Class #6

Structural Dynamics

Single Degree of Freedom Systems

Forced-Damped Vibrations

Damping evaluations
Half-Power Bandwidth Technique

Dr. Tesfaye Alemu 1

SDOF: Forced, Undamped & Damped
p(t ) = p0 Sin(F t )
F = forcing frequency
⚫ Transient Response = difference between
Total Response and
Steady State Response
Transient Response = Complementary Solution
= difference between
⚫ Must
Evaluate Total Solution and
Particular Solution
Damping

⚫ Damped Response
2

Undamped
⚫ ⚫ Undamped
Response
Response
 SDOF: Forced, damped, TOTAL Solution
FInertia
SDOF: p(t)
m
mass p(t)
FI
FI
c c F
FD
u(t) FD r=
FS1 FD FS2 N
FS1 FS
Spring Spring k
1 Damper 2 FS2 N =
m
For most structural systems :
The Final Steady State solution is :
  0.1 thus :  2  0.01
(1 − r ) + (2r )
2 2 2
 D =  N 1 −  2 =  N 1 − 0.01
u (t ) = u StaticRd Sin ( F t −  ) = Rd Sin ( F t −  )
p0
D  N
k
(2r )
 TD =
2

2
 2r  D N
 = Tan−1 
1− r 
2 
= Phase Lag Angle :
1− r 2
TD  TN ( )
1
Rd = = Dynamic Displacement Re sponse Amplificat ion Factor
(1 − r ) + (2r )
2 2 2
TD =
1
fD
3
Steady State Dynamic Displacement Re sponse fD  fN
Rd =
Max Static Displacement Re sponse
 SDOF: Damping Evaluation, Half-Power Bandwidth Technique

Rd = Dynamic Displacement Response

⚫ Shape of displacement
response curve near
resonance is controlled by
damping.

Amplification Factor
⚫ Can use the response
values in a band around
resonance to determine
damping, experimentally.
⚫ Can experimentally
determine damping from r=
F
= Frequency Ratio
N
forced vibrations tests
without knowing forcing
function.
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 SDOF: Damping Evaluation, Half-Power Bandwidth Technique

Rd = Dynamic Displacement Response

 ( ) 
 −1 
4  2  1
Rd = 1 + 2 2 − 1 r + r
2 2
  and Rd MAX =
(
2 1 −  2 )
Rd MAX
Set : Rd =

Amplification Factor
2
1  1  1 

= 
(1 − r ) + (2r )
2 2 2  2  2 1 −  2 ( ) 

Now invert :

( 2 )2 (1 −  )= (1 − r ) + (2r )

2 2 2 2

Square both sides :

 ( ) (
2 4 2 1 −  2 = 1 − r 2 + (2r ) )
2 2

F
8 − 8 = 1 − 2r + r + 4 r
2 4 2 4 2 2 r= = Frequency Ratio
N
( ) (
0 = r 4 + 4 2 − 2 r 2 + 8  4 −  2 + 1 )

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 SDOF: Damping Evaluation, Half-Power Bandwidth Technique

( ) (
0 = r 4 + 4 2 − 2 r 2 + 8  4 −  2 + 1 )

Rd = Dynamic Displacement Response

U sin g quadratic equation :

r =
2 ( ) (4
− 4 2 − 2  )
− 2 − 4(1) 8  4 −  2 + 1
2 2
( ) 
2(1)
the square root becomes : =

Amplification Factor
(
= 16 4 − 16 2 + 4 − 32  4 −  2 − 4 )
= − 16 4 + 16 2 = 4 −  2 + 1
the roots become :

r2 =
− (
4 2
− 2 )4  1 −  2
= 1 − 2 2  2 1 −  2
2(1)
F
r= = Frequency Ratio
for practical structures :   0.1   0 2
N

r 2  1  2 r  1  2
u sin g only the first term of a Taylor series exp ansion :
r  1 
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 SDOF: Damping Evaluation, Half-Power Bandwidth Technique

F

Rd = Dynamic Displacement Response

r  1  
N
Call the two frequencie s :  FA and F
B

where :  FA   FB
F F
A
 1−  1 + 
B

Amplification Factor
N N
 F  (1 −  ) N
A
 F  (1 +  ) N
B

Subtract :
 FB −  FA  (1 +  ) N − (1 −  ) N
 F −  F  2 N
B A

F − F 2
B

A
divide by : 1 =
2 N 2 F
r= = Frequency Ratio
F F N
−
B A

2 2   
Since : f =
  2 F F
2 N  rA = rB = B

 2 
A

N N
f FB − f FA 7

2 fN
 SDOF: Damping Evaluation, Half-Power Bandwidth Technique

Rd = Dynamic Displacement Response

f FB + f FA
fN 

Amplification Factor
2
f FB − f FA
 
f FB + f FA

F
r= = Frequency Ratio
N

⚫ Choose fFA and fFB at response

 1 
amplitudes that are  2  times
response amplitude at resonance,
r=1
⚫ For proper accuracy, need 10 data 8

points between fFA and fFB .

 SDOF: Damping Evaluation, Half-Power Bandwidth Technique

⚫ Examples:
⚫ Nielsen, 1966, Fig. 11, 2nd lowest
translational mode, 6th floor response.
⚫ Vibration generator applied
⚫ Determine damping
⚫ Homework

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 SDOF: Structural Damping

⚫ Simple Span Highway Bridge:

⚫ Magnitude of damping is:
⚫ Largest for
⚫ Concrete bridges
⚫ Non-composite steel girder bridges
⚫ Magnitude of the damping is dependent on:
⚫ Strain in structure
⚫ Age of structure

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 SDOF: Structural Damping

⚫ Simple Span Highway Bridge: Sources of Damping

⚫ AASHTO test results of simple-span bridges:
⚫ Composite Steel girder bridge:   0.02 = 2%
⚫ Pre-stressed Concrete bridge:   0.04 = 4%
⚫ Reinforced Concrete bridge:   0.04 = 4%
⚫ Non-Composite Steel girder bridge:   0.06 = 6%
⚫ Source, A.S. Veletsos, 1986.
2’ 4”
4’ 8”
15’ 0”

4’ 8”
3’ 4”

50’ 0” 11