Kapa XU (nea. Karl XI) (17 mons 1682 — 30 nos6ps 1718), ropoms [sen p 1697 —1718, nonkosogeu, norpaTuBumii Gonbury10 YacTb CBOeTO LapeTBOBAHHA Ha nposowKUTeMbHDIe BoiHEI B Espone. Kapa XII ssowéa wa TpoH Nocne cMepTH oTHA Kapaa XI 6 pospacre 15 ner n Hagonro noKuHys crpary cnycta 3 roga, npuctynuB K MHOPOYNCICHHBIM BOCHHBIM KaMMaHMIM 3a MIpeACaMH CTPaHBl C UEITbIO okOHYaTebHO CAenaTb Hlpeunro JoOMMHMpyiouleli cui B CenepHoii Espone Jjarckas Kamnanusa Ero ronomeckue aBaHTIOps! 7a MOBOA ApyruM cTpawam sroprayTsca B [[Ipeumo. [lompma ¢ Caxconneii, Janna ¢ Hopserveii u Poceniicxas HMMepHa co3qaiH KoaTHUHIO MpoTHe Lleyn da yyacrua B Besmkoii Cesepxoii soiiue. Ho Kapa XII oxazanca Gosee mpoHHuaTebHbIM, 4eM MoxKHO GI Npez- nonokuTb.[lepsat BocHHad KamnaHua Kapna Obi1a HanpaBseda npoTue Jlanun, KOponéM KOTOpOii Gbi1 B TO BpemMs ero Ky3eH MpegepuK IV JlaTexuii, yrpoxkaBuniit uIBeyCKOMy coro3HHky prapHxy IV Posurreiin-Tor-roprickomy, ApyroMy ky3eHy Kapaa XII, oKeHATOMY Ha ero cectpe Xeazsur-Codpun. Jars sanpocuaa mupa, o2- HakO BosBEucHHe [Ipeuun Ha Basruke Bbr3Ba/10 HCAOBOAbCTBO y ABYX KPyMHBIX cocegeii: y nombcKoro Kopoaa Asrycra II, mpuxogusuicroca ky3cHoM u Kapry XII a @perepuxy IV Jlatcxomy, a TakoxKe y pyccxoro naps Hetpa | Cesepnas soiina Bursa npu Hapse Kapra Cesepuoii Boiiner Poccus 3aristta Murpmo, pycckne Boficka BTOprIcb B IBeACKHe MpPOBHHIWAH Jimponmo 4 Serato, ocaqus cToauyue pagom KpenocTu Hapsa u Msax-ropoa. Kapa spicaguaca B [IpuGanruxe, rge BocnpoTMBHCA 3TOMY 3axBaTy, HanaB Ha pyCCKy!0 apMuto 102, KoMaHAOBaHHeM repuora Je Kpoa npu Hapse. B stom YNOPHOM CpaKe-HHH PYCCKOE BOHCKO HHCICHHO NPCBOCXO AMO LIBEACKY1O apMHtO. Hactynas 104 MpHKpbITHeM CHE KHON Mypri, LIBEAbI packOsO.AM PyCCKy1O apMHIO Hagpoe. MHorne MHOCTpaHHBIe O(pulepsI BO rape c Ae Kpoa TyT xe mepe-uniM Ha cTopony mBeqos. Hezapxo ccpopmMupoBaHHble pycckue NOK HayasHGecropsA0uHBIi OTXOT K CBOCMY NpaBomy (paaHry, re HaXOAMACA MOCT Hepes peKy Hapsa. Mocr pyxnya. Ha nesom ¢baanre KOHHUUA, KOTOpPO! KOMaHOBaN BOeBORA Iepemetes, ysuges GercTBo apyrHx 4acteii, mozqanace oGueii NanKe 1 Gpocn- Jab 4epe3 pexy BraBb. Hecmorps Ha TO, 410 CemenoscKnii u [peo6paaxcrcKuit TOAKH CMOTIM OCTAHOBHT aTaKy WIBCAOB, CpwKCHUC 3aBEPUIHTOCb TOparxKcHHeM pycckux. Muoro pycckux congar yrouy.10 B peke. Baia norepsva 3Ha4HTenbHaA WacTE apTHIuIepun. Tlombekas Kamnanus 3atTem Kapa nosepxys apmmo nporue Tomum, no6enus ABrycTa H ero CaKCOHCKMX COm3HMKOB B OuTBe pH Kauccore B 1702. Mocae cMeleHHa ¢ MpecTo.a noAbcKOro Kopomsa Kapa 3aMeHH ero CBOMM CTaBsI¢HHHKOM Cranncnasom JlemmrHcKuM. Tloxoa na YKpanny u Moarasckoe nopaxenue Tem Bpemenem [létp | or6un y Kapaa yactp mpnOan-THiicKHX 3eMemb H OCHOBAI Ha OTBOEBAHHBIX 3EMJIIX HOBYIO Kpenocts Cankt-[etep6ypr. Sto sacrapu0 Kapaa npnnste (patambHoe pemenne 0 HamaqeHHn Ha pyccKyi0 croauuy Mocksy. Bo spemsa noxoga uM Obi10 npHHATO PeUIcHHe BECTH CBOIO apMHO Ha YKpauHy, reTMaH KoTOpoii — Mazena — nepewen Ha cropony Kapna, Ho He Obit Mozep2KaH OCHOBHO! Maccoii ManopoccniicKoro xasavectea, [eammit 1a nomomp Kapzy mpeacKnit kopryc Jlesenrayrrra Opn pa36ur B cpaxerun y aepesxn Jlecnoii. K Tomy MoMeHTY, Kora WIBeACKHe BOricKa nogo-uw1n K [osrase. Kapa noreps yo Tperu cBoeii apmun. Tocae HeyzauHoit 201 WIBeJ0B TpexMecsHOi OcagbI MomTaBel, MPOM3OUIIO CpaxKeHHe C OCHOBHDIMH CH- JaMM pyCCKOii apMHM, B pezy1bTaTe KOTOpOrO WBEACKas apMMA MOTepnesa COKpy- INMTeBHOe NOpaxkenue. Kapz exam Ha ror B OcmMaHcKy10 HMTIepHrO, rye OH Opra- HH30Bai Jarepb B bexmepax. BennepcKoe cugenue. Kpusuc Typku nepsoxayaibHo npuBetcTBoBasM WBE. cKOro KOpons, KOTOpbIii NOJrOBAapHBaN MX HayaTb BoiiHY c pyccKUMH. OaHAKO cy.1- ‘TaH, B KOHC4HOM CyuéTe ycTABLIMi OT aMOuMMit Kapa, nposBHT KOBapCTBO Hi pacrio- pages apectosate ero. Crappie spar Kopors Poccns u Mombua ucnoab30BamH B CBOHX HHTepecax ero OTCYTCTBHE, 1TOGbI BOCCTAHOBHTS YTPayeHHble 3EMJIM Hi a2Ke pactMpHTs TeppuTopau. Auras, com3nnK LIBern, oTKa3aTaCb OT COIO3HBIX O6s- 3aTemBCTB, B TO Bpema Kak [Ipyccus 3axBaTuna wBeACKHe KanMTanb Bepmanvn (flog KOTOpBIMH HaqO NOHMMaTb WIBCACKHe BAagcHHA BT epMaHHn, BpeMcHHO ycTyn- aenasie IIpyccwn mo cexsecTpauHoHHoMy sorosopy). Poccns 3axpatia yacTb DuH- asmauu, a Asryct II sHops Beprysca Ha nomscKnii Tpow. Bo3ppamerne u 3ara- aouHas CMepTb (Tpayprasa npouecens c te10M Kapna XII. Xyzoaxnmx Pyctrad Cezeperpém (1845— 1933) —unaroctpanun HeT)& Pies ie Kapa XII. Ppasropa XVIII Beka. Buta npu OpeppuKctere. Cutyauma 8 camom Koponesctse 6bina yrpoxkaiowel, nosTomy Kapa 6bexKan “3 OcmaHickoli umnepun MW NoTpAaTMA AMWb 15 AHEM, YTOObI Nepeceub Espony vu BepHyTbCA B KOHTponupyembiii LWeeuneni LUtpanb3yHa B [lomepanuu, a 3aTem UB camy Lieto. Ero nonbiTkm BOCCTaHOBMTb NOTeEpAHHYIO B/aCTb M BIMAHME notepneav Heyfayy (8 cronuue — CroKronbme — OH Tak M He NOGbiBa/, NOKMHYB, Takum 06-pa3om, 8 1700 rogy ropog HaBcerga). Hesagonro go cmeptu Kapn nonbitanca 3aBepwuTb CesepHyio BoMHy c Poccnenw AnaHackum KoHrpeccom. B Hoa6pe 1718 roga Kapa 610 y6uT wanbHon nyneid (nyrosuyer) npu ocage kKpenoctu ®peapnKctex B Hopeerun (no Apyro Bepcum — cTan KepTBO; 3aroBopa; o6cToaTenbcrea rMGenn KOponA AO CMX NOp ABNAIOTCA NPUYMHOM OrKeCTOYEHHDIX cnopos) 80 Bpema cBoero nocneAHero Noxoga B Hopsernio, KoTopaa Gbina TorAa nog Bractbto Janun. Kapa XII cran nocnegHum MoHapxom Esponbi, naBuMM Ha none 60a. Nocne Kapa weeAcKnii TpoH HacnegoBana ero cecTpa YabpuKa SneoHopa, HO BCKOpe npecton nepewén k eé myxy Mpugpuxy (| Ky |) FecceH- Kaccenbckomy. Nocne He-yAa4Hou NonbITKH NposAOMKeHUA BOMHbI Mpezpuk | 3aKmiouun B 1721 HuwrTanTcKui mup c Poccuel. Xapaktepuctuka Kapz XII cuvtaetca 6onbUIMHCTBOM MCTOPUKOB 6ne-cTALIMM NONKOBOAUEM, HO O4eHb N/OXHM Koponem. O6xogAcb 6e3 aNKOFONA M KEHLLIMH, OH npekpacto 4ysctBoBan ce6aA Ha none Goa vB Noxoze. Mo oueHkam COBPEMEHHMKOB, OH O4eHb My?KECTBEHHO Nepe-HOCU Gonb M AMWeHHA MH yMen CAepKuBaTb CBOM aMOUMN. Koponb npusen LUseunio K BepluMHe MorywecTBa, o6ecneune orpomHbiii npectwK rocy#apcTBeHHON BnacTu 4Yepes CBO GnecTALMe BOeHHbIe KamnaHun. OfHaKo ero YecTomM6uB0e BTOP»KeHUe B POCCHIO, KOTO-paA 6bina NoAepxkaha BOCCTaHOBUBWEMCA AHTMUBEACKON KOanu-UNMei, NpUHECNO LWBeunu nopaxeHne u AMMO eé cTaTyca BENMKON Aep»KaBbl.Love story Hayana XVIII B. Ma3ena, Motpa, ova xe Mapna.. Matepnan ana nposegeHna ypokos no Temam: «floxog Kapna XII npotus Poccun», «Montasckaa 6uTBa», «M3meHa Ma3enbin. 10—11 knaccel Sra Tparmueckas TOGOBHaA MCTOpHA Hadasac CHOKOiHO M MHpHO. Brpoyem, Bce sHOSOBHBIC HCTOpHH HMCIOT Ha4aO c HeMperCKa3yembIMH NocreAcTBHAMH. Ta, 0 KOTOPOH NOMAET per. OTHOCHTCA K NepBOI MOFOBHHC - XVIII B., korga mo-Gosp emé cuuranace OHM 43 be || al OnaropoAHbIX, CBETIBIX 4YYBCTB, a 4eCTh eBYIKH ICHHIach mpessime Bcero. «Borat 4 cnasen KouyGeliy — Tak HauunaeTes ny WKHECKas «TlomTaBa», 1 ¢ 9THX ONTHMHCTHYCCKHX CTPOK HauHMHacTCA MOBCCTBOBAHHE 0 TparH4ccKoii cy1b6e 9TO! cebu. Bacu- hy anti JIleoutpesw Kouy6eii Béa cBoii pog or Gexos TaTap- cKoii OpabI, KoveBABUINX B CTeNAX Mexkay J[HecTpoM 4 Zjxenpom emé B XVI B. Csoum npaMbiM mpezKoM On cantran Ky4yx-6ea (B nep. ¢ THOPKCKOrO — «KOYCBO! KHA3b»), NPHEXABLICTO Ha pyecky1o cayax6y B Manopoccmo 4 MpHHaBicro XpucTH-aHCTBO c HMcHeM AHapcii. Buyx Axapea — Bacuauit — poauaca oxono 1640 r. Kak ormeyarot HCCC AOBATEMM, BEILAIOWIMMHCA COCOGHOCTAMH OH He OTIMIaICA, 3470 GELT Tpyc0u06HB MH MpeKpacHo 3Hau KAaHUcApeKy1o cayx*KGy. B 1681 r. KouyGeii sanan AOIK-HOCTE pereHTa BOMiCKOBO! KAHLeATpHM, Yepes WeCTS neT — reHepanbHOrO nucapst. J[py2xx6a c retManom Yxpa-nHb! Veanom Ma3enoii nossomma ey B 1694 r. cTaTb TeHepambHEIM Cy BEIT. Tep6 Kouy6ees Boeam u cnaeen Kouyéeit. Ezo syea neo6bospumet; Tam maéynvi ezo Koneti Tlacymea 6onenvl, nexpanumol. Kpyeom Toamaevt xymopa Oxpyoicenot ezo cadamu, H wnoeo y neeo d06pa, Mexoe, amnaca, cepeépa H na eudy, u nod savKawn.A mpumino Bcé 9T0 GoratcTso ¢ nérKoit pyku Ma3ensi, ¢ KoTopsim Kouy6eii Y4ACTBOBAN B BOCHHBIX NOXOTAX, a TAKE BbITIONHAT ero JemMKaTHEIe NOpy4enna. B wacTHocTH, Gyzy unit cyabA CocTaBM AOHOC Ha reTMaHa pana Camoiiazopiya 1 ero CbIHOBCH-NOAKOBHHKOB C OOBHHCHHEM B pa3HbIX 3IOyNOTPeGICHHAX M NpucBOCHHH BoiicKoBbIx Zener. CamoiioBmueii ornpasuau B CuOupb 4 KoM(pHCKOBaIH HX orpoMubie GoraTeTBa, 4aCTb KOTOPBIX Ocesa B KapMaHax Ma3enbi u KouyGes. Tax! Bouno epena: c Kouyoeem Bout dpye Masena; 6 oni Onu Kak coxpto, x1e60M u eneem, Jleauuce uyecmeamu onu. Tlo3aHee remax 4 Cy tba NOposHHIMce: miemaHHK Ma3enst O6us0BCKHii 2KeHHICA Ha cTapmieii Jouepu Kouy-Gea, Anne, a Maagueii Matpéne (Mortpe) Mazena cram KpécTHBIM OTHOM. TeTMaH OBL TepBbIM TOCTeM B AOMe reHepasbHOTO CYAbH, Te nogpactaa ero KpecTHuua. M3 npenecTHoi AeBO4KH OHA NpeBpaltatac B OHYIO kpa-caBuuy. 6 Hoamaée nem Kpacasuyet, Mapuu pasnoii. Ona ceenca, Kak 6euHutt yeem, Baneneannont 6 menu Oy6paenou. Kax monois KuescKux 6vicom, Ona cmpotina. Eé deusncenoa To ne6eds nyemeinneix 600 Hanomunaiom niagneit xo, To nanu Geicmppie cmpemenva. Kak nena, epyor eé bena. Boxpye 6e1coKozo 4en4, Kax myuu, 20Konte1 4epnerom. 3ee300i1 G1ecmam eé enasa; Eé yema, Kax po3a, poerom. «Kouy6eesa 04b» Matpéa — 910 npoToTHn nyuiKuHcKoi Kpacasus1 Mapun. CerogHt MbI MOXKeM TONbKO MpeAMOsaraTh, KAK BbITIAe1a AeBy UK, e& NOpTpeT He coxpanmics. [papa y uecaegosateneii ecb aBe (oro-Kormu ¢ npeAMonaraemBIx o6pazos Matpéxer. Ha 02HOM 43 HEX MBI BHM JeBymiky B GoraToM Hapsze ¢ 3aTeiiTHBEIM TONOBHEIM yOopom, pacrryl¢HHBIMH BOOCAMM, THO 63 HaMéKa Ha %KMBOC 4YBCTBO, KOTOPBIM HarloaHena nywKuncKas Mapus. Ha apyrom ona xe — B TpaqHUHOHHOliykpannckoii pyOaxe ¢ KOMHOIi YéPHBIX Y1O2%KCHHBIX KOPOHO!i BOTOC HC TAKHM YcTasbiM, NeyabHBIM B3ran0M! Yacto 3axakMBas B TOCTH, TeTMaH padOBal KpeCTHHy nozapkamn, To cep&KKH nipuBesér, TO nepeTeHeK; xBanua Marpéxy, mycKasce c Heli B AOMPMe pasroBopsl, OTMe4al CKPOMHOCTS, Pa3yMHOCTE JeBy LIKH. > Bacunuii Kouy6eut = Matpéna Kouy6ei, naanannaa Mapueii Boome A.C. Ilyukuna «[lonTaBa» B 1702 r. Masena noxopoHa cBor0 2KeHY M BIOBCTBOBAI Ba ro7a, Ob110 CMy B TY nopy 3a mectbgecar. IIpupasaHHocTs K WecTHaAUarHleTHeii poACTBeHHHUe Ka3a- Jacb BCeM NOHSsTHOI. (OTHOMIeHHs KpéCTHBIX, poAHTeNeii H KpeCTHHKOB — JyXoB- HO€ POACTBO, OHH OM€KaHOT KPeCTHHKOB, MOKa Te He BCTAHYT Ha HOTH, a NOTOM KpecTHuKu 3a00TATCA O CBoNX KpécTHEIX.) M Bapyr cIOBHO rpomom yaapu0 Kouy- Sees: «3a Heit CaM reTMaH cBaTOB WIET» Hi, 6ca noana neeodobanvem, K neti amb udém u, c codpozanvem Cxeamue ett pyxy, 2oeopum: «Beccmordnetit! cmapey neyecmueorit! Bo3Moocno j6?.. HEM, NOKA MoI JHCUuBEI, Hem! on epexa ne coeepuum. On donrcen Gime omyou u Opyeom Heeunnott kpecmuuyet ceoeit Besymey! na saxame onet On exdyman Goimp eé cynpyeom». Tres xxers1 Kouy6ex Jho6osn ®éqoposnet Gout nowsTeH KaxKoMy. Bpak KpécrHerx pogureneit c KpécTHBIMM geTbMH CTporo 3ampemactcs HepKOBBIO, 3TO NpupaBruBa-JOcb K KpoBocmecuTembcTBy. Hesexomas cua GyKBatbHO OTUIBBIPHY a BICpaLHHIX Apyseii apyr ot apyra. Pogurean sanepam Bm06nénHy10 Matpény («To moma maa- 4a, To crena,/Mapuia ne mama, ne ena,/Uatrasce, 61eqHas Kak TeHb...»), a reTMaHa y2Ke ObLIO HEBO3MOXKHO OCTaHOBHTb. Ero Aa3yTHMKH TaiiHO NPOHHKaAH B 0M Ko- uyGees, nec Marpéne nogapku 4 moOosnpie nocmanus. Hakoney Ma3ena npeama- raeT JCHbrH — THICHYa, TPH, ACCATh THICAY YepBOHLER — LeT0e cocTosHne! 3a oAHY TBICTHIY MOKHO ObLIO NOCTpouTs GorbMO;i JOM HTH LepKoBs. B mcbMax OH HA3BI- saet cé: «Bama Manocrs» ut «pa3smo6e3Hax MorponbKo», mpocur npuczats xoTb pyOaliky ¢ Tela, XOTb MOHHCTO WIM NIpsyb BONOC, AeBYLIKe Noy TAKHM HarlopoM YCTOATE GbIIO Tpy AHO. Koxeano, rerman He Obi ppilapeM, kaKHM mpezcTaBiiana ero Marpéxa. On yen ObITb KpacHOpedMBEIM, OOas-TesIbHBIM, MOF TlOpa3HT H3bICKAHHBIM KOMILIHMCHTOM H BECTH JOJIPHE pasrOBOpbI O BOCHHBIX OXOJaX HM OMTBAX, OCTABAACh TPH ITOM pac- 4GTIMBBIM, XOJOAHEIM 1 OecrpHHUHTHbIM yer0BeKOM. M1, cKopee BCeTO B ITOM, a He B LCPKOBHOM 3anpeTe, KOTOpbIii 114 TeTMaHa MOrAM M OTMCHHTS, 3aKmONATaCD raapHas mpHiina orkasa Kouy6e-cs. Pogurenu nibrranich OOpa3yMuTb AOUb, KTO- KTO, a OHH-TO 3HaIM, YTO NpeAcTasascT coGoi Ma3ena. Yo on ne eedaem ceamoinu, Umo on ne nomnum Gnaeocmeinu, Umo on ne mo6um nuuezo, Umo Kposs 20m06 OH uM» KaK 6OOY, Umo npesupaem ou ceo6ooy, Umo vem omuusnor 018 nee2o. VU sor ana Marpénpi nactynaer peuarounit Moment — na npu3prs Ma3senpt ona orBeuaeT cormacHem Hi ecxope cayxa Kouy6ea Kocuynace poxoean eecmb: Ona 3a6ou1a cmvid u 4ecm, Ona 6 oGvamusx 3n00ea! Marpény He octaHosmn0 HM npectynmeHne nepea Bepoli, HH BO3MO2KHOE NpOKAITHe OTHa, HH BCeOGUIece Ocy2KHeHHe. CIOBHO Mo0d0ii ppiyapb yso3uT Ma3ena 603106-1e¢HHY10 B CBOii 10M, uw aptop «[lonrapem Bompouraet: «Komy Tb B xKepTBY OTAaHa?»> Vsan Crenanosu Masena-Koseauncknit 6511 nombcKHM ULIAXTHICM YKPAHHCKOTO NPOHCXOAACHHA H MpaBOCaBHOTO Terma Ma3enaBeponcnosezanns. Tounbiii roa poxkcHHa cro He yCTaHOBICH, HCCACAOBaTeAM na3prBaror 1633, 1639 mam 1644 rr. Poawaca Ma3ena 6 cene Ma3ermnupt negateKo or Beaoii epxeu, na nogsnactuoit Moabure tepputopun IpasoGepeanoit Yxpauner. B Monogpie roast Usa nonaa Ko ABopy NombcKOrO Kopoms NoaHHa- Kagmmupa 4 cny2ku1 y Hero KOMHaTHBIM ABOpsHMHOM. TlonbcKasl ULIxXTA He OUCHB- TO 2KAIOBAAa YKpaHHUeB, OTKPBITO Mpesupas HX, JOCTaBasoch M Masene. Ognarcabt BO BPeMs O4CpeAHOTO H3ACBATeIBCTBA Ha HUM B KOJWIC Ke Me-3YHTOB, Fc VIHICA Vigan, on o6Haxun mmary, 470 cuHTanocs MpectymieHHeM, 10-ToiiHbIM cmepru. Ho KOPOb MOMAAMA MOOAOTO YeNOBeKA, paccy AB, YTO MOCTYTI OH He YMBILIICHHO, MyAasMi ero 43 ABOpua. Ma3ena yexail B HMeHHe cBoeii Marepu Ha Bombinb. Tam ¢ HEM cirysHaacs mOGoBHas HcTOpHa, KoTopy10 san romHM JOn-ro. PsJoM ¢ HMCHHeEM ero MaTepH KH HEKTO TaH DanbOOBCKHII, YETOBEK MOAKHIBIX Jer, *KeHaTbIii Ha MoTOAOi AeBuue. TlosHakoMHBIMC c Heli, Mazer 3aBés1 HHTPIKKY, 0 KOTOPO! BCKOpe CTANO H3BeCTHO My>Ky. OAH@KABI, BbICXAB 3 OMA, @aapOoscKuii 3aMeTHA CXABUICTO 3a HUM CAYTY — OKa3aI0Cb, 4TO OH BE3ET MHCbMO or manu k Masene, B KOTOpOM Ta H3Beula.1a OOOBHHKa, 4TO MY2K yexal. Cnpatasumce B kycTax, DamsGoBcKHii cTan 2%K{aTb BO3BPALICHHA CAYTH C OTBCTOM. Yepe3 Kakoe-To Bpemsa cayTa Meperan Many 3armMcky, B KOTOpoit Ma3ena mca, 170 npveget toTuac. Tossusumiica Mean Gera octanopsen, 1 OOManyTsIi My2K NOKa3a1 emy sanucxy. «A B nepsbili paz eay», — onpaBabipanca Masena. «Mxoro Am paz, — cnpocun ManbGoscknii y cnyru, — 6p11 9TOT aH 6e3 MeHA?» «CKombKO y MeHT BOLIC Ha roOBe», — ¢ yBIOKOH OTBeTHA Cayra. Torgza DanbGoscKnit npuka3zan pa3yeTs Maseny joHara, BbIMa3aTb ero Werte 1 BHIBAIATb B MepbAX, B TAKOM BHe Mean Obit NPHBIBAH K CBOE NOMA THOM K xpocty. HeckosKo yzapos KHyTOM — H JIOWagb MOHECTACb BO BCHO TIpbITh JOMOIi yepes KycTapHuku. B HcyapanaHHOM 1 OKpOBaBNeHHOM YeaTOBeKe MpHcAyTa e7Ba y3Halla CBOero TocnoguHa. He Bcerga «Jambi cepaua) MPHHOCHAH MbLIKOMY HOOOBHHKY TakHe OropyeHHs, yale NOMOradH JewaTb Kapbepy. A CKOsbKO HX Obi? Hegapom nymm«ncKkas Mapa pesnnso cnpaumpacrt: «Tbr nM HeqaBHO, 3HaI0 a,/3g0posee Jlynecxoii. Ito HoBocTs:/Kro ota TyapcKaa?» O 4ém xe roBopsaT JOKyMeHTEI? B ogny 13 noe3gox 6 Morbury 8 1706 r. Ma3ena sctpetTua HeKyt0 BAOBY. TOXOPOHMBMIYIO ABYX My2kcii. TeM-nepaMentHas 1 Monoaapas nan JlymcKast IpMrasiy Tach TeTMaHy, HO BadkHee GbII0 TO OGcTOXTeABCTBO, ¥TO OHA UMema por- TBO ¢ NOsbCKHM Koponém Cranucmasom JlemuacKu. Mpexpacuas nombKa GbicTpo OLCHHIa My2KCKOC OOAsHHe H AAICKO HAYLE T1aHbl yKpaHHCKOrO reTMaHa. Tipy2x6y ona roropa Ob1a CKpenHTs 3aKOHHbIM GpakoM, Ho nip ycuoBHH: Mazena AOIKCH MpuBecTH YKpaHAy MOA MOABCKO-IIBCACKy1O KOpOHY.Ax, ecm Opt 3HaTb 06 9Tom Marpéne, Torza, BO3MO2KHO, CTO MBLIKHe pen He CMy- main Gi eé Cayx, He KiAIacb Ob OHA MOGUMOMY. Mapua. 62n3 Tea He 3HarO CTpaxa — Tei Tak Moryu! O, 3Haro 1: Tpow xK96T TeOs. Masena.A ecam muiaxa? Mapua.C roGoii Ha maxy, ecm Tak. Ax, mepexurs Te6a Mory 1H? Ho Her: TbI HOCHINS BIaCTH 3HaK. Jlo Hac zour10 Gombure AecaTKa NoprpeTos Masensi, HO cpea HX NpaxriecKn HET TIOXOXKHX, OH CIOBHO 4CIOBCK C MHO?KCCTBOM JIHIL. E20 Kyopsevie cedunoi, Ezo eny6oxue mopyunel, Ezo Grecmanyut, enarvitt 630p, Eeo ayKaepit pazeosop Taku on 1 Obit B xKM3HE: Ha YKpanne o”HMM, B Poccnu ApyrHM, ¢ NomsAKaMH 4 uIBegamu TpeTbuM, ac Matpéuoii yok TOUHO HM Ha KOrO He MOXO2KUM, BMOOTéHHEIM pptuapem. Tlocae npuxmoyerms ¢ nan DamOos-cKoii Mazena yen k Ka3aKkaM Ha MpaBblii Geper, cay2u y rermana [Tapia Terepu, anorom y Hetpa Jjopomenko. Bo spema CA KObI KCHHICA Ha OoraToii BIOBE @puakesw4, y KOTOpOHi OT nepBoro Opaka Opi chin. Masena Béit CaO2KHY1O. Jake He ABOHHY1O, a TPoiiHy10 UTpy. TocTeTeHHO, 4TO HA3bIBACTCH, 110 TOTOBAM, TOAHMMasCb 110 KapbepHoii ecTHuue. Bor on yoxe mpa- Bas pyka JJopouieHKo B 3BaHMM reHepanb- HOTO TIHCaps, a Nocme HeNpHATHO! MCTO- pun c apecrom » moe31Koi B Mocksy — AOMauIHHi yanTenb cbrHoBeii Mana Ca- MoiinoBu4a, reTMana JIesoGepexHoii Yxpauuel. B KoporKoe Bpema Masena Monogoi Masena nocne HeyjadHoro cTam reHepaibHEIM ecays0M (BaxkHeimMHTit sio6oBHoro NpukmoyeHUst “HH Tocie reTMaHa), a B 1687 r., HamucaB Aovoc # ycrpanne Camoiinosiya, nomyan GyHayk Hu GynaBy — CHMBOZBI BAaCTHrermana. boraTcrso, 0 KOTOpoM Tak Zomro MeuTan MBan, xabrHy 10 GypHBIM TOTO- KOM, OObI4HBIM Ae20M Aa Masenpi cra10 Ka3HOKpaaCTBO. Betpeua c Hetpom | n3Mennaa 2xH3Hb reTMana. V xoTs BHataze OH OcTaBasca Mpe- AaHHbIM (pasoputy uapesH! Coden Bacnamro Toauupimy, B nociegzcTsun nepeméa Ha CTOpoHY wWaps, B GyKBaTbHOM CMBICTIe O4ApoBaB cro. Tlocae yyactus 15 THIc#4 Ka3aKoB B ASOBCKHX MOXxOJax NoAOxKeHHe Mazensi ympo- unmoce, [érp I meazpo HarpagH reTMaHa H CTO MOTKOBHMKOB, CaMONMTHO BpyIHB HM WEéNKOBBIC MaTepHH H COGombH Mexa. A 1700 r, Masena crait 0aHMM 43 TepBBIX kKaBaslepos opsena Angpes IlepsosparHoro, Bbicuteii Harpazb! Amnepun. Tlosoxxenne cran0 MenaTécs c Hayao CenepHoii Boiins!. Kore6asch Mexay LIpe- uneii, Tomburteii a Poccneii, Ma3ena piOupaet ceGe B MOKPOBHTeM LIBEACKOTO KO- poss Kapaa XII. Jlasno samvicaum M1 0e10; Tenepe ono kunum y nac. Buaeoe epema vam npucneno; BopoGer eenuxoit 61usoK vac. es muiott eorvnocmu u caaevi Ckronam 0220 Mbt 21aebt TTo0 noxpoeumeiecmeom Bapuaeet, Tod camoenacmuem Mockxeoi. Ho neszaeucumon deprcacon Vepatine Obie yawce nopa: HI 3namsa 6oreHocmu Kpoeasott A noonumaro na Hempa. Ho BepHémca k m0G0BHOii HeTOpHH, MepexkuBaemoii MBaHom CrenaHoBHem Ha 3axate Aneii. Joos Masensi k «Kory 6eeRoii AONepH» OKA3aTACb POKOBOI. 3a4eM Hy2kHa Opa reTMany 1onat Matpéna? Oreeta mer yxxe He y3Haem. Tlosepus KOBapHOMY, XOT0gHOMY cepauem yemOBexy, Marpéna nory6uaa ce6s, Brexas B 20M Masenbi xossiikoii, Ha Hageslacb cTarb emy 2keHOIi. Ho He TyT TO OpiI0!Terman Masena — ppiljapb Tlpookue y oGoncTuTens HeAeMO MIM MecsIL, Kakas Tenteps pasHaua, Matpéna Oxia BOSBpAUcHa B POAHOI JOM. «3aueM ke TbI MCHA He MOOMUIb?)» — crpammBaer oT- sepruytas Motps. Orel c MaTepbi0, NOHHMas HCTHHHOe OTHOUIEHHE reTMaHa Kk Heli, AOHHMamH Zou, ynpéxamu, A Masena cram cii mca: «Huxkoro emé Ha cBeTe 1 TAK He OOH, KaK Bac, HAA McHa ObLIO Obl CHacTbE MH pagocTs, ccau 6 BHI MpuexanH Hu okHAH Obl y MCHA, HO 51 COOOpa3sHA, KAKOIi KOHEL M3 9TOFO MOXKCT BpIitTH, OCOGeHHO npu Takoi 3no6e exHacTBe BaumMx poguTencit. [pumo 6s or Llepksu HeGaaro- cnoBpeHne, 1706 BMecTe He 2KHTb, H re GbI A Tora Bac Aen. Mue Bac Gput0 2Kasb, 4706 BbI NOTOM Ha MeHa He TAKA». B yxpaaxoii nepeqaHHbix 3anuco4Kax Masena Haspreaet gesyuiky «moé cepacHe- KO», «MOM Cepse4HO KOXaHHa». B zyme Marpéxer mo6o8s Goposace ¢ o6nq0ii: «Boxy, 170 Bama Musocrs copcem H3MCHHIACb CBOCIO MOGOBBIO NIperKHEIO KO ue, Kak 3Haclilb, BOTA TBOS, Acnaii YTO xouem!»» A reTMaH B oTBeT: «an B MoHa- CTBIpb, TOrda 1 Oyay 3HaTb, ITO TenaTD». Kouy6eam Gpi Bcé 3a6birb, cracas penyTa- UMIO AOYepH, NPeACTABHTb JeIO Tak, 4TO, Mou, Mpocto roctuia Marpéxa y KpécTHoro otua. Ho Het, on TpyOsT Ha BeCb CBET, ITO Mapua. Anatroctpayna K nosMe A.C.Ilymkuna «llontapa»reTMaH OGomBCTHT Hx Joub, O6eccraBun cempIO. Kouy6cii mucam K Masene ynpéxn, a TOT orBedan emy: «Tht YOMHHAeLIb 0 KAKOM-TO Gyly te; 1 He 3HaKO M He TIOHEMAIO numero. Cam TI, BHAHO, Gry qHUND, cyUIatch CBoeli ropsoii, GomTAMBO! *eHBI, KOTOPYIO, Kak BHDKY, HE YMCCLIb CaepxKMBATD». Korga pogureau, nprrasich cnacTH YeCTb JO-4epH, HAXOAsT cit 7KCHUXA — nomkosHuka Uyiikesu4a — Masena copetyet He mpoge-mesHTb: «Bot nozaauMca TIO MOABCKY¥O KOPOHY, BbIAIHM JOU TBO 3a 3HATHOTO WWTIAXTHTA). 31H cioBa Cras Mocie THUMM B Yauie Tep-neHHa Kouy6ees. To, xro Masenna mpegarens, *kaKAy WM OTKONOTS Ykpanny oT Poccnn, GprBunii Apyr Bacwanii Kouy6eii 3Han JaBxo. B ero ronose cospea nan MectH: 060 BcéM Hanucats Metpy H OTOMCTHTS 3a MOpyraHHy?0 ¥ecTb JOVepU. B pykax mockoeckux naiaueit, B xpoeu, npu muyemnoix ompuyanoax, Ha dviée, kopuac @ ucmazanesx, Toi npoKianéuls u denb, u 4ac, Kozda moi dou Kpecmu y Hac. «TeTMaH CaMOBOJbHO pacnopsKacTCesa BOHCKOBOIO Ka3HOIO, GepéT, CKONBKO XOUCT H Aapur, KOMY Xo4eT», — MCA B CBOEM MHCbMe HMMepaTopy reHepasbHblii cy Aba Kouy6eii. «Bpi10 6bt AOBOMbHO C Hero AecaTu ropozoB [azsUKoro NoAKA, ¢ KOTOPbIX HAT eMy BCC JOXOJBI, KPOMe TOTO, y HeTO BO BIACTH eCTS BOTOCTH H céna 3HAMH- TeNbHEIC, a OH GepéT Cee AOXOABI C NOPyKABHYHEIX H APCHAHBIX C GOMbLIMM yMHO- oaennem... [perkge GbtBasi0, NOMKOBHMKOB H3OHpaiH BOUIbHBIMH rosOcaMH, a Terepb TeTMAH 3a NOAKOBHIBH MecTa Oepér B3ATKH>. DakTEI, H3T0%KeCHHEIe Bacwmem Jleonrbesriem, He nogTBepmuiuce. Kouy6eii Spu1 apecToBaH M BEIaH reTMany. nO TIBITKAMH OH (CO3HAJICA B YMBICIAX JY KaBBIX»Jjom Kouy6ees 15 moas 1708 r, 6mm3 Benoit Llepxen Bacumii Kory6eii Gsm xasnéw: «Tonop 61ec- nyc pasmaxy,/H orckouna ronosa». Ilo npukasanuio Bea combs KouyOees Oni1a apecToBaHa, a UMyUecTBO OTOGpaHo B Nomb3y reTMaHa. A Marpéna? Kak ona nepexkusia CMepTb OTUa HM KpyleHHe BCeii Cebu, 3Hasl, TO BUHOli BCeMy e& moGoBB? B nyuKHHCKO! (KAMep-FOH-KepOM). yuies B KOWIexKe HesyuToB. Harnad c 1659 rogza, Masena yoKe BbITIOHAT OTBCTCTBCHHBIC NOpy4CHHs KOPOMA: Cro OTNpaBAAIH C TOCTAHHAMH K TeTMaHaM Jleso6epexnoit Yxpanupr, nogzBmactHoii Poccun, x Upany Berrosckomy u IOpmo Xmembunukomy. HackoabKko BaxKHBIMH OBIT 9TH MOpy4CHHs, CTAIO H3BCCTHO no3guee: u Berrosckuii, u }Opuii Xmeapunuxnii wsmMennan Poccnn, nepemerHy Bunce K Tonbue. Tak toxbiii Mazena HaGu-panca nonuTH4ecKoro onprta.B 1663 roay 4H Kasumup ornpasuics B noxo,g Ha Jlesobcpexny1o Yxpauny. Bos-ne Beaoii Lleprsu Ma3ena noxmrys1 Boiicko MH OCTasICA B POHBIX MecTax. EcTb Ha 9TOT cueT H Apyras Bepcns. Ax Tacex, naxx npu ABope Ana Kasumupa, BnOcIeACTBHM Mucan, uo Ma3zena noKMHy 1 ABOp 113-34 JHOGOBHOI HH-TpHKKH, OKOHUMBUeHiCA A191 Hero TO30poM. byaTo Opt Maseria Gb MOGOBHHKOM 2K HI nomemuka Manp6os - ckoro. Myx y3Has 06 3TOM OT CiyT H OAHaKAbI NoAcTeper Mazeny. @anbGosckuii npuKa3an ycaauTs Mana Ha ero COOCTRCHHOTO KOH JIMIIOM K XBOCTY H NPHBs3aTb B TAKOM NOTO2KeHHH. 3areM KOHA HCTyTaiM KpuKaMn 1 BBICTPesaMH, TaK ITO OH HOMMarIcs JOMOii Yepe3 3apociH, OBparn H pekH. MasenaObl Tak H3paHeH, 4TO cro CAyTM HacHaAy NpHsHasM XogauHa... Bpsa mM 3TO MpaBza. Tlacex 611 302 na Maseny 3a To, uo Max pa306aa-4mn ero yuactue B 3aroBope. Tipapga, naKy ydas0cb Kak-To onpaBgatecs. Mo sTomy HH 0 Apyromy MoBogzy Tlacex 4 Masena noccopuncs, 7a Tak, 4ro Mazena o6HaKHN umary, a mpu ABOpe 970 GbII0 CTporKaiite 3ampe-LeHO MH Kapanoce cmepTstO. ITpaBaa, Koponb paccy qua, uo Mazena nocty mt Tak HeyMBILIIeHHO. Ucropua, nosezannas Tlaceko, He OpHTMHabHa, MOAOGHBIC CrO*KeTSI BCTPCuAIOTCA B AMTepatype XVI- XVII sexos. Ho « ume Ma3enpi ata serena npuctana Kpenko. BrocaezeTBun MHOrHe COUMHMTENH, THcaBitHe O Masene, nepeckaspiBasi ee Kak NOsUIMHHOe co6prtne. Ona nocay2Kuna, B 4aCTHOCTH, OCHOBOIi crox%KeTa NooMbI baiipona «Masera». Moser ObiTb, aBAHTIOPHBIIi CrO*KET OKABAIICA CPOAHH XapakTepy Masenbl, K TOMY 2Ke OH CMOTOZy Obi BecbMa OGBeoGuTeH. Kpome Toro, eure COBPeMCHHUKH B OHH FONOC YTBEpAKAATH, ITO OH «Hapogiii». YMeHHe NPOHSBOAHTb BIeYaTACHHe H BHY MATS OBepHe BOsHecNO Ma3eny Ha BepmMAy BracTH. B Ty nopy rermaxom [TpasoOepexnoii Ykpanupi Oba Masso Terepa. Masena NOCTYMMA K HeMy Ha ciy2KOy. TerMaribr CMCHATHCE 4acTo, H CKOpo TeTeps Obit cMeIIeH, Ha ero MecTo 611 436pax Terpo JJopomernko. Ox cpasy oueHnn 3HaHns, cnocoGHocTH 1 NpHATHOS OGXOxKACHHe MOMOAOTO MTAXTHNA H Ha3HaTHT cro cHa4aia pOTMMCTPOM Ha_BOpHO!i Cay2KGLI, a 3aTeM reHepasbHbIM MMCapeM, TO eCTb AWYHBIM CeKpeTapeM H iaBoli CBoeii KanLeapHu.Bo Bpema cyxGb y opouerKo nan Mazena axennacs Ha Goraroii BgoBe MpuyKesuy. Or nepsoro Gpaka y Hee Opiat cpt Kpprnrod), a cBoux JeTeii Masena c He1o He HaKHI. Tetmax Jlopomerko Bex c1oxKHY10, TpoitHy1o urpy. DopMamBHO ocTaBascE HOA{aHHbIM NOASCKOTO KOPONA, reT-MaH OTHpaBul Maseny c nocwaHMem kK rerTMaKy Jleso6epexnoii Ykpanner Meany Camoiinosyy ¢ yBepeHHaMH, 4YTO 2kesaeT CAYKUTS pyeckomy wapro. Ho y2Ke yepe3 HecKombKO Mecsaues JJopomenko nocsmamt Maseny k TYPeU-KOMy cysITaHY — MpOCHTs MOMOMIH y H3BC4HOTO Bpara MpaBocaaBHBIX. A B mogapok cyarany Jlopomenko oTnpa-Br ¢ Ma3enoii «acer — naTHaqyaTb pados 43 KO3AKOB, 3AXBAYCHHBIX Ha JeBi cropoxe J[Hempa. Tlo nyTH Ma3eny ¢ «rocTHHIaMM> 3aXBaTHIH 3am0poxcKHe KO3aKH, Tora KOLICBBIM aramanom 3anopoxcKoii Ceun 6p Msan Cupko, ToT camptii, 410 mat CO CBOHMH KO3aKaMH 3HAMCHHTOC MIHCbMO TypeuKoMy cysTaHy Maromety IV: «Csansua TH Mopaa, KoObiIT4a Cpaka, Kyca4a coOaka, HexpemcHbtii 106, MaTb TBO... He 6y- Jeu Tht Ht CBHHCH XpHCTHAHCKHN nacTH, Tenepb KoHTAeMO, HOO HHeMa He 3HAeMO, KasleHsapa He MaeMO, a AeHb TaKOil, Kak Hy Bac, 3a 4TO NOUesyii B cpaky Hac!» Tlovemy arama Cupko, 3TOT HeMCTOBbIii 3aMMTHMK NpaBO-CaBHBIX, 3aKATBII Bpar TaTap H TypoK, He orpy6um Mazene ronopy Ha MecTe, Kak NOCTyMam OH OObIHHO C n0-co6HHkaMu 6ycypMaH, a OTMpaBsI ero K reTMaHy Camoiinosrryy — octaeTca TONBKO raqaTb. OTTy Aa ero 3aTpe-GoBao MOCKOBCKOE NpaBHTeABCTBO K ceGe AITAanbueiiuero pasOupatesecTBa. Tak, He 10 cBocit Boze, Ma3ena snepspie noma B Mocxsy. Ho 970 nyTemectBue OKa3aq0cb 214 HeTO cuacTsm-BbIM. OH CyMesI He TOABKO OMpaBaaTecs, HO H TOHpaBHTEca Goapnny Aprtamory Marseesy, pykosogusuiemy Masopoccuiickum mpuka3om, 1 MOCKOBCKOMY BOcBO”e PomogaHoBcKomy. Ma3eny mperzcTasuaH camMomy Wapro Anexcero Muxaiiaoswyy. Yapst Masensi onatTh nogeiicraopasmu: on yGequn aps, uTo Jlopomerko pacnor0xKeH K pycckoii zep»Kase. J[1a nymeit yGeauTerBHOCTH OF ue0Bai1 B TOM OGpasa Cnaca u Ipecsatoii boropoguupi. Masene spyawm TIpPu3bIBHbIe TpaMorsl K JlopouleHKO HC TeM OTHpaBL OOpaTHO. Ho Masena na npaspiit Geper yoxe He Bepuy.ca. On, nonaK Mo BOCHMTAaHMIO 4 oGpasoBaHMro, CUNTaBLIMit KOpO-seBCKHii ABOp B Kpaxose Hactosmeii Esponoii, BepOATHO, NOHAT. ITO HMCHHO B Momya3snaTcKoi Mockee HacTo-siaa CHa, NOAIHHHOe GoraTcTBO H Kpemmkas BIACTb. Terman Jleno6epexxnoii Yxpannsr pan Camoiinopir yore sna Maseny, wenn ero YHCHOCTS H NOBKOCTD, a TOTOMY OXOTHO 83x17 CTO JOMALLHMM YHHTCIeM A114 CBOHX cbiHoBeii. Masera 8 KOpOTKOe BpeMA CTA TeHepasib-HbIM CCay.IOM — JOJKHOCTS BICOKas H MOeTHasT. OH cUIC HecKOmBKO pa3 ¢30H B Mocksy u KaxkypIit pa3 yKpen- JA CBOH CBA3H B Bepxax. YaKe cKoHMates rocyazapp AncKceit Muxaiinosm, 3aBeplIMi0Cb KpaTKoe WapCTBOBa-HHe ero crapuero cbiHa Degopa AneKceesnua, u BOT Ha TpOHe Ba Opata-nogpocrka — [erp u Mean, Ho npasur Poccueii ux cecrpa Corppa Anexceesna, Ma3ena 6pictpo Bouter B AoBepue K ce (paBoputy Bacuanro Tosmupiny. Tenepb AOnKHOCTb reHepanbHoro ecayna cHenanacb Mazene He no pocty. OH yke meTM Ha MeCTO Camovinosuua. B sto Bpema 3aBepwMACA Heyfa4HbI Noxon, pycckoro Boiicka 4 Ka3aKOB NpOTHB KPbIMCKOrO XaHCTBa. Bacuanii Fonmupin cBanua Buty Ha Camoiinosmua, a Ha Toro yoke 6biNa 3aroToBneHa YenobuTHaa. Kak caugeTenbcTByeT COBPeMeHHNK, ee COcTaBUsN «OGO3HbIN, eCayn MW nucapb BoMcKOBOM», O603HbIM, BTOPbIM YeENOBEKOM Nocie retmana, 6bin Bacunuii BopkoscKkuii, ecaynom- Ma3ena, a Masena enepevie nucapem -Bacunuii Kouy6ei. 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