ǿȦ ɫ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɚ
ɧɚɞ ɬɹɯ ɞɴɝɨɜɢɞɧɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɛɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɟ ɭɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚ
ɫɴɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ƀɨɚɧ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜ. Ȼɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɫɚ
ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɜɚɧɟ, ɫ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɞɥɟɬɨ.
3
Ɇɢɥɱɟɜ, Ⱥ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 191-192; Ɇɢɥɱɟɜ, Ⱥ., ɉ. Ʉɚɦɛɭɪɨɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 38.
4
Ɇɢɥɱɟɜ, Ⱥ., ɉ. Ʉɚɦɛɭɪɨɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 39.
5
ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɜ ɊɂɆ Ƚɚɛɪɨɜɨ. ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɦ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ
ɢɡɤɚɠɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɚɥɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ Ɋɨɫɟɧ Ƀɨɫɢɮɨɜ ɨɬ ɊɂɆ Ƚɚɛɪɨɜɨ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɹ ɫ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ.
6
ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɢɧɜ. ʋ 2236.
483
Ʉɪɚɢɳɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɟɧɢ ɬɪɢɴɝɴɥɧɢ ɫɟɪɢɮɢ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɤ

ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɨɬ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ
ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ
ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɴɬ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ. ɉɨ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɚɜɚ
ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ.
ȼɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ
ɨɬ ɝɪɨɛ ʋ 317 (ɨɛɪ. 3). Ɍɨɣ ɢɦɚ ɤɪɴɝɥɚ ɯɚɥɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɲɢɪɹɜɚ ɧɚɝɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɜ ɤɪɴɝɴɥ ɳɢɬ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɴɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɳɢɬɚ ɟ 1, 4
ɫɦ, ɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɯɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɟ 1, 8 ɫɦ. Ɋɚɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɳɢɬɚ ɫɚ ɫ
ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 0, 6 ɫɦ, ɚ ɜ ɞɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɫɚ 0, 4 ɫɦ. ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɟ ɫ ɬɟɝɥɨ 5, 52
ɝɪɚɦɚ.
ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɟ ɨɬɥɹɬ ɢ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɟɧ ɱɪɟɡ ɢɡɱɭɤɜɚɧɟ. Ɉɬɥɢɜɤɚɬɚ ɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɚ, ɛɟɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɢ. Ɉɬ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɯɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɠɞɚɬ ɜɞɥɴɛɧɚɬɢɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɱɭɤɜɚɧɟɬɨ. ɇɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɫɟ
ɡɚɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɬ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɢ ɩɭɤɧɚɬɢɧɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɞɚɪɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɚɬɚ
ɨɬɥɢɜɤɚ. ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɨɥɢɪɚɧ. ɇɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɜɚɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ Ɇ, ɞɴɥɛɨɤɨ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧɚ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɥɨɱɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ. Ȼɭɤɜɚɬɚ ɟ ɫ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ 0, 5 ɫɦ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɫɴɫ
ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɨ ɜɛɢɬɢ ɤɪɚɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɟɞɢɱɤɢɬɟ. ɇɚɞ
ɧɟɹ ɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɬɢɬɥɚ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɤɪɚɢɳɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɫɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢ
ɱɪɟɡ ɜɛɢɬɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ. Ɉɛɳɚɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚɬɚ ɫ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ ɟ 0, 8 ɫɦ.
Ɋɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɟ ɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɫɬɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚɞɹɫɧɨ.
ɂɧɢɰɢɚɥɴɬ Ɇ, ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ, ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ
ɞɨɝɚɞɤɢ ɡɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɬɟɥ – Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, Ɇɚɧɭɢɥ ɢ ɬ. ɧ., ɛɟɡ
ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɧɟɳɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨ. ȼ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɚ
ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ ɧɟɳɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ. ɋɪɟɞ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ
XIII-XIV ɜ. ɧɟ ɧɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥ. ɉɪɢ ɬɹɯ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɢ
ɢɥɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ, ɞɪɭɝ ɩɴɬ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɢɫɜɚɧɢ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɥɢɝɚɬɭɪɧɨ
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɤɪɚɬɟɧɢ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ. ɉɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɟɞɢɧ ɛɭɤɜɟɧ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɹɡɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɨɞɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. Ɍɚɤɴɜ ɟɞɢɧ
ɫɪɟɛɴɪɟɧ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɝɪɨɛ ʋ 565 ɜ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ʋ 9 ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ 8.
7
ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɊɂɆ Ƚɚɛɪɨɜɨ, ɩɨɞ ɢɧɜ. ʋ 2232.
8
Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ, ȼ. Ƚɪɚɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɩɪɟɡ XII-XIV
ɜ. – ȼ: Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍ. 6, 1981, 55-56; ɀɟɤɨɜɚ, ɀ.
Ɇɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɜ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. –
ȼ: Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ (ɩɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ). Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬ.ɧ.ɫ. ȼɟɪɚ
Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɚ. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2014, ɫ. 507, ɨɛɪ. 9. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ ɟ
484
Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɨɬ Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ ɟ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫ

ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. Ɍɨɣ, ɫɴɳɨ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɲɧɢɹ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ, ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɡɚɤɭɩɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɴɬ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ, ɱɟ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɚ ɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢ
ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɹɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ. ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ
ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɤɪɴɝɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɥɢɥɢɹ, ɨɪɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ, ɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɹɬ ɟ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɴɝɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ.
Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɬɨɪɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɥɟɤɨɜɚ
ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɧɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ9, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ
ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɨɫ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɹ10.
ɉɨɜɥɟɤɴɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɭɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɱɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ
ɝɪɭɩɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ XIII-XIV ɜ. ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɢ
ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ11. ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɹɬ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɚ
ɩɨɜɥɟɤɨɜɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɫ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦ.
Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɢ ɩɨ-ɨɩɪɨɫɬɟɧɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɢ ɜ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟ-
ɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɚ
ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ ɢɥɢ
ɫɚ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɴɬ ɫ
ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥ Ɇ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɟ ɤɴɦ ɬɚɡɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ.
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɫ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ

ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ R, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɥɨɱɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ.
9
Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɧɚɤɢɬɚ ɨɞ XII ɞɨ XVɜɟɤɚ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ
Ɇɭɡɟjɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1990, ɤɚɬ. ɛɪ. 99; ɂɜɚɧɢʄ, Ȼ. ɉɪɫɬɟʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɫɪɟɞʃɞɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɜɥɟɫɬɟɥɟ. Ɂɛɢɪɤɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɭɡɟjɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1998, ɫ. 24, ɤɚɬ.
ɛɪ. 2; Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ʉ. Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ-ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ
1185-1396. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2010, ɬɚɛɥ. IX–5; Spier, J. Late Byzantine rings.1204-1453.
Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden, 2013, cat. no. 24
10
Spier, J. Late Byzantine rings. 1204-1453. Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden, 2013, cat.
no. 25.
11
Ɍɨɬɟɜ, Ʉ. Ɂɥɚɬɧɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ-ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ…, ɬɚɛɥ. VI – 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 32.
485
Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɧɹɤɨɢ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ
ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɬɟɥɢ, ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɳɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɨ ɫ. Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ. ɉɪɴɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ
ɨɬɥɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɨ ɡɥɚɬɨ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ. ɏɚɥɤɢɬɟ ɫɚ
ɤɪɴɝɥɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɪɚɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɲɢɪɹɜɚɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ
ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɬ ɜ ɤɪɴɝɴɥ ɳɢɬ. ɓɢɬɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɫ ɟɞɧɚɤɴɜ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ. ɂɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɡɚɤɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ. Ɂɚ
ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɧɟɳɨ ɩɨ-ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢ, ɧɨ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ
ɧɚ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɨ ɫ. Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. Ɇɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ „ɉɪɟɱɢɫɬɚ” ɞɨ ɫ. Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ, ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɫɤɨ ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɜɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɬ 1956 ɝ. ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 2. Ɂɥɚɬɟɧ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɨɛ ʋ 73 ɜ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ ɧɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ, ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɫɤɨ, XIV ɜ.
Ɉɛɪ. 3. Ɂɥɚɬɟɧ ɩɪɴɫɬɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɨɛ ʋ 31 ɜ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ ɧɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ƚɪɚɞɧɢɰɚ, ɋɟɜɥɢɟɜɫɤɨ, XIV ɜ.
486
1
487
488
ɏɪɢɫɬɨ Ɍɪɟɧɞɚɮɢɥɨɜ
ȼȿɅɂɄɈɉɊȿɋɅȺȼɋɄɂ ɇȺɇɈɋɂ ȼ ɅȿɌɈɉɂɋɇɂə ɊȺɁɄȺɁ ɁȺ

əɊɈɋɅȺȼ ɆɔȾɊɂ
Ʉɧɹɡ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ɇɴɞɪɢ (ɨɤ. 978-20.II.1054) ɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-

ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ȼ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ (ɉȼɅ) ɫɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɚɧɢ
ɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ, ɢ ɧɚ ɫɦɴɪɬ, ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɢɬɟ ɩɨɞ 980 ɢ 1054
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɋɢɧ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɱ, ɩɨɤɪɴɫɬɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɚ Ɋɭɫ,
əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɧɹɡ Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɫɤɢ, ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɨ 40 ɝ. –
Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɢ. ɉɨɱɢɬɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɜɟɪɟɧ (å‰óåâÞò) ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ. ȼɨɞɢ
ɢɡɧɭɪɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɧɢ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɡɚ ɤɢɟɜɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ ɫ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ ɫɢ ɢ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ – ɋɜɹɬɨɩɨɥɤ, ɭɛɢɟɰɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɞɜɚɦɚ
ɛɪɚɬɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɢ Ƚɥɟɛ. ȼɨɞɢ ɪɚɬ ɢ ɫ ɛɚɳɚ ɫɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ (+1015) ɩɪɟɡ 1014 ɝ.
ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɢɥɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɹ ɞɚɧɴɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɦɭ ɧɚɥɚɝɚ. ȼ ɦɟɠɞɭ-
ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɧɢ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɫɜɚɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢ
ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɩɨɥɹɰɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɹɠɤɢ
ɧɚɟɦɧɢɰɢ. Ʉɧɹɡɴɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɤɴɦ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɜɨɸɜɚ ɫ
ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ, ɫ ɮɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɦɚɞɠɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɫ Ʌɢɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɡɤɭɫɟɧ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ-
ɫɴɫɟɞɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɒɜɟɰɢɹ, ɉɨɥɲɚ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ. Ɍɭɤ
əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɇɟɜɫɤɢ (1220-1263),
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɧɚɞ ɲɜɟɞɢ ɢ ɬɟɜɬɨɧɰɢ, ɫ ɭɦɟɥɚ ɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɭɫɩɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɢ ɨɬ ɬɚɬɚɪɨ-ɦɨɧɝɨɥɫɤɢ ɨɪɞɢ,
ɞɨɪɢ ɩɴɬɭɜɚ ɫ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ Ʉɚɪɚɤɭɦ ɢ ɋɚɪɚɣ.
əɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ɇɴɞɪɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɟɧ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥ. ɉɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1051 ɝ. ɟ ɯɢɪɨɬɨɧɢɫɚɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɴɜ
ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɪɭɫɢɧ ɂɥɚɪɢɨɧ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɬɨ ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɢ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɢ. ɂɥɚɪɢɨɧ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɴɪɠɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ
ɢ ɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧ ɫ ɝɪɴɤ ɫɥɟɞ ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡɚ. əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ
Ʉɢɟɜɨ-ɉɟɱɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɚɜɪɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɹɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1036 ɝ. ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪɢ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɋɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɚ ɢ ɝɨ ɩɨɫɜɟɳɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɛɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɩɟɱɟɧɟɝɢɬɟ. ɉɪɟɡ 1045 ɝ. ɡɚɥɚɝɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɟɧ ɫɴɛɨɪ
ɋɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɪɟɥɢɹ ɞɴɪɜɟɧ. əɪɨɫɥɚɜ
ɫɴɬɜɨɪɹɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞ Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1030 ɝ.
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɭɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɨ ɢɦɟ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɣ ɝɪɚɞ ɘɪɢɟɜ,
ɞɧɟɲɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ɍɚɪɬɭ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ɇɴɞɪɢ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɫɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɚ ɜ ɩɨ-ɨɛɳ
ɩɥɚɧ ɫ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ – ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ
489
Христо ТРЕНДАФИЛОВ. ВЕЛИКОПРЕСЛАВСКИ НАНОСИ В ЛЕТОПИСНИЯ РАЗКАЗ ЗА ЯРОСЛАВ МЪДРИ
ɛɚɳɢ, ɩɨɤɪɴɫɬɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ: <...> ɚɤɨ ɮɢɝɭɪɚɬɚ

ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɢɡɦɟɪɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ
(852-888), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɬɨ ɫɢɧɴɬ ɧɚ
ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ (əɪɨɫɥɚɜ) ɩɨ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɫɢɧɚ ɧɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫ (ɋɢɦɟɨɧ).
Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɨɪɢ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɧɹɦɚ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɳɟ ɨɩɢɬɚɦɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. ɓɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɦɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɹɬɚ, ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧɢ ɜ ɉȼɅ ɩɨɞ 1037, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɬ ɧɚɤɪɚɬɤɨ
ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚɱɟɫɤɨ-ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɢ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ
əɪɨɫɥɚɜ. ȼ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚɬɚ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɹ ɬɟ ɡɚɟɦɚɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɬɪɹɡɴɤɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɳɟ
ɩɨɫɨɱɢɦ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
1. ɐɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ
ȼ ɥýɬɨ 6545(1037). Ɂɚɥɨɠɢ əɪɨɫɥɚɜɴ ɝɨɪɨɞɴ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɠɟ

ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɭɬɶ Ɂɥɚɬɚɹ ɜɪɚɬɚ; ɡɚɥɨɠɢ ɠɟ ɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɶ ɫɜɹɬɵɹ ɋɨɮɶɹ,
ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɶɸ, ɢ ɩɨɫɟɦɶ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɶ ɧɚ Ɂɨɥɨɬɵɯɴ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ-ɫɜɹɬɵɹ
Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɜɳɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɟɦɶ ɫɜɹɬɚɝɨ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɵɪɶ ɢ
ɫɜɹɬɵɹ ɂɪɢɧɵ. ɂ ɩɪɢ ɫɟɦɶ ɧɚɱɚ ɜýɪɚ ɯɪɟɫɬɶɧɫɤɚ ɩɥɨɞɢɬɢɫɹ ɢ
ɪɚɲɢɪɹɬɢ, ɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɰɢ ɩɨɱɚɲɚ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɢɫɹ, ɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɟɜɟ
ɩɨɱɚɲɚ ɛɵɬɢ1.
Ɂɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɫɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɜ ɉɨɫɥɟɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɜɚɱ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɶɨɪ Ɍɭɞɨɪ,
ɱɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ Ⱦɨɤɫɨɜ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɑɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɚɪɢɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ
Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢɣ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢɣɫɤɢ, ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡɚ ɨɬ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ Ɂɥɚɬɧɚ ɇɨɜɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɇɨɜɚ
ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɨ Ɂɥɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ: èäå æå ñcòàà çëàòàà ½cðêâ¥ íîâàà
ñúòâîðåíà år T òýì æDå êícçì2.
1
ɉɅȾɊ – ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ. XI – ɧɚɱɚɥɨ XII ɜɟɤɚ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,
1978, ɫ. 164, 166. ɇɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɰɢɬɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉȼɅ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɳɟ
ɫɨɱɢɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ.
2
Ƚɨɪɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ., Ʉ. ɇɟɜɨɫɬɪɭɟɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ
ɋɢɧɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ. Ɍɨɦ II, ɨɬɞɟɥ 2. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1859, ɫ. 33.
490
2. Ʉɧɢɠɨɜɧɨ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ
ɋɥɟɞɜɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɫɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɚɬɚ

ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɨ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ. Ɍɹ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɜɹɜɚ ɜ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɬɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɞɭɯ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ, ɧɨ
ɧɚɫɢɬɟɧɚ ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɬɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ.
3. ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɬɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ

ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɛɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɡɚ ɨɬ ɭɱɟɧɶɹ ɤɧɢɠɧɚɝɨ; ɤɧɢɝɚɦɢ ɛɨ
ɤɚɠɟɦɢ ɢ ɭɱɢɦɢ ɟɫɦɵ, ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɹɧɶɸ, ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɶ ɛɨ ɨɛɪýɬɚɟɦɴ
ɢ ɜɴɡɞɟɪɠɚɧɶɟ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɴ ɤɧɢɠɧɵɯɴ. ɋɟ ɛɨ ɫɭɬɶ ɪýɤɵ,
ɧɚɩɚɹɸɳɟ ɜɫɟɥɟɧɭɸ, ɫɟ ɫɭɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ; ɤɧɢɝɚɦɴ ɛɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɢɳɟɬɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ: ɫɢɦɢ ɛɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɥɢ ɭɬýɲɚɟɦɢ ɟɫɦɵ; ɫɢ
ɫɭɬɶ ɭɡɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɚɧɶɸ. Ɇɭɞɪɨɫɬɶ ɛɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ, ɹɤɨɠɟ ɢ
ɋɨɥɨɦɨɧɴ ɯɜɚɥɹɳɟ ɸ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɲɟ: Ⱥɡɴ, ɩɪɟɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɶ, ɜɫɟɥɢɯɴ
ɫɜýɬɴ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɴ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɴ ɚɡɴ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɯ. ɋɬɪɚɯɴ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɟɧɶ <...>.
Ⱥɳɟ ɛɨ ɩɨɢɳɟɲɢ ɜɴ ɤɧɢɝɚɯɴ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥýɠɧɨ, ɬɨ ɨɛɪɹɳɟɲɢ
ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɩɨɥɡɭ ɞɭɲɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ. ɂɠɟ ɛɨ ɤɧɢɝɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɱɬɟɬɶ, ɬɨ
ɛɟɫɞɭɟɬɴ ɫ Ȼɨɝɨɦɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɬɵɦɢ ɦɭɠɢ. ɉɨɱɢɬɚɹ ɩɪɨɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɤɵɹ
ɛɟɫýɞɵ, ɢ ɟɭɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɭɱɟɧɶɹ, ɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ, ɢ ɠɢɬɶɹ
ɫɜɹɬɵɯɴ ɨɬɟɰɶ, ɜɴɫɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɬɶ ɞɭɲɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɩɨɥɡɭ3.
Ɍɚɡɢ ɦɚɥɤɚ ɚɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɡɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɬɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɛɟ

ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ, ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɢɪɚ ɫ ɟɞɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧɨ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɨɬ 1076 ɝ., ɧɚɪɢɱɚɧ ɨɳɟ ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠɟɧ ɢɥɢ Ɇɚɥɴɤ
ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, ʋ 20 ɨɬ
ȿɪɦɢɬɚɠɧɚɬɚ ɫɛɢɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɊɇȻ, ɧɨ ɋɥɨɜɨɬɨ, ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɚ ɞɭɦɚ, ɟ
ɫɴɯɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɜ 14 ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɭɫɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ4. ɂɡɞɚɜɚɧɨ
ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɴɬɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɍɣɥɹɦ Ɏɟɞɟɪ ɋɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɟ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ, ɤɚɬɨ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥ5.
3
ɉɅȾɊ, ɫ. 166.
4
Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɋɬ. Ɂɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɰɢ. – ȼ:
ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1979, ɫ. 25.
5
Ɏɟɞɟɪ, ɍ. Ɋ. Êúíæèè èçáîðüíèêú. Ɂɚ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɪɬɢɤɢɧɚ. Ɍɨɦ I.
ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2008, 249-250; ɫɪɜ.: Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɋɬ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ, ɫ. 26, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧɨ
ɋɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɉɚɧɚɝɸɪɫɤɢɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɨɬ XVI ɜ.); ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɍ. Ɏɟɞɟɪ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɴɬ ɨɬ 1076 ɝ.
ɧɟ ɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜ.
Ɍɚɤɚɜɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ
ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɛɢɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɤɢɪɢɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ: Ɂɥɚɬɨɫɬɪɭɣ, ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɨɬ
1073 ɝ., ɉɚɧɞɟɤɬɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɨɯ, ɍɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ, Ɂɚ
491
3ɚ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɢɬɟ
Ɉɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɝɥɚɫɢ Ñëîâî íýêî¬ãî

êàëóãåðà î ÷üòåíèè êúíèãú6. ȼ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨ-
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ: íýêî¬ãî ÷üðíîðèçüöà ñëîâî î êíèãàõü7 ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɡɚ
ɧɚɞɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ Ɂɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɡɤɚɡɜɚɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɱɟ ɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ Ɇɧɢɯ,
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɫɴɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ8. ȼ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɹ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ
ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɋɥɨɜɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɨɬ 1076. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɟ ɡɚɟɦɚɥ ɧɟ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɹɫɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɱɢ
ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧ ɩɨɫɬ „ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɢ”: Ãðèãîð·åNr
ïðåçâèòåðwNr ìèîNr âñýar öeðêâíèLr áëúãàðê¥ar öðêâ·è ïîâëýí·åNr òîãî êíèCrëþAröà êcí³
Ñåì·îOr9.
Ȼɟɡɢɦɟɧɧɢɹɬ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɋɥɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɥ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɉɫɚɥɬɢɪɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɰɢɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɫɚ ɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɨ-
ɤɪɚɬɴɤ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɥɢɬɚɬ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɦɴɞɪɨɫɬɢ10. ɐɢɬɢɪɚ ɫɟ
ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ, 16 ɩɪɨɪɨɤɚ ɫ ɬɴɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɋɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ,

Ɍɢɯɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɋɤɚɥɢɝɟɪɨɜ ɩɚɬɟɪɢɤ. ɍɱɟɧɢɹɬ ɫɟ ɫɩɢɪɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɜɴɜ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ Ʉɢɟɜ ɜɠ. Ɏɟɞɟɪ, ɍ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 18-23). Ʉɨɣ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɢɥ ɬɨɡɢ
ɤɨɥɨɫɚɥɟɧ ɬɪɭɞ, ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɳ ɨɩɢɬɧɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɫ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɬɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɥɸɞɟ?
ɋɤɨɪɨɩɨɫɬɢɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ (ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɚɧɢ,
ɟɤɫɩɭɥɫɢɪɚɧɢ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɰɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɥɸɞɟ, ɩɪɨɤɭɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ
ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɨɬɨ ɱɭɠɞɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɞɢɧɚɬɚ)?
6
Ɏɟɞɟɪ, ɍ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 249; Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɋɬ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 25.
7
Ɏɟɞɟɪ, ɍ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 249.
8
ɋɨɛɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, Ⱥ. ɂ. Ⱦɜɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɹ. – ȼ:
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɈɊəɋ, 12, 1907, 252-253; Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɋɬ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 30-31, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɋɥɨɜɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɰɟɥɢɹ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 1076). ɉɨ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɫɟ ɨɬɞɚɜɚ ɢ
ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɦɹɬɚɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ɉɛɨɥɟɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɦɚɧɞɪɢɬ Ʌɟɨɧɢɞ (Ʉɚɜɟɥɢɧ),
ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɬ ȿɦɢɥ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ ɢ ɉɟɣɨ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ (ɨɬ ɥ. 199ɚ ɞɨ
ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɚ). Ⱦɧɟɫ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɢ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɬ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬɧɨɬɨ Ɉɫɦɨɤɧɢɠɢɟ.
9
Ɍɪɟɧɞɚɮɢɥɨɜ, ɏ. ɐɚɪ ɢ ɜɟɤ. ȼɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɚ. ɑɟɬɢɪɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɥɚɰɢɢ.
ɒɭɦɟɧ – ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2017, ɫ. 322 ɢ 465, ɮɢɝɭɪɚ 1.
10
Ɋɨɡɨɜ, ɇ. ɇ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ 1076 ɝɨɞɚ. – ȼ:
Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1976, 42-45; ɫɪɜ. Ɏɟɞɟɪ, ɍ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ.
249, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɡɛɪɨɹɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ 10 ɩɫɚɥɬɢɪɧɢ ɩɨɡɨɜɚɜɚɧɢɹ.
492
ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɉɫɚɥɦ 1811. ȼ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɬɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ

1037 ɝ. ɜ ɉȼɅ ɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɧɟɦɚɥɴɤ ɰɢɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɜɟɯɬɨɡɚɜɟɬɟɧ ɰɚɪ –
ɋɨɥɨɦɨɧ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɢ ɱɟɪɬɢ ɜ ɩɨ-ɨɛɳ ɩɥɚɧ,
ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ-ɪɹɞɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɤɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚɥɧɢ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ ðàçóìú,
ñúìûñëú, óçäà. ȼ ɤɪɚɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɹɜɚɧɢ ɨɬɪɹɡɴɤɚ ɫɟ ɚɩɟɥɢɪɚ ɤɴɦ
ɱɟɬɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɰɢɬɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɋɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ
1076 ɟ ɩɨ-ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ: Ïîñëóøàè ò¥ æèòèÿ ñâòààãî
âàñèëèÿ è ñâòààãî èwàíúíà çëàòîóñòààãî è ñâòààãî êvðèëà ôèëîñîôà12.
ɉɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ X ɜ. ɠɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ ɢ
Ʉɢɪɢɥ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥ, ɚ Ƀɨɚɧ
ȿɤɡɚɪɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜɚ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɧɚ
ɫɜɨɹ ɬɪɭɞ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ. ɓɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫɬɚɬɢɹ ɡɚ ɬɹɯ ɜ ɉȼɅ ɩɨɞ 898 ɝ13.
ȼɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰɴɬ ɩɴɪɜɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ, ɱɟ
ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɡɚ ɬɹɯ (ɹɤɨɠɟ ɪɟɤɨɯɨɦ). ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɥɚɤɨɧɢɱɟɧ, ɧɨ ɧɚɫɢɬɟɧ ɫ
ɞɚɧɧɢ ɨɬɪɹɡɴɤ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɜ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɪɢɠɟɧ ɡɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ
ɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɋɨɮɢɹ, ɡɧɚɱɢ ɤɧɹɡɴɬ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɚ (ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚ) ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɦɭ
ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹɬ ɤɴɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɚɬɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɡɚ
ɩɴɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɪɢɬɭɚɥ.
əɪɨɫɥɚɜɴ ɠɟ ɫɟɣ, ɹɤɨɠɟ ɪɟɤɨɯɨɦ, ɥɸɛɢɦɴ ɛý ɤɧɢɝɚɦɴ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɵ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜɴ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɬýɣ ɋɨɮɶɢ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɸɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚ ɫɚɦɴ.
ɍɤɪɚɫɢ ɸ’ ɡɥɚɬɨɦɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɦɶ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɦɢ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɠɟ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɹ ɩýɫɧɢ Ȼɨɝɭ ɜɴɡɞɚɸɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɹ14.
ɂɡɯɨɠɞɚɣɤɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɹ ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɞɹɥɚ ɜ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɚɬɚ
ɫɬɚɬɢɹ ɩɨɞ 1037 ɜ ɉȼɅ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɪɧɟɦ ɤɴɦ ɛɟɝɥɨ ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬɢɹ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɨ-
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ɇɴɞɪɢ ɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɚɠɞɚɳ
ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. ɇɚɣ-ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɟ
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɹɡ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɫ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ
ɧɚɣ-ɩɴɥɧɨ ɟ ɨɛɪɢɫɭɜɚɧɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɬɚ ɚɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ,
11
Ȼɢɛɥɢɹ, ɫɢɪɟɱ ɤɧɢɝɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɳɟɧɨɬɨ ɉɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɇɨɜɢɹ Ɂɚɜɟɬ.
ɋɜɟɬɢɹɬ ɫɢɧɨɞ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1995, 696-700.
12
Ɏɟɞɟɪ, ɍ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɫ. 250.
13
ɉɅȾɊ, 40-43.
14
493
ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ15, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɴɬɢ – ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɢ ɜ

ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɨɬ 1073 ɝ. ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚɬɚ ɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɩɪɟɚɞɪɟɫɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɴɦ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɟ
ɞɚɥɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɹɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ ɨɬ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰɚ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
əɪɨɫɥɚɜ.
1. ȼ ɉȼɅ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɧɟ ɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧ ɜɟɥɢɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɧɹɡɟɬɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɟ
ɧɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɜ ɂɡɛ. 73, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɫɴɳɨ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢ ɜɨɣɧɢ ɡɚ
ɤɢɟɜɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ ɫ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ ɫɢ ɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɫ ɛɚɳɚ ɫɢ, ɤɧɹɡ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ: Âåëèê¥è
âú êíçèõú êíçü ñòeîñëàâú16.
2. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɉȼɅ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ,
ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ (ɋɢɦɟɨɧ) ɫɴɛɢɪɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚɱɟɫɤɢ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
3. ɋɴɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɉȼɅ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ
ɤɧɢɝɢ ɜ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɤ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜ. Ʉɧɢɝɢɬɟ
ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɞɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɱɟɪɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɟɞ (ɫ ɬɚɡɢ
ɰɟɥ ɫɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɤɴɩɨɰɟɧɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ) ɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɚ
ɧɚɦɟɪɢɥɢ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɭɤ. ȼ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡɚ ɜ ɂɡɛ. 73 ɫɟ ɧɚɛɥɹɝɚ,
ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɢɥ ɩɚɥɚɬɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɫ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɧɚ ȼɟɯɬɢɹ ɢ ɇɨɜɢɹ Ɂɚɜɟɬ,
ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɥ ɟ ɩɴɥɟɧ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ: áæeñòâüí¥õú êúíèãü
âñýõú.
əɜɧɨ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɥ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ Ⱦɜɨɪɰɨɜɚ
(ɉɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɚ) ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ (ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɫɤɚ, ɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ,
ɱɟ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɟ ɪɟɡɢɞɢɪɚɥ ɜ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɜ Ʉɢɟɜ).
4. əɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɟ „ɨɛɡɚɜɟɥ” ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɫ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢ ɫ
ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɭɬɜɚɪ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɟ ɝɪɢɠɟɥ ɡɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɡɚ
ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɜɟɥɦɨɠɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢ. Ɍɨɱɧɨ
15
Ⱦɧɟɫ ɬɜɨɪɛɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɚ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚ, ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ,
ɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ (ɟɧɤɨɦɢɨɧ). ȼ ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɜɚɬ
ɠɚɧɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɚɪɢɱɚɬ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ:
ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ (Ʉ. Ʉɚɥɚɣɞɨɜɢɱ, Ⱥ. Ƚɨɪɫɤɢ, Ʉ. ɇɟɜɨɫɬɪɭɟɜ). ɇɨ
ɤɚɤɜɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɜɚɦɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɝɪɚɮɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ? Ʌɟɤɫɟɦɚɬɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɡɧɚɤ,
ɫɤɪɟɩɹɜɚɳ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ (ɋɪɟɡɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɂ. ɂ.
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɍɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ. ɑɚɫɬɶ 2. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1989, 1065-1066).
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɥɚ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɠɚɧɪɨɜɨ-ɤɧɢɠɨɜɟɧ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ. Ⱥ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɮɟɪɚɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜɚɧ Ƀɨɪɞɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢ
ɰɟɥɢɹ ɫɢ ɞɨɫɟɝɚɲɟɧ ɧɚɭɱɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬ; ɤɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɢ ɬɟɦɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬ
(ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɟɡɢɤɨɜɢ, ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨɜɟɞɫɤɢ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢ), ɬɨɣ
ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɤɨɫɧɟ ɞɨ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ.
16
ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ (ɩɨ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɨɬ 1073 ɝ.): ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɬɟɤɫɬ. Ɍɨɦ 1, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1991, ɫ. 202. ɇɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɰɢɬɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɜɡɟɬɢ ɨɬ
ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ.
494
ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɩɪɚɜɟɥ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɜɚɥ ɧɚɫɴɛɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɧɢɝɢɬɟ ɦɴɞɪɨɫɬ

ɩɪɟɞ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɛɨɥɹɪɢ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɦɢɫɥɢ:
èçú óñòú ñâîèõú ïðýäú áîëð¥
íà âðàçóìýíèå òýõú ì¥ñëüìú.
ɇɚɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɟɧɚ
ɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɰɚɪɹ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɪɚɡɹɫɧɹɜɚɥ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɟɥɢɬ ɫɦɢɫɴɥɚ ɢ
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɞɚɜɚɥ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ
ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ɇɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɧɚɣ-ɛɥɢɡɴɤ
ɫɴɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɞɚɜɚɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɹ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɢɹ
ɟɥɢɬ ɲɢɪɨɤ ɤɪɴɝ ɨɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɦɴɪɬɜɚɬɚ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ, ɬɴɥɤɭɜɚɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɪɟɞ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ17.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɢ ɛɟɫɟɞɢ ɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ
ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪ. ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɨɜ18.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɹ ɪɚɡɤɚɡ ɡɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ-
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ əɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ɇɴɞɪɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɚ
Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɩɨɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɜ ɉȼɅ ɩɨɞ 1037 ɝ., ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰɴɬ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥ ɨɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɴɬ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɡɚ ɤɢɟɜɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɹɡ
ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɩɪɟɡ 1073, ɨɳɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɜ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɱɟ ɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥ ɬɚɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ 1037 ɢ 1073. ɉɪɟɡ 1062 ɝ. ɜ Ʉɢɟɜ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚ ɧɨɜɢɹɬ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ
ɝɪɴɤ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɣ, ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮ19. ɇɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɟ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɚ
ɞɨɧɟɫɥɢ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥ ɧɚ ɂɡɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ,
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ 917 ɢ 919 ɝ.
17
Ɍɚɡɢ (ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɚ) ɜɟɥɢɤɨɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɡ
ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ X ɜ. ɜ Ⱦɜɨɪɟɰɚ ɢ e ɩɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɦ ɢ
ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɥɚ
ɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ
ɡɚɟɬɨɫɬ ɧɚ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɝɴɬ ɧɚ
ɤɥɚɫɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɧɹɤɴɞɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɚɧɚ: ɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫ
ɟɡɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ, ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ – ɜ ɫɮɟɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɠ.: Ʉɭɧ, Ɍ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1996. ɉɪɟɡ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɜ ɨɬɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɥɚ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɧɚɲɟɫɤɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ.
18
Ɍɪɟɧɞɚɮɢɥɨɜ, ɏ. Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2001, 88-90.
19
Ɍɭɪɢɥɨɜ Ⱥ. Ⱥ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮ. – ȼ: ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ
ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. Ɍ. 13. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2006, 71-74.
495
ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ
ɇȿɂɁȼȿɋɌȿɇ Ɍɂɉ ɆɈɇȿɌȺ ɇȺ ȻɔɅȽȺɊɋɄɂ ɏɊɂɋɌɂəɇɋɄɂ

ɏɊȺɆ
Hristo Haritonov
UNIQUE TYPE OF COIN OF A BULGARIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCH
In the 18th and 19th centuries, some of the Bulgarian Christian churches cut their
own coins for indoor use. They are not tokens because they have nominal monetary value
and other features similar to regular coins. Some of the coins are known to science, but
others are known only by historical evidence. The object of this study is exactly such
unknown type of church coin. It is a cross-signed brass token of an Austrian river shipping
company from the middle of the 9th century.
The conclusions drawn from the comparison of this coin with others, as well as it
being based on its numismatic and historical analysis allow it to be referred to the coinage of
the St. Nicholas Church in the Danube town of Lom between 1856 – 1868.
Ⱦɜɚɣɫɟɬɢɧɚ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɏVȱȱȱ ɢ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ. Ɍɨ ɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɧɨ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɡɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ. Ɉɛɟɤɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɜɴɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨ-
ɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɨ ɨɛɪɴɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɩɴɥɧɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɫ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ,
ɱɟ ɬɹ ɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɬɢɩ. ȿɬɨ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ:
Ʌɢɰɟ: ȼɞɴɥɛɚɧ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɡɧɚɤ.
Ɉɩɚɤɨ: Ɋɟɥɟɮɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɤ ɨɬ
ɥɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ.
ɉɪɟɩɟɱɚɬɤɚ: ȼɴɪɯɭ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɟɧ ɠɟɬɨɧ ɨɬ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤ.
Ɇɟɬɚɥ: Ɇɟɫɢɧɝ.
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɴɪ: 12 ɦɢɥɢɦɟɬɪɚ.
Ɍɟɝɥɨ: 0,30 ɝɪɚɦɚ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɧɚ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɬɚ: Ʉɨɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɢ.
əɞɪɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ ɦɟɫɢɧɝɨɜ ɠɟɬɨɧ ɧɚ
ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɚ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɨɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤ. Ɇɢɧɚɥ ɟ
ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ1. ɉɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɧɚ
1
ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ, ɏ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2010, ɫ. 47.
496
Христо ХАРИТОНОВ. НЕИЗВЕСТЕН ТИП МОНЕТА НА БЪЛГАРСКИ ХРИСТИЯНСКИ ХРАМ
ɧɚɤɨɜɚɥɧɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɫ ɱɭɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɫɩɥɟɫɤɚɧɨ

ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫ ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɚɧ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɦɚɪɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɪɚɦɟɧɟɧ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɡɚɟɦɚɳ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ
ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɟ. ɉɟɱɚɬɴɬ ɜ ɤɪɚɢɳɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɦɟɧɟɬɟ ɟ ɩɨ-ɞɴɥɛɨɤ, ɚ ɜ
ɩɪɟɫɟɱɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɜɧɹɜɚ ɫ ɧɢɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɬɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨ-ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɹɞɪɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɴɪɜɟɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɦɚɪɤɚɬɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɬɨ ɥɟɤɨ ɫɟ ɟ
ɢɡɤɨɪɭɛɢɥɨ. Ʉɪɴɫɬɧɢɹɬ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɟ ɟ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɩɚɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ. Ⱥɤɨ ɹɞɪɨɬɨ ɛɟɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɬɨ ɧɹɦɚɲɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢ ɫɟɝɚɲɧɢɹɬ ɪɟɥɟɮ. ȼ ɤɪɚɣɧɚ ɫɦɟɬɤɚ ɟ ɧɚɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɪɟɞɧɢɹɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ.
Ɂɚ ɥɢɰɟɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ
ɢɡɫɟɱɟɧ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɢɹɬ ɡɧɚɤ. Ɂɚ ɠɟɬɨɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɧɨɫɟɥɚ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛ, ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɢ ɡɪɴɧɱɟɫɬ ɤɪɴɝ ɩɨɤɪɚɣ ɝɭɪɬɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ.
ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ PLUS ULTRA ɜɴɪɯɭ ɠɟɬɨɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɟɜɢɡɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɬɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɪɟɱɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ. ɉɪɢɟɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɢɲɟ
ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɟɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ ɫ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɟɦɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɳɭɜɚɧɢɹ. PLUS ɢɞɜɚ ɨɬ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ
„ɩɨɜɟɱɟ”. ɋ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɧɹɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɳɨ, ɤɚɤɜɨɬɨ ɟ
ɪɟɱɧɢɤɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɋ ULTRA – „ɨɬɜɴɞ”, ɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ
ɫɜɪɴɯɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɬɚ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɟ ɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɠɟɬɨɧɢ.
ȼɴɪɯɭ ɨɩɚɤɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫ ɢɡɝɪɹɜɚɳɨ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ ɫɥɴɧɰɟ.
ɇɚ ɠɟɬɨɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɜɴɡɥɚɝɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɚ.
Ɋɟɞɨɦ ɫ ɧɟɹ ɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɚɬɚ. ɉɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɫɟ ɫ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. „Ɇɚɪɤɨ-
ɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ”, ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɬɚ ɨɬ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɜ ɩɭɫɤɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɟ-
ɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ (ɦɚɪɤɢ), ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ. ɋɪɟɳɭ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɬ ɫɬɨɤɢ
ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢɬɟ, ɫ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ
ɠɟɬɨɧɢɬɟ ɢɦɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ, ɧɨ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɹɜɚɬ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɢ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɬɚ. ɋ ɬɹɯ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢ
ɨɬɫɬɴɩɤɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɱɢɬɚɬ ɫɭɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɴɞɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ2. Ɉɬɱɟɬɴɬ ɫɴɫ
ɫɦɟɬɤɨɜɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɮɟɧɢɝɢ ɫɬɚɜɚɥ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɚ ɞɴɫɤɚ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɚɛɚɤ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
2
Ɂɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɜɠ. ɒɢɲɤɢɧ, Ⱥ. ɉ. Ɇɟɬɚɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɨɧɵ ɍɤɪɚɣɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɏȱɏ-
ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ. Ʉɢɟɜ, 1974, ɫ. 76 ɢ ɫɥ.
497
ɫɦɟɬɤɨɜɨɞɧɢɹ ɩɮɟɧɢɝ ɟ ɦɚɪɤɚɬɚ. Ɍɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɧɚ (ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɨ

ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɴɪɚ), ɰɟɯɨɜɚ, ɫɩɨɪɬɧɚ ɢ ɩɪ. Ɉɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɬɟ
ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɧɢ ɠɟɬɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɱɚɫɬɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɦɢɲɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɢ3. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɤɴɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɲɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ (ɠɟɬɨɧ),
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ.
ɉɪɢɝɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɢɧɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢ
ɤɨɪɚɛɧɢ ɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢ ɠɟɬɨɧɢ ɡɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɛɴɥ-
ɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ. ɋɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ „ɋɜ. ɉɟɬɤɚ” ɜ Ƚɚɛɪɨɜɨ4, ɧɚ „ɋɜ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ” ɜ Ⱥɪɧɚɭɬ ɤɶɨɣ (ɫ.
ɉɨɪɨɢɳɟ, Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ)5, ɧɚ „ɋɜ. Ⱥɪɯ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ” ɜ Ɍɪɹɜɧɚ6 ɢ ɞɪ. Ɂɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ
ɠɟɬɨɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɠɟɬɨɧɢ ɫɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɜɚɥɢ
ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɟɱɧɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ ɩɨ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ, ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɟ
ɫɩɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ „ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚ” ɜ Ʌɨɦ. Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɟ
ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɟ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɢɹ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɳɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɤ ɫɚ ɧɚɥɢɰɟ. ɉɨɩɚɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɧɢɬɟ ɠɟɬɨɧɢ ɜ
ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ ɞɚɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟ „ȼ
ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ, 1856 ɝ., ɜ ɱɚɪɲɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɹɞɠɢɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɯɚ
ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɡɥɚɬɨɠɴɥɬɢ ɩɚɪɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɧɟɤɟ (ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɧɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ), ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ ɜ Ʌɨɦ ɮɪɨɥɢɧɢ...”7, ɬɨ
ɨɱɚɤɜɚɧɨ ɟ „ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚ” ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɨɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɞɟ ɧɚ
ɠɟɬɨɧɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ „ɱɟɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ”, ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɱɟɪɤɜɢ. Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɦɹɪɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɥɨ ɑɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ.
Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɱɟɪɤɜɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ,
ɧɨ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɮɚɤɬ ɛɥɚɡɧɢ ɦɢɫɴɥɬɚ,
ɚ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɬɭɤ ɮɚɤɬɢ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɨɦɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ
3
Ɂɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɜɠ. ɉɨɬɢɧ, ȼ. Ɇ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɭ. – ɌȽɗ, ɏɏVȱ, 1986, 97-
98.
4
ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ, ɏ., ɉ. Ɍɨɰɟɜ, Ɋ. Ƀɨɫɢɮɨɜ. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ.
ɉɟɬɤɚ” ɜ Ƚɚɛɪɨɜɨ. – ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɞɠɢɢɬɟ. 8, Ƚɚɛɪɨɜɨ, 2010, 15-25.
5
ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ, ɏ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ” ɜ Ⱥɪɧɚɭɬ ɤɶɨɣ. – Ɉɬ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɤɴɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ. ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɬ.ɧ.ɫ. ɞ-ɪ ɏɪɢɫɬɨ
ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ. ɱ. ȱ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2010, 164-222.
6
Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥɨɜ, Ȼ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɍɪɟɜɧɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɱɟɪɤɜɚ „ɋɜ. Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɴ”. Ɍɪɹɜɧɚ,
1925, ɫ. 29.
7
Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ʌɨɦ ɢ Ʌɨɦɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ. 1907, ɂɆ Ʌɨɦ, ɢɧɜ. ʋ
265, ɫ. 288.
498
ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɦɢɫɴɥ ɫɟ ɭɩɥɴɬɧɹɜɚ ɨɳɟ ɩɨ-ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ

ɧɚ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɤɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. Ɍɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɜɬɚɪɹ ɧɢɤɨɹ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ. ȼ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɜɚɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɨɛɥɢɠɚɜɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɞɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɨɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɱɟɪɤɜɚ „ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚ”.
ɂɦɚ ɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɟ? Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɴɬ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ
ɢɡɜɥɢɱɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ: „ɉɪɟɞɢ ɫɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɜ 1820-1830 ɝ. ɛɨɝɨɦɨɥɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ
ɯɜɴɪɝɚɥɢ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ (ɟɞɧɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɬɪɢ ɚɫɩɪɢ); ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɱɧɚɥɢ
(1840) ɞɚ ɯɜɴɪɥɹɬ ɦɚɧɝɴɪɢ – ɛɚɤɴɪɟɧɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɬɚɱɟɬɚ, ɩɟɬ ɩɚɪɢ. ɇɨ
ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɟɩɢɬɪɨɩɢɬɟ (ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɢ) ɧɚɦɟɪɢɥɢ, ɱɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɹ ɪɨɞ
ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɦɚɥɤɚ ɩɟɱɚɥɛɚ, ɬɟ ɜɴɜɟɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɟɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɢ ɬɟɧɟɤɟɬɚ – ɠɴɥɬɢ, ɢɡɪɹɡɚɧɢ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɢɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɢ ɫ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɛɟɥɟɝ. Ɉɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɞɴɫɤɚ – ɟɞɢɧ ɦɟɬɴɪ ɞɴɥɝɚ ɢ 50 ɫɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɫɟ ɤɭɩɭɜɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɝɪɨɲ, ɜɚɞɟɥɢ ɩɨ 200-250 ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɱɟɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɚɪɢɱɤɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɟɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɚɪɚ.
Ȼɨɝɨɦɨɥɟɰɴɬ ɤɭɩɭɜɚɥ ɫɜɟɳɢ ɫ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ, ɧɨ
ɢɦɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ, ɱɟ ɳɟ ɦɭ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɬ ɩɚɪɢ ɡɚ ɦɢɪɨɫɜɚɧɟ (ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ,
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɤɴɬ ɩɨɦɚɡɜɚ ɜɹɪɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɫ ɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɨ ɦɢɪɨ). Ɂɚ
ɞɢɫɤɨɫɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɹɰɢɬɟ ɬɨɣ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ ɤɭɩɭɜɚɥ ɨɳɟ ɢ
ɱɟɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ ɡɚ 10-20 ɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɩɚɪɢ. Ɍɢɹ ɱɟɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ, ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɚ
ɡɚ ɦɢɪɨɫɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɹɰɢɬɟ, ɫɟ ɜɪɴɳɚɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɚɧɝɚɪɹ (ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ
ɱɟɪɤɜɚɬɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬ ɫɜɟɳɢ) ɨɬɝɞɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɬɹɯ ɩɨɩɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɹɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ. ɇɨ ɢ ɬɨɹ ɪɨɞ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ
ɟɩɢɬɪɨɩɴɬ Ɇɚɪɢɧ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɢɹɬɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɥ ɡɚ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɢ ɝɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝ, ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟɧ. ȼ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ, 1856 ɝ., ɜ ɱɚɪɲɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɛɨɹɞɠɢɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɯɚ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɡɥɚɬɨɠɴɥɬɢ ɩɚɪɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɧɟɤɟ
(ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɧɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ), ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ ɜ
Ʌɨɦ ɮɪɨɥɢɧɢ; ɫ ɬɹɯ ɦɨɦɢɬɟ ɭɤɪɚɫɹɜɚɯɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɥɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɜɴɥɧɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɢ
ɧɢɠɟɯɚ ɝɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɨɫɧɹɰɢɬɟ (ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɩɥɢɬɤɚ) ɢ ɤɨɫɢɬɟ. Ɍɟ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɯɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɝɥɨ – ɨɤɚɬɚ (ɬɟɠɟɫɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 260 ɝ.) ɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɜɚɲɟ 4
ɝɪɨɲɚ, ɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɤɚ ɞɨɯɨɠɞɚɯɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 000 ɮɪɨɥɢɧɢ. ɂɦɚɲɟ ɪɚɡɧɢ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ – ɦɚɥɤɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɞɪɟɛɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɟɬɚɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɟɞɪɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɦɚɯɦɭɞɢɢ. ȿɩɢɬɪɨɩɢɬɟ ɤɭɩɭɜɚɯɚ ɨɬ ɦɚɥɤɢɬɟ ɮɪɨɥɢɧɢ,
ɭɞɪɹɯɚ ɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɛɟɥɟɝ ɢ ɝɢ ɜɴɜɟɞɨɯɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɟɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɩɚɪɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɞɚɞɨɯɚ
ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɮɪɨɥɢɧɤɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɍɢɹ ɩɚɪɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɜ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ 1868 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɩɨ ɧɚɬɢɫɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɢɡɜɴɪɥɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɴɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɚɪɢ, ɦɚɧɝɴɪ ɢ
ɩɟɬɚɥɢɤ 5, 10, 20 ɩɚɪɢ ɢ ɝɪɨɲɥɟɬɚɬɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɡɨɥɢɬɟ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢ. Ɍɢɹ
ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɤɚɩɟɯɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɚɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɤɨɜɟɧ ɩɚɧɝɚɪ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɯɚ ɨɧɡɢ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢ, ɫ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɲɟ ɱɟɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɢ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟɬɨ, ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɜ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ ɫɟɦɟɟɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɲɟ, ɱɟ
499
ɧɟ ɟ ɫɴɩɪɭɝ, ɧɟ ɟ ɛɚɳɚ, ɧɟ ɟ ɟɫɧɚɮ ɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɱɟɫɬɟɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɞɟɧ

ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɟɧ ɞɟɧ ɧɟ ɨɬɢɞɟɲɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɤɜɚ, ɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɴɬ
ɛɟɲɟ ɜɧɭɲɢɬɟɥɟɧ”8.
ɇɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ Ʌɨɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ Ɇ. Ʌɚɱɟɜ9. ɇɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɪɟɞ ɬɨɣ ɞɚɜɚ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ.
ɇɚɬɪɭɩɜɚɬ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɧɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɬɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ. Ʉɴɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ ɜ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɹɬ ɬɟɝɥɨɬɨ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɳɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨ-
ɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏVȱȱȱ ɢ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤ. Ʌɢɩɫɜɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ࣊. ɇɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɚ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɟɧ ɢɡɜɨɞ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɴɫ
ɫɟɝɚɲɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɬɢɩ, ɢ ɜɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ, ɛɟɡ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɪɨɹɜɚɬ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɬɹ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤɴɦ Ʌɨɦɫɤɨɬɨ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ10.
ɉɨ-ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ, ɧɚɫɟɱɟɧɚ/ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɦɚɪɤɢɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬ
ɦɨɧɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦ „ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚ”, ɨɛɯɜɚɳɚɳ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɬ
1856 ɞɨ 1868 ɝ.
Ɉɛɪ. 1. Ʌɢɰɟɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ: ɤɨɧɬɪɚɦɚɪɤɢɪɚɧ ɫ

ɝɨɥɹɦ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɠɟɬɨɧ ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛ.
Ɉɛɪ. 2. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ: ɫ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɢ
ɫɥɟɞɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɦɚɪɤɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɬ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɠɟɬɨɧɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 3. Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ, ɠɟɬɨɧ. ɏIɏ ɜɟɤ. Ɇɟɫɢɧɝ. Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 4. Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ, ɠɟɬɨɧ. ɏIɏ ɜɟɤ. Ȼɪɨɧɡ. Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 5. Ʌɢɰɟ ɢ ɨɩɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦ „ɋɜ. ȼɴɜɟɞ.
Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨ” ɜ ɉɚɧɚɝɸɪɢɳɟ. Ɇɟɞ. ɂɆ-ɉɚɧɚɝɸɪɢɳɟ, ɢɧɜ. ʋ 48/27 ɚ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 6. Ɇɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦ „ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚ” ɜ Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞ. Ɇɟɞ. Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɚ.
Ɉɛɪ. 7. ɋɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏIɏ ɜɟɤ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛ; ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ
PLUS ULTRA ɢ ELSL (ȿɪɧɫɬ Ʌɭɞɜɢɝ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɹɧ Ʌɚɭɟɪ). ɀɟɬɨɧ ɧɚ
8
Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ, Ⱦ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 288-289.
9
Ʌɚɱɟɜ, Ɇ. ɐɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ „ɩɚɪɢ” ɜ ɝɪɚɞ Ʌɨɦ ɩɪɟɡ ȼɴɡɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ. –
ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ, 2, 1988, 44-45.
10
ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ, ɏ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɫ. 90.
500
ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɨɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ LAUER. Ɋɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ.

ɀɟɬɨɧɴɬ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ ɡɚ ɧɚɤɢɬ.
Ɉɛɪ. 8. Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɠɟɬɨɧ ɟɦɢɬɢɪɚɧ ɜ ɇɸɪɧɛɟɪɝ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɬɚ ELS LAUER. Ɇɟɫɢɧɝ. ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ ɡɚ ɧɚɤɢɬ. (ɉɨ
https/en.numista.com).
Ɉɛɪ. 9. ɀɟɬɨɧ ɧɚ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ LAUER ɜ
ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɋɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏIɏ ɜɟɤ.
Ɇɟɫɢɧɝ. (ɉɨ https/en.numista.com).
1 2
5
3 4
7 8 9
6
501
IN HONOREM
6
ΑΝΤΙΧΑΡΙΣΜΑΤΟΣ
ΕΠΙΣΦΡΑΓΙΣΙΣ
Юбилеен сборник
в чест на 70-годишнината
на проф. д.и.н. Иван Йорданов
ISBN 978-619-201-348-6
Университетско издателство
“Епископ Константин Преславски”
2019

In Honorem 6 - Ivan Jordanov

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

In Honorem 6 - Ivan Jordanov

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IN HONOREM

ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤɴɬ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɚ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚ

© ɇɚɭɱɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2019 ɝ.

ɇȺɍɑȿɇ ɐȿɇɌɔɊ ɉɈ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂɇɂɋɌɂɄȺ

CENTER FOR BYZANTINE STUDIES

A tribute to Prof. Ivan Jordanov’s

Presentation of the book

ɏȱȱ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɫɮɪɚɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, ɫɴɫ

ɋɉɂɋɔɄ ɇȺ ȺȼɌɈɊɂɌȿ .......................................................................... 17

ɀɟɧɹ ɀȿɄɈȼȺ ............................................................................................ 22

Zhenya ZHEKOVA ........................................................................................ 26

Ʉɚɦɟɧ ȺɇȾɈɇɈȼ ........................................................................................ 30

Ⱦɢɦɱɨ ɆɈɆɑɂɅɈȼ ................................................................................... 48

Ʉɚɦɟɧ ȺɇȾɈɇɈȼ ........................................................................................ 53

ɀɢɜɤɨ ȺɅȺȾɀɈȼ ....................................................................................... 75

Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ȺɌȺɇȺɋɈȼ ..................................................................................... 91

Gert BOERSEMA und Alexandra-Kyriaki WASSILIOU-SEIBT ............. 108

ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ ȻɈɌȿȼȺ .................................................................................... 122

Vera BULGURLU ....................................................................................... 129

Pantelis CHARALAMPAKIS...................................................................... 150

Jean-Claude CHEYNET ............................................................................. 163

Viktor CHKHAIDZE and Andrey VINOGRADOV .................................... 182

Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪ ȼȿɅɄɈȼ ................................................................................... 194

ɉɚɜɟɥ ȽȿɈɊȽɂȿȼ ..................................................................................... 205

ȼɚɫɢɥ ȽɘɁȿɅȿȼ ....................................................................................... 242

ɋɬɟɥɚ ȾɈɇɑȿȼȺ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ɇɂɄɈɅɈȼ .............................................. 247

Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ȾɈɌɄɈȼȺ ............................................................................... 254

Esra Guzel ERDOGAN and Vivien PRIGENT........................................... 258

ɀɟɧɹ ɀȿɄɈȼȺ .......................................................................................... 271

Janja Dora IVANýIû .................................................................................. 289

Ɇɢɥɢɹɧɚ ɄȺɃɆȺɄȺɆɈȼȺ ...................................................................... 313

Maria-Evgenia KOUROUSIA and Yorka NIKOLAOU.............................. 336

ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ʉɔɇȿȼ ɢ Ⱦɟɹɧ ɊȺȻɈȼəɇɈȼ .................................................. 340

Ergün LAFLI and Werner SEIBT .............................................................. 346

Eleni LIANTA.............................................................................................. 369

Alexandru MADGEARU ............................................................................. 380

Robert MIHAJLOVSKI .............................................................................. 393

ɉɥɚɦɟɧ ɉȺȼɅɈȼ ...................................................................................... 403

ɂɥɹ ɉɊɈɄɈɉɈȼ........................................................................................ 410

Werner SEIBT ............................................................................................. 431

ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ ɋɌȺɇɄɈȼ .................................................................................... 442

ȼɚɥɟɪɢɣ ɋɌȿɉȺɇȿɇɄɈ ........................................................................... 446

ɋɜɟɬɥɨɡɚɪ ɋɌɈəɇɈȼ ............................................................................... 449

Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɌɈȾɈɊɈȼ........................................................................................ 458

Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɌɈɌȿȼ ................................................................................. 482

ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɌɊȿɇȾȺɎɂɅɈȼ ....................................................................... 489

ɏɪɢɫɬɨ ɏȺɊɂɌɈɇɈȼ ............................................................................... 496

ȺȾɋȼ – Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ

AA – Anatolia Antiqua, Varia Anatolica

ɀɢɜɤɨ ȺɅȺȾɀɈȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ȺɅȿɄɋȿȿɇɄɈ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ,

Ʉɚɦɟɧ ȺɇȾɈɇɈȼ, ɝɥ. ɚɫ. ɞ-ɪ,

Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ȺɌȺɇȺɋɈȼ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.,

Gert BOERSEMA, Drs.

ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ ȻɈɌȿȼȺ, ɦɚɝ.,

Vera BURGURLU, PhD,

Pantelis CHARALAMPAKIS, PhD,

Jean-Claude CHEYNET, Prof.,

Viktor CHKHAIDZE, Post-Doc,

Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪ ȼȿɅɄɈȼ, ɞ-ɪ,

ɉɚɜɟɥ ȽȿɈɊȽɂȿȼ, ɞɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ,

Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ȽȿɊɈȼ, ɫɬ.ɧ.ɫ., ɞ-ɪ,

ȼɚɫɢɥ ȽɘɁȿɅȿȼ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ, ɩɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ.,