IJSO Stage-I & II - Chemistry Sheet-2017-18

SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY IJSO (STAGE-1 & 2)
CONTENTS
S. NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.
1. Mole concept 1 - 22
2. Equivalent concept 23 - 36
3. Structure of Atom 37 - 50
4. Periodic table 51 - 69
5. Matter 70 - 91
6. Acids bases and salts 92 - 107
7. Metals and non metals 108 - 126
8. Carbon and its compounds 127 - 146
9. Study of gas laws 147 - 159
10. Chemical and ionic equilibrium 160 - 177
11. Chemical kinetics 178 - 190
12. Nuclear chemistry 191 - 203
13. Thermodynamics 204 - 220
14. Chemical bonding 221 - 235
15. Qualitative analysis 236 - 264
16. Electrochemistry 265 - 275
17. Answer key 276 - 281
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MOLE CONCEPT
Mass of one atom of an element

DALTON 'S ATOMIC THEORY 1
 mass of one oxygen atom
16
  The present standard unit which was adopted
internationlly in 1961, is based on the mass of one
Dalton’s atomic theory was given by John Dalton in 1808.
carbon-12 atom.
The main postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are:
1. Elements consist of indivisible, indestructible particles Atomic Mass Unit (or amu) :
called atom. The atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to one twelth
2. Atoms of an element are indentical to each other. They  1
have the same mass and size.   the mass of one atom of carbon-12 isotope.
3. Atoms of different elements differ in properties and have
 12 
different masses and sizes. 1
 1 amu = × mass of one C-12 atom
4. Compounds are formed when atoms of different 12
elements combine with each other in simple ~ mass of one nucleon in C-12 atom.
numerical ratio such as 1 : 1, 2 : 2, 2 : 3 and so on. = 1.66 × 10–24 gm or 1.66 × 10–27 kg
5. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or transofrmed into  one amu is also called one Dalton (Da).
atoms of other elements. Today, amu has been replaced by ‘U’ which is known
as unified mass
The main failures of Dalton’s atomic theory are :
1. It failed to explain how atoms of different elements differ Now the relative atomic mass is given as
from each other i.e., did not tell anything about structure Relative atomic mass
of the atom. mass of one atom of the element
2. It could not explain how and why atoms of different = 1
element combine with each other to form compound.  mass of one C  12 atom
12
3. It failed to explain the nature of forces that bind together
different atoms in a molecule. Atomic mass
4. It failed to explain Gay Lussac’s law of combining R.A.M. =
1 amu
volumes. Atomic mass = R.A.M × 1 amu
5. It did not make any distinction between ultimate particle Relative molecular mass
of an element that takes part in reaction (atoms) a n d
ultimate particle that has independent existence mass of one molecule of the subs tan ce
(molecules). =
1
 mass of one  C  12 atom
Significant Figures : The uncertainty in the experimental 12
or the calculated values is indicated by mentioning the  Molecular mass = Relative molecular mass × 1 amu
number of significant figures. Significant figures are
meaningful digits which are known with certainty. The Atomic mass : It is the mass of 1 atom of a substance it is
uncertainty is indicated by writing the certain digits and expressed in amu.
the last uncertain digit. ATOMIC MASS = R.A.M × 1 amu
Precision : Precision refers to the closeness of various Note : Relative atomic mass is nothing but the number of
measurements for the same quantity. nucleons present in the atom.
Accuracy : Accuracy is the agreement of a particular
Ex.1 Find the relative atomic mass of ‘O’ atom and its atomic
value to the true value of the result.
mass.
Relative Atomic Mass : Sol. The number of nucleons present in ‘O’ atom is 16.
One of the most important concept which come out from  relative atomic mass of ‘O’ atom = 16.
Dalton’s atomic theory was that of relative atomic mass Atomic mass = R.A.M × 1 amu = 16 × 1 amu = 16 amu
or relative atomic weight. This is done by expressing
Average / Mean Atomic Mass :
mass of one atom with respect to a fixed standard. Dalton
The weighted average of the isotopic masses of the
used hydrogen as the standard (H = 1). Later on oxygen
element’s naturally occuring isotopes.
(O = 16) replaced hydrogen as the reference. Therefore
Mathematically, average atomic mass of X (A x) =
relative atomic mass is given as
Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) = a1x 1  a 2 x 2  .....  a n x n
Mass of one atom of an element 100
mass of one hydrogen atom =
a1 = atomic mass ; x1 % occurence in nature
Ex.1 Naturally occuring chlorine is 75% Cl35 which has an

atomic mass of 35 amu and 25% Cl37 which has a
PAGE # 1
Pre-foundation Career Care Programmes (PCCP) Division
mass of 37 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass of Example : O2, H2, Cl2 etc.
chlorine - (ii) Heteroatomic molecules : – Molecules of compounds
(1) 35.5 amu (B) 36.5 amu containing more than one type of atoms.
(C) 71 amu (D) 72 amu Example : NH3, H2O, CH4 etc.
Sol. (1) Average atomic mass = Ex.1.The molecular mass of H2SO4 is 98 amu. Calculate the
75 x 35  25 x 37 number of moles of each element in 294 g of H2SO4.
= = 35.5 amu Sol. Gram molecular mass of H2SO4 = 98 gm
100
Note :(a) In all calculations we use this mass. 294
(b) In periodic table we report this mass only. moles of H2SO4 = = 3 moles
98
H2SO4 H S O
One molecule 2 atom one atom 4 atom
1 × NA 2 × NA atoms 1 × NA atoms 4 × NA atoms
MOLE  one mole 2 mole one mole 4 mole
 3 mole 6 mole 3 mole 12 mole
Mole : The Mass / Number Relationship
Mole is a chemical counting SI unit and defined as follows : Gram Molecular Mass :
The molecular mass of a substance expressed in gram
A mole is the amount of a substance that contains as
is called the gram-molecular mass of the substance.
many entities (atoms, molecules or other particles) as
or
there are atoms in exactly 0.012 kg (or 12 gm) of the
It is also defined as mass of 6.02 × 1023 molecules
carbon-12 isotope.
or
From mass spectrometer we found that there are 6.023 It is also defined as the mass of one mole of molecules.
× 1023 atoms present in 12 gm of C-12 isotope.
The number of entities in 1 mol is so important that it is For example for ‘O2’ molecule :
given a separate name and symbol known as Avogadro Molecular mass of ‘O 2’ molecule = mass of one ‘O 2 ’
constant denoted by NA. molecule
Note : In modern practice gram-atom and gram- = 2 × mass of one ‘O’ atom
molecule are termed as mole. = 2 × 16 amu = 32 amu
gram molecular mass = mass of 6.02 × 10 23 ‘O 2 ’
Gram Atomic Mass : molecules = 32 amu × 6.02 × 1023
The atomic mass of an element expressed in gram is = 32 × 1.66 × 10–24 gm × 6.02 × 1023 = 32 gm
called gram atomic mass of the element.
Mean Molar Mass or Molecular Mass :
or
The average molar mass of the different substance
It is also defined as mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms.
or n1M1  n2M2  ......nnMn
It is also defined as the mass of one mole of atoms. present in the container =
n1  n 2  ....nn
For example for oxygen atom : n1 = Number of moles ; M = Molar mass
Atomic mass of ‘O’ atom = mass of one ‘O’ atom = 16 Solved Examples
amu 1. The molar composition of polluted air is as follows :
gram atomic mass = mass of 6.02 × 1023 ‘O’ atoms Gas At. wt. mole percentage composition
= 16 amu × 6.02 × 1023 Oxygen 16 16%
= 16 × 1.66 × 10–24 g × 6.02 ×1023 = 16 g Nitrogen 14 80%
( 1.66 × 10–24 × 6.02 × 1023 ~ 1 ) Carbon dioxide - 03%
Sulphurdioxide - 01%
Ex.1 How many atoms of oxygen are their in 16 g oxygen. W hat is the average molecular weight of the given
Sol. Let x atoms of oxygen are present polluted air ? (Given, atomic weights of C and S are 12
So, 16 × 1.66 × 10–24 × x = 16 g and 32 respectively.
1 j n
x= = NA
1.66 x 10 24 n M
j1
j j j n
MOLECULE : It is the smallest particle of matter which is
capable of independent existence.
Sol. Mavg = jn Here n j1
j = 100
 A molecule is generally an assembly of two or more n

j 1
j
tightly bonded atoms.
 Molecules are of two type on the basis of elemental
atoms.
16 x 32  80 x 28  44 x 3  64 x 1
 Mavg =
(i) Homo atomic molecules : Molecules of an element 100
containing one type of atoms only.
PAGE # 2
Since atomicity of H2SO4 = 7
512  2240  132  64 2948
= = = 29.48 Ans. Then total number of moles of atoms = n × atomicity =
100 100 0.5 × 7 = 3.5 moles
3. What is the mass of 1 molecule of CO
AVOGADRO'S HYPOTHESIS
(1) 4.65 × 10–23 gm (B) .465 × 10–23 gm
Equal volume of all gases have equal number of (C) 4.65 × 10–22 gm (D) 4.65 × 10–24 gm
molecules (not atoms) at same temperature and Ans. (1)
pressure condition. Sol. Gram molecular weight of CO = 12 + 16 = 28 g
6.023 × 1023 molecules of CO weight 28 g
S.T.P. (Standard Temperature and Pressure) 1 molecule of CO weighs
At S.T.P. condition : temperature = 0°C or 273 K
pressure = 1 atm = 760 mm of Hg 28 4.65  10 23 g
and volume of one mole of gas at STP is found to be = 6.021023
experimentally equal to 22.4 litres which is known as
molar volume. 4. Calculate the volume at STP occupied by 240 gm of SO2
(1) 84 (B) 44.8
Note : Measuring the volume is equivalent to counting the
(C) 22.4 (D) 168 Ans. (1)
number of molecules of the gas.
Sol. Molecular weight of SO2 = 32 + 2 × 16 = 64
Ex.1 Calculate the volume in litres of 20 g hydrogen gas at 64 g of SO2 occupies 22.4 litre at STP
STP.
Sol. No. of moles of hydrogen gas = mass  atomic weight = 22.4
240 g of SO2 occupies =  240  84 litre at STP
64
20 gm
= 10 mol 5. 6 × 10 20 molecules of CO 2 are removed from 220
2 gm
milligram of CO2. What are the remaining moles of CO2
volume of hydrogen gas at STP = 10 × 22.4 lt. (1) 4 × 10–3 moles (B) 5 × 10–3 moles
–3
Y-map : Interconversion of mole - volume, mass and (C) 2 × 10 moles (D) 6 × 10–3 moles Ans. (1)
number of particles : 220  10 3

Sol. Mole of 220 mg. of CO2 = = 5 × 10–3 moles;
44
Number Volume at STP
×N
2.4
lt 6  10 20
A
×2 Moles of CO2 removed are = = 10–3 moles
 lt 6  10 23
N 2.4
A
2
Mole Remaining moles of CO2 = [5 × 10–3 – 10–3] = 4 × 10–3
moles
Density :
 mol. wt. × mol. wt. It is of two type.
 At. wt. × At. wt.
 Absolute density
 Relative density
Mass For Liquid and Solids
mass
 Absolute density =
Solved Examples volume
 Relative density or specific gravity =
1. Calculate the number of gram atoms for 2 × 1023 atoms.
If atomic weight of element is 24, then calculate mass of density of the subs tance
sample density of water at 4C
(1) 7.92 gm (B) 79.2 gm We know that density of water at 4ºC = 1 g/ml.
(C) 0.792 gm (D) 0.0792 gm Ans. (1)
For Gases :
X 2  10 23 Molar mass
Sol. Number of gram atoms of element = 
N A 6.023  10 23  Absolute density (mass/volume) =
Molar volume
= 0.33 moles. where P is pressure of gas, M = mol. wt. of gas, R is the
Mass of 2 × 1023 atoms = n × GAM gas constant, T is the temperature.
= 0.33 × 24 = 7.92 gm
RELATIVE DENSITY OR VAPOUR DENSITY
2. Calculate total number of moles of atoms present in 49 Vapour density is defined as the density of the gas with
gm H2SO4. respect to hydrogen gas at the same temperature and
(1) 0.5 (B) 3.5 pressure.
(C) 5 (D) 4 Ans. (B)
dgas PM gas / RT
w 49 Vapour density = d = PM / RT
Sol. Number of mole for 49 gm H2SO4 = = = 0.5 H2 H 2
GMM 98
mole Mgas M gas
V.D. = M =
H2 2
PAGE # 3
Mgas = 2 V.D. Solved Examples
1. What weight of BaCl2 would react with 24.4 g of sodium
Relative density can be calculated w.r.t. to other gases sulphate to produce 46.6 g of barium sulphate and 23.4
also. g ofsodium chloride ?
Solved Examples Ans. Barium chloride and sodium sulphate react to produce
1. What is the V.D. of SO2 with respect to CH4 barium sulphate and sodium chloride according to the
equation :
M.W. SO 2 64
Sol. V.D. = V.D = =4 BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4 + 2NaCl
M.W . CH4 16
xg 24.4 g 46.5 g 23.4 g
Let the weight of BaCl2 be x g. According to law of
2. 7.5 litre of the particular gas at S.T.P. weighs 16 gram. conservation of mass :
What is the V.D. of gas Mass of reactants = Mass of products
Sol. 7.5 litre = 16 gram Mass of reactants = (x + 24.4) g
Mass of products = (46.6 + 23.4) g
7.5 16 48
moles =  M = 48 gram V.D. = 24 Equating the two masses
22.4 M 2 x + 24.4 = 46.6 + 23.4
x = 46.6 + 23.4 – 24.4 or x = 45.6 g
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION hence, the weight of BaCl2 is 45.6 g
(A) law of conservation of mass/Law of indestructibility
of matter 2. 10 g of CaCO 3 on heating gives 4.4 g of CO 2 then
Given by – Lavoisier determine weight of produced CaO in quintal.
Tested by – Landolt Ans. Total mass of reactant = 10 g
Statement : According to law of conservation of mass in Mass of CO2 = 4.4 g
all physical & chemical changes total mass of the Mass of produced CaO = x
system remains constant. or According to law of conservation of mass
In a physical or chemical change mass is neither be 10 = 4.4 + x
created nor destroyed. 10 – 4.4 = x
i.e. Total mass of reactant = Total mass of the product x = 5.6 g
 This relationship hold good when reactant are  1 quintal = 100 kg
completely converted into products.  1 Kg = 1000 g
 If reactant are not completely consume then the Kg
= 5.6 g  = 5.6  10–3  Kg
relationship will be : 1000
Total mass of reactant = Total mass of product + Mass 1
= 5.6  10–3  quintal = 5.6  10–5 quintal
of unreacted reaction 100
Exception : Nuclear reaction are excepton of law of (B) Law of definite proportions/contant compostion :
conservation of mass. In nuclear reaction mass + energy Given by  Joseph Proust
is conserved. Statement : A chemical compounds always contains
Modern View : According to the modern views, the law same elements combined together in same proportion
of conservation of mass is not always valid. The law by mass. i,e, chemical compound has a fixed
hold good only in case of such chemical reactions where composition & it does not depends on the method of its
there is no evolution of heat or light. preperation or the source from which it has been
According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, mass and obtained.
energy are interconvertable according to the equation. For example, molecule of ammonia always has the
E = mc2 formula NH3. That is one molecule of ammonia always
where E = Energy content of the body contains. One atom of nitrogen and three atoms of
m = Mass of the body. hydrogen or 17.0 g of NH3 always contains 14.0 g of
C = Velocity of light (3  1010 cm/sec) nitrogen and 3 g of hydrogen.
E = (Change in mass)  c2 For Example : CO2 can be obtained by using any one of
As c is very large, change in mass is found to be the following method.
extermely small in normal reactions. (1) By burning of carbon in the presence of O2 :
During chemical processes, the loss of mass is C + O2  CO2
negligible. But in nuclear reactions, tremendous amount (B) By decomposition of CaCO3
of energy is evolved. Consequently, the change in mass
CaCO3  CaO + CO2 
is quite significant. Thus, it is clear that the law of
conservation of mass and law of conservation of energy (C) CaCO3 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 
are two ways of looking at the same law. In CO2 wt. ratio = C : O
Therefore, combining the two we get general law known = 12 : 32
as law of conservation of mass energy. It states that, =3:8
Mass and energy are inter convertible. But the total sum W hatever sample of CO 2 is taken it is observed that
of mass and energy of the system remains constant. carbon & oxygen are always combined in the ratio of 12
: 32 i.e. 3 : 8.
PAGE # 4
Solved Examples N 2 O3 28 : 48 = 14 : 24
1. Weight of copper oxide obtained by treating 2.16 g of N 2 O4 28 : 64 = 14 : 32
metallic copper with nitric acid and subsequent ignition N 2 O5 28 : 80 = 14 : 40
was 2.70 g. In another experiment, 1.15 g of copper oxide Number of parts by weight of oxygen which combine
on reduction yielded 0.92 g of copper. Show that the with 14 parts by weight of nitrogen from the above are
results illustrate the law of constant composition. 8,16,24,32 and 40 respectively. Their ratio is 1 : 2 : 3 : 4
Ans. Ist experiment : 5, which is a simple ratio. Hence the law illustrated.
Mass of copper oxide = 2.70 g (ii) Sulphur combines with oxygen to from two oxides,
 Mass of oxygen = 2.70 – 2.16 = 0.54 g viz SO2 and SO3. The weights of oxygen which combine
The ratio of the masses of copper and oxygen in the Ist with a fixed weight, i.e. 32 parts by weight of sulphur in
experiment is 2.16 : 0.54 = 4 : 1 two oxides are in the ratio of 32 :48 or 2 : 3 which is
IInd experiment simple ratio. Hence the law of multiple proportions is
Mass of copper oxide = 1.15 g ;Mass of copper = 0.92 g illustrated.
 Mass of oxygen = 1.15 – 0.92 = 0.23 g Solved Examples
The ratio of the masses of copper and oxygen in the IInd 1. On analysis it was found that the black oxide of copper
experiment is 0.92 : 0.23 = 4 : 1 and the red oxide of copper contain 79.9% and 88.8%
Thus the ratio of the masses of copper and oxygen in metal respectively. Establish the law of multiple
the two experiment is the same, i.e. 4 : 1. Hence , the law proportions with the help of this data.
of constant composition is proved. Ans. In the black oxide,
2. Illustrate the law of definite proportions from the following 79.9 g copper combines with (100 – 79.9), i.e. 20.1 g
data : oxygen
(a) 0.32 g of sulphur on burning in air produced 224 ml  In red oxide 88.8 g copper will combine with 100 –
of SO2 at NTP. 88.8 = 11.2 g
(b) Sulphur dioxide obtained by the decomposition of  According to red oxide 79.9 copper will combine with
sulphate contains 50% of sulphur 11.2  79.9
Ans. Molecular weight of SO2 = 32 + 32 = 64 = 10.08 g oxygen
88.8
224  64 Thus the weights of oxygen that combine with the same
224 ml of SO2 at NTP will weight = = 0.64 79.9 g copper are 20.1 g and 10.08 respectively. These
22400
(a) In first Experiment are in the ratio 20.1 : 10.08 = 2 : 1
64 g of SO2 contain = 32 g sulphur It is a simple whole number ratio. Hence, the law of
0.64  32 multiple proportions is established.
 0.64 g of SO2 will contain = = 0.32 g (D) law of reciprocal proportion :
64 Given by  Richter.
sulphur
The ratio of the weights of two elements A and B which
Similarly 64 g of SO2 contain = 32 g oxygen
combine separately with fixed weight of the third
0.64  32 element C is either the same or some simple multiple
0.64 g of SO2 will contain = = 0.32 Oxygen of this ratio of the weights in which A and B combine
64
directly with each other.
(b) As sulphur and oxygen are equal in amount in SO2
This law is illustrated with the help of the following
Percentage of sulphur in SO2 = 50% ; Percentage of
examples :
oxygen in SO2 = 50%
The elements C and O combine separately with the
Thus, the percentage of sulphur and oxygen in both the
third element H to form CH4 and H2O and they combine
experiments is same. This illustrates the law of constant
directly with each other to form CO2 as shown in the
composition.
adjoining figure.
(C) Law of multiple proportion : Given by  Daltons
Statement : When two elements combine to form more
than one compound than the differnt mass of one
element which combine with a fixed mass of other
element bear a simple ratio to one another.
The following examples will illustrate.
(i) Nitrogen and oxygen combine to form five oxides, In CH4, 12 parts by weight of carbon combine with 4
which are : parts by weight of hydrogen. In H2O, 2 parts by weight of
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen hydrogen combine with 16 parts by weights of oxygen.
trioxide(N2 O3), nitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4 ) and nitrogen Thus the weights of C and O which combine with fixed
pentoxide (N2O5). weight of hydrogen (say 4 parts ofweight) are 12 and
weights of oxygen which combine with the fixed weight of 32, i.e. they are in the ratio 12 : 32 or 3 : 8.
nitrogen in these oxides are calculatd as under : Now in CO 2 , 12 parts by weight of carbon combine
Oxide Ratio of weights of nitrogen and oxygen in each directly with 32 parts by weight of oxygen, i.e. they
compound combine directly in the ratio 12 : 32 or 3 : 8 which is the
N2 O 28 : 16 = 14 : 8 same as the first ratio.
NO 14 : 16 = 14 : 16 Solved Examples
1. Copper sulphide contains 66.6% Cu, copper oxide
contains 79.9% copper and sulphur trioxide contains
PAGE # 5
40% sulphur. Show that these data illustrate law of  40 ml of H2 will react with 40 ml of Cl2 and 80 ml of
reciprocal proportions. HCl will produce.
Sol. In copper sulphide, Required vol. of Cl2 = 40 ml
Cu : S mass ratio is 66.6 : 33.4 produced vol. of HCl = 80 ml.
In sulphur trioxide,
O : S mass ratio is 60 : 40
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Now in copper sulphide Here we are going to find out the percentage of each
33.4 parts of sulphur combines with Cu = 66.6 parts element in the compound by knowing the molecular
40.0 parts of sulphur combines with Cu. formula of compound.
We know that according to law of definite proportions
66.6  40 any sample of a pure compound always possess
= = 79.8 parts
33.4 constant ratio with their combining elements.
Now ratio of the masses of Cu and O which combines
with same mas (40 parts) of sulphur separately is Ex.1 Every molecule of ammonia always has formula NH 3
79.8 : 60 irrespective of method of preparation or sources. i.e. 1
Cu : O ratio by mass in CuO is mole of ammonia always contains 1 mole of N and 3
79.9 : 20.1 mole of H. In other words 17 gm of NH3 always contains
14 gm of N and 3 gm of H. Now find out % of each
79.8 20.1 element in the compound.
Ratio I : Ratio II =  =3:1
60 79.9 Mass of N in 1 mol NH3
Sol. Mass % of N in NH3 =  100 =
Which is simple whole number ratio. Mass of 1 mol of NH3
hence, law of reciprocal proportion is proved.
14 gm
(E) Gay–Lussac’s law of gaseous Volume : 17 gm × 100 = 82.35 %
Given by  Gay Lussac
Mass of H in 1 mol NH3
Statement : When gases react with each other in simple Mass % of H in NH3 =  100 =
ratio of their volume & if product is also in gaseous state Mass of 1 mol e of NH3
then the volume of the product is also bear a simple 3
ratio to the volume of gaseous reactant when all volumes × 100 = 17.65 %
17
are measured under similar condition of temperature &
pressure. Chemical formula
The following exapmles illustrate the law : It is of two types :
(i) One volume of hydrogen combines with one volume (a) Molecular formulae : Chemical formulae that indicate
of chlorine to produce 2 volumes of hydrogen chloride. the actual number and type of atoms in a molecule called
are molecular formulae.
H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g) Example : Molecular formula of Benzene is C6H 6
W e can see that ratio of the volumes of gaseous (b) Empirical formulae : Chemical formulae that indicate
reactants and products is simple. only the relative number of atoms of each type in a
(ii) 2 volumes of carbon monooxide combine with 1 molecule are called empirical formulae.
volume of oxygen to give 2 volumes of carbon dioxide Solved Examples
1. Acetylene and benzene both have the empirical formula
2CO + O2  2CO2
CH. The molecular masses of acetylene and benzene
(iii) One volume of nitrogen combines with 3 volumes of are 26 and 78 respectively. Deduce their molecular
hydrogen to form 2 volumes of ammonia. formulae.
N2 + 3H2  2NH3 Sol.  Empirical Formula is CH
Step-1 The empirical formula of the compound is CH
In all above examples, we can see that ratio of volumes
 Empirical formula mass = (1 × 12) + 1 = 13.
between the reactants and products is simple.
Molecular mass = 26
Thus, the law of gaseous volume is established. This
Step-2 To calculate the value of ‘n’
law is purely a generalisation from experimental data.
This law can not be proved from Dalton’s atomic theory Molecular mass 26
while others could be proved. n= = =2
Empirical formula mass 13
Step-3 To calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
Solved Examples
Molecular formula = n × (Empirical formula of the
1. For the gaseous reaction H2 + Cl2  2HCl compound)
If 40 ml of hydrogen completely reacts with chlorine then = 2 × CH = C2 H2
find out the required volume of chlorine and volume of Thus the molecular formula is C2 H 2
produced HCl ? Similarly for benzene
Ans. According to Guy Lussac’s Law : To calculate the value of ‘n’
H2 + Cl2  2HCl
Molecular mass 78
 1 ml of H2 will react will 1 ml of CL2 and 2 ml of HCl n = Empirical formula mass = =6
will he produced. 13
thus the molecular formula is 6 × CH = C6H6
PAGE # 6
2. Phosgene, a poisonous gas used during W orld war-I, Mass of KClO3 2  122.5
contains 12.1% C, 16.2% O and 71.7% Cl by mass. What
Mass of O2 = 3  32
is the empirical formula of phosgene.
(1) COCl2 (B) COCl  Mass - volume analysis :
(C) CHCl3 (D) C2O2Cl4 Ans (1) Now again consider decomposition of KClO3
2KClO3  2KCl
+ 3O2
Sol. mass volume ratio : 2 × 122.5 g : 2 × 74.5 g : 3
× 22.4 litre at STP
we can use two relation for volume of oxygen
Mass of KClO3 2  122 .5

=
volume of O 2 at STP 3  22.4 lt
...(i)
Then empirical formulae = COCl2 Mass of KCl 2  74 .5
and =
Chemical Reaction :
It is the process in which two or more than two substances ...(ii)
interact with each other where old bonds are broken and  Mole-mole analysis :
new bonds are formed. This analysis is very much important for quantative
analysis point of view. Students are advised to clearly
CHEMICAL EQUATION understand this analysis.
All chemical reaction are represented by chemical Now consider again the decomposition of KClO3 .
equations by using chemical formula of reactants and 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
products. Qualitatively a chemical equation simply In very first step of mole-mole analysis you should read
describes what the reactants and products are. However, the balanced chemical equation like
a balanced chemical equation gives us a lot of quantitative 2 moles KClO3 on decomposition gives you 2 moles
information. mainly the molar ratio in which reactants KCl and 3 moles O 2. and from the stoichiometry of
combine and the molar ratio in which products are reaction we can write
formed.
Moles of KClO3 Moles of KCl Moles of O 2
= =
Attributes of a balanced chemical equation: 2 2 3
(a) It contains an equal number of atoms of each element Now for any general balance chemical equation like
on both sides of equation.(POAC)
(b) It should follow law of charge conservation on either a A + b B  c C + d D
side. you can write.
(c) Physical states of all the reagents should be included
in brackets.
Moles of A reacted moles of B reacted
= =
(d) All reagents should be written in thier standard a b
molecular forms (not as atoms )
(e) The coefficients give the relative molar ratios of each moles of C reacted moles of D reacted
=
reagent. c d
Note : In fact mass-mass and mass-vol analysis are also
Interpretation of balanced chemical equations : interpreted in terms of mole-mole analysis you can use
Once we get a balanced chemical equation then we can following chart also.
interpret a chemical equation by following ways
 Mass - mass analysis
 Mass - volume analysis
 Mole - mole analysis
 Vol - Vol analysis (separately discussed as
eudiometry or gas analysis)
Now you can understand the above analysis by
following example
 Mass-mass analysis :
Consider the reaction
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
Solved Examples
According to stoichiometry of the reaction
1. 367.5 gram KClO3 (M = 122.5) when heated how many
mass-mass ratio : 2 × 122.5 2 × 74.5 : 3 × 32
gram of KCl and oxygen is produced.
Mass of KClO3 2  122.5 Sol. Balance chemical equation for heating of KClO3 is
or Mass of KCl = 2  74 .5
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
PAGE # 7
mass-mass ratio :2 × 122.5 g : 2 × 74.5 g : 3 × 32 g Solved Examples
1. Three moles of Na2 CO 3 are reacted with 6 moles of
mass of KClO 3 2  122.5 367.5 122.5
=  = HCl solution. Find the volume of CO2 gas produced at
mass of KCl 2  74.5 W 74.5 STP. The reaction is
W = 3 × 74.5 = 223.5 g Na2 CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Mass of KClO3 2  122.5 367.5 2  122.5 Sol. From the reaction :
=  = Na2 CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Mass of O 2 3  32 W 3  32
given moles 3 mol 6 mol
W = 144 g
given mole ratio 1 : 2
Stoichiometric coefficient ratio 1 : 2
2. 367.5 g KClO3 (M = 122.5) when heated, how many litre
See here given moles of reactant are in stoichiometric
of oxygen gas is produced at STP
coefficient ratio therefore no reactant is left over.
Sol. You can use here equation (1)
Now use Mole-mole analysis to calculate volume of CO2
mass of KClO3 2  122 .5 prdouced at STP
=  Moles of Na 2CO 3 Mole of CO 2 Pr oduced
=
1 1
367.5 2  122 .5 Moles of CO2 produced = 3
= V = 3 × 3 × 11.2 V = 100.8 lt volume of CO2 produced at STP = 3 × 22.4 L = 67.2 L
V 3  22.4 lt
2. 6 moles of Na2 CO 3 is reacted with 4 moles of HCl
3. 10 ml of liquid carbon disulphide (sp. gravity 2.63) is solution. Find the volume of CO2 gas produced at STP.
burnt in oxygen. Find the volume of the resulting gases The reaction is
measured at STP.
Na2 CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Ans. 23.26
Sol. From the reaction :
Sol. 1 ml of CS2 Weighs 2.63 g
10 ml of CS2 weighs 26.3 g Na2 CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
CS 2 + 3O2  CO2 + 2SO2 given mole of reactant 6 : 4
12+(2×32) 22.4 L 44.8 L give molar ratio 3 : 2
76 gm 67.2 L (total volume at Stoichiometric coefficient ratio 1 : 2
STP) See here given number of moles of reactants are not in
 76 g of CS2 will yield 67.2 L of a mixture of CO2 and stoichiometric coefficient ratio. Therefore there should
SO2 at STP be one reactant which consumed first and becomes
limiting reagent.
67.2 But the question is how to find which reactant is limiting,
 26.3 g of CS2 will yield  26.3 = 23.26 lit.
76 it is not very difficult you can easily find it. According to the
following method.
4. 12 L of H2 and 11.2 L of Cl2 are mixed and exploded. The How to find limiting reagent :
composition by volume of mixture is - Step :  Divide the given moles of reactant by the
Ans. 0.8 L of H2, 22.4 L of HCl respective stoichiometric coefficient of that reactant.
Sol. H2 + Cl2  2HCl
1L 1L 2L Step : See for which reactant this division come out to
11.2 L 11.2 L 22.4L be minimum. The reactant having minimum value is
Volume of H2 = [12 – 11.2] = 0.8 L, Volume of Cl2 = Zero, limiting reagent for you.
Volume of HCl = 22.4 L Step :  Now once you find limiting reagent then your
focus should be on limiting reagent
From Step  &  Na2 CO3 HCl
LIMITING REAGENT
6 4
=6 = 2 (division is minimum)
The reactant which is consumed first and limits the 1 2
amount of product formed in the reaction, and is therefore,  HCl is limiting reagent
called limiting reagent. From Step 
Limiting reagent is present in least stoichiometric Mole of HCl Moles of CO2 produced
amount and therefore, controls amount of product. From =
2 1
The remaining or leftout reactant is called the excess
mole of CO2 produced = 2 moles
reagent.
volume of CO2 produced at S.T.P. = 2 × 22.4 = 44.8 lt.
When you are dealing with balance chemical equation
then if number of moles of reactants are not in the ratio
Solved Examples
of stoichiometric coefficient of balalnced chemical
1. 10 moles SO2 and 15 moles O2 were allowed to react
equation, then there should be one reactant which
over a suitable catalyst. 8 moles of SO3 were formed.
should be limiting reactant.
The remaining moles of SO2 and O2 respectively are -
PAGE # 8
Ans. 2 moles, 11 moles w
Sol. 2SO2 + O2  2SO3  Number of moles of solute dissolved =
M
10 15 0
w
10 – 2x 15 – x 2x  V ml water have mole of solute
2x = 8 x = 4 M
Hence, remaining, SO2 = 10 – 8 = 2 moles, O2 = 15 – 4 w  1000
= 11 moles  1000 ml water have 
M  Vinml
2. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mole of Na3PO4, the w  1000
maximum amount of Ba3(PO4)2 that can be formed is : Molarity (M) =
(Mol. wt of solute)  Vinml
Ans. 0.10 mol Some other relations may also be useful.
3 BaCl2 + 2 Na3PO4  6 NaCl + Ba3(PO4)2
mass of solute
molar ratio 3 2 6 1 Number of millimoles =  1000 =
initial moles 0.5 0.2 0 0 (Mol. wt. of solute )
Limiting reagent is Na 3 PO 4 hence it would be (Molarity of solution × Vinml)
consumed, and the yield would be decided by it initial  Molarity of solution may also given as :
moles. Number of millimole of solute
2 moles of Na3PO4 give 1 mole of Ba3 (PO4)2 , Total volume of solution in ml
 0.2 moles of Na3 PO 4 would give 0.1 mole of of
Ba3(PO4)2  Molarity is an unit that depends upon temperature
Solutions : .it varies inversely with temperature .
A mixture of two or more substances can be a solution. Mathematically : Molarity decreases as temperature
W e can also say that a solution is a homogeneous increases.
mixture of two or more substances. ‘Homogeneous’ 1 1
means ‘uniform throughout’. Thus a homogeneous
Molarity  temperature  volume
mixture, i.e., a solution, will have uniform composition
throughout.
 If a particulars solution having volume V 1 and
molarity = M1 is diluted to V2 mL the
Properties of a solution :
M1V1 = M2V2
 A solution is clear and transparent. For example, a
M2 : Resultant molarity
solution of sodium chloride in water is clear and
tranparent.
 If a solution having volume V 1 and molarity M 1 is
 The solute in a solution does not settle down even
mixed with another solution of same solute
after the solution is kept undisturbed for some time.
having volume V2 & molarity M2
 In a solution, the solute particle cannot be distinguished
then M1V1 + M2V2 = MR (V1 + V2)
from the solvent particles or molecules even under a
microscope. In a true solution, the particles of the solute M1V1  M2 V2
disappear into the space between the solvent molecules. MR = Resultant molarity =
V1  V2
 The components of a solution cannot be separated
by filtration. Ex.1 149 gm of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 10
Concentration terms : Lt of an aqueous solution. Determine the molarity of the
The following concentration terms are used to solution (K = 39, Cl = 35.5)
expressed the concentration of a solution. These are Sol. Molecular mass of KCl = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 gm
 Molarity (M)  149 gm
Molality (m)  Mole fraction (x)  Moles of KCl = 74.5 gm = 2
 % calculation 
Normality (N)  ppm 2
 Remember that all of these concentration terms are  Molarity of the solution = = 0.2 M
10
related to one another. By knowing one concentration
term you can also find the other concentration terms. Let MOLALITY (M)
us discuss all of them one by one.
Molality (m) :
MOLARITY (M) The number of moles of solute dissolved in1000 g (1
The number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 L kg) of a solvent is known as the molality of the solution.
(1000 ml) of the solution is known as the molarity i.e., molality =
of the solution. number of moles of solute
 1000
i.e., Molarity of solution mass of solvent in gram
number of moles Let y g of a solute is dissolved in x g of a solvent. The
= volume of solution in litre molecular mass of the solute is m. Then Y/m mole of
Let a solution is prepared by dissolving w gm of the solute are dissolved in x g of the solvent. Hence
solute of mol.wt. M in V ml water. Y
Molality =  1000
m x
PAGE # 9
 Molality is independent of temperature changes. Sol. Mass of substance = 0.5 g
Mass of solvent = 25 g
Ex.1 255 g of an aqueous solution contains 5 g of urea. What  percentage of the substance (w/w) =
is the concentration of the solution in terms of molality.
0 .5
(Mol. wt. of urea = 60)  100 = 1.96.
Sol. Mass of urea = 5 g 0.5  25
Molecular mass of urea = 60
2. 20 cm 3 of an alcohol is dissolved in80 cm 3 of water.
5 Calculate the percentage of alcohol in solution.
Number of moles of urea = = 0.083
60 Sol. Volume of alcohol = 20 cm3
Mass of solvent = (255 – 5) = 250 g Volume of water = 80 cm3
 Molality of the solution
20
 percentage of alcohol =  100 = 20.
Number of moles of solute 20  80
= × 1000
Mass of solvent in gram 3. What is the concentration of sugar (C12 H22 O11) in mole
L–1 if its 20g are dissolved in enough water to make a
0.083 final volume upto 2L ?
= × 1000= 0.332. Sol. Molarity of solution (mol L–1)
250
MOLE FRACTION(X) mass of solute (g) 1000

= 
M. Mass V in ML
The ratio of number of moles of the solute or solvent
present in the solution and the total number of moles
20 1000
present in the solution is known as the mole fraction Conc. of sugar = × = 0.0292 mol L–1
of substances concerned. 342 2000
Let number of moles of solute in solution = n
Number of moles of solvent in solution = N 4. If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L –1 , what is its
n volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution?
 Mole fraction of Solute (x1) = Sol. Amount of methanol required m(g) =
nN
Molarity  M. Mass  Vin ML
N
 Mole fraction of solvent (x2) = 1000
nN
also x1 + x2 = 1 0.25  32  2500
= = 20g
 Mole fraction is a pure number. It will remain 1000
independent of temperature changes.
Mass
Since, density = 
% calculation : Volume
Mass 20
The concentration of a solution may also expressed in Volume of CH3 OH required = density = = 25.22 mL
terms of percentage in the following way. 0.793
 % weight by weight (w/w) : It is given as mass of 5. A given solution of NaOH contains 2.00 g of NaOH per
solute present per 100 g of solution. litre of solution. Calculate the molarity of this solution.
Sol. Molar mass of NaOH = 40.00 g
mass of solute in g 2 .00
i.e. % w/w =  100
mass of solution in g 2.00 g NaOH = mole NaOH = 0.05 mole NaOH
40 .00
 % weight by volume (w/v) : It is given as mass of Mole of solute 0.05
solute present per 100 ml of solution. Molarity = Volume of solution in litres = = 0.05 M
1
mass of solute in g 6. 2.8 g of KOH is dissolved in water to give 200 cm3 of

i.e., % w/v =  100
Volume of solution in ml solution. Calculate the molarity of KOH in the solution.
 % volume by volume (V/V) : It is given as volume of Sol. Molar mass of KOH = 56.00 g
solute present per 100 ml solution. 2. 8
i.e., % V/V 2.8 g of KOH = moles of KOH = 0.05 mole of KOH
56
Volume of solute in mL Mole of solute 0.05
=  100 Molarity = Volume of solution in litres = =
Volume of solution in mL 200 / 1000
Solved Examples 0.25 M
1. 0.5 g of a substance is dissolved in 25 g of a solvent.
Calculate the percentage amount of the substance in 7. Calculate the number of moles and the amount in gram
the solution. of NaOH in 250 cm3 of a 0.100 M NaOH solution.
PAGE # 10
Sol. A 0.100 M NaOH solution contains 0.1 moles of NaOH in  Mass of sodium acetate required =
1 L or 1000 cm3 of solution.
0.375  82.0245  500
Number of moles of NaOH in 250 cm 3 of solution = = 15.379 = 15.38 g
0.1 250 1000
= 0.025 mole NaOH
1000
PH OF SOLUTION
Molar mass of NaOH = 40.00 g
Mass of NaOH in 250 cm3 of solution = 0.025 × 40.00 = According to Arrhenius theory, a acid releases H+ ion in
1.0 g aqueous solution. The concentration of these ions is
expressed by enclosing H+ in square bracket i.e. as [H+].
8. How much volume of 10 M HCl should be diluted with Thus, greater the [H + ] ions, stronger will be the acid.
water to prepare 2.00 L of 5 M HCl ? However, according to pH scale, lesser the pH value,
Sol. In dilution the following equation is applicable : stronger will be the acid. From the above discussion,
M1 V1 = M2 V2 we can conclude that pH value and H+ ion concentration
10 M HCl 5 M HCl are inversely proportional to each other.
10 × V1 = 5 × 2.00
The relation between them can also be expressed as-
5  2.00
V1 = L = 1.00 L  1 
10 pH = – log [H+] = log  
 H 
9. What volume of 6 M HCl and 2 M HCl should be mixed to
So, negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration is
get one litre of 3 M HCl ?
known as pH.
Sol. Suppose the volume of 6 M HCl required to obtain 1 L of
e.g.
3 M HCl = x L
Let the [H+] of an acid solution be 10–3 M. Its pH can be
 Volume of 2 M HCl required = (1 – x) L
calculated as -
Applying the molarity equation
pH = – log [H+]
M1 V1 + M2 V2 = M3 V3
= – log [10–3]
6 M HCl 2 M HCl 3 M HCl
= (–) (–3) log 10
6x + 2 (1 – x) = 3 × 1
= 3 ( log 10 = 1)
6x + 2 – 2x = 3
 Note :
4x = 1
Just as the [H+] of a solution can be expressed in terms
x = 0.25 L
of pH value, the [OH–] can be expressed as pOH.
Hence volume of 6 M HCl required = 0.25 L
1
Volume of 2 M HCl required = 0.75 L Mathematically , pOH = – log [OH–] = log
[ OH – ]
10. (a) A sample of NaOH weighing 38 g is dissolved in Moreover, pH + pOH = 14.
water and the solution is made to 50.0 mL in a volumetric Thus, if pH value of solution is known, its pOH value can
flask. What is the molarity of the resulting solutions ? be calculated.
(b) How many moles of NaOH are contained in 27 mL of Ex. Find the pH of 0.1 M of NaOH
0.15 M NaOH ? pOH = – log [OH–]
= – log [10–1]
38 = (–) (–1) log 10
Sol. (a) Moles of NaOH in 50.0 mL solution =
40 = 1 ( log 10 = 1)
pH + pOH = 14.
38 1000
 moles of NaOH in 1.0 L solution = × = 19 M pH = 13
40 50
(b) 1.0 L of solution contains moles = 0.15  Note :
0.15 There are some solutions which have definite pH i.e.,
 27.0 mL of solution contains moles = × 27 = their pH do not change on dilution or on standing for
1000
long. Such solutions are called buffer solutions.
4.05 × 10–3 moles.
Ex-1. Calculate pH of
11. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH 3 COO Na)
(a) 10 –2 M H 2SO 4
required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar aqueous
(b) 10 –2 NH 2SO 4
solutions. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g
(c) 10 –2 M Ca(OH)2
mole–1 .
(d) 10 –2 NCa(OH)2
mass of solute (g) 1000 Ans. (a) 1.699 (b) 2
Sol. Molarity of solution (M) = × (c) 12.3010 (d) 12
M. Mass V in mL
Hence, mass of solute = Ex-2. Calculate pH of each of the following solutions :
(a) a sample of seawater that has [OH –] = 1.60 x 10 –6 M
Molarity  M.Mass  Volume of solution
(b) a sample of acid rain that has [H 3O + ] = 6.0 x 10 –6 M
1000 (c) HCl solution of concentration 4 x 10 –7 M
(d) 1 M HCl
PAGE # 11
(e) a solution of lime containing 0.56 g CaO(lime) in 100
mL solution. 7. Which of the following has the maximum mass ?
Ans.(a) 8.204 (b) 5.22 (A) 25 g of Hg
(c) 6.37 (d) 0 (e) 13.3 (B) 2 moles of H2O
(C) 2 moles of CO2
Ex-3. W hat is pH of the resulting solution (acidic/basic/ (D) 4 g atom of oxygen
neutral) when following solution are mixed ?
(I) : 0.1 M H 2SO 4 , (II) : 0.1 M HCl, 8. Total mass of neutrons in 7mg of 14C is -
(III) : 0.1 M Ba(OH)2 (IV) : 0.1 M NaOH (A) 3 × 1020 kg (B) 4 × 10–6 kg
–7
(a) I and II, in 1 : 1 volume (C) 5 × 10 kg (D) 4 × 10–7 kg
(b) I and II in 1 : 2 volume
(c) I and IV in 1 : 2 volume 9. If the atomic mass of Sodium is 23, the number of moles
(d) I and III in 1 : 1 volume in 46 g of sodium is :
(e) II and III in 1 : 1 volume (A) 1 (B) 2
(f) II and III in 2 :1 volume (C) 2.3 (D) 4.6
(g) II and IV in 1 : 2 volume 10. Which of the following contains the greatest number of
Ans. (a) 0.823 acidic (b) 0.69 acidic atoms ?
(c) neutral (d) neutral (A) 1.0 g of butane (C4H10) (B) 1.0 g of nitrogen (N2)
(e) 13.18 basic (f) neutral (C) 1.0 g of silver (Ag) (D) 1.0 g of water (H2O)
(g) 13.18 basic
11. A sample of aluminium has a mass of 54.0 g. What is
Ex.-4. What is the pH of 0.01 M H2 SO4 ? the mass of the same number of magnesium atoms?
(A) 1.0 (B) 2.0 (At. wt. Al = 27, Mg=24)
(C) 3.0 (D) 4.0 (A) 12 g (B) 24 g
Ans. (B) (C) 48 g (D) 96 g.
EXERCISE-1 12. The weight of a molecule of the compound C6H12O6 is :

(A) 1.09 × 10–21 g (B) 2.988 × 10–22 g
–23
(C) 5.025 × 10 g (D) 16.023 × 10–23 g
I. Laws of chemical combination, atoms, molecules, moles
& avogadro's hypothesis 13. Four 1-1 litre flasks are seperately filled with the gases
N 2, Ne, N 2O and SO 3 at the same temperature and
1. Which of the following sample contains the maximum pressure. The ratio of total number of atoms of these
number of atoms - gases present in different flask would be :
(A) 1 mg of C4H10 (B) 1 mg of N2 (A) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 2 : 3
(C) 1 mg of Na (D) 1 mL of water (C) 2 : 1 : 3 : 4 (D) 3 : 2 : 2 : 1
2. The total number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 14. The total number of g-molecules of SO2Cl2 in 13.5 g of
12 sulphuryl chloride is
12 g of 6 C is
-
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.2
25
(A) 1.084 × 10 (B) 6.022 × 1023
(C) 0.3 (D) 0.4
(C) 6.022 × 1022 (D) 18
15. The number of sodium atoms in 2 moles of sodium
3. 4.4 g of CO2 and 2.24 litre of H2 at STP are mixed in a
ferrocyanide (Na4[Fe(CN)6]) is :
container. The total number of molecules present in the
(A) 12 × 23 (B) 26 × 1023
container will be - 23
(C) 34 × 10 (D) 48 × 1023
(A) 6.022 × 1023 (B) 1.2044 × 1023
(C) 2 mole (D) 6.023 × 1024
16. 4.4 g of an unknown gas occupies 2.24 litres of volume
at STP, the gas may be :
4. How many atoms are contained in a mole of Ca(OH)2 -
(A) N2O (B) CO
(A) 30 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms/mol
(C) CO2 (D) 1 & 3 Both
(B) 5 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms/mol
(C) 6 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms/mol
17. 5.6 litre of oxygen at STP contains :
(D) None of these
(A) 6.02 × 1023 atoms
(B) 3.01 × 1023 atoms
5. Number of moles present in 1 m3 of a gas at NTP are -
(C) 1.505 × 1023 atoms
(A) 44.6 (B) 40.6
(D) 0.7525 × 1023 atoms
(C) 42.6 (D) 48.6
18. The volume of a gas in discharge tube is 1.12 × 10–7
6. The volume occupied by one molecule of water (density
ml. at STP then the number of molecule of gas in the
1 g/cm3) is -
tube is :
(A) 18 cm3 (B) 22400 cm3
–23
(A) 3.01 × 104 (B) 3.01 × 1015
(C) 6.023 × 10 (D) 3.0 × 10–23 cm3 12
(C) 3.01 × 10 (D) 3.01 × 1016
PAGE # 12
19. A person adds 1.71 gram of sugar (C12H22O11) in order 30. A compound of X and Y has equal mass of them. If their
to sweeten his tea. The number of carbon atoms added atomic weights are 30 and 20 respectively. Molecular
are (mol. mass of sugar = 342) formula of that compound (its mol wt. is 120) could be
(A) 3.6 × 1022 (B) 7.2 × 1021 (A) X2Y2 (B) X3Y3
(C) 0.05 (D) 6.6 × 1022 (C) X2Y3 (D) X3Y2
20. If V ml of the vapours of substance at NTP weight W g. 31. 1 litre of a hydrocarbon weights as much as one litre of
Then mol w. of substance is : CO 2.Then the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon is
–
V
(A) (W/V) × 22400 (B) × 22.4 (A) C3H8 (B) C2H6
W (C) C2H4 (D) C3H6
W 1
(C) (W–V) × 22400 (D) 32. Percentage of Se in peroxidase anhydrous enzyme is
V  22400
0.5% by weight (at. wt. = 78.4) then min. mol. wt. of
II. Percentage composition and molecular formula peroxidase anhydrous enzymes is :
(A) 1.568 × 104 (B) 1.568 × 103
21. Two elements A (at. wt. 75) and B (at. wt. 16) combine to
(C) 15.68 (D) 2.136 × 104
yield a compound. The % by weight of A in the compound
was found to be 75.08. The empirical formula of the 33. Which of the following compounds has same empirical
compound is - formula as that of glucose :
(A) A2B (B) A2B3 (A) CH3CHO (B) CH3COOH
(C) AB (D) AB2 (C) CH3OH (D) C2H6
22. The hydrated salt, Na2SO4. nH2O undergoes 55.9% loss 34. Caffine has a molecular weight of 194. It contains 28.9%
in weight on heating and becomes anhydrous. The value by mass of nitrogen number of atoms of nitrogen in
of n will be - one molecule of it :
(A) 5 (B) 3 (A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 7 (D) 10 (C) 4 (D) 5
23. How many gram of KCl would have to be dissolved in 60 35. Insulin constans 3.4% sulphur. The minimum mol. wt.
g of H2O to give 20% by weight of solution - of insulin is –
(A) 15 g (B) 1.5 g (A) 941.176 (B) 944
(C) 11.5 g (D) 31.5 g (C) 945.27 (D) None
24. The total number of AlF3 molecule in a sample of AlF 3 36.The percentage value of nitrogen in urea is about
containing 3.01 × 1023 ions of F– is - (A) 46 (B) 85
(A) 9.0 × 1024 (B) 3.0 × 1024 (C) 18 (D) 28
(C) 7.5 × 1023 (D)10 23
III. Density and vapour density
25. Equal masses of O2, H2 and CH4 are taken in a container.
The respective mole ratio of these gases in container is 37. 22.4 litre of water vapour at NTP, when condensed to
(A) 1 : 16 : 2 (B) 16 : 1 : 2 water occupies an approximate volume of :
(C) 1 : 2 : 16 (D) 16 : 2 : 1 (Given : density of water = 1 g/ml)
(A) 18 litre (B) 1 litre
26. The volume of CO2 (in litres) liberated at STP when 10 g (C) 1 ml (D) 18 ml
of 90% pure limestone is heated completely, is-
(A) 22.4 L (B) 2.24 L 38. Vapour density of a gas if its density is 0.178 g/L at NTP
(C) 20.16 L (D) 2.016 L is :
(A) 0.178 (B) 2
27. The number of atoms of Cr and O in a compound are 4.8 (C) 4 (D) 0.089
× 1010 & 9.6  1010 respectively. Its empirical formula is–
(A) Cr2O3 (B) CrO2 39. Vapour density of a volatile substance w.r.t. CH 4 is
(C) Cr2O4 (D) None 4(CH4 = 1). Its molecular weight would be –
(A) 8 (B) 32
28. The empirical formula of a compound of molecular mass (C) 64 (D) 128
120 is CH2O. The molecular formula of the compound is
(A) C2H4O2 (B) C4H8O4 40. A gas is found to have the formula (CO)x. It’s VD is 70
(C) C3H6O3 (D) all of these the value of x must be :
(A) 7 (B) 4
29. A hydrocarbon contains 75% of carbon. Then its (C) 5 (D) 6
molecular formula is :
(A) CH4 (B) C2H4
(C) C2H6 (D) C2H2
PAGE # 13
IV : Balanced chemical equation analysis 52. A metal oxide has the formula Z2O3. It can be reduced by
41. 8g of sulphur are burnt to form SO2, which is oxidised by hydrogen to give free metal and water. 0.1596 g of the
Cl2 water. The solution is treated with BaCl2 solution. metal requires 6 mg of hydrogen for complete reduction.
The amount of BaSO4 precipitated is - The atomic mass of the metal is -
(A) 1.0 mole (B) 0.5 mole
(A) 27.9 (B) 159.6
(C) 0.75 mole (D) 0.25 mole
(C) 79.8 (D) 55.8
42. Weight of oxygen in Fe2O3 and FeO is in the simple ratio
of - Question number 60, 61, 62 and 63 are based on the
(A) 3 : 2 (B) 1 : 2 following information :
(C) 2 : 1 (D) 3 : 1
43. 2.76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yield Q. Dissolved oxygen in water is determined by using a
a residue weighing - redox reaction. Following equations describe the
(A) 2.16g (B) 2.48 g procedure -
(C) 2.32 g (D) 2.64 g I 2Mn 2+ (aq) + 4OH –(aq) + O 2 (g)  2MnO 2(s) +
2H 2O(  )
44. Amount of oxygen required for combustion of 1 kg of a
mixture of butane and isobutane is - II MnO 2 (s)+2I–(aq)+4H + (aq)  Mn 2+ (aq)+I2(aq) +
(A) 1.8 kg (B) 2.7 kg 2H2O(  )
(C) 4.5 kg (D) 3.58 kg III 2S2O 23– (aq) + I2(aq)  2S4O 26– (aq) + 2I–(aq)
45. Rakesh needs 1.71 g of sugar (C12H22O11) to sweeten
his tea. W hat would be the number of carbon atoms 53. How many moles of S 2 O23 – are equivalent to each mole
present in his tea ?
(A) 3.6 × 1022 (B) 7.2 × 1021 of O2 ?
(C) 0.05 × 10 23
(D) 6.6 × 1022 (A) 0.5 B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 4
46. 224 mL of a triatomic gas weigh 1 g at 273 K and 1 atm.
The mass of one atom of this gas is - 54. What amount of I2 will be liberated from 8 g dissolved
(A) 8.30 × 10–23 g (B) 2.08 × 10–23 g oxygen ?
–23
(C) 5.53 × 10 g (D) 6.24 × 10–23 g (A) 127 g (B) 254 g
47. Amount of BaSO4 formed on mixing the aqueous solution (C) 504 g (D) 1008 g
of 2.08 g BaCl2 and excess of dilute H2SO4 is -
(A) 2.33 g (B) 2.08 g 55. 3 × 10–3 moles O2 is dissolved per litre of water, then what
(C) 1.04 g (D) 1.165 g will be molarity of I– produced in the given reaction ?
(A) 3 × 10–3 M (B) 4 × 3 × 10–3 M
48. Mg (OH)2 in the form of milk of magnesia is used to
1
neutralize excess stomach acid. How many moles of (C) 2 × 3 × 10–3 M (D)  3  10 – 3 M
stomach acid can be neutralized by 1 g of Mg(OH)2 ? 2
(Molar mass of Mg(OH)2 = 58.33)
56. 8 mg dissolved oxygen will consume -
(A) 0.0171 (B) 0.0343
(A) 5 × 10–4 mol Mn+2 (B) 2.5 × 10–4 mol Mn2+
(C) 0.686 (D) 1.25 2+
(C) 10 mol Mn (D) 2 mol Mn2+
49. PH 3(g) decomposes on heating to produce
phosphorous and hydrogen. The change in volume 3
57. The equation : 2Al(S) + O (g) Al2O3(S) show that
when 100 mL of such gas decomposed is - 2 2
(A) + 50 mL (B) + 500 mL
3 7
(C) – 50 mL (D) – 500 mL (A) 2 mole of Al reacts with mole of O2 to produce
2 2
50. In the reaction , CrO5 + H2SO4  Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O + O2 mole of Al2O3
one mole of CrO5 will liberate how many moles of O2 ? 3
(B) 2g of Al reacts with g of O2 to produce one mole of
(A) 5/2 (B) 5/4 2
(C) 9/2 (D) None Al2O3
3
51. Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating according (C) 2g mole of Al reacts with litre of O2 to produce 1
2
to the equation - mole of Al2O3
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
3
At STP the volume of CO 2 obtained by thermal (D) 2 mole of Al reacts with mole of O2 to produce 1
2
decomposition of 50 g of CaCO3 will be -
mole of Al2O3
(A) 22.4 litre (B) 44 litre
(C) 11.2 litre (D) 1 litre
PAGE # 14
58. Volume of CO 2 obtained at STP by the complete V. Limiting reagent
decompoisition of 9.85 g. BaCO3 is –
(At. wt. of Ba = 137) 67. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.1 mole of Na3PO 4 ,
(A) 2.24 lit (B) 1.12 lit the maximum number of mole of Ba3(PO4)2 that can be
(C) 0.84 lit (D) 0.56 lit formed is :
(A) 0.7 (B) 0.05
59. 500 ml of a gaseous hydrocarbon when burnt in excess (C) 0.30 (D) 0.10
of O2 gave 2.5 litre of CO2 and 3.0 litre of water vapours
under same conditions. Molecular formula of the 68. For the reaction 2P + Q  R, 8 mol of P and 5 mol of Q
hydrocarbon is : will produce
(A) C4H8 (B) C4H10 (A) 8 mol of R (B) 5 mol of R
(C) C5H10 (D) C5H12 (C) 4 mol of R (D) 13 mol of R
60. 1.2 g of Mg (At mass 24) will produce MgO equal to : 69. 4 g of hydrogen is ignited with 4 g of oxygen, the amount
(A) 0.05 mol (B) 40 g of water formed is ?
(C) 40 mg (D) 4 g (A) 2.5 g (B) 0.5 g
(C) 4.5 g (D) 8 g
61. The moles of O 2 required for reacting with 6.8 g of
ammonia 70. 0.5 mole of H2SO 4 is mixed with 0.2 mole of Ca(OH)2.
(......NH3 + ....... O2  ...... NO + ..... H2O) is The maximum number of moles of CaSO4 formed is:
(A) 5 (B) 2.5 (A) 0.2 (B) 0.5
(C) 1 (D) 0.5 (C) 0.4 (D) 1.5
62. The volume of oxygen required for complete combus- 71. For the reaction : A + 2B  C
tion of 20 ml of ethene is 5 mole of A and 8 mole of B will produce :
(A) 30 ml (B) 60 ml (A) 5 mole of C (B) 4 mole of C
(C) 40 ml (D) 50 ml (C) 8 mole of C (D) 12 mole of C
63. What weight of CaCO3 must be decomposed to produce 72. Calculate the amount of H2 which is left unreacted in the
the sufficient quantity of carbon dioxide to convert 21.2 given reaction :
kg of Na2CO 3 completely in to NaHCO3. [Atomic mass
Na = 23, Ca = 40] 2H2 + O2  2H2O
If 8 g of H2 is mixed with 16 g O2 ?
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
(A) 3 g (B) 6 g
Na2 CO3 + CO2 + H2O  2NaHCO3 (C) 1 g (D) 4 g
(A) 100 Kg (B) 20 Kg
(C) 120 Kg (D) 30 Kg 73. Zinc and hydrochloric acid react according to the reac-
tion.
64. The volume of gas at NTP produced by 100g of CaC2 Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq.)  ZnCl2(aq.) + H2(g)
with water : If 0.30 mole of Zn are added to hydrochloric acid contain-
(A) 70 litre (B) 35 litre ing 0.52 mole HCl, how many moles of H2 are produced
(C) 17.5 litre (D) 22.4 litre ?
(A) 0.26 (B) 1.04
65. Sulphur trioxide is prepared by the following two (C) 0.52 (D) 0.13
reactions
S8(s) + 8O2(g)  8SO2(g) 74. A mixture of 1.0 mole of Al and 3.0 mole of Cl2 are al-
2SO2 (g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) lowed to react as :
How many grams of SO3 are produced from 1 mol of S8 ? 2Al (s) + 3Cl2 (g)  2AlCl3 (s)
(A) 1280.0 (B) 640.0 (a) Which is limiting reagent ?
(C) 960.0 (D) 320.0 (b) How many moles of AlCl3 are formed
(c) Moles of excess reagent left unreacted is
66. Butane, C4H10, burns with the oxygen in air to give carbon (A) (a) Al, (b) 1.0 (c) 1.5
dioxide and water. (B) (a) Cl2, (b) 2.0 (c) 2.0
W hat is the amount (in moles) of carbon dioxide pro- (C) (a) Al, (b) 0.5 (c) 1.5
duced from 0.15 mol C4H10 ? (D) (a) Cl2, (b) 1.0 (d) 1.5
C4H10(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g) (not bal-
anced) VI. Principle of Atom Conservation (POAC)
(A) 0.15 mol CO2 (B) 0.30 mol CO2
(C) 0.45 mol CO2 (D) 0.60 mol CO2 75. 25.4 g of iodine and 14.2g of chlorine are made to react
completely to yield a mixture of Cl and Cl3. Calculate
the number of moles of Cl and Cl3 formed.
(A) 0.1 mole, 0.1 mole (B) 0.1 mole, 0.2 mole
(C) 0.5 mole, 0.5 mole (D) 0.2 mole, 0.2 mole
PAGE # 15
76. 21.6 g of silver coin is dissolved in HNO3. When NaCl is 86. What volume of 0.10 M H2SO4 must be added to 50 mL
added to this solution, all silver is precipitated as AgCl. of a 0.10 M NaOH solution to make a solution in which
The weight of AgCl is found to be 14.35 g then % of silver the molarity of the H2SO4 is 0.050 M ?
in coin is : (A) 400 mL (B) 50 mL
(A) 50% (B) 75% (C) 100 mL (D) 150 mL
(C) 100% (D) 15%
87. What approximate volume of 0.40 M Ba(OH)2 must be
VII. Concentration terms added to 50.0 mL of 0.30 M NaOH to get a solution in
which the molarity of the OH– ions is 0.50 M?
77. Molarity of H2SO4 (density 1.8g/mL) is 18M. The molality (A) 33 mL (B) 66 mL
of this solution is - (C) 133 mL (D) 100 mL
(A)36 (B) 200
(C) 500 (D) 18 88. What volume of a 0.8 M solution contains 100 millimoles
of the solute?
78. If 250 mL of a solution contains 24.5 g H2SO4 the molarity (A) 100 mL (B) 125 mL
and normality respectively are - (C) 500 mL (D) 62.5 mL
(A) 1 M, 2 N (B) 1M,0.5 N
(C) 0.5 M, 1N (D) 2M, 1N 89. 500 mL of a glucose solution contains 6.02 × 10 22
molecules. The concentration of the solution is
79. The mole fraction of NaCl, in a solution containing 1 (A) 0.1 M (B) 1.0 M
mole of NaCl in 1000 g of water is - (C) 0.2 M (D) 2.0 M
(A) 0.0177 (B) 0.001
(C) 0.5 (D) 0.244 90. What is the concentration of nitrate ions if equal volumes
of 0.1 M AgNO3 and 0.1 M NaCl are mixed together :
80. 3.0 molal NaOH solution has a density of 1.110 g/mL. (A) 0.1 M (B) 0.2 M
The molarity of the solution is - (C) 0.05 M (D) 0.25 M
(A) 2.9732 (B) 3.05
(C) 3.64 (D) 3.0504 91. The volume of water that must be added to a mixture of
250 ml of 0.6 M HCl and 750 ml of 0.2 M HCl to obtain
81. The mole fraction of water in 20% (wt. /wt.) aqueous 0.25 M solution of HCl is :
solution of H2O2 is - (A) 750 ml (B) 100 ml
77 68 (C) 200 ml (D) 300 ml
(A) (B)
68 77
92. The molarity of the solution containing 2.8% mass-vol-
20 80 ume solution of KOH is
(C) (D)
80 20 (A) M/10 (B) M/2
(C) M/5 (D) 1 M
82. When FeCl3 is ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen,
the following reaction takes place- 93. The mole fraction of water in a solution containing 117
4FeCl3(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s) + 6Cl2(g) g sodium chloride and 900 g of water is ?
If 3 moles of FeCl3 are ignited in the presence of 2 moles (A) 0.0632 (B) 0.038
of O2 gas, how much of which reagent is present in excess (C) 0.9615 (D) 1.000
and therefore, remains unreacted ?
(A) 0.33 mole FeCl3 remains unreacted 94. 250 ml of 0.5 M KCl is diluted with water to 500 ml of
(B) 0.67 mole FeCl3 remains unreacted solution, the number of chloride ions in the resulting
(C) 0.25 mole O2 remains unreacted solution are
(D) 0.50 mole O2 remains unreacted (A) 6.02 × 1023 (B) 3.76 × 1022
24
(C) 1 × 10 (D) 3.76 × 1023
83. Which of the following has the highest normality ?
(A) 1 M H2SO4 (B) 1 M H3PO3 95. 300 ml of 3.0 M NaCl is added to 200 ml of 4.0 M BaCl2
(C) 1 M H3PO4 (D) 1 M HNO3 solution. The concentration of Cl¯ ions in the resulting
solution is
84. The molarity of 98% H2SO4(d = 1.8g/mL) by wt. is - (A) 7 M (B) 1.6 M
(A) 6 M (B) 18.74 M (C) 1.8 M (D) 5 M
(C) 10 M (D) 4 M
96. The molality of a sulphuric acid solution is 0.2. Calculate
85. If 500 ml of 1 M solution of glucose is mixed with 500 the total weight of the solution having 1000 gm of solvent.
ml of 1 M solution of glucose final molarity of solution (A) 1000 g (B) 1098.6 g
will be : (C) 980.4 g (D) 1019.6g
(A) 1 M (B) 0.5 M
(C) 2 M (D) 1.5 M
PAGE # 16
VIII : Calculation of oxidation number (C) Bromine is neither reduced nor oxidized.
(D) Bromine is both reduced and oxidized.
97. The oxidation number of Oxygen in Na2O2 is :
(A) + 1 (B) + 2 108. Which of the following is a redox reaction:
(C) – 2 (D) – 1 (A) 2 CrO42– + 2H+ Cr2O72– + H2 O
(B) CuSO4 + 4 NH3  [Cu (NH3)4] SO4
98. One of the following has both positive and negative oxi- (C) 2Na2 S2O3 + 2  Na2S4O6 + 2Na
dation states (D) Cr2O72– + 2OH–  2 CrO42– + H2 O
(A) F (B) Cl
(C) He (D) Na 109. Consider the reaction, Zn + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu
With reference to the above, which one of the following
99. The oxidation state of osmium (Os) in OsO4 is
is the correct statement ?
(A) + 7 (B) + 6
(A) Zn is reduced to Zn2+
(C) + 4 (D) + 8
(B) Zn is oxidised to Zn2+
(C) Zn2+ is oxidised to Zn
100. Oxidation number of nitrogen in (NH4)2SO4 is
(D) Cu2+ is oxidised to Cu.
1
(A) – (B) – 1 110. W hich reaction does not represent auto redox or
3 disproportionation reaction :
(C) + 1 (D) – 3 (A) Cl2 + OH–  Cl– + ClO3– + H2O
101. In which of the following compounds, the oxidation num-
ber of iodine is fractional ? (B) 2H2O2  H2O + O2
(A) F7 (B) 3– (C) 2Cu+  Cu2+ + Cu
(C) F5 (D) F3 (D) (NH4)2Cr2O7  N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O
102. The oxidation number of cobalt in K3[Co(NO2)6] is

111. In the reaction X – + XO3– + H+  X2 + H2O, the molar
(A) 0 (B) + 4
ratio in which X – and XO3– react is :
(C) + 3 (D) + 6
(A) 1 : 5 (B) 5 : 1
(C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2
103. Phosphorus has the oxidation state of +3 in
(A) Phosphorous acid
112.The compound that can work both as an oxidising as
(B) Orthophosphoric acid
well as a reducing agent is :
(C) Hypophosphorous acid
(A) KMnO4 (B) H2O2
(D) Metaphosphoric acid
(C) Fe2(SO4)3 (D) K2Cr2O7
104. The oxidation number of Phosphorus in Mg2P2O7 is :
113.W hich of the following behaves as both oxidising and
(A) + 3 (B) + 2
reducing agents ?
(C) + 5 (D) – 3
(A) H2SO4 (B) SO2
(C) H2S (D) HNO3
105. In which of the following compounds, nitrogen has an
oxidation state of –1 ? X. PH of solution :
(A) N2O (B) NO2–
114.The pH of 0.001 M solution of HCl is -
(C) NH2OH (D) N2H4
(A) 1.0 (B) 3
(C) 4.0 (D) 5.0
IX : Balancing of redox reactions
115.The pH of a solution containing 0.1 N NaOH solution is :
106. A reducing agent is a substance :
(A) 1 (B) 10–1
(A) in which an element undergoes increase in oxidation
(C) 13 (D) 10–13
number.
(B) in which an element undergoes decrease in
116.When 0.4 g of NaOH is dissolved in one litre of solution,
oxidation number.
the pH of solution is -
(C) which gains electron(s)
(A) 12 (B) 2
(D) which shares electron(s)
(C) 6 (D) 10
107. Consider the following reaction: 117.The hydrogen ion concentration and pH of the solution
3Br2 + 6CO32 – + 3H2O  5Br – + BrO3– + 6 HCO3– made by mixing 100 mL of 1.0 M HNO3 with 100 mL of
Which of the following statements is true regarding this 0.8 M KOH are -
reaction: (A) [H+] = 0.1, pH = 1
(A) Bromine is oxidized and the carbonate radical is (B) [H+] = 0.01, pH = 2
reduced. (C) [H+] = 1 × 10–12, pH = 12
(B) Bromine is reduced and the carbonate radical is (D) [H+] = 1 × 10–7, pH = 7
oxidized.
PAGE # 17
118.The pH and pOH of 0.1 M aqueous solution of HNO3 are 3. The volume of 0.5 M aqueous NaOH solution required to
: neutralize 10 ml of 2 M aqueous HCl solution is :
(A) 0,14 (B) 14,0 [KVPY-Part-I-2008]
(C) 13,1 (D) 1,13 (A) 20ml (B) 40ml
(C) 80ml (D) 120ml
119.20 mL of 0.1 N HCl is mixed with 20 mL of 0.1 N KOH 4. 3.01×1023 molecules of elemental Sulphur will react with
solution ; the pH of the solution will be - 0.5 mole of oxygen gas completely to produce
(A) 0 (B) 2 [KVPY-Part-I-2008]
(C) 7 (D) 9 (A) 6.02 × 1023 molecules of SO3
(B) 6.02 × 1023 molecules of SO2
120. When the pH changes from 4 to 2, the hydrogen ion (C) 3.01 × 1023 molecules of SO3
concentration will increase by a factor - (D) 3.01 x 1023 molecules of SO2
(A) 2 (B) 1/2
5. The solubility of a gas in a solution is measured in three
(C) 102 (D) 100.5
cases as shown in the figure given below where w is the
weight of a solid slab placed on the top of the cylinder lid.
121. 100 mL of 0.2 N HCl is added to 100 mL of 0.18 N NaOH The solubility will follow the order :
and the whole volume is made two litre. The pH of [KVPY-Part-I-2008]
resulting solution is - w w w w w w
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
122. 10 mL of 0.1 N HCl is added to 990 mL solution of NaCl. gas gas
gas
The pH of the resulting solution is-
(A) zero (B) 3
(C) 7 (D) 10
solution solution solution
123. The pH of a solution is 6.0. To this solution, sufficient
acid is added to decrease the pH to 3.0. The increase in
hydrogen ion concentration is -
(A) 100 times (B) 10 times (A) a > b > c (B) a < b < c
(C) 1000 times (D) 2.5 times (C) a = b = c (D) a >b < c
6. The density of a salt solution is1.13 g cm–3 and it con-
EXERCISE-2 tains 18% of NaCI by weight. The volume of the solution
containing 36.0 g of the salt will be :
[KVPY-Part-II-2008]
COMPETITIVE EXAM PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS :
(A) 200 cm3 (B) 217 cm3
1. A 3 N solution of H2SO4 in water is prepared from Conc. (C) 177 cm3 (D) 157cm3
H2SO4 (36 N) by diluting [KVPY-Part-II-2007] 7. One mole of nitrogen gas on reaction with 3.01 x 1023
(A) 20 ml of the conc. H2SO4 to 240 ml molecules of hydrogen gas produces-
(B) 10 ml of the conc. H2SO4 to 240 ml [KVPY-Part-I-2009]
(C) 1 ml of the conc. H2SO4 to 36 ml (A) one mole of ammonia
(D) 20 ml of the conc. H2SO4 to 36 ml (B) 2.0 x 1023 molecules of ammonia
(C) 2 moles of ammonia
2. The solubility curve of KNO3 as a function of temperature (D) 3.01 × 1023 molecules of ammonia
is given below [KVPY-Part-II-2007]
8. [KVPY-Part-I-2009]
250 Solubility
Solubility (g/100 ml water)
g/I
250
200 KNO3
200
150
150
100 KCl
100
50
50
0
20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (ºC)
Temperature (°C)
Given the solubility curves of KNO3 and KCl, which of the
The amount of KNO 3 that will crystallize when a satu- following statements is not true ?
rated solution of KNO3 in 100 ml of water is cooled from (A) At room temperature the solubility of KNO3 and KCI
90°C to 30 °C, is are not equal
(A) 16 g (B) 100 g (B) The solubilities of both KNO3 and KCI increase with
(C) 56 g (D)160 g temperature
(C) The solubility of KCI decreases with temperature
(D) The solubility of KNO3 increases much more com-
pared to that of KCl with increase in temperature
PAGE # 18
9. 10 ml of an aqueous solution containing 222 mg of cal- ume of it will be required to react with the above solu-
cium chloride (mol. wt. = 111) is diluted to 100 ml. The tion? [IJSO-Stage-II/2013]
concentration of chloride ion in the resulting solution is - (A) 40 ml. (B) 10 ml.
[KVPY-Part-II-2009] (C) 20 ml. (D) 80 ml.
(A) 0.02 mol/lit. (B) 0.01 mol/lit.
(C) 0.04 mol/lit (D) 2.0 mol/lit. 19. X is a member of alkene series with a molecular mass
28 amu. 200 cm3 X is burnt in just sufficient air (contain-
10. Aluminium reduces manganese dioxide to manganese ing 20% oxygen) to form carbon dioxide and steam. If all
at high temperature. The amount of aluminium required the measurements are made at constant pressure and
to reduce one gram mole of manganese dioxide is - 100º C, find the composition of the products formed and
[KVPY-Part-II-2009] the unreacted air. [IJSO-Stage-II/2013]
(A) 1/2 gram mole (B) 1 gram mole (A) 400 cm3, 400 cm3, 600 cm3 respectively
(C) 3/4 gram mole (D) 4/3 gram mole (B) 200 cm3, 200cm3, 2400cm3 respectively
(C) 200 cm3, 400 cm3, 2400 cm3 respectively
11. One mole of oxalic acid is equivalent to (D) 400 cm3, 400 cm3, 2400 cm3 respectively
[IJSO-2009] 20. 1.84 g of Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 ore was heated result-
(A) 0.5 mole of NaOH (B) 1 mole of NaOH ing in a residue of constant weight 0.96 g. During heat-
(C) 1.5 mole of NaOH (D) 2 mole of NaOH ing the metal of one of the product burnt with a dazzling
white flame . The approximate percentage composition
12. Oxygen exhibits (–1) oxidation state in of the two products in the residue are respectively :
[IJSO-Stage-I/2011] [IJSO-Stage-II/2013]
(A) OF2 (B) H2O (A) 54 and 46 (B) 46 and 54
(C) H2O2 (D) HCIO (C) 42 and 58 (D) 58 and 42
13. 8 Grams of oxygen at NTP contain 21. Haber’s process for the production of ammonia is an
[IJSO-Stage-I/2012] industrially important process used mainly in fertilizer
(A) 1.5 × 1023 molecules industry. Due to some accident only 10% conversion
(B) 3.0 × 1023 molecules took place. If all the volumes are measured in litres at
(C) 6.023 × 1023 molecules STP, what volume of reactants are needed for this con-
(D) 1.5 × 1022 molecules version? [IJSO-Stage-II/2013]
(A) 1/2 of the total volume of hydrogen and nitrogen.
14. When 1g of CaCO3 reacts with 50 ml of 0.1 M HCI, the (B) 1/5th of the total volume of hydrogen and nitrogen
volume of CO2 produced is - [IJSO-Stage-I/2012] (C) 1/10th of the total volume of hydrogen and
(A) 11.2 mL (B) 22.4 mL nitrogen
(C) 112 mL (D) 56 mL (D) 1/5th of total volume of nitrogen
15. Molality of a solution is the number of - 22. Rahul dropped 150 g of marble chips into 1 kg of HCl
[IJSO-Stage-I/2012] solution containing 0.1 of its weight of pure acid. The
(A) moles of the solute per 1000 mL of the solution. mass of marble chips that remained undissolved will
(B) moles of the solute per 1000 mL of the solvent. approximately be : [IJSO-Stage-II/2013]
(C) moles of the solute per 1000 g of the solvent. (A) 6.50 g (B) 13 g
(D) moles of the solute per 100g of the solvent. (C) 26 g. (D) 15 g.
16. The oxidation number of chlorine in CaOCI2 is - 23. How many H atoms are in 3.4 g of C12H22O11 ?
[IJSO-Stage-I/2012] [IJSO-Stage-I/2013]
(A) 0 (B) –1 (A) 6.0 × 1023 (B) 1.3 × 1023
22
(C) +1 (D) +3 (C) 3.8 × 10 (D) 6.0 × 1023
17. They density of water at room temperature is 1 g/ml (mili- 24. W hat is the molality of a solution made by dissolving
litre). Consider a spherical drop of water having volume 100 g of bromothymol blue (C27H28Br2O5S) in 1.00 L of
0.05ml. The drop evaporates at a uniform rate in one ethanol on a winter’s day at 10ºC ? The density of etha-
hour. The number of molecules leaving the liquid sur- nol at this temperature is 0.7979 kg L–1 :
face per second is approximately [IJSO-Stage-I/2013]
[IJSO-Stage-II/2013] (A) 0.100 mol kg–1 (B) 0.128 mol kg–1
–1
(A) Zero (B) 5 × 1017 (C) 0.160 mol kg (D) 0.201 mol kg–1
14
(C) 3 × 10 (D) 2 × 1021
25. 0.5755 g of a compound, containing sulfur and fluorine
18. 50 ml of 0.20 M solution of washing soda reacts with one only, has a volume of 255.0 mL at 288.0 K and 50.01
of the acids in aqua regia. One of the products is Chile kPa. What is the molecular formula of this compound ?
saltpetre. If the strength of the acid is 0.25 M, what vol- [IJSO-Stage-I/2013]
(A) S2F2 (B) SF2
(C) SF4 (D) SF6
PAGE # 19
26. The mass of 0.2 mole of Oxygen molecule is : 35. The oxidation number of sulphur thiosulphate (Na2S2O3)
[IJSO-Stage-I/2013] is : [IJSO-Stage-I/2014-15]
(A) 6.4g (B) 3.2g (A) +1 (B) +3
(C) 1.6g (D) 7.75g (C) +2 (D) +4
36. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the contact process
27. The solubility of a salt B2D3 is X mole L–1. Its solubility in which sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen in presence
product is [IJSO-Stage-I/2012-13] of a catalys. If 5.6 moles of SO2 reacts with 4.8 moles of
(A) X5 (B) 6X5 O2 and a large excess of water, the maximum number of
5
(C) 36X (D) 108X5 moles of H2SO4 that can be obtained is :
28. 8 grams of oxygen at NTP contain [IJSO-Stage-I/2014-15]
[IJSO-Stage-I/2012-13] (A) 11.2 (B) 5.6
(A) 1.5 × 1023 molecules (C) 4.8 (D) 1.4
(B) 3.0 × 1023 molecules 37. W hich of the following contains the same number of
(C) 6.023 × 1023 molecules atoms as 13.5 grams of aluminium ?
(D) 1.5 × 1022 molecules [IJSO-Stage-I/2014-15]
(A) 20 g of calcium (B) 10g of magnesium
29. When 1g of CaCO3 reacts with 50 ml of 0.1 M HCI, the (C) 20 g of potassium (D) 10 of sodium
volume of CO2 produced is [IJSO-Stage-I/2012-13]
(A) 11.2 mL (B) 22.4 mL 38. How many molecules of water of hydration are present
(C) 112 mL (D) 224 mL. in 252mg of oxalic acid (H2C2O4. 2H2O) ?
[IJSO-Stage-II/2014]
30. Molality of a solution is the number of (A) 2.68× 1018 (B) 2.52 × 10221
[IJSO-Stage-I/2012-13] (C) 1.83 × 1024 (D) 2.4× 1021
(A) moles of the solute per 1000 mL of the solution. 39. Help Sachin to calculate the osmotic pressure of 0.9%
(B) moles of the solute per 1000 mL of the solvent. aqueous solution of solute X at 25ºC. Molar mass of the
(C) moles of the solute per 1000 g of the solvent. solute is 60g/mol.
(D) moles of the solute per 100g of the solvent. ( R= 0.0820 lit-atm K–1 mol-1 ) [IJSO-Stage-II/2014]
(A) 3.66 x 10–3 atm (B) 3.66 atm.
31. 1.000 mL of 0.100 mol L–1 hydrochloric acid was diluted (C) 2.44 atm (D) 1.63 x 10–3 atm
to 100.0 mL with deionised water. 10.00 mL of this solu-
tion was diluted to 100.0 mL again using deionised water. 40. Assertion (A) : Sodium carbonate can be titrated against
What is the pH of the final solution ? sulphuric acid by using either phenolphthalein or methyl
[IJSO-Stage-I/2013] orange as indicator.
(A) 2 (B) 3 Reason (R) : The volume of sulphuric acid required to
(C) 4 (D) 8 produce colour change for two indicators is different.
32. Amol took 10 mL of 2.2 x 10 –5 M hydrochloric acid [IJSO-Stage-II/2014]
solution. He then diluted it to 1 litre. He found that the pH (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct expla-
of diluted solution is : [IJSO-Stage-II/2014] nation of (A).
(A) 4.7 (B) 6.7 (B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct
(C) 4.5 (D)) 6.5 explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true but (R) is false.
33. Anand wanted to prepare a salt solution of pH 1.0. For (D) (A) is false but (R) is true
that he used solution of a strong monovalent base and
acid. He tried different combination to obtain the required 41. A chemist's report on a batch of pharmaceutical products,
Aspirin (C 9H 8O 4) (250 mg tablets) and paracetamol
solution. Can you help him to decide which one is the
(C 8H 9NO 2) (500 mg tablets) indicated a '+0.5% weigh
most correct combination of statements given below ?
error in each tablet. Due to this error, the consumer gets
[IJSO-Stage-2/2015]
extra 'x' molecules of aspirin per tablet and extra 'y'
I. 100ml of (M/10) acid and 100ml of (M/10) alkali.
molecules of paracetamol per tablet, Choose the 'best'
II. 55ml of (M/10) acid and 45ml of (M/10) alkali. relation between x and y IJSO Stage-1/2015
III. 10ml of (M/10) acid and 90ml of (M/10) alkali. (A) x = y (B) x > y
IV. 75ml of (M/5) acid and 25ml of (M/5) alkali. (C) y > x (D) x = 2y
(A) I and III (B) II and IV
(C) Only II (D) Only IV 42. Sodium reacts with excess oxygen to form sodium oxide.
A student wants to prepare 1.24g of sodium oxide. While
34. In the reaction,
2KCl3  2KCl + 3O2 doing the calculations, he uses atomic number of
What is the volume of oxygen released under NTP con- sodium instead of atomic mass. What is the approximate
ditions when 36.75g of KClO3 is heated ? percentage error in the mass of sodium oxide obtained
[IJSO-Stage-I/2014-15]
due to this mistake? IJSO Stage-1/2015
(A) 3.6 litres (B) 7.2 litres
(C) 18 litres (D) 10 litres (A) 11% (B) 23%
(C) 48% (D) 60%
PAGE # 20
43. The composition (v/v) of air is found to be 78% nitrogen, 49. When 1 gram of a mixture of aluminium and zinc was
21% oxygen, and 1% argon. The density of air at STP is treated with HCl, a gas was liberated. At the end of the
IJSO Stage-2/2016 reaction, the volume of the liberated gas was found to
(A) 2.24 mg/cm3 (B) 0.65 mg/cm3 be 524 cm 3, under STP conditions. The individual
(C) 0.39mg/cm3 (D) 1.3 mg/cm3 weights of aluminium and zinc in the mixture, respectively,
are : [IJSO-Stage-I/2016-17]
44. Suhita took out 100cm3 of X molar aqueous solution of (A) 0.2 g and 0.8 g (B) 0.8 g and 0.2 g
hydrogen peroxide from the refrigerator. On warming to (C) 0.5 g and 0.5 g (D) 0.322g and 0.678 g
19.5ºC, she observed 3dm3 of oxygen gas was produced
(at 1 atm pressure). Assuming complete decomposition
50. Acid base reaction are extremely common in nature and
of hydrogen peroxide, the value of X is approximately
therefore it is of utmost interest to a chemist. A chemist
IJSO Stage-2/2016
gets a sample of drain cleaner and wants to find out the
(A) 1.25 (B) 2.5
exact amount of sodium hydroxide present in it. He uses
(C) 0.8 (D) 0.5
23 mL of 0.9M Phosphoric acid to completely neutralize
45. Weights of a metal ball recorded in air, in water and in a the base. IJSO Stage-2/2016
liquid are 56N, 49N and 42N respectively. Specific gravity (I) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(or relative density) of the solid and that of the liquid is (II) How many grams of sodium hydroxide did the
respectively IJSO Stage-2/2016 chemist find in the sample ?
(A) 8 & 6 (B) 8 & 2 (III) A chemist needs to find the molarity of 10% w/w
(C) 8 & 1.4 (D) 7 & 0.6 HCl. What is the molarity of the solution if the density of
the solution is 1.047 g/cm3 and molecular weight of HCl
46. Miska combined one liter oxygen gas and one liter is 36.5g/mole
hydrogen gas by applying an electric spark in a vessel at (IV) There are many acid base reactions that take place
STP. She observed that water is formed. Find the weight in the body. If the acid content in the stomach is increased,
of water and the weight of unreacted component antacids are used to neutralize it. A particular sample of
respectively. IJSO Stage-2/2016 antacid tablet contains sodium bicarbonate. W hen
(A) 0.4017 g and 0.7143 g ingested, it reacts with the gastric juice (hydrochloric
(B) 0.8036 g and 1.4286 g acid) in the stomach to give off carbon dioxide gas. When
(C) 0.4017 g and 1.4286 g a 1.2 g tablet reacted with 40.00 mL of hydrochloric acid
(D) 0.8036 g and 0.7143 g (density : 1.140 g/mL), carbon dioxide gas released at
STP if its density is 1.98 g/L.
47. It 0.50 mole of a monovalent metal (M+1) halide is mixed
with 0.2 mole of a divalent metal (L +2) phosphate, the 51. Potassium chlorate (KClO 3) decomposes on heating
maximum number of moles of M3PO4 that can be formed into potassium chloride (KCl) and oxygen (O 2) gas.
is [IJSO-Stage-I/2016-17] Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO 3) decomposes on
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.30 heating to give potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and release
(C) 0.16 (D) 0.20 water vapour and carbon dioxide. Potassium carbonate
(K 2CO 3) on further heating decomposes to potassium
48. Every major city in India has a pollution control board to oxide (K 2O) and carbon dioxide. However, potassium
monitor air and water pollution. The following data is chloride (KCl) does not decompose on further heating.
from three different localities in Bangalore city from the Dina has a mixture of potassium chlorate, potassium
year 2015. bicarbonate and potassium carbonate. W hen she
heated 1000g of the mixture, she observed than 18g
Locality Annual average of SO 2 in the air (volume/volume) water vapour, 290g carbon dioxide and 40g oxygen gas.
P 16.3 mL/m 3 Assuming complete decomposition, what is the
Y 16.3 ppb (m 3/ m 3 )
composition of the initial mixture in weight% ?
IJSO Stage-2/2016
Z 16.3 ppm (m 3 / m 3)
ppb stands for parts per billion and ppm stands for parts 52. The purpose of an air bag is to slow the passenger’s
per million.These are different units to forward movement into the steering wheel (or dash
express.concentration.They are very similar to percent- board) during a collision and also to provide a
age (which is actually parts per hundred). Based on the cushion between the passenger and the steering wheel.
above data, which place will you choose to live in ? The goal of an air bag is to help the passenger come to
[IJSO-Stage-I/2016-17] a stop with minimum damage. One of the ways an air
(A) All localities are equally polluted, so I have no prefer- bag helps reduce injury is by spreading the force of im-
ence. pact with the dashboard or steering wheel over a larger
(B) P is the more polluted tha Y and Z, hence I will live in area, as illustrated in Figure 1. When the force is spread
either Y or Z. over a larger area of the body, the injuries are less
(C) Locality Y is least polluted , hence I will live in Y. severe. ` [IJSO-Stage-II/2014]
(D) Z and Y are more polluted than P, hence I will live in
P.
PAGE # 21
Figure Force distribution during collision
comparing air bag to no air bag.
A certain model of car is equipped with 65.0 liter air bag
that inflates to 89.4 m/s in 40 milliseconds. The weight
of air bag is 2.0 Kg and the thickness of fully inflated air
bag is 30.0 cm.
One method used to inflate air bags in cars is to use
nitrogen produced chemically from the decomposition
of sodium azide:
2NaN3(s)  2Na (s) + 3N2 (g) ————— (A)
The sodium formed reacts with potassium nitrate to give
more nitrogen:
10 Na(s) + 2KNO3(s)  K2O(s) + 5Na2O(s) + N2(g) —
———— (B)
i. Calculate the ratio (by mass) in which the sodium azide
and potassium nitrate should be mixed in order that no
metallic sodium remains after the
reaction.
Na2O and K2O2, are highly reactive, so it would be
unsafe to allow them to be the end product of the airbag
detonation. These metal oxides react with silicon diox-
ide (SiO 2) in a final reaction to produce silicate glass,
which is harmless and stable.
ii. Write the reaction of SiO2 with sodium oxide and po-
tassium oxide.
iii. Calculate the total mass of the solid mixture of so-
dium azide and potassium nitrate needed to inflate a 72
dm3 air bag is filled with nitrogen gas at of 1 atm and at
room temperature (27oC).
Consider the molar volume of nitrogen gas as 24.0 dm3
at 300 K and universal gas constant, R = 0.0821 liter.
atm.mole–1K –1
(Important : Show all your calculation step clearly)
The sodium azide is prepared commercially by the re-
action between dinitrogen monoxide and sodium amide.
N2O(g) + 2NaNH2(s)  NaN3(s) + NaOH(s) + NH3(g)
.Hr = 55.8 KJ / mol
iv. Calculate Hr for reaction (A) above, the decomposi-
tion of sodium azide.
Given :
Compound N2O(g) NaNH2(s) NaOH(s) NH3(g)
Hf (KJ/mol) +82.0 –123.7 – 425.2 –46.1
PAGE # 22

IJSO Stage-I & II - Chemistry Sheet-2017-18

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IJSO Stage-I & II - Chemistry Sheet-2017-18

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SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY IJSO (STAGE-1 & 2)

6. Acids bases and salts 92 - 107

7. Metals and non metals 108 - 126

8. Carbon and its compounds 127 - 146

9. Study of gas laws 147 - 159

10. Chemical and ionic equilibrium 160 - 177

11. Chemical kinetics 178 - 190

12. Nuclear chemistry 191 - 203

13. Thermodynamics 204 - 220

14. Chemical bonding 221 - 235

15. Qualitative analysis 236 - 264

16. Electrochemistry 265 - 275

17. Answer key 276 - 281

Mass of one atom of an element

Ex.1 Naturally occuring chlorine is 75% Cl35 which has an

 A molecule is generally an assembly of two or more n

number of particles : 220  10 3

Mass of KClO3 2  122 .5

MOLE FRACTION(X) mass of solute (g) 1000

mass of solute in g 6. 2.8 g of KOH is dissolved in water to give 200 cm3 of

EXERCISE-1 12. The weight of a molecule of the compound C6H12O6 is :

102. The oxidation number of cobalt in K3[Co(NO2)6] is

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