1)Explain the working of frequency selective wave analyzer

With the help of block diagram.

Ans:- The wave analyzer consists of a very narrow pass-band filter section which can be tuned to
a particular frequency within the audible frequency range (20Hz to 20 KHz). The block diagram
of a wave analyzer is as shown in the figure.
Working –
 In a Frequency Wave Analyzer, the complex wave to be analyzed is passed through an
adjustable attenuator which serves as a range multiplier and permits a large range of
signal amplitudes to be analyzed without loading the amplifier.
 The output of the attenuator is then fed to a selective amplifier, which amplifies the
selected frequency. The driver amplifier applies the attenuated input signal to a High-Q
active filter. This High-Q filter is a low pass filter which allows the frequency which is
selected to pass and reject all others.
 The magnitude of this selected frequency is indicated by the meter and the filter section
identifies the frequency of the component. The filter circuit consists of a cascaded RC
resonant circuit and amplifiers.

 For selecting the frequency range, the capacitors generally used are of the closed
tolerance polystyrene type and the resistances used are precision potentiometers. The
capacitors are used for range changing and the potentiometer is used to change the
frequency within the selected pass-band.
 The selected signal output from the final amplifier stage is applied to the meter circuit
and to an unturned buffer amplifier. The main function of the buffer amplifier is to drive
output devices, such as recorders or electronics counters.
2)Describe spectrum analyzer with the help of block diagram.

Ans:- The electronic instrument, used for analyzing waves in frequency domain is
called spectrum analyzer. Basically, it displays the energy distribution of a signal on its CRT
screen. Here, x-axis represents frequency and y-axis represents the amplitude.

Types of Spectrum Analyzers

We can classify the spectrum analyzers into the following two types.

 Filter Bank Spectrum Analyzer

 Superheterodyne Spectrum Analyzer
Now, let us discuss about these two spectrum analyzers one by one.
Filter Bank Spectrum Analyzer
The spectrum analyzer, used for analyzing the signals are of AF range is called filter bank
spectrum analyzer, or real time spectrum analyzer because it shows (displays) any variations
in all input frequencies.
The following figure shows the block diagram of filter bank spectrum analyzer.
The working of filter bank spectrum analyzer is mentioned below.
 It has a set of band pass filters and each one is designed for allowing a specific band of
frequencies. The output of each band pass filter is given to a corresponding detector.
 All the detector outputs are connected to Electronic switch. This switch allows the detector
outputs sequentially to the vertical deflection plate of CRO. So, CRO displays the
frequency spectrum of AF signal on its CRT screen.

Superheterodyne Spectrum Analyzer

The spectrum analyzer, used for analyzing the signals are of RF range is
called superheterodyne spectrum analyzer. Its block diagram is shown in below figure.
The working of superheterodyne spectrum analyzer is mentioned below.
1. The RF signal, which is to be analyzed is applied to input attenuator. If the signal amplitude
is too large, then it can be attenuated by an input attenuator.
2. Low Pass Filter (LPF) allows only the frequency components that are less than the cut-off
frequency.
3. Mixer gets the inputs from Low pass filter and voltage tuned oscillator. It produces an
output, which is the difference of frequencies of the two signals that are applied to it.
4. IF amplifier amplifies the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, i.e. the output of mixer. The
amplified IF signal is applied to detector.
The output of detector is given to vertical deflection plate of CRO. So, CRO displays the
frequency spectrum of RF signal on its CRT screen.
So, we can choose a particular spectrum analyzer based on the frequency range of the signal
that is to be analyzed.
3)Explain the working of square wave generator with help of block diagram.

Ans:- Square wave can be defined as a non sinusoidal periodic waveform that can be
represented as an infinite summation of sinusoidal waves. It has an amplitude alternate at a
regular frequency between fixed minimum and maximum value with the same duration. Square
wave generator are generally used in electronics and in signal processing. The square wave is
the special case of rectangular wave. The square wave generator is just like a Schmit trigger
circuit in which the reference voltage for the comparator depends on the output voltage. It is
also said to be astable multivibrator.

Square wave generator can be constructed using Schmitt trigger inverters like TTL. It is
the easy way to make a basic astable waveform generator. While producing clock or
timing signals, this astable multivibrator produces a  square wave generator waveform
that switches between HIGH and LOW .

As we know output of a Schmitt inverter is the opposite or inverse to that of its input. By
giving hysteresis it can change state at different voltage levels. It uses a Schmitt trigger
action that changes state between an upper and lower threshold level as the input
voltage signal, increases and decreases about the input terminal. Here upper threshold
level sets output and the lower threshold level resets the output.

This simple square wave generator circuit consists of a single TTL 74LS14 Schmitt
inverter logic gate with a capacitor connected between its input terminal and ground
and the positive feedback required for the circuit to oscillate being provided by the
feedback resistor.

Assume that the charge across the capacitor plates is below the Schmitt’s lower
threshold level. Therefore makes the input to the inverter at a logic ZERO level, resulting
in a logic ONE output level.

Square waveform generator circuit using op-amp

4)Explain the working of hetrodyne wave analyzer with the help of block diagram.
Ans:- The wave analyzer, used to analyze the signals of RF range is called
superheterodyne wave analyzer. The following figure shows the block diagram of
superheterodyne wave analyzer.

The working of superheterodyne wave analyzer is mentioned below.

 The RF signal, which is to be analyzed is applied to the input attenuator. If the signal
amplitude is too large, then it can be attenuated by input attenuator.
 Untuned amplifier amplifies the RF signal whenever necessary and it is applied to first
mixer.
 The frequency ranges of RF signal & output of Local oscillator are 0-18 MHz & 30-48 MHz
respectively. So, first mixer produces an output, which has frequency of 30 MHz. This is
the difference of frequencies of the two signals that are applied to it.
 IF amplifier amplifies the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, i.e. the output of first mixer.
The amplified IF signal is applied to second mixer.
  The frequencies of amplified IF signal & output of Crystal oscillator are same and equal to
30MHz. So, the second mixer produces an output, which has frequency of 0 Hz. This is
the difference of frequencies of the two signals that are applied to it.
 The cut off frequency of Active Low Pass Filter (LPF) is chosen as 1500 Hz. Hence, this
filter allows the output signal of second mixer.
 Meter Circuit displays the reading of RF signal. We can choose the meter reading in volt
range or decibel range.
So, we can choose a particular wave analyzer based on the frequency range of the
signal that is to be analyzed.
5)Explain in detail the function of working principle with neat block/circuit

Diagram of the following.

a)Signal Generator

B) function grnerator

Ans:a) Definition: The signal generator is an electronic device which induces

the repeating and non-repeating analogue or digital signals.The signal
generator is extensively used in troubleshooting, signal tracing, testing,
adjustment of amplifier response and alignment of radio and T.V circuit. The
signal generator has inbuilt modulation property. The amplitude and
modulation property are very common in signal generators.

The block diagram of the signal generator is shown in the figure below. The
main part of the signal generator is a VCO (voltage controlled oscillator). The
input control voltage determined the frequency of the VCO.
The frequency of the VCO is directly proportional to the control voltage. The
signal applied to the control input gives the frequency of the oscillator. The
frequency modulated signal is produced by the VCO when the audio input
signal is applied across the control voltage.

The signal generator is also known as the generator which produces the
tone, arbitrary and the digital pattern waveforms. The signal generators
generate the modifies output signal along with the other signal which is the
main difference between the signal generator and the oscillator.

When the signal produces the unmodulated signals, then they are said to be
generating continuous height wave signal. It produces a modulated signal in
the form of square waves, triangular waves, complex signals, etc.

For frequency modulation, the modulator circuit is placed after the VCO. The
circuit changes the VCO output voltages by producing the output AM signal.
The accuracy and stability are the two main property of the signals which is
used to test the receiver.

Ans:-) b) Function Generator

Definition: Function Generator is basically a signal generator that produces

different types of waveforms at the output. It has the ability to produce
waveforms such as sine wave, square wave, a triangular wave, sawtooth wave
etc. An adjustable frequency range is provided by the function generator which is
in the range of some Hz to several 100KHz.

There exist various function generators that have the ability to produce two
different waveforms simultaneously by using two different output terminals.
Function Generator is a versatile instrument as an extensive variety of
frequencies and waveforms are produced by it. The various waveforms
generated by the function generator are suitable for various applications. It
provides adjustment of wave shape, frequency, magnitude and offset but
requires a load connected before adjustment.

This instrument not only varies the characteristics of the waveform but also has
the capability to add a dc offset to the signal. Mostly these are only able to
operate at low frequency but some costly models can also be operated at the
higher frequency.

As we have discussed earlier that it can generate 2 different waveforms

simultaneously at the two different terminals. So, it can be a useful feature as
different output are required for particular applications. It provides another
important feature as they have the capability of phase locking to an external
source.

This implies that a function generator can phase lock another function generator
and the output of both can be displaced in phase.

Block Diagram and Working of Function Generator

The figure below shows the block diagram of the function generator-