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Dy DX Ax: Calculus Made Easy
Dy DX Ax: Calculus Made Easy
dy
never got x−1 from any one of them as the value of . We got 3 x 2from x 3; we got 2 x from x 2;
dx
we got 1 from x 1 (that is, from x itself); but we did not get x−1 from x 0, for two very good
reasons. First, x 0is simply = 1, and is a constant, and could not have a differential coefficient.
Secondly, even if it could be differentiated, its differential coefficient (got by slavishly following
the usual rule) would be 0 × x −1, and that multiplication by zero gives it zero value! Therefore
when we now come to try to integrate x−1 dx, we see that it does not come in anywhere in the
powers of x that are given by the rule :
1
∫ x n dx= n+1 x n+1
It is an exceptional case.
Well; but try again. Look through all the various differentials obtained from various functions of
x, and try to find amongst them x−1.
dx −1
A sufficient search will show that we actually did get =x as the
dy
result of differentiating the function y=log e x (see p. 145)
EASIEST INTEGRATIONS
Then, of course, since we know that differentiating log e x gives us x−1, we know that, by
reversing the process, integrating dy =x−1 dx will give us ¿ log e x . But we must not forget the
constant factor a that was given, nor must we omit to add the undetermined constant of
integration. This then gives us as the solution to the present problem,
y=a log e x +C
N.B - Here note this very remarkable fact, that we could not have integrated in the above case if
we had not happened to know the corresponding differentiation. If no one had found out that
differentiating log e x gave x−1, we should have been utterly stuck by the problem how to
integrate x−1 dx . Indeed it should be frankly admitted that this is one of the curious features of the
integral calculus: - that you can't integrate anything before the reverse process of differentiating
something else has yielded that expression which you want to integrate. No one, even to-day, is
able to find the general integral of the expression,
dy 2
=a−x ,
dx
2
because a−x has never yet been found to result from differentiating anything else.
Find ∫ ( x +1 ) ( x +2 ) dx .
.
On looking at the function to be integrated, you remark that it is the product of two different
functions of x. You could, you think, integrate ( x +1) dx by itself, or ( x +2)dx by itself. Of
course you could. But what to do with a product? None of the differentiations you have
CALCULUS MADE EASY 198
learned have yielded you for the differential coefficient a product like this. Failing such, the
simplest thing is to multiply up the two functions, and then integrate. This gives us
∫ ( x 2 +3 x+ 2 ) dx
And this is the same as
∫¿¿
And performing the integrations, we get
1 3 3 2
x + x +2 x+ C
3 2
Mari mencoba
dy
=ax−1
dx
dy
kita tidak pernah mendapatkan x−1 dari salah satunya sebagai nilai . Kita mendapat 3 x 2dari
dx
x 3 ; kita mendapat 2 x dari x 2; kita mendapat 1 dari x 1 (yaitu, dari x itu sendiri); tetapi kita tidak
mendapatkan x−1 dari x 0, karena dua alasan yang sangat bagus. Pertama, x 0hanyalah = 1, dan
merupakan konstanta, dan tidak dapat memiliki koefisien diferensial. Kedua, bahkan jika itu bisa
dibedakan, koefisien diferensial (didapat dengan sembarangan mengikuti aturan biasa) akan
menjadi 0 × x −1, dan perkalian dengan nol itu memberikan nilai nol! Oleh karena itu ketika kita
sekarang datang untuk mencoba mengintegrasikan x−1 dx, kita melihat bahwa itu tidak datang di
manapun dalam pangkat x yang diberikan oleh aturan:
1
∫ x n dx= n+1 x n+1
N.B - Perhatikan fakta yang sangat luar biasa ini, bahwa kita tidak dapat mengintegrasikan dalam
kasus di atas jika kita tidak mengetahui kebenaran diferensiasi yang sesuai. Jika tidak ada yang
mengetahui bahwa membedakan log e x menghasilkan x−1, kita seharusnya benar-benar terjebak
oleh masalah bagaimana mengintegrasikan x−1 dx . Memang harus diakui dengan jujur bahwa ini
adalah salah satu fitur aneh dari kalkulus integral: - bahwa Anda tidak dapat mengintegrasikan
apa pun sebelum proses kebalikan dari diferensiasi sesuatu yang lain telah menghasilkan ekspresi
yang ingin Anda integrasikan. Tidak seorang pun, bahkan hingga hari ini, dapat menemukan
integral umum dari ungkapan tersebut,
dy 2
=a−x ,
dx
2
karena a−x belum pernah ditemukan sebagai hasil dari diferensiasi apa pun.
∫ ( x 2 +3 x+ 2 ) dx
Dan ini sama dengan
∫¿¿
Dan melakukan integrasi, kita dapatkan
1 3 3 2
x + x +2 x+ C
3 2