CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
DATA PRESENTATION

Advantages of collected data:

- easily understand
- can be analyzed
- can be compared
DATA PRESENTATION

– FREQUENCY TABLE
– HISTOGRAM
– FREQUENCY POLYGON
– PICTOGRAPH
– BAR CHART
– PIE CHART
– LINE GRAPH AND OTHERS
A. FREQUENCY TABLE

– The frequency of a particular data value is the number of times the data value
occurs.

– A frequency table is constructed by arranging collected data values in ascending

order of magnitude with their corresponding frequencies.
CONT… FREQUENCY TABLE

1. The marks awarded for an assignment set for a Year 8 class of 20 students
were as follows:
6 7 5 7 7 8 7 6 9 7
4 10 6 8 8 9 5 6 4 8
Present this information in a frequency table.
2. Mr. Rafiq runs a video library. Over a period of 3 days he notes how many
videos have been borrowed during each hour. His records are shown below:
1 1 2 1 3 3 4 1 4 1

2 3 3 2 4 2 3 2 3 2

1 1 3 4 2 4 3 3 2 3
Present this information in a frequency table.
CONT… FREQUENCY TABLE

– When the data values are spread out, it is difficult to set up a frequency table
for every data value as there will be too many rows in table.
– So the data is usually grouped into class intervals.
– The resulting table is called a cumulative frequency table.
 EXAMPLE 1

The number of healthy goats per barn in 42 districts were counted and displayed below.
From the data, determine an appropriate class interval and class size to prepare a
cumulative frequency table.
STEP 1: FIND CLASS INTERVAL, k
14 25 36 27 42 36 43
21 35 27 19 10 38 46 k = log n n = number of data
33 35 28 42 43 14 15 log 2
23 10 38 31 31 14 17
32 10 45 21 12 31 22 STEP 2: FIND CLASS SIZE, s
34 13 48 29 44 11 24
s = max data – min data
k

REMEMBER!!!!!
If you got decimal point, rounding to larger whole number.
Rounding only applies to finding class intervals and class sizes.
 CONT... EXAMPLE 1

CLASS TALLY FREQUENCY

– Complete the table. INTERVAL
CLASS TALLY FREQUENCY 10 - 16 10
INTERVAL 17 – 23 6
24 – 30 6
31 – 37 10
38 – 44 7
45 - 51 3
 CLASS LIMIT, CLASS
BOUNDARIES & MIDPOINT

CLASS FREQUENCY LOWER CLASS UPPER CLASS CLASS MIDPOINT

INTERVAL BOUNDARY BOUNDARY BOUNDARIE
10 - 16 10 9.5 16.5 9.5 – 16.5 13
CLASS LIMIT
17 – 23 6 16.5 23.5 16.5 – 23.5 20
24 – 30 6 23.5 30.5 23.5 – 30.5 27
31 – 37 10 30.5 30.5 – 37.5 34
37.5
38 – 44 7 41
37.5 44.5 37.5 – 44.5
45 - 51 3
44.5 51.5 44.5 – 51.5 48
LOWER LIMIT UPPER LIMIT
B. HISTOGRAM

– a graphical display of data using bars of different heights.

– It is similar to a Bar Chart, but a histogram groups numbers into ranges
– And you decide what ranges to use!
– Properties of histogram:
– Quantitative data
– No gaps

– Example 2:
– Draw a histogram based on the frequency table you obtained in example 1.
C. FREQUENCY POLYGON

– Is constructed by connecting the midpoint of each histogram bar.

– Example 3:
– Draw the frequency polygon for the histogram drawn in exercise 2.
D. BAR CHART

SIMPLE MULTIPLE

COMPONENT
E. PICTOGRAM / PICTOGRAPH

– Pictogram / pictograph is prepared by using a picture or a symbol to present the

data.
F. LINE GRAPH

– Line graph is usually used to show the trend and changes of the data from one
point to another point.
G. PIE CHART

– Angle sector can be determined by formula:

Angle sector = total category data x 360o
total amount of data