Mathematics

14. STATISTICS
n Some Basic Terms
l Data : The word data means information in the form of numerical figures or a set of given facts.

l
l Raw data : Data obtained from direct observation is called raw data.

e
The marks obtained by 10 students in a monthly test is an example of raw data or ungrouped data.

n
l Grouped data : To present the data in a more meaningful way, we condense the data into convenient
number of classes or groups, generally not exceeding 10 and not less than 5. This helps us in perceiving

n
at a glance, certain salient features of data.
l Observation : Each numerical figure in a data is called an observation.

a
l Frequency of an observation : The number of times a particular observation occurs is called its frequency.

h
l Range : The difference between the maximum and the minimum values of the given observations is called the
range of the data.

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Given x1, x2..... xn (n individual observations)

_
Range = (Maximum Value) – (Minimum Value)
Class boundaries or true upper and true lower limits

e
l
} In the exclusive form, the upper and lower limits of a class are respectively known as the true upper limit
and true lower limit.

m
} In the inclusive form, the number midway between the upper limit of a class and lower limit of the

i
subsequent class gives the true upper limit of the class and the true lower limit of the subsequent class .

T
l Class interval : Each group into which the raw data is condensed, is called a class-interval.
l Class size :The difference between the true upper limit and the true lower limit of a class is called its class size.

y
l Class mark of a class

d
æ True upper limit + True lower limit ö
Class mark = ç ÷
è 2 ø

t u
The difference between any two successive class marks gives the class size.

S
n Types of grouped frequency distribution
l Exclusive form (or continuous interval form) : A frequency distribution in which the upper limit of each

@
class is excluded and lower limit is included, is called an exclusive form.
Ex. Suppose the marks obtained by some students in an examination are given.
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We may consider the classes 0 – 10, 10 – 20 etc. In class 0 – 10, we include 0 and exclude 10. In class
10 - 20, we include 10 and exclude 20.
l Inclusive form (or discontinuous interval form) : A frequency distribution in which each upper limit as well
as lower limit is included, is called an inclusive form. Thus, we have classes of the form 0 – 10, 11 – 20, 21 – 30
etc. In 0 – 10, both 0 and 10 are included.
n Measures of central tendency
l Arithmetic mean
The average of numbers in arithmetic is known as the Arithmetic Mean or simply the mean of these numbers in
statistics.

Sum of observations
Mean =
Number of observations

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Class X
l Mean of ungrouped Data
The mean of n observations x1, x2, ...., xn is given by

(x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + ...... + x n ) å x i
Mean, x = =
n n

l
where the symbol å, called sigma stands for the summation of the terms.

e
l Mean for an ungrouped frequency distribution

n
} Direct method

n
Let n observations consist of values x1, x2, ...., xn of a variable x, occurring with frequencies f1, f2, .... , fn
respectively.

a
Then, the mean of these observations is given by :

h
(f1 x1 + f2 x 2 + ... + fn x n ) å fi x i
Mean, x = =
(f1 + f2 + ..... + fn ) å fi

_ C
} Shortcut method or assumed mean method
In this case, to calculate the mean, we follow the following steps :

e
Step-1 : Find the class mark xi of each class using

m
lower limit + Upper limit
xi =

i
2

T
Step-2: Choose a suitable value of xi in the middle as the assumed mean and denote it by 'a'.
Step-3: Find di = xi – a for each i

y
Step-4: Find fi × di for each i

d
Step-5 : Find N = Sfi

u
S f id i

t
Step-6 : Calculate the mean, ( x ) by using the formula x = a + .
N

S
} Step-deviation method or short-cut method

Sometimes, the values of x and f are so large that the calculation of mean by assumed mean method

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becomes quite inconvenient. In this case, we follow the following steps:
Step-1 : Find the class mark xi of each class by using
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lower limit + Upper limit

xi =
2

Step-2: Choose a suitable values of xi in the middle as the assumed mean and denote it by 'a'.
Step-3 : Find h = (upper limit –lower limit) for each class.

xi – a
Step-4 : Find ui = for each class.
h

Step-5 : Find fiui for each i.

ì Sfi ´ u i ü
Step-6 : Calculate, the mean by using the formula x = a + í ý × h, where N = Sfi.
î N þ

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 Mathematics
Important facts about mean
n
} The algebraic sum of deviations taken about the mean is zero. i.e., å
i= 1
(x i - x) = 0

} The value of the mean depends on all the observations.

l
a+b

e
} The A.M. of two numbers a and b is
2

n
} Combined mean : If x1 and x2 are the arithmetic means of two series with n1 and n2. Observations
respectively, then the combined mean is :

n
n1 x1 + n2 x2

a
xc =
n1 + n2

h
The above result can be extended to any number of groups of data.
} If x is the mean of x1, x2,..... xn, then the mean of x1 + a, x2 + a, x3 + a,.... xn + a is x + a, for

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all values of a.

_
x1 x2 x x
} If x is the mean of x1, x2,....xn, then the mean of ax1, ax2,....axn is a x and that of , ,.... n is

e
a a a a

æ n +1 ö
} The mean of the first n natural numbers is ç ÷

m
è 2 ø

i
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
} The mean of the squares of the first n natural numbers =
6

T
2

y
æ n(n + 1) ö
} The mean of the cubes of the first n natural numbers = ç ÷
è 2 ø

d
l Median
} Median of ungrouped data

t u
After arranging the given data in an ascending or a descending order of magnitude, the value of the
middle-most observation is called the median of the data.

S
} Method for finding the median of an ungrouped data
Arrange the given data in an increasing or decreasing order of magnitude. Let the total number of

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observations be n.
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æ n +1 ö
(i) If n is odd, then median = value of ç ÷ th observation.
è 2 ø
(ii) If n is even, then median
1 ìæ n ö æn ö ü
= íç ÷ th observation + ç + 1 ÷ th observation ý
2 îè 2 ø è2 ø þ
} Median of a grouped data

Median : It is a measure of central tendency which gives the value of the middle most observation in the
data. In a grouped data, it is not possible to find the middle observation by looking at the cumulative
frequencies as the middle observation will be some value in a class interval. It is, therefore, necessary to
find the value inside a class that divides the whole distribution into two halves.

N
Median Class : The class whose cumulative frequency is greater than is called the median class.
2

143
Class X
To calculate the median of a grouped data, we follow the following steps
Step-1 : Prepare the cumulative frequency table corresponding to the given frequency distribution and obtain
N = Sfi.

l
N
Step-2 : Find
2

e
N

n
Step-3 : Look at the cumulative frequency just greater than and find the corresponding class (Median class).
2

n
ìN ü
ïï – C ïï
Step-4 : Use the formula Median, M = l + í 2

a
ý´ h
ï f ï
ïî ïþ

h
Where l = Lower limit of median class.
f = Frequency of the median class.

C
C = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class.

_
h = Size of the median class.

e
N = Sfi.
Important facts about median

m
} The median does not take into consideration all the items.

i
} The sum of absolute deviations taken about the median is the least.

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} The median can be calculated graphically while the mean cannot be.
} The median is not effected by extreme values.

y
} The sum of deviations taken about median is less than the sum of absolute deviations taken from any

d
other observation in the data.

u
l Mode

t
Mode is that value among the observations which occurs most often i.e. the value of the observation having the

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maximum frequency.
} Mode of a grouped data

@
In a grouped frequency distribution, it is not possible to determine the mode by looking at the frequencies.

Modal Class : The class of a frequency distribution having maximum frequency is called modal class of a
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frequency distribution.

The mode is a value inside the modal class and is calculated by using the formula.

ì f1 – f0 ü
Mode = l + í 2f - f - f ý ´ h
î 1 0 2þ

Where l = Lower limit of the modal class.

h = Size of class interval
f1 = Frequency of modal class
f0 = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
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 Mathematics
Important facts about mode
} For a given data, the mode may or may not exist. In a series of observations, if no item occurs more
than once, then the mode is said to be ill-defined.
} If the mode exists for a given data, it may or may not be unique.

l
} Data having unique mode is uni-model while data having two modes is bi-model.

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} It can be calculated graphically.
} It is not effected by extreme values.

n
} it can be used for open-ended distribution and qualitative data.

a n
C h
l Cumulative frequency polygon curve (Ogive)

_
Cumulative frequency is of two types and corresponding to these, the ogive is also of two types.

e
• Less than series • More than series
• Less than series : To construct a cumulative frequency polygon and an ogive, we follow these steps :

m
Step-1 : Mark the upper class limit along x-axis and the corresponding cumulative frequencies along y-axis.

i
Step-2 : Plot these points successively by line segments. We get a polygon, called cumulative frequency polygon.

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Step-3 : Plot these points successively by smooth curves, we get a curve called cumulative frequency curve or

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an ogive.
• More than series To construct a cumulative frequency polygon and an ogive, we follow these steps:

d
Step-1 : Mark the lower class limits along x-axis and the corresponding cumulative frequencies along y-axis.

u
Step-2 : Plot these points successively by line segments, we get a polygon, called cumulative frequency polygon.

t
Step-3 : Plot these points successively by smooth curves, we get a curve, called cumulative frequency curve or

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an ogive.

Application of an ogive

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Ogive can be used to find the median of a frequency distribution. To find the median, we follow these steps.
Method-I
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Step-1 : Draw anyone of the two types of frequency curves on the graph paper.

N
Step-2 : Compute where (N = Sfi ) and mark the corresponding points on the y-axis.
2

Step-3 : Draw a line parallel to x-axis from the point marked in step 2, cutting the cumulative frequency curve
at a point P.
Step-4 : Draw perpendicular PM from P on the x-axis. The x - coordinate of point M gives the median.
Method-II
Step-1 : Draw less than type and more than type cumulative frequency curves on the graph paper.
Step-2 : Mark the point of intersecting (P) of the two curves drawn in step 1.

Step-3 : Draw perpendicular PM from P on the x-axis. The x- coordinate of point M gives the median.

145
Class X
n Mean deviation
l Mean deviation (M.D.) for ungrouped or raw data

M.D. =
å|x - x| where x is each observation

l
i
n

e
x is arithmetic mean, or median or mode as specified in the problem, and n is the number of observations.
l Mean deviation for discrete data

n
åx - x fi å fD

n
i
Mean deviation (M.D.) = or
N N

a
Where xi is each of the given observations and fi is their corresponding frequencies.

h
N = åf i (sum of the frequencies) and D = xi - x

C
l Mean deviation for grouped data

_
M.D. =
åf i xi - x
or
å fD

e
N N

Where xi is mid-value of each class, fi is the corresponding frequency.

m
x is mean or median or mode.

i
N is sum of frequencies.

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D = x-x

y
Important facts based on M.D.

d
} M.D. depends on all observations.
} By default, M.D. is to be computed about mean.

u
} M.D. about median is the least.

St
|a - b|
} M.D. of two numbers of a and b is .
2

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146
 Mathematics
STATISTICS EXERCISE
Direction (Q.1-2) : These questions are based on 6. The mean of 1,3,4,5,7,4, is m. The numbers
the following data (figure) 3,2,2,4,3,3 have mean m – 1 and median q, then
p+q=

l
(1) 7 (2) 6 (3) 5 (4) 4
7.

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A class of 40 students is divided into four groups
y-axis
named as A, B, C and D. Percentage of marks

n
60 scored by them are given below group wise in a
55
table.
50

n
45
Cumulative frequency

a
40
A B C D
35
20 42 10 21

h
30
25 30 51 25 69
20 40 45 85 70

C
15 25 58 73 86
22 53 98 53

_
10
5 45 64 43 68

e
0 65 72 64 99
x-axis
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
True limits of the classes
By using coefficient of range say which of the groups

m
has shown good performance.

i
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
The given figure represents the percentage of
8. Life (in h) of 10 bulbs from each of four different

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marks on x-axis and the number of students on y-
companies A, B, C and D are given below in the

y
axis.
table.
1. Find the number of students who scored less than

d
or equal to 50% marks.
(1) 35 (2) 15 (3) 20 (4) 30
A B C D

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2. Find the number of students who scored greater than

t
120 700 950 530
or equal to 90% of marks.
1600 502 330 650
(1) 47 (2) 45 (3) 5 (4) 10

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280 1430 1200 720
3. In a class of 15 students, on an average, each 420 625 500 550
student got 12 books. If exactly two students 800 780 445 748

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received same number of books, and remaining 770 335 1260 570
students books average be an integer then which 270 224 375 635
of the following could be the number of books 455 1124 1130 804
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150 473 185 500

received by each of the two students who received
same number of books?
(1) 11 (2) 15 (3) 20 (4) 25
By using the coefficient of range which company has
4. If the mean of observations x1, x2, ..., x10 is x then shown the best consistency in its quality?
the mean of x1 + a, x2 + a, x3 + a,...,xn + a is (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
9. If the mode of the observations 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, x, 3,
x 4, 3, 5, 4, 3 and 5 is 3, then find the median of the
(1) ax (2) x – a (3) x + a (4)
a observations.
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 3.5
n2
5. The mean of first n odd natural numbers is , then n 10. If the ratio of mean and median of a certain data is
81
2 : 3, then find the ratio of its mode and mean.
(1) 9 (2) 81 (3) 27 (4) 18 (1) 2 : 5 (2) 3 : 2 (3) 5 : 2 (4) 1 : 2

147
Class X
11. If the mean of n observations ax1, ax2, ax3,..., axn 21. The mean of the following distribution is 5, then find
is ax then, (ax1 - ax) + (ax 2 - ax)+...+ (axn - ax) = the value of B.

(1) ax (2) – ax x 3 5 7 4
(3) 0 (4) ax1 + axn f 2 A 5 B

l
12. If the arithmetic mean of the observations x1, x2, x3

e
...... x n is 1, then the arithmetic mean of (1) 10 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) None

x1 x 2 x3 x n a+b a-b

n
, , ,... 22. The mean deviation of and (where a
k k k k 2 2

n
(k > 0) is and b > 0) is ________.
(1) greater than 1 (2) less than 1

a
b a
(3) equal to 1 (4) None of these (1) (2) (3) a (4) b
13. Range of 14, 12, 17, 18, 16 and x is 20. Find 2 2

h
x(x > 0) 23. If the mean of x + 2, 2x + 3, 3x + 4 ansd 4x + 5
(1) 2 (2) 28 is x + 2, the find the value of x.

C
(3) 32 (4) Can’t be determined (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) –1 (4) 2

_
14. The mean of a set of observation is a. If each 24. The range of 15, 14, x, 25, 30, 35 is 23. Find the
observation is multiplied by b and each product is least possible value of x.

e
decreased by c, then the mean of new set of (1) 14 (2) 12 (3) 13 (4) 11
observations is___________. 25. Find the median of the following data.

m
a a

i
C.I. 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
(1) +c (2) ab – c (3) –c (4) ab + c
b b
f 12 13 25 20

T
15. The mean deviation of first 8 composite numbers
is___________. (1) 25 (2) 23 (3) 24 (4) 26

y
(1) 2.9375 (2) 4.83 26. The arithmetic mean (average) of five numbers is
(3) 5.315 (4) 3.5625 – 5. the sum of two of them is 50, what is the aver-

d
16. Find mode of the following discrete series. age of the other three ?

u
(1) 25 (2) 10 (3) –10 (4) – 25

t
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 27. The median of the following discrete series is
f 5 4 6 8 12 3 9 10

S
x 3 6 5 8 12 7
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 5 (4) 7 f 5 2 4 6 7 6

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17. The mean of 10 numbers is 30. If 4 is subtracted
from every number, what will be the new mean ? (1) 7 (2) 8 (3) 9 (4) 4
(1) 30 (2) 70 (3) 26 (4) 35 28. fnd the mode of the following numbers
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18. Find the mean deviation (approximately) from the 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 5, 6, 2, 1, 7, 8, 6.

mode for the following ungrouped data. (1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) None
20, 25, 30, 18, 15, 40 29. If mean of the following distribution is 13, then the
(1) 6.71 (2) 4.52 (3) 7.61 (4) 5.33 value of p is
19. The arithmetic mean of 12 observations is 15. If two
x 5 10 12 17 16 20
observations 20 and 25 are removed then the
arithmetic mean of remaining observations is f 9 3 p 8 7 5
(1) 14.5 (2) 13.5 (3) 12.5 (4) 13 (1) 6 (2) 7
20. The arithmetic mean and mode of a data is 24 and (3) 10 (4) 4
12 respectively, then the median of the data 30. If the ratio of mode and median of a certain data is
is_________. 6 : 5, then find the ratio of its mean and median.
(1) 20 (2) 18 (1) 8 : 9 (2) 9 : 10
(3) 20 (4) 22 (3) 9 : 7 (4) 8 : 11

148
 Mathematics
31. If the arithmetic mean of the following distribution 39. If the difference of mode and median of a data is
is 8.2, then find the value of p. 24, then the difference of median and mean is
(1) 12 (2) 24
x 1 3 5 9 11 13 (3) 8 (4) 36
f 3 2 7 p 4 8 40. The mode of the observations 2x + 3, 3x – 2, 4x +

l
3, x – 1, 5x + 2 (x is a positive integer) can be

e
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 9 (4) None (1) 3 (2) 5
32. The median of the series 8, 12, 15, 7, x, 19 and (3) 7 (4) 9

n
22 lies in the interval. 41. The median of 21 obseravtions is 18. If two
(1) [12, 15] (2) [7, 15] (3) [15, 17] (4) [9, 12] observations 15 and 24 are included to the

n
33. The mode of the following distribution observations, the median of new series is
(1) 15 (2) 18

a
C.I. 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25
(3) 24 (4) 16
f 4 7 10 8 6 42. Find the median of the following observations

h
(1) 14.5 (2) 16.5 (3) 10.5 (4) 13.5 6, 19, 14, 46, 16, 42, 26, 32, 38
34. (1) 26 (2) 28

C
The mean of the following data is
(3) 30 (4) 32

_
C.I. 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 43. The upper class limit of inclusive type class interval
f 5 7 3 4 8 10-20 is_______.

e
(1) 22 (2) 23.05 (1) 10.5 (2) 20
(3) 24.05 (4) 27.05 (3) 20.5 (4) 17.5

m
35. The median of the following frequency distribution is 44. The daily wages (in rupees) of 100 labourers is given

i
in the following frequency distribution. Find the
C.I. 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 mean of the data.

T
f 5 8 7 10 20
Daily

y
(1) 35 (2) 30 (3) 40 (4) 45 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120
wages
36. Complete frequency distribution is given as follows

d
No. of 10 25 40 20 5
labours
Class 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24

u
Frequency 8 (1) 67 (2) 67.5 (3) 68 (4) None

t
12 x1 25 x2 7
45. Find the mode of the following discrete series.
Total 68

S
x 1 3 5 6 12 15
Given that the median is 13.76, determine the
missing frequencies. f 5 7 3 8 6 5

@
(1) 2,14 (2) 4,12 (1) 3 (2) 12 (3) 8 (4) 6
(3) 3,13 (4) None 46. The number of students absent in a class were re-
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5n corded everyday for 120 days and the information

37. The mean of first n natural numbers is . Find n. is given in the following frequency table. Find the
9
mean number of students absent per day.
(1) 5 (2) 4
(3) 9 (4) None
No. of students
38. Mean of a certain number of obseravtions is m. If 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
absent
each observation is divided by x (x ¹ 0) and increased No. of days 1 4 10 50 34 15 4 2
by y, then the mean of new obseravations is
(1) 3 (2) 3.25
mx + y
(1) mx + y (2) (3) 3.525 (4) None
x 47. If a mode exceeds a mean by 12 then the mode
exceeds the median by ______.
m + xy
(3) (4) m + xy (1) 4 (2) 8
x
(3) 6 (4) 10
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Class X
48. The heights of 31 students in a class are given below. 55. If the mean of x1 and x2 is M1 and that x1, x2, x3,
x4 is M2. ax1, ax2, x3/a, x4/a is
Height
126 127 128 129 130 131 132 M1 + M 2 aM1 + (M2 /2)
(in cm) (1) (2)
2 2
Number of

l
7 3 4 2 5 6 4
Students 1 1
(3) [(a2–1) M1+2M2] (4) [2(a2–1)M1+M2]

e
2a 2a
Find the median of the above frequency distribution.

n
(1) 129 (2) 130 (3) 128 (4) 131 1
56. If the mean of x and is M, the mean of x3 and
49. Mean of 11 observations is 17.5. If an observation x

n
15 is deleted, find the mean of the remaining ob- 1
servations. is

a
x3
(1) 17.5 (2) 17.25
(M2 – 3)

h
(3) 17.75 (4) None (1) M = (2) M(4M2–3)
2
50. If 6,4,5 and 3 occur with frequencies 2,2,5 and 4
(3) M3 (4) M3+3

C
respectively, the arithmetic mean is
(1) 6 (2) 4.38 (3) 6.25 (4) 5.42 57. If the mean of a, b, c is M and ab+bc+ca=0, then

_
51. Find the arithmetic mean of the first 567 natural the mean of a2, b2, c2 is
(1) 5 M2 (2) 3 M2

e
numbers.
(1) 284 (2) 283.5 (3) M2 (4) 9 M2
(3) 283 (4) None of these x i – 25
If u i =

m
52. The mean of 15 numbers is 25. If each number is 58. ,Sfiui = 20, Sfi, = 100 then X is
10

i
multiplied by 4, mean of the new numbers is :
equal to
(1) 60 (2) 100

T
(1) 27 (2) 25 (3) 30 (4) 35
(3) 10 (4) None of these
59. If the mean of a, b, c is M and ab+bc+ca=0, the
53. The average marks, in a class of 30 students, are

y
mean of a2, b2, c2 is KM2 then find the value of
found to be 45. On checking two mistakes we found
K=

d
after correction. If one student got 45 marks more
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
and another students got 15 marks less, then

u
correct average marks are 1
60. If the mean of x and is M, the mean of x2 and

t
(1) 45 (2) 44 (3) 47 (4) 46 x
54. If the arithmetic mean of n numbers of a series is

S
1
X and the sum of (n–1) numbers is k, then then nth is KM2–1 then find the value of K=
x2
number is

@
(1) M2–1 (2) 2M2–1 (3) 1–M2 (4) 2–M2
(1) n+k (2) n X + k (3) n X – k (4) n–k
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ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 4 3 2 1 2 4 2 3 3 4 3 2 1 3 3 3 2 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 1 3 2 3 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 4 2 1 3 3 3 1 3
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 2 1 2 2 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 4 3 3 2 2 1 3 2
150
 Mathematics

15. PROBABILITY

n Some basic concepts/terms

l
l Random experiment

e
If it satisfies the following two conditions :

n
} It has more than one possible outcomes.

It is not possible to predict the outcome (result) in advance.

n
}

Outcomes : The possible results of a random experiment are called outcomes.

a
l

l Trial : When an experiment is repeated under similar conditions and it does not give the same result each time

h
but may result in any one of the several possible outcomes, the result is called a trial.

C
l Event : The collection of all or some outcomes of a random experiment is called an event.

_
l Elementary or Simple Event : An outcome of a trial is called an elementary event.

e
} An elementary event has only one element.

l Compound event or composite event or mixed event

m
A compound event is an aggregate of some simple (elementary) event and is decomposable into simple events.

i
Ex. If we throw a die, then the event E of getting an odd number is a compound event because the event E

T
contains three elements 1, 3 and 5, which is a compound of three simple events E1, E2 and E3 containing 1, 3
and 5 respectively.

y
l Equally likely events : The out comes of an experiment are said to be equally likely events if the chances of

d
their happenings are neither less nor greater than other.

u
In other words, a given number of events are said to be equally likely if none of them is expected to occur in

t
preference to the others.

S
Ex. In tossing a coin, getting head (H) and tail (T) are equally likely events.

n Experimental (or empirical) probability

@
The experimental or empirical probability P(E) of an event is defined as
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Maths-1\15 Probability(Th + Ex.).p65

Number of trials in which the event happened m

P(E) = i.e., P (E) =
Total number of trials n

} If P(E) denotes the empirical probability for happening an event and P (E) denotes the probability for not

happening the same event then P(E) + P (E) = 1 and 0 < P(E) < 1

} Sum of the probability of all the outcomes of a random experiment is 1

} When all the outcomes of a random experiment favour an event, the event is called a sure event and its
empirical probability is 1.

} When no outcome of a random experiment favours an event, the event is called an impossible event and
its empirical probability is 0.

151
Class X
n Odds in Favour and Odds Against an Event
As a result of an experiment, if p of the outcomes are favourable to an event E and q of the outcomes are
against it then we say that odds are p to q in favour of E or odds are q to p against E.
number of favourable cases p
\ Odds in favour of an event E = number of unfavourable cases = q

e l
number of unfavourable cases q
and odds against an event E = = number of favourable cases = p

n
p
If odds in favour of an event E are p : q then the probability of the occurrence of that event is

n
p+q

a
q
Similarly the probability of the non-occurrence of that event is
p+q

h
n Definition

C
Before defining probability, we must be acquainted with the most common terms used in it.

_
(i) Event: The possible outcomes of a random experiment.
(ii) Various type of events:

e
(a) Mutually Exclusive Events: Two or more than two events are said to be mutually excluisve, if they
cannot occur at the same time.

m
For example, in tossing a coin, the events ‘Head’ and ‘Tail’ are mutually exclusive.

i
(b) Equally Likely Events : Two or more than two events are said to be equally likely if none of the events
can occur in preference to the other.

T
For example, in throwing a dice, all the six faces are equally likely events.

y
(c) Exhaustive Events: Events are said to be exhaustive if atleast one of them must necessarily occur.

d
For example, in throwing a dice, the exhaustive events are six—1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
(d) Independent Events: Events are said to be independent if the occurrence or non-occurrence of one

u
event does not influence the occurrence or non-occurrence of the other event.

t
For example, if a fair coin is tossed twice, the event ‘Head’ in the first toss and the event ‘Head’ in the
second toss are independent since the occurrence of ‘Head’ in any toss does not influence the occurrence

S
of Head in the other toss.
(e) Dependent Events: It implies that occurrence of one event affects the occurrence of the other event.

@
For example, if 2 cards are drawn without replacement from a well-shuffled pack of card, the events ‘A’
(black card in the first draw) and ‘B’ (black card in the second draw) are independent.
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n Classical Definition of Probability

If ‘t’ is the total number of equally likely and exhaustive possible outcomes in a random experiment and out of
these outcomes a is the number of outcomes favourable to event A, then the probability of event

a
A = p(A) =
T

no. of combination / arrangement favourable to event

=
no. of combination / arrangement available (possible)

No. of favourable outcome for event

=
No. of outcome (total)

Therefore,

152
 Mathematics

probability that event A will not occur = p A = 1 - a

( ) T

In other words, if ‘p’ is the probability of the happening of an event, the probability of its not happening is 1 – p

l
n Notations

e
Some of the natations used in solving a problem on Probability are as follows:

n
P (any event) Þ Probability of occurrence of any event as desired

n
P (A) Þ Probability of occurrence of event A

a
P (A) Þ Probability that event A fails to occur

h
P(A + B) Þ Probability of occurrence of atleast one of the events A and B (i.e. either A or B or both will occur)

C
P (AB) Þ Probability that both A and B occur together

_
P (AB) Þ Probability that event A occurs but event B does not occur

e
P(A/B) Þ Probability that event A occurs, if event B has already occurred. This is called dependent
(or conditional) probability.

i m
n Formula on Probability

T
Mutually Exclusive Events

y
If there are two or more than two mutually exclusive events, then only one event will occur at a time.

d
The probability that only one event occurs out of the given two or more than two mutually exclusive events is the
sum of the separate probabilities of each of the given events.

t u
P (any one) = P1 + P2 + ..... + Pn

S
where P1, P2 ...... Pn are the separate probabilities of each of the given ‘n’ mutually exclusive event.

So for any two events A and B,

@
P (any one out of A and B occurs) = P(A) + P(B)
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= P (A + B)

Similarly, probability that none of the ‘n’ mutually exclusive events occur is given by

P(none) = 1 – P (any one) = 1 – [P1 + P2 ....... + Pn]

For any two events A and B,

P(neither A nor B occurs) = P (none)

= 1 – P (A + B)

= 1 – [P(A) + P(B)]

153
Class X
n Independent Events
If there are two or more than two independent events, then any of the events can occur at any time independ-
ently. The probability of each of the given events.

l
P(all) = P1 × P2 × P3 .... × Pn

e
Where P1, P2, ...... Pn are the separate probabilities of each of the given ‘n’ independent events.

n
For any two events A and B,

n
P (both A and B occurs) = P (A) . P (B)

a
Similarly, probability that none of the ‘n’ independent events occur is given by,

h
P (none) = P1 ´ P2 ´ P3 ´ .... ´ Pn

C
where, P1 , P2 ,.....Pn are the probabilities that each of the given ‘n’ independent events will not occur..

_
For any two events A and B,

e
P (neither A nor B occurs) = P (none) = P(A), P(B)

m
Now, the probability that atleast one out of the given ‘n’ independent events occur is given by

i
P(atleast one) = 1 – P (none)

T
(
= 1 – P1 ´ P2 ´ .....Pn )

d y
For any two events A and B,

u
P (alteast one event occurs) = 1 – [P ( A) ´ P (B )]

St
None: P ( A ) = 1 P (A), for any event A

Dependent Event (or Conditional Events)

@
n
If A and B are two dependent events, then
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1. P (both occur) = P(AB) = P(A). P(B/A)

= (Prob. of A). (Dependent prob. of B, given that A has occurred)

= P(B) . P(A/B)

= (Prob. of B) . (Dependent prob. of A, given that B has occurred)

2. P (none) = P ( A.B ) = P ( A ).P (B / A ) = P ( B ).P ( A / B )

3. P (none) = P ( AB ) = 1 – P (AB)
154
 Mathematics
PROBABILITY EXERCISE
1. The events A and B are mutually exclusive, so 9. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the
(1) Prob (A or B) = Prob (A) + Prob (B) probability of getting a number other than 4 on any
dice ?
(2) Prob (A and B) = Prob (A) × Prob (B)

l
(3) Prob (A) = Prob (B) 25 1 17 2

e
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(4) Prob (A) + Prob (B) = 1 36 3 36 3

n
2. A box contains 3 yellow, 2 red, 4 green and 3 black 10. In a single throw with two dice, find the probabilty
marbles. Two marbles are taken one after the other of throwning an even number on one and a multi-

n
at random from the box. What is the probability that ple of 3 on the other.
both marbles are red ?

a
1 5 11 5
1 1 1 2 (1) (2) (3) (4)
6 36 36 6

h
(1) (2) (3) (4)
50 60 66 57
11. Two dice are thrown at a time. Find the probability

C
3. What is the probability that a two digit number se- that the difference of numbers shown on the dice is 2.
lected at random will be a multiple of ‘3’ and not a

_
multipleof ‘5’ ? 13 19 11 8
(1) (2) (3) (4)

e
36 36 36 36
2 4 1 4
(1) (2) (3) (4) 12. An anti aircraft gun can fire four shots at a time. If
15 15 15 90
the probabilities of the first, second, third and the

m
4. Which of the following cannot be the probability of

i
last shot hitting the enemy aircraft are 0.7, 0.6, 0.5
an event ? and 0.4, what is the probability that four shots aimed

T
1 at an enemy aircraft will bring the aircraft down ?
(1) (2) 20% (3) 1.2 (4) 0.3
(1) 0.084 (2) 0.916 (3) 0.036 (4) 0.964

y
4
5. In a single throw of a die, find the probability of 13. A number is selected at random from first thirty

d
getting a composite number. natural numbers. What is the chance that it is a
multiple of either 3 or 13 ?

u
1 1 1 1

t
(1) (2) (3) (4) 17 2 11 4
5 2 3 4 (1) (2) (3) (4)
30 5 30 15

S
6. In a simultaneous throw of a pair of dice, find the
probability of getting equal numbers. 14. A man can hit a target once in 4 shots. If he fires 4
shots in succession, what is the probability that he

@
3 1 1 5 will hit his target ?
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 6 6
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1 81 175
7. In a simultaneous throw of a pair of dice, find the (1) 1 (2) (3) (4)
256 256 256
probability of getting a sum, which is a perfect
square ? 15. Three numbers are chosen from 1 to 8. Find the
probability for the 3 chosen numbers to be consecu-
13 7 11 5 tive.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
36 36 36 36
11 3 5 9
8. In a simultaneous throw of a pair of dice, find the (1) (2) (3) (4)
18 28 28 28
probability of getting prime numbers on both the
faces. 16. What is the probability of getting at least one six in
a single throw of three unbiased dice ?
11 11 1 11
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1 125 1 91
3 36 4 15
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 216 36 216

155
Class X
17. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probabil- 26. An urn contains 9 balls two of which are red, three
ity that atleast one will show its digit greater than 3 is blue and four black. Three balls are drawn at ran-
dom. The probability that they are of the same col-
1 3 1 1 our is .
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 2 8

l
5 3 3 7
18. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probabil- (1) (2) (3) (4)
84 9 7 17

e
ity of obtaining a total score of 5 is
27. What is the probability of drawing a ‘king’ from a

n
1 1 1 well-shuffled deck of 52 cards ?
(1) (2) (3) (4) None
18 12 9
1 2 3 4

n
19. The probability of getting a total of 10 in a single (1) (2) (3) (4)
13 13 13 13

a
throw of two dice is
Directions (for Q.No. 28-32) : Three fair coins are

h
1 1 1 5 tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 12 6 36 28. Getting one tail

C
20. Two dice are thrown together. The probability that
1 5 3
(1) 1 (2) (3) (4)

_
neither they show equal digits nor the sum of their
4 8 8
digits is 9 will be

e
29. Getting atleast one head
13 13 1 8 7 1 3 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
15 18 9 9 8 8 4 4

m
21. A pack of cards contains 4 aces, 4 kings, 4 queens 30. Getting atleast two heads

i
and 4 jacks. Two cards are drawn at random. The
3 7 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)

T
probability that at least one of them is an ace is
8 8 2 4

y
1 3 9 1 31. Getting atleast one head and one tail
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 16 20 9

d
2 1 3 3
22. The probability that a leap year will have 53 Fri- (1) (2) (3) (4)
8 2 10 4

u
days or 53 Saturdays is
32. Getting more heads than the number of tails

t
2 3 4 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 7 5 1

S
7 7 7 7 (1) 2 (2) (3) (4)
8 8 2
23. A box contains 10 good articles and 6 defective
Directions (for Q.No. 33 and 34) : A coin is tossed

@
articles. One items is drawn at random. The prob-
successively three times. Find the probability of
ability that it is either good or has a defect, is
33. Getting exactly one head or two heads.
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64 49 40 24
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1 3 1 3
64 64 64 64 (1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 2 8
24. Three integers are chosen at random from the fist 34. Getting no heads.
20 integers. The probability that their product is
even is 1 7
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) (4)
8 8
2 3 17 4
(1) (2) (3) (4) Directions (for Q.No. 35-37) : One card is drawn from
19 29 19 19
a pack of 52 cards, each of the 52 cards being equally
25. A bag contains 5 black balls, 4 white balls and 3 likely to be drawn. Find the probability that
red balls. If a ball is selected randomwise, the prob- 35. The card drawn is either a heart, a king or a queen.
ability that it is black or red ball is
17 21 19 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1 1 5 2 52 52 52 26
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 4 12 3
156
 Mathematics
36. The card drawn is neither a spade nor a king. 45. The odds against a certain event are 5:2. and the
odds in favour of another event independent of the
9 1 4 former are 6:5. The change that at least one of the
(1) 0 (2) (3) (4)
13 2 13
events will happen is

l
37. The card drawn is neither a ace nor a king. 25 52
(1) (2)
77 77

e
11 1 2 11 (3) 1 (4) None of the above
(1) (2) (3) (4)
13 2 13 26

n
46. The odds in favour of A winning a game of badminton
38. The odds in favour of an event are 2:7. Find the against B are 5:2 If 3 games are to be played, what

n
probability of occurrence of this event. are the odds in favour of A’s winning at least one
game?

a
2 5 7 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 12 12 5 (1) 425:5 (2) 365:1

h
39. The odds against of an event are 5:7. Find the (3) 335:8 (4) None of these
probability of occurrence of this event. 47. The odds in favour of A winning a game against B

C
3 7 2 5 is 4:3. If three games are to be played to decide

_
(1) (2) (3) (4)
8 12 7 12 the overall winner, the odds in favour of A winning

e
40. There are five Re 1 coins, two Rs 2 coins and three alteast once is
Rs 5 coins. If two coins are selected simultaneously (1) 343:27 (2) 316:27
at random, what is the probabolity of yielding the (3) 343:316 (4) None of these

m
maximum amount?

i
48. A lot of 12 bulbs contains 4 defective bulbs. Three
1 1 1 3 bulbs are drawn at random from the lot, one after
(1) (2) (3) (4)

T
10 5 15 10 the other. The probility that all three are non

y
41. One card is selected from a well shuffled pack of defective is
cards, what is the probability that it is a red honored

d
card? 14 8
(1) (2)
55 12

u
2 3 11 9

t
(1) (2) (3) (4)
13 13 13 13
1

S
(3) (4) None of these
42. The probability that the month of April has exactly 27
5 Monday is
49. Three riflemen take one shot each at the same

@
4 5 3 2 target. The probability of the first refleman hitting
(1) (2) (3) (4) the target is 0.4, the probability of the second
7 7 7 7
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rifleman hitting the target is 0.5 and the probability

43. Hundred cards marked with numbers 1 to 100 are of the third rifleman hitting the target is 0.8. The
placed in a box. If a card is selected randomly from probability that exactly two of them hit the target, is
the box, then the probability that the number on
(1) 0.54 (2) 0.44
the card selected will be a perfect square is :-
(3) 0.32 (4) 0.52
1 1 1 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
100 25 10 10 50. 100 students appeared for two examinations. 60
44. Two dice are tossed. The probability that the total passed the first, 50 passed the second and 30
score is a prime number is passed both. The probability that a student selected
at random has failed in both examinations is
1 5 1 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) 0.3 (2) 0.2
6 12 2 9
(3) 0.4 (4) 0.1
157
Class X
51. There are 100 students in a college class of which 54. Eight coins are tossed simultaneously. The
36 are boys studying Statistics and 13 girls are not probability of getting at least 6 heads is
studying Statistics. If there are 55 girls in all, the
probility that a boy picked up at random in not 1 37
(1) (2)
studing Statistics is 13 256

l
1 2 3 4 25
(1) (2) (3) (4)

e
5 5 5 5 (3) (4) None of these
57
52. A five-digit number is formed by using the digits 1,

55.
2, 3, 4 and 5 without repetitions. What is the
probability that the number is divisible by 4
n
A bag has 4 red and 5 black balls. A second bag
has 3 red and 7 black balls. One ball is drawn from

n
the first bag and two from the second. The
1 5
probability that there are two black balls and a red

a
(1) (2)
5 6 ball is
4

h
(3) (4) None of these 14 11
5 (1) (2)
45 45

C
53. One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What
is the probability that the card drawn is either a red

_
7 9
card or a king? (3) (4)
15 54

e
1 6 7 27
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 13 13 52

i m
y T
u d
St
@
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ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 4 4 2 4 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 4 1 1 4 1 3
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 4 4 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 4 3 2 2
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Ans. 3 1 2 2 1 1 4 3 4 3
158