Name______________________ ____ Date_____________ Score____________

1. FIRST AID FOR NO BREATHING

1. Check breathing by tilting their head back and looking and feeling for breaths.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including a heart attack
or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. The American Heart Association
recommends that everyone — untrained bystanders and medical personnel alike — begin CPR with chest
compressions.

It's far better to do something than to do nothing at all if you're fearful that your knowledge or abilities aren't 100
percent complete. Remember, the difference between your doing something and doing nothing could be someone's
life.

Here's advice from the American Heart Association:

 Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR, then provide hands-only CPR. That means uninterrupted chest
compressions of 100 to 120 a minute until paramedics arrive (described in more detail below). You don't need
to try rescue breathing.
 Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and confident in your ability, check to see if there is a
pulse and breathing. If there is no breathing or a pulse within 10 seconds, begin chest compressions. Start CPR
with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths.
 Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR training but you're not confident in your abilities,
then just do chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 a minute. (Details described below.)

The above advice applies to adults, children and infants needing CPR, but not newborns (infants up to 4 weeks old).

CPR can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical treatment
can restore a normal heart rhythm.

When the heart stops, the lack of oxygenated blood can cause brain damage in only a few minutes. A person may die
within eight to 10 minutes.

To learn CPR properly, take an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated
external defibrillator (AED). If you are untrained and have immediate access to a phone, call 911 or your local
emergency number before beginning CPR. The dispatcher can instruct you in the proper procedures until help
arrives.

Before you begin

Before starting CPR, check:

 Is the environment safe for the person?

 Is the person conscious or unconscious?
 If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"
 If the person doesn't respond and two people are available, have one person call 911 or the local emergency
number and get the AED, if one is available, and have the other person begin CPR.
 If you are alone and have immediate access to a telephone, call 911 or your local emergency number before
beginning CPR. Get the AED, if one is available.
 As soon as an AED is available, deliver one shock if instructed by the device, then begin CPR.

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Remember to spell C-A-B

Chest compressions Open the airway Rescue breathing

The American Heart Association uses the letters C-A-B — compressions, airway, breathing — to help people
remember the order to perform the steps of CPR.

Compressions: Restore blood circulation

1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.

2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
3. Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples. Place your other hand
on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands.
4. Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the chest at least
2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters) but not greater than 2.4 inches (approximately 6 centimeters). Push
hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute.
5. If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until there are signs of movement or until
emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on to opening the airway and
rescue breathing.

Airway: Open the airway

 If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the person's airway using the
head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the
other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.
Breathing: Breathe for the person

Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or
can't be opened.

1. With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth
breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal.
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and watch to see if
the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift
maneuver and then give the second breath. Thirty chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths is
considered one cycle. Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe with too much force.
3. Resume chest compressions to restore circulation.

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 4. As soon as an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and follow the prompts.
Administer one shock, then resume CPR — starting with chest compressions — for two more minutes before
administering a second shock. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 or other emergency medical operator
may be able to guide you in its use. If an AED isn't available, go to step 5 below.
5. Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical personnel take over.

To perform CPR on a child

The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through puberty is essentially the same as that for an adult. The
American Heart Association also recommends the following to perform CPR on a child:

Compressions: Restore blood circulation

If you are alone and didn't see the child collapse, perform five cycles of compressions and breaths on the child —
this should take about two minutes — before calling 911 or your local emergency number and getting the AED, if
one is available.

If you're alone and you did see the child collapse, call 911 or your local emergency number and get the AED, if one
is available, before beginning CPR. If another person is available, have that person call for help and get the AED
while you begin CPR.

1. Put the child on his or her back on a firm surface.

2. Kneel next to the child's neck and shoulders.
3. Use two hands, or only one hand if the child is very small, to perform chest compressions. Press straight
down on (compress) the chest about 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters). If the child is an adolescent,
push straight down on the chest at least 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters) but not greater than 2.4 inches
(approximately 6 centimeters). Push hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute.
4. If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until there are signs of movement or until
emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on to opening the airway and
rescue breathing.

Airway: Open the airway

 If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the child's airway using the
head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the child's forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the
other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.
Breathing: Breathe for the child

Use the same compression-breath rate that is used for adults: 30 compressions followed by two breaths. This is one
cycle.

1. With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth
breathing and cover the child's mouth with yours, making a seal.
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and watch to see if
the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift
maneuver and then give the second breath. Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe with too
much force.
3. After the two breaths, immediately begin the next cycle of compressions and breaths. If there are two
people performing CPR, conduct 15 compressions followed by two breaths.
4. As soon as an AED is available, apply it and follow the prompts. Use pediatric pads if available, for
children up to age 8. If pediatric pads aren't available, use adult pads. Administer one shock, then resume
CPR — starting with chest compressions — for two more minutes before administering a second shock. If

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 you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 or other emergency medical operator may be able to guide you in its
use.

To perform CPR on a baby 4 weeks old and older

Most cardiac arrests in babies occur from lack of oxygen, such as from drowning or choking. If you know the baby
has an airway obstruction, perform first aid for choking. If you don't know why the baby isn't breathing, perform
CPR.

To begin, examine the situation. Stroke the baby and watch for a response, such as movement, but don't shake the
baby.

If there's no response, follow the C-A-B procedures below for a baby under age 1 (except newborns, which includes
babies up to 4 weeks old) and time the call for help as follows:

 If you're the only rescuer and you didn't see the baby collapse, do CPR for two minutes — about five cycles
— before calling 911 or your local emergency number and getting the AED. If you did see the baby collapse,
call 911 or your local emergency number and get the AED, if one is available, before beginning CPR.
 If another person is available, have that person call for help immediately and get the AED while you attend
to the baby.
Compressions: Restore blood circulation

1. Place the baby on his or her back on a firm, flat surface, such as a table. The floor or ground also will do.
2. Imagine a horizontal line drawn between the baby's nipples. Place two fingers of one hand just below this
line, in the center of the chest.
3. Gently compress the chest about 1.5 inches (about 4 centimeters).
4. Count aloud as you pump in a fairly rapid rhythm. You should pump at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a
minute.

Airway: Open the airway

 After 30 compressions, gently tip the head back by lifting the chin with one hand and pushing down on the
forehead with the other hand.
Breathing: Breathe for the baby

1. Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth.

2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Use the strength of your cheeks to deliver gentle puffs of air (instead of
deep breaths from your lungs) to slowly breathe into the baby's mouth one time, taking one second for the
breath. Watch to see if the baby's chest rises. If it does, give a second rescue breath. If the chest does not rise,
repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second breath.
3. If the baby's chest still doesn't rise, continue chest compressions.
4. Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions. If two people are conducting CPR, give two breaths
after every 15 chest compressions.
5. Perform CPR for about two minutes before calling for help unless someone else can make the call while
you attend to the infant.
6. Continue CPR until you see signs of life or until medical personnel arrive.

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2. FIRST AID FOR BLEEDING:

1. Stop Bleeding

 Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until bleeding stops.
 If blood soaks through the material, don’t remove it. Put more cloth or gauze on top of it and continue to apply
pressure.
 If the wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb above the heart, if possible, to help slow bleeding.
 Wash your hands again after giving first aid and before cleaning and dressing the wound.
 Do not apply a tourniquet unless the bleeding is severe and not stopped with direct pressure.

2. Clean Cut or Wound

 Gently clean with soap and warm water. Try to rinse soap out of wound to prevent irritation.
 Don’t use hydrogen peroxide or iodine, which can damage tissue.

3. Protect the Wound

 Apply antibiotic cream to reduce risk of infection and cover with a sterile bandage.
 Change the bandage daily to keep the wound clean and dry.

3. FIRST AID FOR SHOCK

1. Lay the Person Down, if Possible

 Elevate the person's feet about 12 inches unless head, neck, or back is injured or you suspect broken hip or
leg bones.
 Do not raise the person's head.
 Turn the person on side if he or she is vomiting or bleeding from the mouth.

2. Begin CPR, if Necessary

If the person is not breathing or breathing seems dangerously weak:

 For a child, start CPR for children.

 For an adult, start adult CPR.
 Continue CPR until help arrives or the person wakes up.

3. Treat Obvious Injuries

4. Keep Person Warm and Comfortable

 Loosen restrictive clothing.

 Cover with a coat or blanket.
 Keep the person still. Do not move the person unless there is danger.
 Reassure the person.
 Do not give anything to eat or drink.

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5. Follow Up

 At the hospital, the person will be given oxygen and intravenous fluids.
 Blood test, urine tests, heart test and xrays and/or CT scans may be done.
 Other treatment will depend on the cause of shock.

4. FIRST AID FOR HEART ATTACK

What to do if you or someone else may be having a heart attack

 Call 911 or your local emergency number. Don't ignore or attempt to tough out the symptoms of a heart
attack. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have a neighbor or a friend drive you to the
nearest hospital.

Drive yourself only as a last resort, and realize that it places you and others at risk when you drive under these
circumstances.

 Chew and swallow an aspirin, unless you are allergic to aspirin or have been told by your doctor never to
take aspirin.
 Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed. If you think you're having a heart attack and your doctor has previously
prescribed nitroglycerin for you, take it as directed. Don't take anyone else's nitroglycerin, because that could
put you in more danger.
 Begin CPR if the person is unconscious. If you're with a person who is unconscious, tell the 911
dispatcher or another emergency medical specialist. You may be advised to begin cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR).

If you haven't received CPR training, doctors recommend performing only chest compressions (about 100 to
120 compressions a minute). The dispatcher can instruct you in the proper procedures until help arrives.

 If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is immediately available and the person is unconscious,
follow the device instructions for using it.

5. FIRST AID FOR CHOCKING

Choking occurs when a foreign object lodges in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air. In adults, a
piece of food often is the culprit. Young children often swallow small objects. Because choking cuts off
oxygen to the brain, give first aid as quickly as possible.

The universal sign for choking is hands clutched to the throat. If the person doesn't give the signal, look for these
indications:

 Inability to talk
 Difficulty breathing or noisy breathing
 Squeaky sounds when trying to breathe
 Cough, which may either be weak or forceful
 Skin, lips and nails turning blue or dusky
 Skin that is flushed, then turns pale or bluish in color
 Loss of consciousness
If the person is able to cough forcefully, the person should keep coughing. If the person is choking and can't talk, cry
or laugh forcefully, the American Red Cross recommends a "five-and-five" approach to delivering first aid:

 Give 5 back blows. Stand to the side and just behind a choking adult. For a child, kneel down behind.
Place one arm across the person's chest for support. Bend the person over at the waist so that the upper body is

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 parallel with the ground. Deliver five separate back blows between the person's shoulder blades with the heel of
your hand.
 Give 5 abdominal thrusts. Perform five abdominal thrusts (also known as the Heimlich maneuver).
 Alternate between 5 blows and 5 thrusts until the blockage is dislodged.
The American Heart Association doesn't teach the back blow technique, only the abdominal thrust procedures. It's
OK not to use back blows if you haven't learned the technique. Both approaches are acceptable.

To perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) on someone else:

 Stand behind the person. Place one foot slightly in front of the other for balance. Wrap your arms around
the waist. Tip the person forward slightly. If a child is choking, kneel down behind the child.
 Make a fist with one hand. Position it slightly above the person's navel.
 Grasp the fist with the other hand. Press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust — as if
trying to lift the person up.
 Perform between six and 10 abdominal thrusts until the blockage is dislodged.
If you're the only rescuer, perform back blows and abdominal thrusts before calling 911 or your local emergency
number for help. If another person is available, have that person call for help while you perform first aid.

If the person becomes unconscious, perform standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with chest compressions
and rescue breaths.

To perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) on yourself:

First, if you're alone and choking, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Then, although you'll be
unable to effectively deliver back blows to yourself, you can still perform abdominal thrusts to dislodge the item.

 Place a fist slightly above your navel.

 Grasp your fist with the other hand and bend over a hard surface — a countertop or chair will do.
 Shove your fist inward and upward.
To clear the airway of a pregnant woman or obese person:

 Position your hands a little bit higher than with a normal Heimlich maneuver, at the base of the
breastbone, just above the joining of the lowest ribs.
 Proceed as with the Heimlich maneuver, pressing hard into the chest, with a quick thrust.
 Repeat until the food or other blockage is dislodged. If the person becomes unconscious, follow the next
steps.
To clear the airway of an unconscious person:

 Lower the person on his or her back onto the floor, arms to the side.
 Clear the airway. If a blockage is visible at the back of the throat or high in the throat, reach a finger into
the mouth and sweep out the cause of the blockage. Don't try a finger sweep if you can't see the object. Be
careful not to push the food or object deeper into the airway, which can happen easily in young children.
 Begin CPR if the object remains lodged and the person doesn't respond after you take the above measures.
The chest compressions used in CPR may dislodge the object. Remember to recheck the mouth periodically.
To clear the airway of a choking infant younger than age 1:

 Assume a seated position and hold the infant facedown on your forearm, which is resting on your thigh.
Support the infant's head and neck with your hand, and place the head lower than the trunk.
 Thump the infant gently but firmly five times on the middle of the back using the heel of your hand. The
combination of gravity and the back blows should release the blocking object. Keep your fingers pointed up to
avoid hitting the infant in the back of the head.
 Turn the infant faceup on your forearm, resting on your thigh with the head lower than the trunk if the
infant still isn't breathing. Using two fingers placed at the center of the infant's breastbone, give five quick chest
compressions. Press down about 1 1/2 inches, and let the chest rise again in between each compression.

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 Repeat the back blows and chest thrusts if breathing doesn't resume. Call for emergency medical help.
 Begin infant CPR if one of these techniques opens the airway but the infant doesn't resume breathing.
If the child is older than age 1 and conscious, give abdominal thrusts only. Be careful not to use too much force to
avoid damaging ribs or internal organs.

To prepare yourself for these situations, learn the Heimlich maneuver and CPR in a certified first-aid training
course.

6. FIRST AIDE FOR ELECTRICAL SHOCK

The danger from an electrical shock depends on the type of current, how high the voltage is, how the
current traveled through the body, the person's overall health and how quickly the person is treated.

An electrical shock may cause burns, or it may leave no visible mark on the skin. In either case, an electrical current
passing through the body can cause internal damage, cardiac arrest or other injury. Under certain circumstances,
even a small amount of electricity can be fatal.

When to contact your doctor

A person who has been injured by contact with electricity should be seen by a doctor.

Caution

 Don't touch the injured person if he or she is still in contact with the electrical current.
 Call 911 or your local emergency number if the source of the burn is a high-voltage wire or lightning. Don't
get near high-voltage wires until the power is turned off. Overhead power lines usually aren't insulated. Stay at
least 20 feet (about 6 meters) away — farther if wires are jumping and sparking.
 Don't move a person with an electrical injury unless he or she is in immediate danger.
When to seek emergency care

Call 911 or your local emergency number if the injured person experiences:

 Severe burns
 Confusion
 Difficulty breathing
 Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias)
 Cardiac arrest
 Muscle pain and contractions
 Seizures
 Loss of consciousness
Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help:

 Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. If not, move the source away from you and the person, using a
dry, nonconducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.
 Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing or movement.
 Try to prevent the injured person from becoming chilled.
 Apply a bandage. Cover any burned areas with a sterile gauze bandage, if available, or a clean cloth. Don't
use a blanket or towel, because loose fibers can stick to the burns.

Reference:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-severe-bleeding/basics/art-20056661

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-choking/basics/art-20056637

https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-electrical-shock/basics/art-20056695