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ch07 Solution Manual Soil Mechanics and Foundations
ch07 Solution Manual Soil Mechanics and Foundations
ch07 Solution Manual Soil Mechanics and Foundations
1:
An elastic soil is confined laterally and is axially compressed under drained conditions. In soil
mechanics, the loading imposed on the soil is called Ko compression or consolidation. Show that
under the Ko condition,
x
z 1
where ’ is Poisson’s ratio for drained condition.
Solution 7.1
x
1
E
x y z x 1 z 0
1
E
(1)
or
y
1
E
x y z x 1 z 0
1
E
(2)
Show that if an elastic, cylindrical soil is confined in the lateral directions, the constrained elastic
modulus is
( )
( )( )
where E’ = Young’s modulus and ’ is Poisson’s ratio for drained condition.
Solution 7.2
(( ) )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
Exercise 7.3:
The increase in porewater pressure in a saturated soil is given by u = 3 + A(1 - 3). Show
that if the soil is a linear, isotropic, elastic material, A = 1/3 for the axisymmetric condition.
Solution 7.3
u 3 A 1 3
1 u 2 3 u
i.e. 0
3
u 3
1
1 3
3
1
Thus A =
3
Exercise 7.4
A cylindrical soil, 75 mm in diameter and 150 mm long, is axially compressed. The length
decreases to 147 mm and the radius increases by 0.3 mm. Calculate:
(a) The axial and radial strains
(b) The volumetric strains
(c) Poisson’s ratio
Solution 7.4
r r = 0.3 mm, z = 3 mm
75 mm 3 3
3
b)
150mm
( 3)
c)
3
Exercise 7.5
A cylindrical soil, 75 mm in diameter and 150 mm long, is radially compressed. The length
increases to 153 mm and the radius decreases to 37.2 mm. Calculate:
Solution 7.5
z = 150 – 153 = -3 mm
75 mm
b)
150mm
( )
Exercise 7.6
A soil, 100 mm x 150 mm x 20 mm high, is subjected to simple shear deformation (see Figure
7.3). The normal force in the Z direction is 1 kN and the shear force is 0.5 kN. The displacements
at the top of the soil in the X and Z directions are x = 1 mm and z = 1 mm. Calculate:
(a) The shear and normal stresses
(b) The axial and shear strains
Solution 7.6
F
Z
T
X
20 mm
100 mm
F = 1 kN, T = 0.5 kN
a)
b)
Exercise 7.7
Solution 7.7
1 E 1 1
3 1 1 2 1 3
An element of soil (sand) behind a retaining wall is subjected to an increase in vertical stress of 5
kPa and a decrease in lateral stress of 25 kPa. Determine the change in vertical and lateral
strains, assuming the soil is a linearly elastic material with E = 20 MPa and = 0.3.
Solution 7.8
1 1 1 1
3 E 1 3
1.3
1 0.7 5 0.3 (25) 7.15 104
20, 000
1.3
3 0.3 5 0.7 (25) 1.24 103
20, 000
Exercise 7.9
A cylindrical specimen of soil is compressed by an axial principal stress of 500 kPa and a radial
principal stress of 200 kPa. Plot Mohr’s circle of stress and determine (a) the maximum shear
stress and (b) the normal and shear stresses on a plane inclined at 30° counterclockwise from the
horizontal.
Solution 7.9
Because there are no shear stresses on the planes where the normal stresses are applied, these
normal stresses are principal stresses.
Horizontal plane
Plane 30o from
30o horizontal plane
(counter clock
150 kPa wise)
124 kPa
30o
500 200
(a) max 150 kPa
2
(b) = 428 kPa, = 124 kPa
Exercise 7.10
A soil specimen (100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm) is subjected to the forces shown in Figure P7.10.
Determine (a) the magnitude of the principal stresses, (b) the orientation of the principal stress
plane to the horizontal, (c) the maximum shear stress, and (d) the normal and shear stresses on a
plane inclined at 20° clockwise to the horizontal.
Solution 7.10
2 2
2 2
200
(b) tan = = -0.414, 22.5
882.8 400
882 .8 317 .2
(c) max = 282.8 kPa
2
882.8 317.2 882.8 317.2
(d) = cos 40 816.6 kPa
2 2
(e) ( )
Exercise 7.11
The initial principal stresses at a certain depth in a clay soil are 100 kPa on the horizontal plane
and 50 kPa on the vertical plane. Construction of a surface foundation induces additional stresses
consisting of a vertical stress of 45 kPa, a lateral stress of 20 kPa, and a counterclockwise (with
respect to the horizontal plane) shear stress of 40 kPa. Plot Mohr’s circle (1) for the initial state
of the soil and (2) after construction of the foundation. Determine (a) the change in magnitude of
the principal stresses, (b) the change in maximum shear stress, and (c) the change in orientation
of the principal stress plane resulting from the construction of the foundation.
Solution 7.11
current
pole
initial
23°
Solution 7.12
G Se 2.7 0.850.7
s w 9.8 19.0 kN / m 3
1 e 1 0.7
Bottom:
S=1
w Gs 0.28 (2.7)
e 0.756 0.76
S 1
G Se 2.7 0.76
sat s w 9.8 19.3 kN / m 3
1 e 1 0.76
Stress (kPa)
0 50 100 150 200
0
1
total stresses
2
Depth (m)
Solution 7.13
4.5m
5m
w = 28%; sat = 19.3kN/m3
Stress (kPa)
0 50 100 150 200
0
2
Depth (m)
total
6
8
effective
10
b) G.W.L. rises 2 m above water surface
Rise of 2 m
4.5m sat = 19.6kN/m3
5m
sat = 19.3kN/m3
Stress (kPa)
2
Depth (m)
total
6
effective
8
10
Note: The vertical effective stresses remain unaltered from part (a) by the rise of
groundwater above the surface.
c) G.W.L. decreases from 2m above surface to 1m below its original level
Decrease of 1m
sat = 19.3kN/m3
5m
Total stresses remain same from part (a) the only change is porewater pressures and
effective stresses
Stress (kPa)
2
Depth (m)
6
total
8
effective
10
Exercise 7.14
At what depth would the vertical effective stress in a deep deposit of clay be 100 kPa, if e = 1.1?
The groundwater level is at 1 m below ground surface and S = 95% above the groundwater level.
Neglect pore air pressure.
Solution 7.14
Gs e 2.7 1.1
sat w 9.8 17.7 kPa = 17.7 kPa
1 e 2.1
Let z be the depth below the GWL at which z is 100 kPa
Solution 7.15
2m
3m
Solution 7.16
3m
Clay
Capillary tube is 10% of effective size: d = 0.1x D10 = (0.1 x 0.15) mm = (0.1 x 0.15 x
10-3) m
4 T cos
Now, height of capillary size: Z C
d w
T (surface tension) for water = 0.073 N/m
2.7 0.6
sat 9.8 20.2 kN 3
1 0.6 m
sat w 20 .2 9.8 10 .4 kN
m3
Height of capillary action
3m sat = 20.2 Zc=2m = 19.9 kN/m3
10m
sat = 20.2
Clay
Stress (kPa)
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
0
2
Depth (m)
u '
10
Exercise 7.17
A soil profile consists of a clay layer underlain by a sand layer, as shown in Figure P7.17. If a
tube is inserted into the bottom sand layer and the water level rises to 1 m above the ground
surface, determine the vertical effective stresses and porewater pressures at A, B, and C. If Ko is
0.5, determine the effective and total lateral stresses at A, B, and C. What is the value of the
porewater pressure at A to cause the effective stress there to be zero?
Solution 7.17
(a)
Water
x = Ko x = x + u
Point (kPa) height u (kPa)
(kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
(m)
A (Top 4 x 9.8 =
1 x 18.5 + 2 x 19 = 56.5 4 17.3 8.7 47.9
of sand) 39.2
5 .5 x 9.8 =
B 56.5 + 1.5 x 17 = 82 5.5 28.1 14.1 68
53.9
7.5 x 9.8 =
C 56.5 + 3.5 x 17 = 116 7.5 42.4 21.2 94.8
73.6
Solution 7.18
( )
Under GWE;
( )
Perched water;
( )
A – A’
Depth (m) (kPa) u (kPa) ' = u (kPa)
0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 3 × 21.8 = 65.4 0.0 65.4
7 7 × 21.8 = 152.6 0.0 152.6
8 8 × 21.8 = 174.4 0.0 174.4
11 174.4 + 3 × 21 = 244.9 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 215.5
Stress (kPa)
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0
0
2 total stresses
porewater pressures
4
Depth (m)
effective stresses
6
10
12
B – B’
' = u
Depth (m) (kPa) u (kPa)
(kPa)
0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 3 × 21.8 = 65.4 0.0 65.4
7 65.4 + 4 × 23.5 = 159.4 4 × 9.8 = 39.2 120.2
8 159.4 + 1 × 21.8 = 181.2 0.0 181.2
11 181.2 + 3 × 21 = 244.2 3 × 9.8 = 29.4 214.8
Stress (kPa)
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0
0
2 total stresses
porewaer pressures
4
Depth (m)
effective stresses
6
10
12
Exercise 7.19
A pole is held vertically on a soil surface by three equally spaced wires tied to the top of
the pole. Each wire has a tension of 1 kN and is inclined at 45° to the vertical. Calculate:
(a) The increase in vertical stress at a depth 1 m below the surface
(b) The amount of elastic settlement below the axis of the pole if E = 40 MPa and =
0.45
Solution 7.19
Point load
= 3 x 1x cos45o
45o 3
=
2
1kN
1 x cos45o
Q(1 ) 1
z 2(1 )
2 2 r )2
1
2Ez (1 ( ) )
r 1 (
z
z
(3 ) 1.35 (103 )
z 2
2(0.65) 1 2.62x105 m
2 (40 106 )(1)
z 0.0262 mm
Exercise 7.20
A rectangular foundation 4 m x 6 m (Figure P7.20) transmits a stress of 100 kPa on the
surface of a soil deposit. Plot the distribution of increases of vertical stresses with depth
under points A, B, and C up to a depth of 20 m. At what depth is the increase in vertical
stress below A less than 10% of the surface stress?
Solution 7.20
Use the influence chart shown in Fig 7.24 or use the program STRESS at
www.wiley.com/college/budhu
Point A X
Y
Depth, z m n Iz z 4q s I z
(kPa)
0 --- --- --- 150
5 0.4 0.6 0.08 48
10 0.2 0.3 0.025 15
15 0.13 0.2 0.012 7 Z E
20 0.1 0.15 0.006 4
L D K
Point B
B=4
L=6
Depth, m n Iz z q s I z
z (kPa)
0 --- --- --- 150
5 0.8 1.2 0.17 25
10 0.4 0.6 0.08 12
15 0.27 0.4 0.04 6
20 0.2 0.3 0.027 4
Point C
5
Depth (m)
10 Point A
Point B
15 Point C
20
25
Exercise 7.21
Determine the increase in vertical stress at a depth of 5 m below the centroid of the
foundation shown in Figure P7.21.
Solution 7.21
2m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
̅
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
̅
( ) ( ) ( )
With centroid at the center of the Newmark chart and using the depth scale reproduce the
figure as shown below (Check on Newmark on the in the software “STRESS” to generate
a Newmark chart. STRESS is available free at www.wiley.com/college/budhu)
z qs I N N S
qs 200kPa; N S 56
z at 5m below centroid 0.005 200 56 56kPa
Exercise 7.22
Three foundations are located next to each other (Figure P7.22). Determine the stress increases at
A, B, and C at a depth of 2 m below the ground surface.
Solution 7.22
I II
Solution 7.23
100m
120 m
A 80m
II I
0.5m 50m
The depth at which this mean vertical stress increase occurs is approximately at 5m.
The vertical stress increase on the existing building is significant and can cause the
existing building to settle differentially. With this magnitude of vertical stress increase,
the foundation of the new building should be carried on piles (see Chapter 13) to reduce
differential settlement on the existing building.
Exercise 7.24
A house (plan dimension: 10 m x 15 m) is located on a deep deposit of sand mixed with
some clays and silts. The groundwater at the time the house was completed was 0.5 m
below the surface. A utility trench, 4 m deep, was later dug on one side along the length
of the house. Any water that accumulated in the trench was pumped out so that the trench
remained dry. Because of a labor dispute, work on laying the utility in the trench ceased,
but the open trench was continuously pumped. Sometime during the dispute, the owners
noticed cracking of the walls in the house. Assuming S = 0.9 for the soil above the
groundwater level and a void ratio of 0.7, write a short, preliminary technical report (not
more than a page) to the owner explaining why the cracks developed. The walls of the
trench did not move laterally. The hydraulic conductivities of the soil in the vertical and
horizontal directions are 0.5 x 10-4 cm/sec and 2.3 x 10-4 cm/sec, respectively. The
calculations should be in an appendix to the report. Neglect pore air pressure.
Solution 7.24
15m
10m
4m
A few ideas:
Since water is pumped out from the utility trench, the depth of the water table from
ground level will tend to decrease from about 0.5 m at the side of the house to 4 m on the
trench side. The changes in effective stress stresses are equal to the changes in the
decreases in the groundwater level. Since the latter are not uniformly distributed under
the house, differential settlement will occur leading to structural cracks.
Exercise 7.25
A farmer requires two steel silos to store wheat. Each silo is 8 m in external diameter and
10 m high. The foundation for each silo is a circular concrete slab thickened at the edge.
The total load of each silo filled with wheat is 9552 kN. The soil consists of a 30 m thick
deposit of medium clay above a deep deposit of very stiff clay. The farmer desires that
the silos be a distance of 2 m apart and hires you to recommend whether this distance is
satisfactory. The area is subjected to a gust wind speed of 100 kilometers per hour.
(a) Plot the distribution of vertical stress increase at the edges and at the center of one of
the silos up to a depth of 16 m. Assume the soft clay layer is semi-infinite and the
concrete slab is flexible. Use a spreadsheet to tabulate and plot your results.
(b) Calculate the elastic settlement at the surface of one of the silos at the edges and at the
center, assuming E = 30 MPa and = 0.7.
(c) Calculate the elastic tilt of the foundation of one of the silos and sketch the deformed
shape of the foundation slab.
(d) Would the tops of the silos touch each other based on the elastic tilt? Show
calculations in support of your answer.
(e) What minimum separation distance would you recommend? Make clear sketches to
explain your recommendation to the owner.
(f) Explain how the wind would alter the stress distribution below the silos.
(Hint: Use the charts in Appendix B.)
Solution 7.25
SILO 1 SILO 2
8m
Inner
Outer
10 m
-4 m A B C
-8 m D E F
-12 m G H I
-16 m J K L
Using the charts in Appendix B compute the following
(a)
Solution 7.25(continued..)
(b) Using the charts in Appendix B compute the following
DUE TO
Elastic Settlement Factor DUE TO SILO 1 SILO 2
1r 0r 1r 1.5r 2.5r 3.5r
depth in radii depth outer S1 center S1 inner S1 inner S1 center S1 outer S1
0r 0 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.52 0.3 0.21
1r 4 0.8 1.05 0.8 0.53 0.31 0.22
2r 8 0.54 0.65 0.54 0.47 0.305 0.23
3r 12 0.42 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.3 0.23
4r 16 0.31 0.33 0.31 0.305 0.28 0.21
SETTLEMENT (mm)
FROM BOTH SILOS
depth in radii depth outer center inner
0r 0 56.24918 91.21488 71.95841
1r 4 51.68843 68.91791 67.39766
2r 8 39.0197 48.39456 51.18168
3r 12 32.93871 38.0062 40.53995
4r 16 26.35097 30.91171 31.16508
Final Answers:
b) Outside = 56 mm
Center = 91 mm
Inside = 72 mm
f) Wind will cause additional horizontal pressure. This may increase tilting.
Exercise 7.26
A water tank, 15 m in diameter and 10 m high, is proposed for a site where there is an existing
pipeline (Figure P7.26). Plot the distribution of vertical stress increases imposed by the water
tank on the pipeline along one-half the circumference nearest to the tank.
Solution 7.26
10 m
15 m
r
A B
C
z
D
E
Using the charts in Appendix B compute the fallowing.
Stress (kPa)
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
vertical stresses
4.8
5 horizontal stresses
Exercise 7.27
A developer proposes to construct an apartment building near an existing retaining wall (Figure
P7.27). The building of width 12 m and length 300 m (parallel to the retaining wall) will impose
a surface stress of 150 kPa. In the preliminary design, the long edge of the building is located 1
m from the wall.
(a) Plot the distribution of the lateral force increase with depth up to a depth of 4 m.
(b) What is the maximum value of the lateral force increase, and where does it occur?
(c) If the embedment depth of the retaining wall is 4 m, calculate the maximum additional
moment about the base of the wall (point O in Figure P7.27).
(d) What advice would you give to the developer regarding how far the apartment should be
located from the existing retaining wall? You may assume that the load from the apartment
building can be approximated as a strip load.
Solution 7.27
2
1
H0 Px
[ ( )]
qs = 150 kPa; H0 = 9 m the calculation is done for a depth up to 8 m. The question only requires
you to do the calculation for up to 4 m.
Lateral Force
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
1
2
3
Depth (m)
4
5
6
7
8
9
Retaining wall stability analysis should be done with new additional lateral forces from the building.
Distance between wall and the building have to be decided by retaining wall stability analysis.
Exercise 7.28
A 10-m-thick, water-bearing sand layer (permeable), called an aquifer, is sandwiched between a
6-m clay layer (impermeable) at the top and bedrock impermeable) at the bottom. The
groundwater level is at the ground surface. An open pipe is placed at the top of the sand layer.
Water in the pipe rises to a height of 5 m above the groundwater level. The water contents of the
clay and sand are 52% and 8%, respectively.
(a) Does an artesian condition exist? Why?
(b) Plot the distribution of vertical total and effective stresses, and porewater pressure with depth
up to a depth of 10 m.
(c) If Ko of the clay is 0.5 and Ko of the sand is 0.45, plot the distribution of lateral total and
effective stresses.
(d) An invert (surface of the bottom arc) level of 4 m from the ground surface is proposed for a
water pipe 2 m in diameter. Draw the soil profile and locate the water pipe. Explain any issue
(justify with calculations) with locating the water pipe at the proposed invert level.
Solution 7.28
5m
A
6m Clay 4m
Sand
10 m
a)
Yes. The water in the aquifer is between two impermeable layers, has excess head over the head
due to the groundwater.
b)
Clay:
Sand:
z = (z – u)
Depth z (kPa) u (kPa)
(kPa)
0 0 0 0
4 16.73 × 4 = 66.92 4 × 9.8 = 39.2 27.7
6 16.73 × 6 = 100.38 6 × 9.8 = 58.8 41.6
(-7.42) cannot be
negative.
Possible data
6 16.73 × 6 = 100.38 11 × 9.8 = 107.8
error from
measurements.
Use zero.
10 100.38 + 23.5 × 4 = 194.38 15 x 9.8 = 147 47.4
16 100.38 + 23.5 × 10 = 335.38 21 × 9.8 = 205.8 129.58
Stress (kPa)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
2
Total stress
4
porewater pressure
6 effective stress
Depth (m)
10
12
14
16
18
c)
K0
Clay 0.5
Sand 0.45
Depth 'x = Ko 'z (kPa) u (kPa) x = ('x + u) (kPa)
0.0
0 0 0
53.1
4 27.7 × 0.5 = 13.9 4 × 9.8 = 39.2
79.6
6 41.6 × 0.5 = 20.8 6 × 9.8 = 58.8
6 0 11 × 9.8 = 107.8 107.8
10 47.4 x 0.45 = 21.5 15 x 9.8 = 147 168.5
16 129.6 × 0.45 = 64.8 21 × 9.8 = 205.8 270.6
Lateral Stress (kPa)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
Effective stress
2
Porewater pressure
4 Total stress
6
Depth (m)
10
12
14
16
18
d)
After removal of 4 m of soil and water, the total stress pressure at point B reduces from 100.38
kPa to 2 × 16.73 = 33.46 kPa