Homework #2 Solutions

1. Identify the following tensor notation quantities. The first one is done to demonstrate what's requested.

Tensor Notation Name Vector Notation Expanded

Vector Dot
A. a i bi a ⋅ b a x bx + a y by + a z bz
Product

Vector Cross
B. ϵrst ar bt b × a No need to expand
Product

Matrix
C. Ars Bts A ⋅ B
T
No need to expand
Multiplication

Trace of
D. Aii tr(A) A11 + A22 + A33
Matrix

Divergence of
E. σij,j
∇ ⋅ σ No need to expand
Stress Tensor

2 2 2
∂ f ∂ f ∂ f
F. f,kk Laplacian ∇ f
2

∂x
2
+
∂y
2
+
∂z
2

2. Demonstrate that starting with:

ϵijk ϵlmn = δil (δjm δkn − δjn δkm ) + δim (δjn δkl − δjl δkn ) + δin (δjl δkm − δjm δkl )

and multiplying both sides through by δ produces:

il
ϵijk ϵimn = δjm δkn − δjn δkm
 ϵijk ϵlmn = δil (δjm δkn − δjn δkm ) + δim (δjn δkl − δjl δkn ) + δin (δjl δkm − δjm δkl )

δil ϵijk ϵlmn = δil [δil (δjm δkn − δjn δkm ) + δim (δjn δkl − δjl δkn ) + δin (δjl δkm − δjm δkl )]

δil ϵijk ϵlmn = δil [δil δjm δkn − δil δjn δkm + δim δjn δkl − δim δjl δkn + δin δjl δkm − δin δjm δkl ]

δil ϵijk ϵlmn = δil δil δjm δkn − δil δil δjn δkm + δil δim δjn δkl − δil δim δjl δkn + δil δin δjl δkm − δil δin δjm δkl

ϵijk ϵimn = δii δjm δkn − δii δjn δkm + δlm δjn δkl − δlm δjl δkn + δln δjl δkm − δln δjm δkl

ϵijk ϵimn = 3 δjm δkn − 3 δjn δkm + δjn δkm − δjm δkn + δjn δkm − δjm δkn

ϵijk ϵimn = 3 δjm δkn − 3 δjn δkm + 2 δjn δkm − 2 δjm δkn

ϵijk ϵimn = δjm δkn − δjn δkm

3. Show that

∇ × (u × v) = (v ⋅ ∇)u − v(∇ ⋅ u) + u(∇ ⋅ v) − (u ⋅ ∇)v

 u × v = ϵijk uj vk

∇ × (u × v) = ϵmni (ϵijk uj vk ),n

= ϵmni ϵijk (uj vk ),n

= ϵmni ϵijk (uj,n vk + uj vk,n )

= ϵimn ϵijk (uj,n vk + uj vk,n )

= (δmj δnk − δmk δnj )(uj,n vk + uj vk,n )

= δmj δnk uj,n vk − δmk δnj uj,n vk + δmj δnk uj vk,n − δmk δnj uj vk,n

= um,n vn − un,n vm + um vn,n − un vm,n

= (v ⋅ ∇)u − v(∇ ⋅ u) + u(∇ ⋅ v) − (u ⋅ ∇)v

4. We've done the simpler version of this in class. This time, invert Hooke's Law for strain as a function of stress, to
get stress as a function of strain, but with thermal expansion thrown into the mix.

The starting point is

1
ϵij = [(1 + ν)σij − δij ν σkk ] + δij α(T − Tref )
E

where α is the thermal expansion coefficient, and T and T ref

are temperatures.

Solve for σ ij

(1 + ν)σij = E ϵij − δij E α(T − Tref ) + δij ν σkk

Multiply thru by δ ij
 (1 + ν)δij σij = E δij ϵij − δij δij E α(T − Tref ) + δij δij ν σkk

Simplify

(1 + ν)σjj = E ϵjj − 3 E α(T − Tref ) + 3 ν σkk

Regroup - note that σ jj = σkk

E ϵjj − 3 E α(T − Tref )

σjj =
1 − 2ν

Substitute back in earlier equation for σ kk

δij ν E ϵkk − 3 δij ν E α(T − Tref )

(1 + ν)σij = E ϵij − δij E α(T − Tref ) +
1 − 2ν

Regroup the thermal terms

δij ν E ϵkk − δij (1 + ν) E α(T − Tref )

(1 + ν)σij = E ϵij +
1 − 2ν

Simplify some more

E ν E α(T − Tref )
σij = [ϵij + δij ϵkk ] − δij
(1 + ν) 1 − 2ν 1 − 2ν