< BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT WITH HONOURS >

< JANUARY / 2020 >

< SBFS1103 >

< THINKING SKILLS AND PROBLEM SOLVING >

MATRICULATION NO : <911214085132001>
IDENTITY CARD NO. : <911214085132>
TELEPHONE NO. : <0166512101>
E-MAIL : <dasha.gurl91@gmail.com>
LEARNING CENTRE : <SRI RAMPAI LEARNING CENTRE>
INSTRUCTIONS
 Do not copy the assignment question and instructions to your answer.
 Prepare your assignment answer following the layout of the ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA shown in the RUBRICS provided for the course. Where RUBRICS are
not provided, follow the instructions/guidelines specified by the Open University
Malaysia (OUM) for the assignment concerned.
 Your assignment should be written according to the number of words outlined
in the assignment instruction EXCLUDING references.
 Type your answer using 12 point Times New Roman font and 1.5 line spacing.
 Show the number of words at the end of your assignment.
 Tables and figures where provided, should be appropriately titled.
 List your references separately in the APPENDIX page.

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PART 1 (40%)

As currently the world has been advance in all ways, teenagers see the world in a
different way too than adults usually do as their perception is sharper and they eagerly
embrace new experiences but however, due to various reasons for instance the false
assurance in the stability of relationships, accidental pregnancy, cultural conditioning and
other factors, teenage couples may make a decision to get married and though teenage
marriages are legal in almost all countries, they can be conjoined with a set of issues that
require closer attention.

Moreover, marriage is not all about love, being in a relationship and

understanding but it also has a much more grounded side which is finance and many
more. People who get married as an adult even after they already have a secured job and
a separate place to live and yet teenagers are much more often dependent on their parents
in the financial sphere. Thus, adolescents are neither well-educated nor experienced
enough to get a well-paid job to support their own families. Hence, they have to rely on
their parents, who often have little opportunity to help their children financially as stated
by RelationshipStudies.edu. Besides, teenagers are less skilled in operating their finances
as in relation to this, one should also consider that teenagers are one of the main target
audiences in the modern consumerist culture which so an issue with money can easily
become an overwhelming problem in a young family and as a result ruining the
relationship.

In additional to that, the situation can get even more difficult in case a teenage
couple has a child. The lifelong task of raising a child can be a complicated decision even
for a self-sufficient adult person even as it is a great responsibility that implies facing and
solving financial, psychological, organizational and other issues. More, teenagers are less
likely to be able to cope with these difficulties. Adolescents have to take care of another
human being while being which is to a certain degree of children themselves.

Thus, there are list of Pros and Cons of Early Marriage that could be taken into
consideration when a teenage couple and in this case which is Halimah planning for an

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early marriage. As for the list of pros of early marriage, the first point is it does not
require perfect time. Even though marriage is a huge decision to make yet it does not
require the perfect time which can take place anywhere as it is clueless but before a
couples decide, they should get into the sanctity of marriage the moment they feel they
are ready to do it and if you are patience for marriage it might cost you the right person.
The second point, no need to have kids yet as once couples are younger than expected so
there is no reason to rush things as they can enjoy their time together without having to
focus more on having a baby just yet because when they do, it will be the end of their
happy moments of not having to worry about whose turn it is to take care of the baby
especially during the night. The third point is role of young parents as when couples
marry early, they will likely be parents to their children at their 20s. Thus, they will still
be strong and able to be the young parents of their children and moreover, parents who
are younger can be considered as cooler parents.

The next point is financially stable which is the most important part, it is not an
easy task to make a career and look after the family or household and it should not be an
easy thing to feed the kids even after retiring which will indeed be self-sacrificing
throughout your life. Thus, it is important that your children should be older to look after
themselves as you retire from your job so as a result, you will be financially stable that
should be vital for the household. Next is understanding and tolerant which in the event
of getting married early, this will provide more space and time to tolerate one another and
this will also give an opportunity in developing a good sense of understanding of both
partners which likewise give them strength emotionally to bring them closer to their
family. The sixth point is learning to become responsible individuals. More, if you marry
at an early age, your responsibilities as a parent and domestic partner will increase with
time and it will make you even more responsible individuals. For this reason, it will
provide more time for women to learn the household works and make them responsible
daughter-in-law and wife as well and it is also applicable for men. The final pros are less
baggage in life as marrying at a young age can provide less baggage compared to those
who marry later in life and younger couples should have lesser complexities to be
untangled which can result from failed relationships in the past. Therefore, it is chastity

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that should be a more important concept in which the marital bed and that would have
thought of marrying early instead of denying themselves the love and just getting
frustrated as a result.

On contrasts are the list of cons of early marriage as the first point is lack of
understanding, when you plan to marry early, you must gather a lot of issues in terms of
understanding between you both and the level of understanding should be developed only
when both of you should be matured enough for understanding each other and your own
environment. Next point is compatibility issues which it is not uncommon to know that
compatibility should have a huge impact in wedding relations and people who marry at a
younger age have no idea about the preferences of their partners which later you will be
pushed to live in one roof which will cause to decrease your mental compatibility and as
a results, you should eventually ruin your life. The third point is, financial security issues
where most men who marry at a very young age are not settled well in life yet and they
should require a lot of money in carrying out the responsibilities of the family and plus,
there will be difficulties that should arise in terms of financial security when they lack the
knowledge or education or if the opportunities are limited.

The higher risk of miscarriages or abortions will be the fourth point, as women who
get pregnant early in life should be prone to risks in abortions or miscarriages because
they are not aware about things or they are not so mindful of things to avoid and thus,
lack of proper diet can also be a cause of miscarriage. The fifth point, lack of complete
education as those who marry at a young age especially women may face the dilemma of
having incomplete education and it is basic education that is required early in life. As for
this reason, children must be properly educated at a very young age in order to avoid the
complications of married life. The sixth point is they will have a lot to learn as the biggest
issue that young people encounter in life is marrying at a very young age as for
beginners, there is a huge possibility that one does not know much about his or her
partner and rushing into marriage can lead in an unfavorable result. More, being young
has different desires in life and in relationships which can differ greatly with time as it
can cause to gain greater maturity and perspective. And the final pros point is tendency to
make compromises as the last point is when people marry young especially the women,

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they tend to deviate from their chosen career. As they should experience the worst as they
would be compelled to become a dropout in order to give way for their babies and family.
Likewise, husbands can be forced to compromise on rewarding opportunities for a job
and training when they are required at home to take care of the family and the baby or the
wife who cannot manage all alone.

Moreover, being educated is a must for any person living in Malaysia, as it is

difficult to find a job without having at least a diploma. Additional, marriage is one of the
main obstacles that prevent adolescents from graduating from schools and according to
current statistics, more than half of teen mothers never graduate from high school and this
makes teen parenthood one of the leading reasons for young parents to drop out of school
which assuming that education is not just a system of random facts collected from various
scientific fields but also communication, interaction and gaining experience of living in
society as a citizen, teenage parents deprive themselves of chances to obtain vital social
skills in its turn, it may become a negative factor when someone raise a children.

Therefore, according to a study published by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention teenage marriages tend to end up with divorce much more often than
matrimony contracted as an adult as 48 percent of those who marry before 18 are likely to
divorce within 10 years compared with 24 percent of those who marry after the age of 25
as stated by the New York Times. Finally, as based on all the advantages and
disadvantages, to say if I were Halimah, I realize that life necessitates marriage to make a
person complete and the choice should be done at an early stage in life or at a later age.
However, the most important thing is to get married when there is stability of emotions
and financial security. Halimah should complete her higher studies and get a better job to
financially support her parents as she is the eldest child in the family of 7, then she could
get married to Johan who works as an IT technician and build a happy life together.

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 ATTACHMENT

REFERENCES

1. Kershaw, Sarah. “Now, the Bad News on Teenage Marriage.” The New York Times.
N.p., 3 Sept. 2008. Web. 8 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/04/fashion/04marriage.html?_r=0>.
2. “11 Facts About Teen Pregnancy.” Do Something. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-teen-pregnancy>.

3. James, Sarah. “Money and Other Non-Romantic Things in Relationships.”

RelationshipStudies.edu. N.p., 12 Sept. 2009. Web. 08 Jan. 2014.

4. Davids, Norman. “Why Do Teens Marry?” Marriage Issues. N.p., 13 Aug. 2011.
Web. 08 Jan. 2014.

5. "Teenage Marriage and Marital Breakdown: A Longitudinal Study". Ingentaconnect.

1986-03-01. Retrieved 2016-01-30.

6. https://web.archive.org/web/20081017095427/http://www.teenwire.com/infocus/2003
/if-20030502p223-marriage.php. Archived from the original on October 17, 2008.
Retrieved November 17, 2008.

7. "History of Marriage". Iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-30.

8. Senderowitz, Judith. Adolescent Health: Reassessing the Passage to Adulthood.

Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1995.

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PART 2 (20%)

Introduction

Current world shocking issue is coronavirus disease 2019 which is well known as
COVID-19 actually an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 such as SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the disease was first identified in
December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province and has since spread
globally which resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. The common
symptoms include high fever, cough and shortness of breath and other symptoms might
include fatigue, muscle pain, diarrhoea, sore throat, loss of smell and abdominal pain.
The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days, but may
range from two to 14 days and whereas the majority of cases result in mild symptoms
some progress to viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure. Therefore, as of 8 April 2020
which more than 1.51 million cases have been reported in more than 200 countries and
territories thus resulting in more than 88,300 deaths. And yet more than 328,000 people
have recovered.
However, the virus is largely spread during close contact and by small droplets
produced when those infected cough, sneeze or talk as these droplets may also be
produced during breathing as they rapidly fall to the ground or surfaces and are not
generally spread through the air over large distances. Thus, people may also become
infected by touching a contaminated surface and then their face. As per research, the
virus can survive on surfaces for up to 72 hours and Coronavirus is most contagious
during the first three days after onset of symptoms even though spread may be possible
before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease. More, the standard method of
diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from

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a nasopharyngeal swab where the infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of
symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia.
More, there are few recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent
hand washing, social distancing which explained as maintaining physical distance from
others especially from those with symptoms, covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue
or inner elbow and more keeping unwashed hands away from the face. The importance of
use of masks is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their
caregivers. Therefore, recommendations for mask use by the general public differ with
some authorities recommending against their use and some recommending their use and
others requiring their use. As currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment
for COVID-19 and yet the management involves treatment of symptoms, supportive care,
isolation and experimental measures.

Signs & Symptoms

The World Health Organization which known as WHO declared the 2019–20
coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on
30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020 and the local transmission of the
disease has been recorded in many countries across all six WHO regions. Other than that,
individuals infected with the virus may be asymptomatic or develop flu-like symptoms
which including fever, cough, fatigue and shortness of breath include emergency
symptoms that is difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, confusion,
difficulty waking and bluish face or lips which need immediate medical attention is
advised if these symptoms are present. Less usually, upper respiratory symptoms such as
sneezing, runny nose or sore throat may be see and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea have been observed in variable percentages. Few cases in China initially
presented only with chest tightness and palpitations and in March 2020 there were reports
indicating that loss of the sense of smell or known as anosmia may be a common
symptom among those who have mild diseases which although not as common as
initially reported. In about, the disease may progress to pneumonia, multi-organ failure
and death.

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 More, in those who develop severe symptoms there are time from symptom onset
to needing mechanical ventilation is typically eight days. The way it is common with
infections, there is a delay between the moment when a person is infected with the virus
and the time when they develop symptoms which called the incubation period and the
incubation period for COVID-19 is typically five to six days but may range from two to
14 days and according to research, 97.5% of people who develop symptoms will do so
within 11.5 days of infection. Based on reports, it indicates that not all who are infected
develop symptoms but their role in transmission is unknown and the preliminary
evidence suggests asymptomatic cases may contribute to the spread of the disease. The
proportion of infected people who do not display symptoms is currently unknown and
being studied with the Korea Centre’s for Disease Control and Prevention known as
KCDC reporting that 20% of all confirmed cases remained asymptomatic during their
hospital stay and China's National Health Commission began including asymptomatic
cases in its daily cases on 1 April of the 166 infections on that day as 130 or 78% were
asymptomatic.

Preventions

A for the preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying
at home and avoiding crowded places, washing hands with soap and water often and for
at least 20 seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes,
nose or mouth with unwashed hands. Thus, the CDC recommends covering the mouth
and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of
the elbow if no tissue is available and they also recommend proper hand hygiene after
any cough or sneeze. More, social distancing strategies aim to reduce contact of infected
persons with large groups by closing schools and workplaces, restricting travel and
cancelling mass gatherings yet also includes that people stay at least 6 feet or 1.8 m apart.
Next, as a vaccine is not expected until early of 2021, a key part of managing COVID-19
is trying to decrease the epidemic peak which is known as "flattening the curve" and this
is done by slowing the infection rate to decrease the risk of health services being

9
overwhelmed as allowing for better treatment of current cases and delaying additional
cases until effective treatments or a vaccine become available.
WHO also states that the use of masks is recommended only if a person is
coughing or sneezing or when someone is taking care of individual with a suspected
infection and some countries also recommend healthy individuals to wear face masks
which includes China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Czech Republic and Austria. Thus, in order
to meet the need for masks as the WHO estimates that global production will need to
increase by 40% and hoarding and speculation have worsened the problem with the price
of masks increasing six fold, N95 respirators tripled and gowns doubled. More, some
health experts consider wearing non-medical grade masks and other face coverings like
scarves or bandanas a good way to prevent people from touching their mouths and noses
and even if non-medical coverings would not protect against a direct sneeze or cough
from an infected person.
Other than that, those who were diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they
may be infected are advised by the CDC to stay home except to get medical care or call
ahead before visiting a healthcare provider by wear a face mask before entering the
healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person or
cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue. Thus, regularly wash hands with soap and water
and avoid sharing personal household items. The CDC also recommends that individuals
wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds especially after going to the
toilet or when hands are visibly dirty before eating and after blowing one's nose,
coughing or sneezing. Yet, it further recommends using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser
with at least 60% alcohol but only when soap and water are not readily available.
Additional, for areas where commercial hand sanitisers are not readily available, the
WHO provides two formulations for local production and in these formulations, the
antimicrobial activity arises from ethanol or isopropanol and hydrogen peroxide is used
to help eliminate bacterial spores in the alcohol which it is "not an active substance for
hand antisepsis" and more, Glycerol is added as a humectant.

Conclusions

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 Finally, this crisis reminds us that we are truly global citizens as global health has
become more equitable for all of the wrong reasons and for the first time in decades,
millions of us are facing exactly the same health worries and I hope this is an opportunity
for more of us to understand health through other peoples’ perspectives. More, for many
diseases that the society contributes to such as leprosy and snakebite, the health
challenges for affected populations are immense but the economic challenges for the
patients and their families are even longer-term and devastating which this link between
health and economics is becoming increasingly real for more of us. Thus, it is a reminder
to understand and include the economic cost of health projects when we consider their
impact. Therefore, as a Society we are lucky to know many of the greatest minds in our
field who are now working on this crisis which is through the frontline delivery of care,
influencing funding, keeping the public informed, working on vaccines, treatment and
other services. More, their guidance is welcome during this unknown time which we will
understand more fully when we can look back on it and fit together the global jigsaw
pieces and we must remember the scientific, social and cultural learnings from this period
that those have helped us tackle this crisis and also those which may be of future value
will help lead us to future discoveries and we should capture these in a movement of
collective action, globally and locally. 

As we know diseases do not remain within borders neither do population as a

result of travel, climate change and conflict and these changes have brought new
challenges to managing infectious diseases and other health issues. Therefore, in tackling
these we must remember we are collectively only as strong as the weakest health system
in our interconnected network. We also need to invest as much as we can of our time,
money and energy in improving the systems across all countries which not forgetting the
ones that are perhaps not as strong on outbreaks and emerging disease. Moreover, as
global citizens this is the moment that all of us should do what we can to help each other
either locally and globally and as an individual we have a new shared experience that we
should learn from in new ways and now they have been put to the test, it is the perfect
time to consider whether the international and national health frameworks are workable
and helpful for the global population. This, we should revisit whether we are collectively
investing enough in preparedness and health system strengthening and also consider how

11
emergency support frameworks could play their role on how do we support the next
generation of clinicians, researchers, implementers, health workers and social scientists to
be better prepared and equipped to tackle the next pandemic.

ATTACHMENT

REFERENCES

1. "Symptoms of Coronavirus". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC). 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020.

2. "Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it". World
Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 28 February 2020.
Retrieved 28 February 2020.

3. "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19".

World Health Organization (WHO) (Press release). 11 March 2020. Archived
from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

4. Velavan, T. P.; Meyer, C. G. (March 2020). "The COVID-19 epidemic". Tropical

Medicine & International Health. n/a (n/a): 278–80.

5. "Q&A on coronaviruses". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the

original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.

6. Wiles, Siouxsie (14 March 2020). "After 'Flatten the Curve', we must now 'Stop
the Spread'. Here's what that means". The Spinoff. Archived from the original on
26 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.

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7. Centers for Disease Control (3 February 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19): Prevention & Treatment". Archived from the original on 15
December 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2020.

8. "New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces". National Institutes of Health. 17

March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March
2020.

9. "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report—73" (PDF). World

Health Organization. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

10. "Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens
from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on
4 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.

11. Salehi, Sana; Abedi, Aidin; Balakrishnan, Sudheer; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali (14
March 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of
Imaging Findings in 919 Patients". American Journal of Roentgenology: 1–7

12. "ACR Recommendations for the use of Chest Radiography and Computed
Tomography (CT) for Suspected COVID-19 Infection". American College of
Radiology. 22 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020.

13. "Advice for public". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the
original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.

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PART 3 (20%)

Link to video presentation of Covid-19.

THINKING SKILLS AND PROBLEM SOLVING.mp4

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