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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
___________________________________________________________________
Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Dr. Ramyzan Ramly
Group : M2 EMD4M6B G2
___________________________________________________________________
MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE: TENSILE TEST
No NAME STUDENT ID
1. Muhamad Faiz Syauqi bin Noor Yakin 2019819098
2. Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim bin Hang Jebat 2019627998
3. Muhammad Adeeb Syafiq bin Amizan 2019848332
4. Muhamad Uzair bin Roslan 2019468048
5. Muhamad Izzuddin bin Zulkifly 2019482636
REPORT SUBMISSION: 21/06/2020

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have
contributed to this submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an
investigation of academic misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more
severe penalties.
Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Apparatus ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Procedure................................................................................................................................................ 4
Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Muhamad Uzair bin Roslan ..................................................................................................................... 7
Results ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 9
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 10
Muhamad Faiz Syauqi bin Noor Yakin .................................................................................................. 12

Results ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 15
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 16
Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim bin Hang Jebat ........................................................................................... 18

Results ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 21
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 22
Muhammad Adeeb Syafiq bin Amizan.................................................................................................. 24

Results ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Sample Calculations ................................................................................................................. 24
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 30
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 30
Muhamad Izzudin bin Zulkifly ............................................................................................................... 32

Results ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Sample Calculations ................................................................................................................. 32
Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 44
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 47
References ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Appendices............................................................................................................................................ 49
ABSTRACT
Based on this experiment, it was conducted to know the mechanical properties of mild
steel. By conducting this experiment, automatically, new knowledge will be learnt where the
basics on the operation of Tensile Test Machine. Firstly, the machine has been used to
determine the tensile strengths of many engineering materials. Most of the design in
engineering structures is based on the tensile properties of the materials used. The stress and
strain relationship of various metals can be used to predict the characteristics of materials when
subjected to different types of loadings being applied. Hence, it can be seen that mild steel have
high tensile and yield strength. In conclusion, this will be explained that the wide applications
of mild steel in many constructions and other engineering applications really requires high
strength parallel with the factor of safety. Tensile Test is being conducted in order to observe
or obtain the mechanical properties of material. Mechanical properties of materials such as
tensile strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, ductility and toughness might very useful
for material testing reference. The mild steel is being tested in this experiment using Tensile
Test Machine. Next, the results are then being computed.
2
INTRODUCTION
Uniaxial tensile test is known as a basic and universal engineering test to achieve material
parameters. These important parameters obtain from the standard tensile testing are useful for the
selection of engineering materials for any applications required.
For safe design of structural components in bridges, railway lines, marine ships, aircrafts, pressure
vessels etc., the tensile properties of materials used should be analysed. Hence the tensile strength
of the materials should meet the strength requirements of the structural applications. The
mechanical properties of the metals determine the kind of engineering application to be used for.
Experiments on tensile tests can be used to predict the tensile properties and they are conducted
by application of axial or longitudinal forces to a specimen with known dimensions. These forces
are applied on the specimen until deformation causes failure. The tensile load and corresponding
extensions are then recorded for calculations and determination of stress- strain relationship of the
material specimen.
Tensile test is a measurement that examines the strength of material within giving loads in uniaxial
direction to the specimen. The tested specimen is exposed by the increasing uniaxial force
continuously while its change on elongation is being observed. The tensile test measures the
resistant of a material to the given static load. The results that generated from the tensile test shows
the mechanical properties of material that can be known from tensile test including tensile strength,
yield strength, modulus of elasticity, ductility and toughness.
The tensile test is very important because it tells the impact of load given to the material’s
mechanical properties of a material. These mechanical properties parameters would provide the
basic data if the strength of a material in this experiment is metal.
The objectives of tensile test are to study the deformation and fracture characteristics of mild steel
and aluminum when they are subjected to uniaxial loading. Other than that, to observe the load
extension and stress -strain relationships in both aluminum and mild steel and also to study the
basics of uniaxial tensile testing.
3
APPARATUS
1. Vernier Caliper
2. Tensile Test Machine
3. Circular Specimens
4. Extension Gauge
5. Load Gauge
PROCEDURES
i. The length of the Mild Steel was measured using a Vernier caliper.
ii. The diameter of the Mild Steel was measured.
iii. Mount the specimens into the tensile testing machine's jaw grip. Stretch slightly on
specimen by turn load anchor in clockwise direction until gauge record a slightly
reading.
iv. To record specimen elongation, place an extensometer on the vertical flat of the
inner jaw. Extensometer set to zero
v. Turn the load anchor is direction in clockwise direction until the extensometer
records a 0.1 mm change. Record reading of the load gauge.
vi. Repeat step 5 for rate changes to 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm in elongation.
vii. Gradually change the rate to 0.1, when a load gauge was recorded decreasing in
reading until the specimen breaks.
viii. The final length was measured.
4
THEORY
When steel is curved, it is important to keep the stress-strain curve ratio for mild steel in mind.
If tensile force is applied to a steel bar, it will have some elongation. If the force is small
enough, the ratio of the stress and strain will remain proportional. This can be seen in the graph
as a straight line between zero and point A, also called the limit of proportionality. If the force
is greater, the material will experience elastic deformation, but the ratio of stress and strain will
not be proportional. This is between points A and B, known as the elastic limit.
Beyond the elastic limit, the mild steel will experience plastic deformation. This starts the yield
point – or the rolling point – which is point B, or the upper yield point. As seen in the graph,
from this point on the correlation between the stress and strain is no longer on a straight
trajectory. It curves from point C (lower yield point), to D (maximum ultimate stress), ending
at E (fracture stress).
Now, we’ll look at each individual measure on the graph above and explain how each is
derived.
 Stress: If an applied force causes a change in the dimension of the material, then the
material is in the state of stress. If we divide the applied force (F) by the cross-sectional
area (A), we get the stress.
 Strain: Strain is the change in the dimension (L-L0) with respect to the original. It is
denoted by the symbol epsilon (ε). The formula is ε = (L-L0) / L0.
5
 Elasticity: Elasticity is the property of the material which enables the material to return
to its original form after the external force is removed.
 Plasticity: This is a property that allows the material to remain deformed without
fracture even after the force is removed.
The definitions below are important for understanding the Stress-Strain interactions as seen in
the graph.
 Hooke’s Law: Within the proportional limit (straight line between zero and A), strain
is proportionate to stress.
 Young’s modulus of elasticity: Within the proportional limit, stress = E × strain. E is

a proportionality constant known as the modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus of
elasticity. Young’s modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand
changes in length when under lengthwise tension or compression. E has the same unit
as the unit of stress because the strain is dimensionless.
 Modulus of Resilience: The area under the curve which is marked by the yellow area.
It is the energy absorbed per volume unit up to the elastic limit.
 Modulus of toughness: This is the area of the whole curve (point zero to E). Energy
absorbed at unit volume up to breaking point.
6
Muhamad Uzair bin Roslan (2019468048)
RESULTS
Test Sample Dimensions
Dimension Value
Total length 193 mm
Gauge length 52.65 mm
Diameter 6.5 mm
Radius 3.25 mm
Specification
1. Area = 𝜋𝑟 2
= 3.318 x 10-5 m
2. Material used
= Mild Steel
3. Circular surface area
7
Experimental Data
Load (N) Extension (mm) Stress (MPa) Strain (mm)

2.428644 0 0.0732 0
49.42594 0.2101 1.4896 3.99
282.8532 0.385 8.5248 7.312
2133.302 0.5251 64.2948 9.973
4840.7 0.84 145.892 15.954
6740.838 1.0849 203.16 20.606
10638.52 1.5049 320.63 28.583
16312.88 2.03 491.648 38.557
19305.52 2.555 581.842 48.528
19484.59 3.0099 587.239 57.168
19527.38 3.2902 588.529 62.49
19479.62 3.5003 587.089 66.482
18300.88 4.1649 551.564 79.105
17367.72 4.5499 523.439 86.418
16096.25 5.005 485.119 95.062
14648.4 5.4251 441.483 103.041
4230.027 5.4561 127.487 103.63
8
Graphical Analysis
Load vs Extension
25000
20000
15000
Load (N)
10000
5000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Extension (mm)
Stress vs Strain
700
600
500
Stress (MPa)
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Strain (mm)
9
DISCUSSION
1. Are the specimens being tested follows any international standards? Explain why?
The experiment being tested mostly did not follow any international standard. This can be said,
as for instance, standard ISO 6892-2 stated that the experiment needed to be tested at elevated
temperature, which is 22 to -5 degree Celsius. While standard ISO 6892-1 stated that the
experiment needed to be tested at ambient temperature. Tensile testing is most often carried
out at a material testing laboratory. The ASTM D638 is among the most common tensile testing
protocols. The ASTM D638 measures plastics tensile properties including ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength, elongation and Poisson’s ratio. However, the standard requirement is
to have the specimen which have a diameter of 0.25 inch to be tested with the gauge length of
1.000 inch with tolerance of 0.005 high and lows. While for our specimen, we have exceeded
the requirement which our specimen have a gauge length of 52.65 mm.
2. Any precaution to minimize errors during experiments

The experiment is done using the universal tensile test testing machine, so there is a little
amount of error that could happen while the experiment is conducted. However, error could
happen from the parallax error, by the reading of Vernier calliper during taking the length of
specimen and gauge. So, to minimize error, the reading needed to be taken cautiously.
3. Discuss the type and surface texture of the broken specimen
The specimen itself is a mild steel, so it has a high tensile strength, as can be seen from the
experiment conducted. The specimen also is a ductile material. This is as, the specimen
performs an extensive plastic deformation ahead of crack plus the occurrence of necking. The
crack happens is also stable, as it resists further extension unless applied stress is increased.
The surface texture of the broken specimen is a typical type for ductile metals, which are cup-
and-cone fracture. The surface is having fibrous and shear texture, which makes it impossible
to attach them back at the respective position.
10
CONCLUSION
To put it in a nutshell, the specimen is having what a ductile material should happen on
it. This can be said, as the specimen happen to be having phases, per elongation, which it
appears to undergo elastic deformation, followed up with plastic deformation and the fracture.
From the stress vs strain graph plotted, the yield strength can be seen, as well as the ultimate
strength before it undergoes necking. The surface of the specimen also can be seen as having
fibrous and shear texture. However, the experimental data could not be verified by any other
theoretical value from any other experiment that uses standard, as this experiment does not
appear to be following any specimen standard.
11
Teamwork Assessment Form
Name & ID
BIl Name Matrix Number

2. Muhamad Izzuddin Bin Zulkifly 2019484636
3. Muhamad Adeeb Sayfiq Bin Amizan 2019848332
4. Muhamad Faiz Syauqi Bin Noor Yakin 2019819098
5. Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim Bin Hang Jebat 2019627998
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent
You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self:
Member 1: Cooperates well with the team works divided

12
MUHAMAD FAIZ SYAUQI BIN NOOR YAKIN (2019819098)
RESULTS
Specimen Label Mild steel

Total length, LT 193 mm
Diameter , 𝜙 6.5 mm
Radius 3.25 mm
Final Length, Lf 247mm
Specification
= 3.318 x 10-5 m
13
Experimental Data

𝜎= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒,𝑘𝑁 𝜖= 𝛥𝐿
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎,𝐴𝑜 𝐿𝑜
2.428644 0 0.0732 0
49.42594 0.2101 1.4896 3.99
282.8532 0.385 8.5248 7.312
2133.302 0.5251 64.2948 9.973
4840.7 0.84 145.892 15.954
6740.838 1.0849 203.16 20.606
10638.52 1.5049 320.63 28.583
16312.88 2.03 491.648 38.557
19305.52 2.555 581.842 48.528
19484.59 3.0099 587.239 57.168
19527.38 3.2902 588.529 62.49
19479.62 3.5003 587.089 66.482
18300.88 4.1649 551.564 79.105
17367.72 4.5499 523.439 86.418
16096.25 5.005 485.119 95.062
14648.4 5.4251 441.483 103.041
4230.027 5.4561 127.487 103.63
14
Graphical Analysis
Load vs Extension
25000
20000
15000
Load (N)
10000
5000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Extension (mm)
Stress vs Strain
700
600
500
Stress (MPa)
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Strain (mm)
15
DISCUSSION
The material that been used in this experiment is mild steel. From the experiment, there are 2 types
of graph that we obtain which is:
1. Load VS extension
2. Stress VS strain
The selected data was randomly pick due to over hundred reading obtained. From the graph, we
can see that at the point where the specimen started to necking and then fracture. We can assume
that when the specimen started to necking, the reading started to decrease and drop until it is
fractured.
The dimension of before and after fractured recorded to get the difference of length for our
calculation. We also need to figure out whether the fracture happen in range of marked 30 mm or
not.
From the result of the experiment, its type of surface and the texture can be determined from the
broken material. The mild steel undergoes necking as when it reached its necking phase and this
causes the material to delay the failure process. This shows that the material that we use is ductile
as it undergoes necking phase.
After the specimen broke, we measured the dimension such as length and diameter. This is to
compare with the original length and diameter. The specimen length increases and the diameter
decreases after it broke shows that the specimen has a ductile property. This is further proved in
the stress and strain graph. It increases perpendicularly until it reaches yield strength and then it
stays constant. Once it hit ultimate strength, it starts necking and eventually fracture. Slow
deformation of the specimen indicates that it undergoes plastic deformation. The surface texture is
dull and fibrous and it does not affect in the tensile test.
Error which may be occurred during this experiment includes parallax error during reading of
measurement. We are advice to measure the test specimen parameters more than twice using
Vernier caliper to ascertain the reading. Besides, zero error may also occur due to the lack of
Vernier caliper calibration in order to avoid this to happen.
16
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objective of the experiments is met and determined from the results taken from
conducting the experiment. We also had achieved the objective which we have identify the
specimen fracture which the result is ductile. There are some errors that can be neglected during
conducting this experiment.
The specimen shows ductile property when tensile load was exerted to it. Mild Steel is a ductile
material and it can stand a large amount of load on it for a few amount of time until it reaches the
ultimate tensile strength and starts necking. After necking, the specimen will fracture. The
difference in the diameter at the end of specimen and the fracture part also shows that it has ductile
property.
Tensile test is important in determining the property of material whether it is ductile or brittle. The
specimen is ductile and can withstand high amount of load before its fracture. This property is
favorable in building. Next, engineers can establish the safety factor of the specimen if the ultimate
tensile strength is known. As manufacturers, we must decide the safety factor of the material to be
suitable as to avoid any accident if it is too low or avoid high cost if it is too high
17
Name & ID

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: None
Member 1: Give 100% commitment.

18
MUHAMAD IZZAT MUSTAQIM BIN HANG JEBAT (2019627998)
RESULTS
Dimension Value
Total length 193 mm
Diameter 6.5 mm
Radius 3.25 mm
Specification
= 3.318 x 10-5 m
2. Material used
= Mild Steel
3. Circular surface area
19
Experimental data

2.428644 0 0.0732 0
49.42594 0.2101 1.4896 3.99
282.8532 0.385 8.5248 7.312
2133.302 0.5251 64.2948 9.973
4840.7 0.84 145.892 15.954
6740.838 1.0849 203.16 20.606
10638.52 1.5049 320.63 28.583
16312.88 2.03 491.648 38.557
19305.52 2.555 581.842 48.528
19484.59 3.0099 587.239 57.168
19527.38 3.2902 588.529 62.49
19479.62 3.5003 587.089 66.482
18300.88 4.1649 551.564 79.105
17367.72 4.5499 523.439 86.418
16096.25 5.005 485.119 95.062
14648.4 5.4251 441.483 103.041
4230.027 5.4561 127.487 103.63
20
Graf analysis
LOAD VS EXTENSION
25000
20000
15000
LOAD (N)
10000
5000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
EXTENSION (MM)
Stress vs Strain
700
600
500
Stress (MPa)
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Strain (mm)
21
DISCUSSION
Are the specimens being tested follows any international standards? Explain why?
During the experiment, specimen was being tested following an international standard
ISO 6892-1 Metallic materials. Firstly, the experiment was conducted in a lab with room
temperature. This is because the findings when specimen was tested in room temperature will
be different from one being tested in elevated temperature or even in low temperature
environment. Next, test sample has uniform cross-section which is a circular cross-section
surface. This specimen was measured its dimensions before carrying out the experiment.
Other than that, making marks at gauge length is one of the procedures performed in order to
follow the standard. The gauge length was then being measured and recorded as original
length of the specimen and later the data will be used to calculate the percentage of extension
and other possible mechanical properties. Besides, the specimen was gripped by wedges and
was held in such a way that the force applied was as axial as possible. This is to ensure a
minimum possibility of bending of specimen. This is also to make sure that the only
deformation experienced by the specimen was elongation. Next, the use of an extensometer
clamped on the specimen was necessary so the result is accurate.
Any precaution to minimize errors during experiments
The experiment is done using the universal tensile test testing machine, so there is a
little amount of error that could happen while the experiment is conducted. However, error
could happen from the parallax error, by the reading of Vernier calliper during taking the length
of specimen and gauge. So, to minimize error, the reading needed to be taken cautiously.
Discuss the type and surface texture of the broken specimen.

From the result of the experiment, its type of surface and the texture can be determined
from the broken material. The mild steel undergoes necking as when it reaches its necking
phase and this causes the material to delay the failure process. This shows that the material that
we use is ductile as it undergoes necking phase. After the specimen broke, we measured the
dimension such as length and diameter. This is to compare with the original length and
diameter. The specimen length increases and the diameter decreases after it broke shows that
the specimen has a ductile property. This is further proved in the stress and strain graph. It
increases perpendicularly until it reaches yield strength and then it stays constant. Once it hit
ultimate strength, it starts necking and eventually fracture.
22
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objective of this experiment was achieved. Besides, we could

conclude that mild steel can withstand a large amount of load before it fractured. Tensile test
is important to determine the property of material whether it is ductile or brittle. From this
experiment, we observed that mild steel was ductile. The mild steel could withstand a large
amount of load until it reached ultimate tensile strength and started to necking and eventually
fractured. The objective of a tensile test is to determine the tensile properties subjected to tensile
loading. The necking will grow with the continue loading and finally break the specimen into
two part. By measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to breaking point, material
properties can be determined that will allow designers and quality managers to predict how
materials and products will behave in their intended applications.
23
Name & ID: MUHAMAD IZZAT MUSTAQIM BIN HANG JEBAT (2019627998)

1. Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim Bin Hang Jebat 2019627998
2. Muhamad Izzuddin Bin Zulkifly 2019484636
3. Muhamad Adeeb Sayfiq Bin Amizan 2019848332
4. Muhamad Faiz Syauqi Bin Noor Yakin 2019819098
5. Muhamad Uzair Bin Roslan 2019468048
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self:None
Member 1: Easy To Contact For Settle The Report

24
MUHAMMAD ADEEB SYAFIQ BIN AMIZAN (2019848332)
RESULTS AND SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Specimen data:
Length 193 mm
Diameter 6.5 mm
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
Area = 𝜋(3.25 × 10^ − 3)
= 3.3183 × 10^-5
𝐹
Stress σ= 𝐴
𝛥𝐿
Strain ε= 𝐿
Table 1: Specimen data and formula
Sample Calculation:
Stress F
σ=A
43.79144
= 3.167× 10^-5
= 1.3197 MPA
Strain ΔL
ε= L
0.035
= 193
= 0.0001813
Table 2: sample calculation
25
Experimental stress and strain
Extension Load (N) Stress (Mpa) Strain Area (mm2) Real length
(mm) (mm)
0 2.428644 7.3189E+04 0 0.000033183 193
0.03497685 43.79144 1.3197E+06 0.000181227 0.000033183 193
0.06995371 48.89359 1.4735E+06 0.000362454 0.000033183 193
0.1051697 49.91779 1.5043E+06 0.000544921 0.000033183 193
0.1399672 48.67112 1.4667E+06 0.000725219 0.000033183 193
0.1750038 49.30481 1.4858E+06 0.000906755 0.000033183 193
0.2101003 49.42594 1.4895E+06 0.001088603 0.000033183 193
0.2449575 50.88846 1.5336E+06 0.00126921 0.000033183 193
0.2799344 54.7432 1.6497E+06 0.001450437 0.000033183 193
0.3151504 62.94259 1.8968E+06 0.001632904 0.000033183 193
0.3499479 110.3375 3.3251E+06 0.001813202 0.000033183 193
0.3849845 282.8532 8.5240E+06 0.001994738 0.000033183 193
0.4201408 659.235 1.9867E+07 0.002176895 0.000033183 193
0.4549383 1177.249 3.5477E+07 0.002357193 0.000033183 193
0.4899151 1687.969 5.0868E+07 0.00253842 0.000033183 193
0.5251311 2133.302 6.4289E+07 0.002720887 0.000033183 193
0.559809 2524.197 7.6069E+07 0.002900565 0.000033183 193
0.5951446 2889.435 8.7076E+07 0.003083651 0.000033183 193
0.6300019 3219.476 9.7022E+07 0.003264259 0.000033183 193
0.6649189 3518.681 1.0604E+08 0.003445176 0.000033183 193
0.7000752 3800.108 1.1452E+08 0.003627333 0.000033183 193
0.735052 4068.359 1.2260E+08 0.00380856 0.000033183 193
0.7699092 4328.976 1.3046E+08 0.003989167 0.000033183 193
0.8050655 4590.371 1.3834E+08 0.004171324 0.000033183 193
0.8399825 4840.7 1.4588E+08 0.004352241 0.000033183 193
0.8748996 5090.894 1.5342E+08 0.004533159 0.000033183 193
0.9100558 5355.458 1.6139E+08 0.004715315 0.000033183 193
0.9449729 5621.289 1.6940E+08 0.004896233 0.000033183 193
0.9799498 5891.222 1.7754E+08 0.00507746 0.000033183 193
1.015046 6170.47 1.8595E+08 0.005259306 0.000033183 193
1.050023 6456.427 1.9457E+08 0.005440534 0.000033183 193
1.08488 6740.838 2.0314E+08 0.00562114 0.000033183 193
1.120156 7040.39 2.1217E+08 0.005803917 0.000033183 193
1.155013 7341.693 2.2125E+08 0.005984523 0.000033183 193
1.18993 7644.905 2.3039E+08 0.00616544 0.000033183 193
1.225087 7963.158 2.3998E+08 0.006347601 0.000033183 193
1.259944 8283.041 2.4962E+08 0.006528207 0.000033183 193
1.294921 8606.084 2.5935E+08 0.006709435 0.000033183 193
1.330077 8937.941 2.6935E+08 0.006891591 0.000033183 193
1.364934 9268.539 2.7932E+08 0.007072197 0.000033183 193
1.399971 9602.85 2.8939E+08 0.007253736 0.000033183 193
26
1.435008 9946.99 2.9976E+08 0.007435275 0.000033183 193
1.469984 10291.92 3.1016E+08 0.007616497 0.000033183 193
1.504901 10638.52 3.2060E+08 0.007797415 0.000033183 193
1.540118 10997.15 3.3141E+08 0.007979886 0.000033183 193
1.574915 11352.21 3.4211E+08 0.008160181 0.000033183 193
1.609952 11711.88 3.5295E+08 0.00834172 0.000033183 193
1.645108 12082.15 3.6411E+08 0.008523876 0.000033183 193
1.679965 12450.55 3.7521E+08 0.008704482 0.000033183 193
1.714882 12821.87 3.8640E+08 0.008885399 0.000033183 193
1.750098 13208.54 3.9805E+08 0.009067865 0.000033183 193
1.784896 13589.74 4.0954E+08 0.009248166 0.000033183 193
1.819992 13972.63 4.2108E+08 0.00943001 0.000033183 193
1.855089 14364.9 4.3290E+08 0.00961186 0.000033183 193
1.889946 14747.86 4.4444E+08 0.009792466 0.000033183 193
1.925042 15139.59 4.5625E+08 0.009974311 0.000033183 193
1.960019 15534.02 4.6813E+08 0.010155539 0.000033183 193
1.994936 15923.46 4.7987E+08 0.010336456 0.000033183 193
2.029973 16312.88 4.9160E+08 0.010517995 0.000033183 193
2.065069 16711.22 5.0361E+08 0.010699839 0.000033183 193
2.099867 17093.2 5.1512E+08 0.01088014 0.000033183 193
2.135023 17480.47 5.2679E+08 0.011062295 0.000033183 193
2.17006 17858.04 5.3817E+08 0.011243834 0.000033183 193
2.204857 18206.85 5.4868E+08 0.01142413 0.000033183 193
2.240073 18527.56 5.5834E+08 0.011606596 0.000033183 193
2.27511 18798.14 5.6650E+08 0.011788135 0.000033183 193
2.309907 18979.65 5.7197E+08 0.01196843 0.000033183 193
2.345064 19099.58 5.7558E+08 0.012150591 0.000033183 193
2.38004 19167.41 5.7763E+08 0.012331813 0.000033183 193
2.414898 19201.69 5.7866E+08 0.012512425 0.000033183 193
2.450054 19232.63 5.7959E+08 0.01269458 0.000033183 193
2.485031 19260 5.8042E+08 0.012875808 0.000033183 193
2.519948 19278.02 5.8096E+08 0.013056725 0.000033183 193
2.555044 19305.52 5.8179E+08 0.01323857 0.000033183 193
2.590021 19326.23 5.8241E+08 0.013419798 0.000033183 193
2.624938 19342.09 5.8289E+08 0.013600715 0.000033183 193
2.660094 19365.01 5.8358E+08 0.01378287 0.000033183 193
2.695011 19384.25 5.8416E+08 0.013963788 0.000033183 193
2.729869 19395.2 5.8449E+08 0.014144399 0.000033183 193
2.765144 19416.3 5.8513E+08 0.014327171 0.000033183 193
2.799942 19429.16 5.8552E+08 0.014507472 0.000033183 193
2.834919 19437.66 5.8577E+08 0.014688699 0.000033183 193
2.870075 19454.98 5.8629E+08 0.014870855 0.000033183 193
2.904992 19463.89 5.8656E+08 0.015051772 0.000033183 193
2.939969 19470.56 5.8676E+08 0.015233 0.000033183 193
27
2.975125 19484.08 5.8717E+08 0.015415155 0.000033183 193
3.009923 19484.59 5.8719E+08 0.015595456 0.000033183 193
3.045019 19493.52 5.8746E+08 0.015777301 0.000033183 193
3.080115 19504.36 5.8778E+08 0.015959145 0.000033183 193
3.114972 19506.37 5.8784E+08 0.016139751 0.000033183 193
3.149949 19510.37 5.8796E+08 0.016320979 0.000033183 193
3.185106 19518.72 5.8821E+08 0.01650314 0.000033183 193
3.219963 19518.52 5.8821E+08 0.016683746 0.000033183 193
3.25494 19521.08 5.8829E+08 0.016864974 0.000033183 193
3.290156 19527.38 5.8848E+08 0.01704744 0.000033183 193
3.324894 19521.81 5.8831E+08 0.01722743 0.000033183 193
3.35999 19518.34 5.8820E+08 0.017409275 0.000033183 193
3.395086 19516.61 5.8815E+08 0.017591119 0.000033183 193
3.430004 19504.9 5.8780E+08 0.017772041 0.000033183 193
3.46498 19488.7 5.8731E+08 0.017953264 0.000033183 193
3.500256 19479.62 5.8704E+08 0.018136041 0.000033183 193
3.534874 19445.55 5.8601E+08 0.018315409 0.000033183 193
3.570031 19419.37 5.8522E+08 0.01849757 0.000033183 193
3.605127 19385.07 5.8419E+08 0.018679415 0.000033183 193
3.639984 19339.68 5.8282E+08 0.018860021 0.000033183 193
3.675021 19289.58 5.8131E+08 0.01904156 0.000033183 193
3.710057 19242.78 5.7990E+08 0.019223093 0.000033183 193
3.744915 19176.47 5.7790E+08 0.019403705 0.000033183 193
3.780011 19116.47 5.7609E+08 0.019585549 0.000033183 193
3.815108 19058.04 5.7433E+08 0.019767399 0.000033183 193
3.849905 18982.73 5.7206E+08 0.019947694 0.000033183 193
3.885061 18916.17 5.7006E+08 0.02012985 0.000033183 193
3.920098 18848.51 5.6802E+08 0.020311389 0.000033183 193
3.954895 18766.9 5.6556E+08 0.020491684 0.000033183 193
3.990051 18697.31 5.6346E+08 0.020673839 0.000033183 193
4.025029 18625.03 5.6128E+08 0.020855073 0.000033183 193
4.059946 18539.09 5.5869E+08 0.02103599 0.000033183 193
4.095102 18466.32 5.5650E+08 0.021218145 0.000033183 193
4.129959 18388.37 5.5415E+08 0.021398751 0.000033183 193
4.164936 18300.88 5.5151E+08 0.021579979 0.000033183 193
4.200152 18225.63 5.4925E+08 0.021762446 0.000033183 193
4.234949 18140.9 5.4669E+08 0.021942741 0.000033183 193
4.269986 18055.2 5.4411E+08 0.02212428 0.000033183 193
4.305083 17976.7 5.4174E+08 0.02230613 0.000033183 193
4.33994 17888.83 5.3910E+08 0.022486736 0.000033183 193
4.374976 17802.9 5.3651E+08 0.022668269 0.000033183 193
4.410073 17721.46 5.3405E+08 0.022850119 0.000033183 193
4.44499 17633.7 5.3141E+08 0.023031036 0.000033183 193
4.479967 17541.28 5.2862E+08 0.023212264 0.000033183 193
28
4.515123 17460.2 5.2618E+08 0.02339442 0.000033183 193
4.549921 17367.72 5.2339E+08 0.02357472 0.000033183 193
4.584957 17276.08 5.2063E+08 0.023756254 0.000033183 193
4.620113 17189.65 5.1803E+08 0.023938409 0.000033183 193
4.654971 17095.49 5.1519E+08 0.024119021 0.000033183 193
4.689947 16998.41 5.1226E+08 0.024300244 0.000033183 193
4.725104 16908.7 5.0956E+08 0.024482404 0.000033183 193
4.759961 16809.84 5.0658E+08 0.02466301 0.000033183 193
4.794938 16711.84 5.0363E+08 0.024844238 0.000033183 193
4.830154 16616.89 5.0077E+08 0.025026705 0.000033183 193
4.864951 16513.04 4.9764E+08 0.025207 0.000033183 193
4.899988 16408.19 4.9448E+08 0.025388539 0.000033183 193
4.935084 16311.3 4.9156E+08 0.025570383 0.000033183 193
4.970001 16201.94 4.8826E+08 0.025751301 0.000033183 193
5.004978 16096.25 4.8508E+08 0.025932528 0.000033183 193
5.040134 15993.52 4.8198E+08 0.026114684 0.000033183 193
5.074932 15878.42 4.7851E+08 0.026294984 0.000033183 193
5.109968 15768.25 4.7519E+08 0.026476518 0.000033183 193
5.145125 15659.41 4.7191E+08 0.026658679 0.000033183 193
5.179862 15539.06 4.6828E+08 0.026838663 0.000033183 193
5.215019 15422.51 4.6477E+08 0.027020824 0.000033183 193
5.250115 15307.43 4.6130E+08 0.027202668 0.000033183 193
5.284913 15177.78 4.5740E+08 0.027382969 0.000033183 193
5.320009 15055.25 4.5370E+08 0.027564813 0.000033183 193
5.355105 14928.1 4.4987E+08 0.027746658 0.000033183 193
5.389962 14787.35 4.4563E+08 0.027927264 0.000033183 193
5.425119 14648.4 4.4144E+08 0.028109425 0.000033183 193
5.45609 4230.027 1.2748E+08 0.028269896 0.000033183 193
Table 3
29
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0
0.2101003
Stress vs strain graph
0.4201408
Load vs Extension Graph

0.6300019
0.8399825
1.050023
1.259944
1.469984
1.679965
1.889946
2.099867
2.309907
2.519948
2.729869
2.939969
3.149949
3.35999
Graph 1: Stress vs Strain
3.570031
Graph 2: Load vs Extension

3.780011
3.990051
LOAD VS EXTENSION GRAPH

4.200152
4.410073
4.620113
4.830154
5.040134
5.250115
5.45609
30
DISCUSSION
The tensile test followed the standard throughout the whole experiment which was
conducted in mechanics of material laboratory. The dimension of length and diameter of
specimen was compared before and after tensile test. Normal stress, strain and experimental
modulus were calculated using exerted load on specimen. The results will be compared to
theoretical data and percentage error will be calculated. The graph then analysed to achieve
the objective of the experiment.
The experimental value of modulus of elasticity, E was slightly different from
theoretical value. By reducing the error, more accurate results can be achieved. Errors
included is human error, in perceiving and reading the measurement of dimension of
specimen. Eyes must be perpendicular to the reading to avoid such parallel error and the
specimen must be avoided from moving unintentionally by making sure the holder was
tightened.
Post experiment, ductility of specimen was shown when tensile force applied broke it
therefore, the length increase. From the graph, it is observable that the length increase until it
reached its maximum Yield stress value, then constant. It started necking and break once the
Yield stress was surpassed.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the main objective of the experiment, to determine the tensile
properties subjected to tensile loading, identifying fracture surface types under pure torque
and validating data between experimental and theoretical values were achieved. Errors can be
reduced by performing suggested steps, more accurate results and observations can be gain.
31
Name & ID

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self:
Member 1: Good participations

1
32
MUHAMAD IZZUDDIN BIN ZULKIFLY (2019482636)
EMD4M6B
RESULTS
1. Draw the test sample with complete dimension.
Figure 1: The specimen of mild steel with dimension
Area of circular: 𝝅𝒓2

=
𝜋(3.25 × 10-3)2
=
3.318×10-5 m2
Table 1: The results that obtained in tensile test
Load (N) Extension (mm) 𝐤𝐍 Strain

Stress (𝐦𝟐 )
∆𝐋
𝐅 𝛆=
𝛔= 𝐋𝐨
𝐀
2.428644 0 73.21 0
43.79144 0.03497685 1320 0.000664
48.89359 0.06995371 1473 0.001329
49.91779 0.1051697 1505 0.001998
48.67112 0.1399672 1467 0.002658
49.30481 0.1750038 1486 0.003324
49.42594 0.2101003 1490 0.003991
50.88846 0.2449575 1534 0.004653
54.7432 0.2799344 1650 0.005317
62.94259 0.3151504 1897 0.005986
110.3375 0.3499479 3324 0.006647
282.8532 0.3849845 8526 0.007312
659.235 0.4201408 19867 0.00798
1177.249 0.4549383 35473 0.008641
1687.969 0.4899151 50874 0.009305
2133.302 0.5251311 64286 0.009974
2524.197 0.559809 76070 0.010633
2889.435 0.5951446 87071 0.011304
33
EMD4M6B
3219.476 0.6300019 97016 0.011966

3518.681 0.6649189 106058 0.012629
3800.108 0.7000752 114527 0.013297
4068.359 0.735052 122604 0.013961
4328.976 0.7699092 130470 0.014623
4590.371 0.8050655 138336 0.015291
4840.7 0.8399825 145901 0.015954
5090.894 0.8748996 153436 0.016617
5355.458 0.9100558 161392 0.017285
5621.289 0.9449729 169409 0.017948
5891.222 0.9799498 177547 0.018613
6170.47 1.015046 185955 0.019279
6456.427 1.050023 194575 0.019943
6740.838 1.08488 203165 0.020606
7040.39 1.120156 212176 0.021276
7341.693 1.155013 221278 0.021938
7644.905 1.18993 230410 0.022601
7963.158 1.225087 239994 0.023269
8283.041 1.259944 249638 0.023931
8606.084 1.294921 259373 0.024595
8937.941 1.330077 269379 0.025263
9268.539 1.364934 279355 0.025925
9602.85 1.399971 289421 0.02659
9946.99 1.435008 299789 0.027256
10291.92 1.469984 310187 0.02792
10638.52 1.504901 320645 0.028583
10997.15 1.540118 331435 0.029252
11352.21 1.574915 342134 0.029913
11711.88 1.609952 352984 0.030578
12082.15 1.645108 364135 0.031246
12450.55 1.679965 375256 0.031908
12821.87 1.714882 386438 0.032571
13208.54 1.750098 398101 0.03324
13589.74 1.784896 409584 0.033901
13972.63 1.819992 421127 0.034568
14364.9 1.855089 432942 0.035234
14747.86 1.889946 444485 0.035896
15139.59 1.925042 456299 0.036563
15534.02 1.960019 468174 0.037227
15923.46 1.994936 479898 0.037891
16312.88 2.029973 491652 0.038556
16711.22 2.065069 503647 0.039223
17093.2 2.099867 515160 0.039884
17480.47 2.135023 526823 0.040551
17858.04 2.17006 538216 0.041217
18206.85 2.204857 548734 0.041878
18527.56 2.240073 558409 0.042546
18798.14 2.27511 566546 0.043212
34
EMD4M6B
18979.65 2.309907 572031 0.043873

19099.58 2.345064 575648 0.044541
19167.41 2.38004 577667 0.045205
19201.69 2.414898 578722 0.045867
19232.63 2.450054 579656 0.046535
19260 2.485031 580470 0.047199
19278.02 2.519948 581013 0.047862
19305.52 2.555044 581857 0.048529
19326.23 2.590021 582459 0.049193
19342.09 2.624938 582942 0.049856
19365.01 2.660094 583635 0.050524
19384.25 2.695011 584207 0.051187
19395.2 2.729869 584539 0.051849
19416.3 2.765144 585172 0.052519
19429.16 2.799942 585564 0.05318
19437.66 2.834919 585835 0.053845
19454.98 2.870075 586347 0.054512
19463.89 2.904992 586618 0.055176
19470.56 2.939969 586829 0.05584
19484.08 2.975125 587221 0.056508
19484.59 3.009923 587251 0.057169
19493.52 3.045019 587523 0.057835
19504.36 3.080115 587824 0.058502
19506.37 3.114972 587884 0.059164
19510.37 3.149949 588005 0.059828
19518.72 3.185106 588276 0.060496
19518.52 3.219963 588276 0.061158
19521.08 3.25494 588336 0.061822
19527.38 3.290156 588517 0.062491
19521.81 3.324894 588366 0.063151
19518.34 3.35999 588246 0.063817
19516.61 3.395086 588216 0.064484
19504.9 3.430004 587854 0.065147
19488.7 3.46498 587372 0.065812
19479.62 3.500256 587101 0.066482
19445.55 3.534874 586076 0.067139
19419.37 3.570031 585262 0.067807
19385.07 3.605127 584237 0.068473
19339.68 3.639984 582881 0.069135
19289.58 3.675021 581374 0.069801
19242.78 3.710057 579958 0.070466
19176.47 3.744915 577939 0.071128
19116.47 3.780011 576130 0.071795
19058.04 3.815108 574382 0.072462
18982.73 3.849905 572122 0.073123
18916.17 3.885061 570102 0.07379
18848.51 3.920098 568083 0.074456
18766.9 3.954895 565612 0.075117
35
EMD4M6B
18697.31 3.990051 563502 0.075784

18625.03 4.025029 561332 0.076449
18539.09 4.059946 558740 0.077112
18466.32 4.095102 556540 0.07778
18388.37 4.129959 554189 0.078442
18300.88 4.164936 551567 0.079106
18225.63 4.200152 549307 0.079775
18140.9 4.234949 546745 0.080436
18055.2 4.269986 544153 0.081101
17976.7 4.305083 541802 0.081768
17888.83 4.33994 539150 0.08243
17802.9 4.374976 536558 0.083095
17721.46 4.410073 534117 0.083762
17633.7 4.44499 531456 0.084425
17541.28 4.479967 528662 0.08509
17460.2 4.515123 526221 0.085757
17367.72 4.549921 523448 0.086418
17276.08 4.584957 520675 0.087084
17189.65 4.620113 518083 0.087751
17095.49 4.654971 515220 0.088414
16998.41 4.689947 512297 0.089078
16908.7 4.725104 509614 0.089746
16809.84 4.759961 506631 0.090408
16711.84 4.794938 503677 0.091072
16616.89 4.830154 500814 0.091741
16513.04 4.864951 497679 0.092402
16408.19 4.899988 494515 0.093067
16311.3 4.935084 491591 0.093734
16201.94 4.970001 488306 0.094397
16096.25 5.004978 485112 0.095061
15993.52 5.040134 482037 0.095729
15878.42 5.074932 478541 0.09639
15768.25 5.109968 475226 0.097055
15659.41 5.145125 471941 0.097723
15539.06 5.179862 468324 0.098383
15422.51 5.215019 464828 0.099051
15307.43 5.250115 461332 0.099717
15177.78 5.284913 457444 0.100378
15055.25 5.320009 453737 0.101045
14928.1 5.355105 449910 0.101711
14787.35 5.389962 445660 0.102373
14648.4 5.425119 441471 0.103041
4230.027 5.45609 127486 0.103629
36
EMD4M6B
Table 2: The calculation of experimental and theoretical value of Young’s Modulus
Young's Young's
Extension
Load (N) modulus (Pa) modulus (Pa) Error (%)
(mm)
experimental theoretical
2.428644 0 0 210 × 109 0
43.79144 0.03497685 1987951807 210 × 109 9.91× 10−1
48.89359 0.06995371 1108352144 210 × 109 9.95× 10−1
49.91779 0.1051697 753253253 210 × 109 9.96× 10−1
48.67112 0.1399672 551918736 210 × 109 9.97× 10−1
49.30481 0.1750038 447051745 210 × 109 9.98× 10−1
49.42594 0.2101003 373340015 210 × 109 9.98× 10−1
50.88846 0.2449575 329679776 210 × 109 9.98× 10−1
54.7432 0.2799344 310325371 210 × 109 9.99× 10−1
62.94259 0.3151504 316906114 210 × 109 9.98× 10−1
110.3375 0.3499479 500075222 210 × 109 9.98× 10−1
282.8532 0.3849845 1166028446 210 × 109 9.94× 10−1
659.235 0.4201408 2489598997 210 × 109 9.88× 10−1
1177.249 0.4549383 4105196158 210 × 109 9.80× 10−1
1687.969 0.4899151 5467383127 210 × 109 9.74× 10−1
2133.302 0.5251311 6445357931 210 × 109 9.69× 10−1
2524.197 0.559809 7154142763 210 × 109 9.66× 10−1
2889.435 0.5951446 7702671621 210 × 109 9.63× 10−1
3219.476 0.6300019 8107638309 210 × 109 9.61× 10−1
3518.681 0.6649189 8397972919 210 × 109 9.60× 10−1
3800.108 0.7000752 8612995412 210 × 109 9.59× 10−1
4068.359 0.735052 8781892415 210 × 109 9.58× 10−1
4328.976 0.7699092 8922245777 210 × 109 9.58× 10−1
4590.371 0.8050655 9046890328 210 × 109 9.57× 10−1
4840.7 0.8399825 9145104676 210 × 109 9.56× 10−1
5090.894 0.8748996 9233796714 210 × 109 9.56× 10−1
5355.458 0.9100558 9337113104 210 × 109 9.56× 10−1
5621.289 0.9449729 9438878984 210 × 109 9.55× 10−1
37
EMD4M6B
5891.222 0.9799498 9538870682 210 × 109 9.55× 10−1

6170.47 1.015046 9645469163 210 × 109 9.54× 10−1
6456.427 1.050023 9756556185 210 × 109 9.54× 10−1
6740.838 1.08488 9859506940 210 × 109 9.53× 10−1
7040.39 1.120156 9972551231 210 × 109 9.53× 10−1
7341.693 1.155013 1.0087× 1010 210 × 109 9.52× 10−1
7644.905 1.18993 1.0195× 1010 210 × 109 9.51× 10−1
7963.158 1.225087 1.0314× 1010 210 × 109 9.51× 10−1
8283.041 1.259944 1.0432× 1010 210 × 109 9.50× 10−1
8606.084 1.294921 1.0546× 1010 210 × 109 9.50× 10−1
8937.941 1.330077 1.0663× 1010 210 × 109 9.49× 10−1
9268.539 1.364934 1.0776× 1010 210 × 109 9.49× 10−1
9602.85 1.399971 1.0885× 1010 210 × 109 9.48× 10−1
9946.99 1.435008 1.0999× 1010 210 × 109 9.48× 10−1
10291.92 1.469984 1.111× 1010 210 × 109 9.47× 10−1
10638.52 1.504901 1.1218× 1010 210 × 109 9.47× 10−1
10997.15 1.540118 1.133× 1010 210 × 109 9.46× 10−1
11352.21 1.574915 1.1438× 1010 210 × 109 9.46× 10−1
11711.88 1.609952 1.1544× 1010 210 × 109 9.45× 10−1
12082.15 1.645108 1.1654× 1010 210 × 109 9.45× 10−1
12450.55 1.679965 1.1761× 1010 210 × 109 9.44× 10−1
12821.87 1.714882 1.1864× 1010 210 × 109 9.44× 10−1
13208.54 1.750098 1.1977× 1010 210 × 109 9.43× 10−1
13589.74 1.784896 1.2082× 1010 210 × 109 9.42× 10−1
13972.63 1.819992 1.2183× 1010 210 × 109 9.42× 10−1
14364.9 1.855089 1.2288× 1010 210 × 109 9.41× 10−1
14747.86 1.889946 1.2383× 1010 210 × 109 9.41× 10−1
15139.59 1.925042 1.248× 1010 210 × 109 9.41× 10−1
15534.02 1.960019 1.2576× 1010 210 × 109 9.40× 10−1
15923.46 1.994936 1.2665× 1010 210 × 109 9.40× 10−1
16312.88 2.029973 1.2752× 1010 210 × 109 9.39× 10−1
16711.22 2.065069 1.2841× 1010 210 × 109 9.39× 10−1
38
EMD4M6B
17093.2 2.099867 1.2916× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1

17480.47 2.135023 1.2992× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1
17858.04 2.17006 1.3058× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1
18206.85 2.204857 1.3103× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1
18527.56 2.240073 1.3125× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1
18798.14 2.27511 1.3111× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1
18979.65 2.309907 1.3038× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1
19099.58 2.345064 1.2924× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1
19167.41 2.38004 1.2779× 1010 210 × 109 9.39× 10−1
19201.69 2.414898 1.2617× 1010 210 × 109 9.40× 10−1
19232.63 2.450054 1.2456× 1010 210 × 109 9.41× 10−1
19260 2.485031 1.2298× 1010 210 × 109 9.41× 10−1
19278.02 2.519948 1.2139× 1010 210 × 109 9.42× 10−1
19305.52 2.555044 1.199× 1010 210 × 109 9.43× 10−1
19326.23 2.590021 1.184× 1010 210 × 109 9.44× 10−1
19342.09 2.624938 1.1693× 1010 210 × 109 9.44× 10−1
19365.01 2.660094 1.1552× 1010 210 × 109 9.45× 10−1
19384.25 2.695011 1.1413× 1010 210 × 109 9.46× 10−1
19395.2 2.729869 1.1274× 1010 210 × 109 9.46× 10−1
19416.3 2.765144 1.1142× 1010 210 × 109 9.47× 10−1
19429.16 2.799942 1.101× 1010 210 × 109 9.48× 10−1
19437.66 2.834919 1.088× 1010 210 × 109 9.48× 10−1
19454.98 2.870075 1.0756× 1010 210 × 109 9.49× 10−1
19463.89 2.904992 1.0632× 1010 210 × 109 9.49× 10−1
19470.56 2.939969 1.0509× 1010 210 × 109 9.50× 10−1
19484.08 2.975125 1.0392× 1010 210 × 109 9.51× 10−1
19484.59 3.009923 1.0272× 1010 210 × 109 9.51× 10−1
19493.52 3.045019 1.0159× 1010 210 × 109 9.52× 10−1
19504.36 3.080115 1.0048× 1010 210 × 109 9.52× 10−1
19506.37 3.114972 9936515449 210 × 109 9.53× 10−1
19510.37 3.149949 9828257672 210 × 109 9.53× 10−1
19518.72 3.185106 9724213171 210 × 109 9.54× 10−1
39
EMD4M6B
19518.52 3.219963 9618954184 210 × 109 9.54× 10−1

19521.08 3.25494 9516612209 210 × 109 9.55× 10−1
19527.38 3.290156 9417628138 210 × 109 9.55× 10−1
19521.81 3.324894 9316812085 210 × 109 9.56× 10−1
19518.34 3.35999 9217700613 210 × 109 9.56× 10−1
19516.61 3.395086 9121890702 210 × 109 9.57× 10−1
19504.9 3.430004 9023500698 210 × 109 9.57× 10−1
19488.7 3.46498 8924998481 210 × 109 9.58× 10−1
19479.62 3.500256 8830976806 210 × 109 9.58× 10−1
19445.55 3.534874 8729292959 210 × 109 9.58× 10−1
19419.37 3.570031 8631291755 210 × 109 9.59× 10−1
19385.07 3.605127 8532370423 210 × 109 9.59× 10−1
19339.68 3.639984 8431055182 210 × 109 9.60× 10−1
19289.58 3.675021 8329021074 210 × 109 9.60× 10−1
19242.78 3.710057 8230323844 210 × 109 9.61× 10−1
19176.47 3.744915 8125337420 210 × 109 9.61× 10−1
19116.47 3.780011 8024653527 210 × 109 9.62× 10−1
19058.04 3.815108 7926665011 210 × 109 9.62× 10−1
18982.73 3.849905 7824104591 210 × 109 9.63× 10−1
18916.17 3.885061 7726006234 210 × 109 9.63× 10−1
18848.51 3.920098 7629781347 210 × 109 9.64× 10−1
18766.9 3.954895 7529746928 210 × 109 9.64× 10−1
18697.31 3.990051 7435632851 210 × 109 9.65× 10−1
18625.03 4.025029 7342568248 210 × 109 9.65× 10−1
18539.09 4.059946 7245824256 210 × 109 9.65× 10−1
18466.32 4.095102 7155309848 210 × 109 9.66× 10−1
18388.37 4.129959 7064952449 210 × 109 9.66× 10−1
18300.88 4.164936 6972505246 210 × 109 9.67× 10−1
18225.63 4.200152 6885703541 210 × 109 9.67× 10−1
18140.9 4.234949 6797267393 210 × 109 9.68× 10−1
18055.2 4.269986 6709572015 210 × 109 9.68× 10−1
17976.7 4.305083 6626088445 210 × 109 9.68× 10−1
40
EMD4M6B
17888.83 4.33994 6540701201 210 × 109 9.69× 10−1

17802.9 4.374976 6457163488 210 × 109 9.69× 10−1
17721.46 4.410073 6376602755 210 × 109 9.70× 10−1
17633.7 4.44499 6295007403 210 × 109 9.70× 10−1
17541.28 4.479967 6212974498 210 × 109 9.70× 10−1
17460.2 4.515123 6136187133 210 × 109 9.71× 10−1
17367.72 4.549921 6057164017 210 × 109 9.71× 10−1
17276.08 4.584957 5978997290 210 × 109 9.72× 10−1
17189.65 4.620113 5904012490 210 × 109 9.72× 10−1
17095.49 4.654971 5827357658 210 × 109 9.72× 10−1
16998.41 4.689947 5751105772 210 × 109 9.73× 10−1
16908.7 4.725104 5678403494 210 × 109 9.73× 10−1
16809.84 4.759961 5603829307 210 × 109 9.73× 10−1
16711.84 4.794938 5530536279 210 × 109 9.74× 10−1
16616.89 4.830154 5458998703 210 × 109 9.74× 10−1
16513.04 4.864951 5386019783 210 × 109 9.74× 10−1
16408.19 4.899988 5313537559 210 × 109 9.75× 10−1
16311.3 4.935084 5244532400 210 × 109 9.75× 10−1
16201.94 4.970001 5172897444 210 × 109 9.75× 10−1
16096.25 5.004978 5103165336 210 × 109 9.76× 10−1
15993.52 5.040134 5035433359 210 × 109 9.76× 10−1
15878.42 5.074932 4964633261 210 × 109 9.76× 10−1
15768.25 5.109968 4896460770 210 × 109 9.77× 10−1
15659.41 5.145125 4829374866 210 × 109 9.77× 10−1
15539.06 5.179862 4760212638 210 × 109 9.77× 10−1
15422.51 5.215019 4692814813 210 × 109 9.78× 10−1
15307.43 5.250115 4626412748 210 × 109 9.78× 10−1
15177.78 5.284913 4557213732 210 × 109 9.78× 10−1
15055.25 5.320009 4490444851 210 × 109 9.79× 10−1
14928.1 5.355105 4423415363 210 × 109 9.79× 10−1
14787.35 5.389962 4353296279 210 × 109 9.79× 10−1
14648.4 5.425119 4284420765 210 × 109 9.80× 10−1
41
EMD4M6B
4230.027 5.45609 1230215480 210 × 109 9.94× 10−1
2. Plot a graph load vs extension and stress vs strain.
Graph Load (N) Versus Extension (mm)

25000
20000
15000
Load (N)
10000
5000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Extension (mm)
Figure 2: Graph of load (N) versus extension (mm)
Graph Stress Versus Strain (kN/m2)

700000
600000
500000
400000
Stress
300000
200000
100000
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Strain (kN/m2)
Figure 3: Graph of stress versus strain (kNm-2)
42
EMD4M6B
3. Explain the actual characteristic of the materials being tested.
Mild steel is a type of carbon steel with a low amount of carbon – it is also known as
“low carbon steel.” Although ranges vary depending on the source, the amount of carbon
typically found in mild steel is 0.05% to 0.25% by weight, whereas higher carbon steels are
typically described as having a carbon content from 0.30% to 2.0%. If any more carbon
than that is added, the steel would be classified as cast iron.
Mild steel is not an alloy steel and therefore does not contain large amounts of other
elements besides iron. Mild steel is very strong due to the low amount of carbon it contains.
In materials science, strength is a complicated term. Mild steel, as opposed to higher carbon
steels, is quite malleable, even when cold. This means it has high tensile and impact
strength. Mild steel has a high resistance to breakage. Higher carbon steels usually shatter
or crack under stress, while mild steel bends or deforms.
Less carbon means that mild steel is typically more ductile, machinable, and weldable
than high carbon and other steels, however, it also means it is nearly impossible to harden
and strengthen through heating and quenching. The low carbon content also means it has
very little carbon and other alloying elements to block dislocations in its crystal structure,
generally resulting in less tensile strength than high carbon and alloy steels. Mild steel also
has a high amount iron and ferrite, making it magnetic.
The lack of alloying elements such as those found in stainless steels means that the iron
in mild steel is subject to oxidation (rust) if not properly coated. But the negligible amount
of alloying elements also helps mild steel to be relatively affordable when compared with
other steels. It is the affordability, weldability, and machinability that make it such a
popular choice of steel for consumers.
43
EMD4M6B
4. Calculate the actual energy needed to break the specimen.
Figure 4: The strain energy in the stress strain curve
When force is applied to a material, the material deforms and stores potential energy.
The strain energy is equal to the work expended in deforming the material. The total strain
energy corresponds to the area under the load deflection curve and has unit of Nm in SI units.
The elastic strain energy can be recovered, so if the deformation remains within the elastic
limit, then all of the strain energy can be recovered. Strain energy is calculated as:
General Form the area under load-deflection curve:
U = Work = ∫ F dL
Within elastic limit of area under load-deflection curve:
𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝐋𝐨 𝝈𝟐 𝐋𝐨 𝑨
U=𝟐F𝜹= =
𝟐𝑨𝑬 𝟐𝑬
(𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 )𝟐 ×(𝟓𝟐.𝟔𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )×(𝟑.𝟑𝟏𝟖 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )

U=
𝟐(𝟐𝟏𝟎𝑮)
= 810.64 × 10-3 J
44
EMD4M6B
DISCUSSION
1. Are the specimens being tested follows any international standards? Explain why?
The specimens being tested was followed the international standards which is ASTM
International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials that develops
and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products,
systems, and services. This is because the specimen that being tested was standardized by
(ASTM) E8/ E8M-13 "Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials". The
geometry of the specimen is round along the gauge length. Both ends of the specimens have a
sufficient length and a surface condition such that they are firmly gripped during testing. This
experiment followed the international standard size, the standard specimen by ASTM:
Figure 5: The standard specimen by ASTM
The tensile test on metals or metallic materials, is mainly based on DIN EN ISO 6892-
1 and ASTM E8. Both standards specify specimen shapes and their testing. The objective of
the standards is to define and establish the test method in such a way, that even when different
testing systems are used, the characteristic values to be determined remain reproducible and
correct. This also means that the standard requirements address important influencing factors
and generally formulate requirements in such a way that there is enough leeway for technical
realizations and innovation.
The test results that are determined with the software to ISO 6892-1 can be verified and
validated with an internationally coordinated data set and internationally coordinated test
results. Its responsibilities include the determination of fundamental and natural constants,
45
EMD4M6B
representation, preservation and transfer of legal units of the International System of Units (SI).
The machine software that was setup in this experiment was also used the International System
of Units (SI), so the results can be verified and validated as international standard.
Tensile tests are typically conducted on electromechanical or hydraulic universal

testing instruments, are simple to perform, and are fully standardized. An electro-mechanical
or hydraulic universal testing machine equipped with the appropriate specimen grips, an
extensometer and software capable of strain rate control and recording stress – strain data is
necessary to conduct this test. This experiment was run by using a hydraulic grip, this machine
is a high force universal testing system. So, the machine is fully standardized.
2. Any precaution to minimize errors during experiments.
Errors can be minimized during the experiments with understanding the forms of
experimental error. Random errors occur as a result of sudden, random changes in an
experiment’s conditions. Such errors are always present in an experiment and largely
unavoidable. Systematic error arises from a faulty measuring device, imperfect observation
methods, or an uncontrolled environment. Such error is predictable and is usually constant or
yields results proportional to the measurement’s true value. The following precautions will help
to reduce measurement error and yield the most accurate results.
For the better result which is more accurate and precise, make sure the apparatus and
instrumental in good conditions before start the experiment. Error that may have occurred
during this experiment includes parallax error during reading the measurement. Eyes need to
be perpendicular to the plane of the scale when reading an instrument. Make multiple
measurements of the parameters of the test specimen using the vernier calliper or one person
checks the work of another. Whenever possible, repeat a measurement several times and
average the results. The more repetitions of a measurement, the better the estimate of the true
value will be. Zero error occurs when a zero on main scale does not coincide with a zero on
vernier scale. Observer need to be alert when doing the experiment such as always to adjust
vernier caliper before makes any measurement. If the vernier calliper is not showing absolute
zero reading when it is totally closed, we must minus or add the particular value in each of the
measurements.
46
EMD4M6B
Besides, it is also important to consider placing the test specimen on the universal testing
machine. Lastly, test specimen must be attached to the grips in order to hold the test specimen
firmly at the fixed head to prevent the specimen from being released from the test machine.
3. Discuss the type and surface texture of the broken specimen.
The Stages Of Fracture Process Cup-And-Cone Fracture
Table 3 : The stages of fracture process and Cup-and-cone fracture diagram
The most common type of the broken mild steel is ductile fracture where fracture is
preceded by a moderate amount of necking. The fracture process :
1. After necking begins, small cavities, or microvoids, form in the interior of the cross
section.
2. As deformation continues, these microvoids enlarge, come together, and coalesce to
form an elliptical crack, which has its long axis perpendicular to the stress direction.
3. The crack continues to grow in a direction parallel to its major axis by this microvoid
coalescence process.
4. Fracture ensues by the rapid propagation of a crack around the outer perimeter of the
neck.
5. By shear deformation at an angle of about 45◦ with the tensile axis, this is the angle at
which the shear stress is a maximum.
47
EMD4M6B
Sometimes a fracture having this characteristic surface contour is termed a cup-and-

cone fracture because one of the mating surfaces is in the form of a cup, the other like a cone.
In this type of fractured specimen, the central interior region of the surface has an irregular and
fibrous appearance, which is indicative of plastic deformation.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objectives of this experiment have achieved. All the data that need to
carry out these experiments have successfully obtained. The aim of studying and understanding
the tensile properties subjected to tensile loading. Experiments were conducted on the specimen
material of mild steel with circular geometry shape and the results was plotted in graph and
discussed and detail. From these experiments, it is shows that tensile testing is a way of
determining how something will react when it is pulled apart when a force is applied to it in
tension. Tensile testing is one of the simplest and most widely used mechanical tests. By
measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to breaking point, material properties can
be determined that will allow us to predict how materials and products will behave in their
intended applications. It can be concluded that mild steel allows to withstand high axial loads
before fracture can occur. The value of experimental and theoretical are bit different due to
some errors. It is because of the approximation of plot from the raw data that generated by the
machine. The recommendations for further experiment, it is better to obtain the data of stress-
strain directly from the machine. It is for increasing the accuracy of the data and analysis. Even
though there is a little percent error and inaccuracy caused by some disregarded circumstances,
the result is acceptable because the objective is achieved.
48
EMD4M6B
Name & ID

1. MUHAMAD IZZUDDIN BIN ZULKIFLY 2019482636
2. MUHAMAD FAIZ SYAUQI BIN NOOR YAKIN 2019819098
3. MUHAMAD IZZAT MUSTAQIM BIN HANG JEBAT 2019627998
4. MUHAMMAD ADEEB SYAFIQ BIN AMIZAN 2019848332
5. MUHAMAD UZAIR BIN ROSLAN 2019468048
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Very cooperative
Member 1: Very cooperative

49
REFERENCES
(n.d). A brief guide on how to calculate area under the stress-strain graph. Science
Struck. https://sciencestruck.com/how-to-calculate-area-under-stress-strain-
graph.
(n.d). Mild steel properties. Science Struck. https://sciencestruck.com/mild-steel-properties
(Nov 2010). What is tensile testing? The theory and applications. Azo Materials.
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5551
ASM International, (2004) Introduction to tensile testing. The material information

society, Second Edition. ASM International. 1-12.
https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/3465262/05105G_Chapter_
1.pd f/e13396e8-a327-490a-a414-9bd1d2bc2bb8
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Mechanical Testing. (May

2020) Mechanical Testing. Laman Portal Fakulti Kejuruteraan.
http://www.eng.upm.edu.my/services/ms_iso_iec_17025/mechanical_testing-
4159
Ferdinand Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek. Mechanics of

materials Seventh Edition in SI Units. McGraw-Hill.
Matthew spiret. (May 2020). The definitive guide to ASTM E8/E8M tension testing of
metals. Instron. https://www.instron.us/testing-solutions/the-definitive-guide-to-
astm-e8- e8m
Peter Namisi. (May 2020). Tensile test lab report. Academia

https://www.academia.edu/24386842/Tensile_Test_Lab_Report
R.C. Hibbeler. (2011). Mechanics of materials 9th edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.
50
APPENDICES AND RAW DATA
Table 1: Specimen characteristic and dimension
Specimen Length (mm) Diameter (mm) Geometry
Mild Steel 193 6.5 Circular
Table 2: Raw data for tensile stress experiment
Extension (mm) Load (N)

0 2.428644
0.03497685 43.79144
0.06995371 48.89359
0.1051697 49.91779
0.1399672 48.67112
0.1750038 49.30481
0.2101003 49.42594
0.2449575 50.88846
0.2799344 54.7432
0.3151504 62.94259
0.3499479 110.3375
0.3849845 282.8532
0.4201408 659.235
0.4549383 1177.249
0.4899151 1687.969
0.5251311 2133.302
0.559809 2524.197
0.5951446 2889.435
0.6300019 3219.476
0.6649189 3518.681
0.7000752 3800.108
0.735052 4068.359
51
0.7699092 4328.976
0.8050655 4590.371
0.8399825 4840.7
0.8748996 5090.894
0.9100558 5355.458
0.9449729 5621.289
0.9799498 5891.222
1.015046 6170.47
1.050023 6456.427
1.08488 6740.838
1.120156 7040.39
1.155013 7341.693
1.18993 7644.905
1.225087 7963.158
1.259944 8283.041
1.294921 8606.084
1.330077 8937.941
1.364934 9268.539
1.399971 9602.85
1.435008 9946.99
1.469984 10291.92
1.504901 10638.52
1.540118 10997.15
1.574915 11352.21
1.609952 11711.88
1.645108 12082.15
1.679965 12450.55
1.714882 12821.87
1.750098 13208.54
1.784896 13589.74
1.819992 13972.63
1.855089 14364.9
52
1.889946 14747.86
1.925042 15139.59
1.960019 15534.02
1.994936 15923.46
2.029973 16312.88
2.065069 16711.22
2.099867 17093.2
2.135023 17480.47
2.17006 17858.04
2.204857 18206.85
2.240073 18527.56
2.27511 18798.14
2.309907 18979.65
2.345064 19099.58
2.38004 19167.41
2.414898 19201.69
2.450054 19232.63
2.485031 19260
2.519948 19278.02
2.555044 19305.52
2.590021 19326.23
2.624938 19342.09
2.660094 19365.01
2.695011 19384.25
2.729869 19395.2
2.765144 19416.3
2.799942 19429.16
2.834919 19437.66
2.870075 19454.98
2.904992 19463.89
2.939969 19470.56
2.975125 19484.08
53
3.009923 19484.59
3.045019 19493.52
3.080115 19504.36
3.114972 19506.37
3.149949 19510.37
3.185106 19518.72
3.219963 19518.52
3.25494 19521.08
3.290156 19527.38
3.324894 19521.81
3.35999 19518.34
3.395086 19516.61
3.430004 19504.9
3.46498 19488.7
3.500256 19479.62
3.534874 19445.55
3.570031 19419.37
3.605127 19385.07
3.639984 19339.68
3.675021 19289.58
3.710057 19242.78
3.744915 19176.47
3.780011 19116.47
3.815108 19058.04
3.849905 18982.73
3.885061 18916.17
3.920098 18848.51
3.954895 18766.9
3.990051 18697.31
4.025029 18625.03
4.059946 18539.09
4.095102 18466.32
54
4.129959 18388.37
4.164936 18300.88
4.200152 18225.63
4.234949 18140.9
4.269986 18055.2
4.305083 17976.7
4.33994 17888.83
4.374976 17802.9
4.410073 17721.46
4.44499 17633.7
4.479967 17541.28
4.515123 17460.2
4.549921 17367.72
4.584957 17276.08
4.620113 17189.65
4.654971 17095.49
4.689947 16998.41
4.725104 16908.7
4.759961 16809.84
4.794938 16711.84
4.830154 16616.89
4.864951 16513.04
4.899988 16408.19
4.935084 16311.3
4.970001 16201.94
5.004978 16096.25
5.040134 15993.52
5.074932 15878.42
5.109968 15768.25
5.145125 15659.41
5.179862 15539.06
5.215019 15422.51
55
5.250115 15307.43
5.284913 15177.78
5.320009 15055.25
5.355105 14928.1
5.389962 14787.35
5.425119 14648.4
5.45609 4230.027
56

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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Programme : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220)

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE: TENSILE TEST

REPORT SUBMISSION: 21/06/2020

Muhamad Faiz Syauqi bin Noor Yakin .................................................................................................. 12

Muhamad Izzat Mustaqim bin Hang Jebat ........................................................................................... 18

Muhammad Adeeb Syafiq bin Amizan.................................................................................................. 24

Muhamad Izzudin bin Zulkifly ............................................................................................................... 32

 Young’s modulus of elasticity: Within the proportional limit, stress = E × strain. E is

Test Sample Dimensions

3. Circular surface area

Load (N) Extension (mm) Stress (MPa) Strain (mm)

2. Any precaution to minimize errors during experiments

3. Discuss the type and surface texture of the broken specimen

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

BIl Name Matrix Number

Member 1: Cooperates well with the team works divided

Test Sample Dimensions

Specimen Label Mild steel

Load (N) Extension (mm) Stress (MPa) Strain (mm)

Teamwork Assessment Form

BIl Name Matrix Number

Member 1: Give 100% commitment.

Test Sample Dimensions

Total length 193 mm

Gauge length 52.65 mm

3. Circular surface area

Load (N) Extension (mm) Stress (MPa) Strain (mm)

Any precaution to minimize errors during experiments

Discuss the type and surface texture of the broken specimen.

In conclusion, the objective of this experiment was achieved. Besides, we could

Teamwork Assessment Form

BIl Name Matrix Number

Member 1: Easy To Contact For Settle The Report

Table 1: Specimen data and formula

Table 2: sample calculation

Load vs Extension Graph

Graph 2: Load vs Extension

LOAD VS EXTENSION GRAPH

Teamwork Assessment Form

BIl Name Matrix Number

Member 1: Good participations

1. Draw the test sample with complete dimension.

Figure 1: The specimen of mild steel with dimension

Area of circular: 𝝅𝒓2

Table 1: The results that obtained in tensile test

Load (N) Extension (mm) 𝐤𝐍 Strain

3219.476 0.6300019 97016 0.011966

18979.65 2.309907 572031 0.043873

18697.31 3.990051 563502 0.075784

Table 2: The calculation of experimental and theoretical value of Young’s Modulus

5891.222 0.9799498 9538870682 210 × 109 9.55× 10−1

17093.2 2.099867 1.2916× 1010 210 × 109 9.38× 10−1

19518.52 3.219963 9618954184 210 × 109 9.54× 10−1

17888.83 4.33994 6540701201 210 × 109 9.69× 10−1